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Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is widely used in a group of patients with dysphagia syndrome who require nutritional support with enteral nutrition. In the above observation, a severe complication of PEG is secondary non-circumscribed serous-purulent peritonitis, which developed in connection with the failure of PEG, against the background of cachexia, hypoproteinemia and hypercatabolism. The operation of choice was video laparoscopic surgery, revision and sanitation of the abdominal cavity was performed. The main stage of the operation was gastropexy (the stomach wall to the parietal peritoneum) with three vicryl sutures, which made it possible to seal the gastrostomy area.

Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common types of cardiac arrhythmia observed in clinical practice. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment, atrial fibrillation remains one of the leading causes of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In addition, atrial fibrillation is quite often combined with other pathologies of the cardiovascular system and is a marker of an unfavorable outcome. Several previous studies have demonstrated reduced survival in patients with coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation who have not undergone surgery for arrhythmia. According to other data, the presence of preoperative atrial fibrillation among patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting was associated with significantly higher rates of major postoperative complications. Nowadays, no one doubts the fact that atrial fibrillation during a coronary artery bypass surgery is a risk factor for increased hospital mortality, postoperative morbidity and leads to a decrease in the long-term survival. The studies confirm the necessity of surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation during coronary revascularization to reduce both short-term and long-term postoperative mortality and late complications.

Приведены результаты самопроизвольной полимеризации а -хлоракриловой и а -бромакриловой кислот с третичными аминами при невысокой температуре. В результате самопроизвольной полимеризации при взаимодействии а -галоидакриловых кислот с третичными аминами образуются полимеры, содержащие четвертичные аммониевые группы. С целью подтверждения данного предположения были проведены ЯМР- и ИК-спектроскопические исследования продуктов самопроизвольной полимеризации. Показано, что сопутствующая реакция кватернизации, спонтанной полимеризации, имеет место как в смеси реагентов, так и в присутствии растворителя, т.е. и при смешении непредельного амина и галоидного алкила. Изучены кинетические закономерности реакции полимеризации и показано, что реакция кватернизации, являющаяся лимитирующей стадией процесса самопроизвольной полимеризации, протекает по S 2 - механизму. Описываются первые попытки получения новых нанокомпозиционных материалов на основе синтезированных сополимеров и модифицированного монтмориллонита. Анализ литературных данных показывает, что особенности получения нанокомпозитов на основе Na - монтмориллонита и водорастворимых сополимеров ранее не изучались. The results of spontaneous polymerization of а -chloroacrylic and а -bromoacrylic acids with tertiary amines at a low temperature are presented. As a result of spontaneous polymerization during the interaction of а -halodacrylic acids with tertiary amines, polymers containing quaternary ammonium groups are formed. In order to confirm this assumption, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic studies of the products of the spontaneous polymerization were carried out. Spontaneous polymerization proceeds, consisting of two stages: the quaternization reaction and the polymerization reaction. The kinetic regularities of the polymerization reaction were studied and it was shown that the quaternization reaction, which is the limiting stage of the spontaneous polymerization process, proceeds according to the S 2 - mechanism. It has described the first attempts to obtain new nanocomposite materials based on synthesized copolymers and modified montmorillonite. Analysis of the literature data shows that the features of the preparation of nanocomposites based on Na - montmorillonite and water-soluble copolymers have not been previously studied.

Нанотехнологии с использованием биополимеров находят широкое применение в биомедицинских приложениях. В данной работе разработаны нанокомпозитные гидрогели на основе природных (хитозан, карбоксиметилцеллюлоза) и синтетических (поливиниловый спирт) полимеров с наночастицами серебра для нанесения на текстильный носитель. В качестве сшивающих реагентов при создании гидрогелей использовали диальдегид карбоксиметилцеллюлозы и борную кислоту. Были определены физико-химические свойства (сорбционная способность при одностороннем контакте с модельной средой, степень набухания, паропроницаемость, капиллярность) гидрогелевых покрытий на текстильном носителе, и кинетика выхода лекарственных веществ (лидокаин, диоксидин), включенных в состав гидрогелей. Показано, что материалы с двухслойным покрытием характеризуются более высокими сорбционными свойствами по отношению к физиологическому раствору и более длительным выходом лекарственных средств, чем материалы с однослойным покрытием. Выход лекарственных веществ из двухслойных покрытий происходит в два этапа с максимальным высвобождением в течение двух суток. Полученные текстильные материалы с пленочным нанокомпозитным гидрогелевым покрытием могут найти применение в качестве перевязочных средств при лечении ран. Nanotechnologies using biopolymers are widely used in biomedical applications. In this work, nanocomposite hydrogels based on natural (chitosan, carboxymethylcellulose) and synthetic (polyvinyl alcohol) polymers with silver nanoparticles for application to a textile carrier have been developed. Carboxymethylcellulose dialdehyde and boric acid were used as crosslinking reagents in the creation of hydrogels. Physicochemical properties (sorption capacity in unilateral contact with the model medium, degree of swelling, vapor permeability, capillarity) of hydrogel coatings on a textile carrier, and the kinetics of the drugs release (lidocaine, dioxidine) included in the hydrogels were determined. It is shown that materials with a two-layer coating are characterized by higher sorption properties relative to saline and a longer release of drugs than materials with a single-layer coating. The release of drugs from the two-layer coatings occurs in two stages with a maximum release within two days. The obtained textile materials with a film nanocomposite hydrogel coating can be used as dressings in the treatment of wounds.

The anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAVs) are a group of severe life-threatening autoimmune diseases, and one of the most important problems in practical rheumatology. This article discusses 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of AAVs, including granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). The guideline features 26 recommendations and 5 upgraded position statements for GPA/ MPA, as well as 15 recommendations and 5 upgraded position statements for EGPA, which became the basis for the proposed algorithms for the treatment of patients with GPA/MPA and EGPA. Particular attention has been paid to the use of biologics.

Objective. The purpose of the analytical review is to identify promising areas of research to improve the efficiency of water propellers.Method. The research provides an overview and analysis of modern propellers.Result. The analysis of the design – layout and schematics solutions of propeller is carried out, methods of increasing the efficiency of propellers are revealed, the main directions of further research are formed. Prospects for the development of propellers are considered, structural and layout and circuit solutions are described that ensure an increase in the efficiency of the working process, which allows to form the main directions of further scientific research. Created promising circuit solutions are closely related to the use of modern numerical methods at all stages of design, new approaches to the creation of propellers will provide an increase in efficiency by 8-10%.Conclusion. Increasing the efficiency of propellers, due to modeling workflows using numerical methods of hydrodynamics, and developing advanced schematics solutions, will not only increase the efficiency, but also improve the cavitation and acoustic characteristics of the propellers. The use of CFD calculations allows you to reduce the time, costs and volumes of product development work.

A literature review is presented, reflecting the incidence, etiology, hemodynamics, localization, clinical manifestations, outcomes and treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Despite the relative rarity of IE in patients with HCM, the combination of these pathologies is characterized by mutual aggravation and poor prognosis. The addition of IE increases the risk of death in patients with obstructive HCM, deteriorating circulatory disorders, increasing the likelihood of uncontrolled sepsis and embolism. Conservative treatment of IE in patients with HCM does not differ from that without HCM. Interdisciplinary interaction is needed in the management of patients with IE against the background of HCM in determining the indications for cardiac surgery and choosing the optimal method. Antibacterial prophylaxis of IE before invasive medical manipulations in patients with HCM is not recommended by the current consensus documents, however, the decision for each patient should be made individually, with a mandatory assessment of the risk of IE, the severity of hemodynamic disorders and prognosis.

An overview of the clinical observation of a patient with the consequences of severe traumatic brain injury, with a tracheoesophageal fistula is presented. The article discusses a staged multidisciplinary approach to treatment.

AIM OF STUDY To develop a method for assessing the severity of obstructive jaundice (OJ) of non-neoplastic orogin on the basis of functional parameters of the liver and the activity of pathogenetic agents of hepatodepression.MATERIAL AND METHODS Clinical and laboratory studies of 142 patients with breast cancer of non-tumor origin. The indicators of the functional state of the liver, the index of plasma toxicity for albumin, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated.RESUlTS Based on the assessment of a number of blood parameters - the content of total bilirubin (TB), the plasma toxicity index for albumin, the MDA level — the severity index of obstructive jaundice of non-neoplastic origin (SIOJ) was developed:SIOJ = IT1/ITn + TB1/TB + 5(MDA1/MDAn)where IT 1 is the plasma albumin toxicity index at the current moment, ITn is the normal albumin plasma toxicity index, TB1 is the current bilirubin content, TBn is the normal bilirubin content, MDA1 is the current malondialdehyde content, MDAn is the normal value. The index less than 13 indicates a mild severity, 14–21 is moderate severity, 22 and higher indicates a severe degree of OJ. The method increases the objectivity of determining the severity of non-neoplastic origin by establishing the severity of liver damage and the processes underlying it.CONClUSiON The suggested clinical and laboratory index allows the severity of obstructive jaundice to be objectively and quickly determined upon admission of a patient to the hospital and also adequate therapy to be initiated in case of severe degree for anticipation of possible post-operative complications, so the treatment should be focused on managing triggers of hepatodepression. The method is simple and available in medical institutions of various levels. The method is especially valuable when used in the dynamics of the early postoperative period.

This article describes the clinical observation of the features of the severity and course of psoriasis vulgaris patient, working as a lineman way, under the influence of chemical, meteorological, physical environment factors relating to class 2, as well as heavy labor subclass harm 3.1. The presented clinical case shows how the combined effect of chemical, meteorological, physical, and factors of severity and intensity of the work process contributes to early debut, more severe and progressive course of extensive psoriasis in a patient without comorbidities.

Методом формы осциллирующей капли исследованы адсорбционные и дилатационные реологические характеристики (модуль упругости и вязкости) лактата хитозана на границе раздела жидкость - газ. Определены зависимости динамического и равновесного поверхностного натяжения от концентрации лактата хитозана в растворе. Установлено, что полученные зависимости сходны с таковыми для поверхностноактивных высокомолекулярных соединений. Изучены зависимости поверхностных упругости и вязкости лактата хитозана от частоты осцилляций и концентрации. Показано, что лактат хитозана способен образовывать упругие адсорбционные слои со значениями модуля вязкоупругости сопоставимыми для биополимеров белковой природы. The adsorption and dilatational rheological characteristics (the elasticity and viscosity modulus) of chitosan lactate at the liquid-gas interface are investigated by the oscillating drop shape method. The dependences of the dynamic and equilibrium surface tension on the concentration of chitosan lactate in solution have been determined. It was found that the dependences obtained are similar to those for surface-active high-molecular weight compounds. The dependences of the surface elasticity and viscosity of chitosan lactate on the oscillation frequency and concentration have been studied. It has been shown that chitosan lactate is capable of forming elastic adsorption layers with the values of the viscoelastic modulus comparable to that of protein biopolymers.

In article, we studied the heart biomechanics and main arteries kinetics in different types of atrial fibrillation. We described the increase of main hemodynamic parameters in atrial fibrillation. We created the functional classification of atrial fibrillation based on the maximum duration of pauses between ventricles contractions. We demonstrated that more dangerous in prognosis is atrial fibrillation with pauses between ventricles contractions more than 2 seconds.

Providing the population with high-quality and safe food products is a priority task for the Russian Federation food industry. One of the methods for solving the problem is creation of alternative, harmless antibacterial compositions using natural components.The aim of the research is to study the antibiotic action of the natural chitosan bacteriostat and its derivatives against Proteus bacteria. The objects of the research are high molecular weight chitosan, low molecular weight chitosan, chitosan succinate, Proteus vulgaris 222 pure culture.The article presents the results of the research of using the solutions of high molecular weight, low molecular weight chitosan and chitosan succinate at a concentration of 1% as an antibacterial agent in relation to a pure laboratory strain of Proteus vulgaris in various concentrations of 1 cm3.The maximum initial concentration of Proteus vulgaris cells in the product has been established, which is suppressed by 1% chitosan solutions. The growth of the inhibitory effect of the studied antibiotic substances with an increase in exposure has been shown.

In article, we observe the changes of main parameters of heart biomechanics and kinetics of main arteries in patients with different types of atrial fibrillation. We describe mechanisms that cause the trauma of mechanical factors on arteries walls in atrial fibrillation with different duration of maximum pause between ventricles contraction. Atrial fibrillation is the additional risk factor of main arteries atherosclerosis. We demonstrated the danger of atrial fibrillation with pauses between ventricles contractions more than 2 seconds from the point of view of appearing and progressing of atherosclerosis.

Relevance. Increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the triggers for the development of a functional organ failure, which leads to death. In this case, the favorable outcome of treatment of patients with severe AP is largely determined by early diagnosis and timely elimination of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). At the same time, there is no unified and agreed opinion on the principles and specific methods of eliminating the IAH syndrome in patients with severe AP today, which greatly complicates the choice of treatment strategy and tactics.Aim of study. To assess the role and clinical significance of IAP monitoring in patients with severe AP with various manifestations of organ dysfunction and, offer a set of therapeutic measures aimed at resolving intra-abdominal hypertension.Material and methods. The current study included 199 patients with severe AP, divided into two groups depending on the chosen treatment strategy. Group I included 107 patients where the diagnosis and treatment of the disease corresponded to generally accepted standards. Group II included 92 patients, where, in order to objectify the severity and prognosis of the course of AP, along with standard studies, IAP and APACHE II scale indicators were additionally monitored during treatment, and the severity of organ dysfunctions was assessed. In these patients the choice of medical tactics, including the use of conservative and surgical interventions, was made on a differentiated basis, based on the severity of the disease and the dynamics of the IAH.Results. The role and significance of IAP monitoring and APACHE II scale indicators in the treatment of patients with severe AP were determined. The use of a differentiated approach to the choice of treatment strategies for patients with AP considering the severity of the disease and severity of IAH syndrome results in reduced hospital mortality by 10.3% and reduced postoperative mortality by 11.4%.Conclusion. Monitoring of intra-abdominal pressure and APACHE II scale indices in conjunction with standard clinical and laboratory parameters allows patients to be clearly stratified according to the severity of acute pancreatitis, which helps optimize the choice of treatment tactics, including methods and timing of surgery, as well as the use of a set of effective therapeutic measures aimed at eliminating intra-abdominal hypertension.

Aim. To identify and characterize the associations of the presence and severity of atherosclerosis of various localization with the blood level of biochemical parameters, as well as to assess the potential of their use as markers of metabolic disorders with increased atherogenic potential.Material and methods. The study included 216 patients (men, 53%) aged 24-87 years (mean age, 61,5±10,73 years). All patients underwent coronary angiography, carotid (CA) and femoral arterial (FA) duplex ultrasound to assess the presence and severity of atherosclerosis. In blood serum/plasma, biochemical parameters were analyzed using standard methods.Results. Based on the analysis of circulating biomarker profile, diagnostic complexes have been established that allow assessing atherosclerosis of different localization. According to the data obtained, the determinants of coronary and CA atherosclerosis are endothelial dysfunction (concentration of nitric oxide metabolites Conclusion. The analysis of associations of circulating biochemical parameters with atherosclerosis localization and severity revealed a number of metabolic markers associated with the increased atherogenic potential. It is possible to distinguish both universal parameters that are associated with atherosclerosis, regardless of its localization and/or severity, and specific biomarkers that characterize either the localization or the severity of atherosclerosis, or both.

As part of an observational multicenter prospective study European Registry on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection, conducted on the initiative of the European H. pylori and Microbiota Study Group, the compliance of clinical practice in the management of patients with Helicobacter pylori infection in Kazan with clinical guidelines was assessed.The data of 437 patients included into the register by clinical sites in Kazan in 20132019 were analyzed. The methods used for the initial diagnosis of H. pylori infection and eradication control were evaluated. The frequency of various eradication therapy regimens prescription was analyzed in 379 cases. Data regarding the effectiveness of eradication therapy was analyzed in 173 patients.The rapid urease test (44.2% of cases) and cytology/histology (60% of cases) were most often used for the initial diagnosis of H. pylori infection; however non-invasive methods such as 13C-urea breath (9.2%), serology (6.2%), H. pylori stool antigen test (2.3%) were less common. In 21.7% of patients two methods of H. pylori detection were used for primary diagnosis. The control test to evaluate the effectiveness of eradication therapy at the recommended timepoint was performed in 46.2% of patients. 13C-urea breath test (31.7%), stool PCR/stool antigen test (28.7%), rapid urease test (22.3%), cytology/histology (26.2% of cases) prevailed in the assessment of eradication rate. Standard triple therapy, including proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin was most commonly prescribed as first-line therapy (64.6% of cases). The duration of eradication therapy was 14 days in the majority of cases with pantoprazole as the most common proton pump inhibitor in standard triple therapy regimens (84.8%). The efficacy of 14-day standard triple therapy (mITT) was 87.0%.The results indicate a high frequency of non-invasive methods use for assessing the effectiveness of eradication therapy; however, the overall rate of eradication efficacy assessment is low, limiting the possibility of analyzing the eradication results. The effectiveness of the most common 14-day standard triple first-line therapy in Kazan doesnt reach the recommended 90% eradication level. This could be explained by high rate of pantoprazole use, which is not an optimal proton pump inhibitor in eradication therapy regimens.Цель. Оценка соответствия реальной клинической практики ведения пациентов с инфекцией H. pylori в Казани клиническим рекомендациям. Материалы и методы. В рамках наблюдательного многоцентрового проспективного исследования Европейский регистр ведения инфекции Helicobacter pylori, проводимого по инициативе Европейской группы по изучению H. pylori и микробиоты, проведен анализ данных 437 пациентов, внесенных в регистр клиническими центрами Казани в период с 2013 по 2019 г. Оценены методы, использованные для первичной диагностики инфекции H. pylori и контроля эрадикации. В 379 случаях проанализирована частота назначения разных схем эрадикационной терапии. В анализ эффективности эрадикационной терапии вошли данные 173 пациентов. Результаты. Для первичной диагностики инфекции H. pylori наиболее часто использованы быстрый уреазный тест (44,2% случаев) и цитологический/гистологический метод (60% случаев); реже применялись неинвазивные методы 13С-уреазный дыхательный тест (9,2%), серологический метод (6,2%), тест на определение антигена H. pylori в стуле (2,3%); у 21,7% пациентов определение H. pylori проведено двумя методами. Контрольный тест для оценки эффективности эрадикационной терапии в рекомендованные сроки проведен у 46,2% пациентов. При оценке эффективности эрадикационной терапии доминировали 13С-уреазный дыхательный тест (31,7%), полимеразная цепная реакция в кале/моноклональный тест определения антигена H. pylori в кале (28,7%), быстрый уреазный тест (22,3%), цитологическое/гистологическое исследование (26,2% случаев). Наиболее часто в качестве терапии первой линии назначалась стандартная тройная терапия, включающая ингибитор протонной помпы (ИПП), кларитромицин и амоксициллин (64,6% случаев). В преобладающем большинстве случаев длительность эрадикационной терапии составила 14 дней. В качестве ИПП в схемах стандартной тройной терапии первой линии преобладало назначение пантопразола (84,8%). Эффективность 14-дневного курса стандартной тройной терапии (mITT) составила 87,0%. Заключение. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о высокой частоте применения неинвазивных методов для оценки эффективности эрадикационнной терапии, вместе с тем следует отметить низкую частоту проведения контрольных тестов, что ограничивает возможности анализа успеха терапии. Эффективность наиболее часто назначаемой в Казани 14-дневной стандартной тройной терапии первой линии не достигает рекомендованного уровня в 90%, что можно объяснить частым использованием пантопразола, не оптимального ИПП в схемах эрадикационной терапии.

Sugar beet pulp is a promising source for obtaining pectin, protopectin, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The article gives a brief description of the most common technology for producing pectin from sugar beet pulp, as well as the results of domestic and foreign studies aimed at improving the finished product yield and quality. It has been established that pulp drying regimes have a decisive influence on the quality of the obtained pectin, predetermining its structural properties. With a decrease in pulp particle size for extraction, pectin yield increases by 20 % with a concomitant increase in galacturonic acid content by 60%, however, its rheological properties deteriorate. Electrochemical treatment of extractant for pectin obtaining increases pectin yield by 18-20 %, while electric treatment of the beet pulp by 50 %. The scientific works aimed at obtaining RG-1 «hairy» pectin, as well as the pectin fermentation in order to produce oligosaccharides with the best prebiotic properties have been considered. The results of the studies aimed at chemical obtaining of 10-70 nm cellulose nanotubes in pure form from depectinated pulp, as well as cellulose nanotubes in the composition of gels from fermented beet pulp, have been presented. The work aimed at the use of dried beet pulp as lignin-containing raw materials in chipboards production has been described.

About 80% of the human microbiota exists in the form of biofilms. The properties of microorganisms in the composition of biofilms differ significantly from those in planktonic suspensions. In the root canal system (RCS), the organization of microflora in biofilms has also been detected. Complex structure and individual variability of RCS in combination with unique properties of biofilm make disinfection of this system problematic. The persistence of microflora in the RCS and dentinal tubules, which continues even after qualitative clinical and radiological endodontic treatment, causes its low efficiency. In recent years, various methods for studying biofilm have been developed. The authors emphasize that the most objective of them are those that are conducted in vivo. However, it is practically impossible to implement such methods in the RCS, but methods of indirect evaluation of biofilm properties can be used. The purpose of this review is to analyze the accumulated information on the features of the biocenosis of the RCS and modern methods of studying biofilms in order to improve the effectiveness of endodontic dentistry.

The microflora in the root canal system (RCS) of teeth and dentinal tubules (DT) exists in the form of a biofilm – an organized community of microorganisms. At present, chemical and mechanical methods are used to control biofilm in RCS and DT, implying the instrumental treatment of RCS and the use of disinfectants in the form of irrigants or temporary root dressings. The purpose of this review is to analyze the accumulated information on the effectiveness of well-known modern methods and clinical strategies for combating intra-root infection to improve the quality of endodontic treatment.

Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis is described in this review, including the TTR gene structure and mutation spectrum, the transthyretin protein structure and functions, the main clinical manifestations of transthyretin amyloidosis. Also the problems of differential diagnosis are discussed, the history of the spread of the disease among various ethnic groups is examined, information is provided on the current possibilities of pathogenetic and etiological treatment of the disease.

65 patients with chronic actinic dermatitis were examined, with the determination of dermatological and psychological indices, allowing to determine the quality of life and the severity of depressive and anxiety disorders in patients.

This article is devoted to the main characteristics of severe bronchial asthma (SBA) and its heterogeneity, in particular, T2 asthma is characterized and the role of the main cytokines forming T2-inflammation is presented. The main emphasis is made on the role of the IL-4 and IL-13 in the pathogenesis of AD as the key cytokines in the initiation and maintenance of T2-inflammation, as well as on a new biological molecule – monoclonal antibody – dupilumab, directed to the α-subunit of IL-4 receptor, thus blocking the pathways of IL-4 and IL-13. Dupilumab has recently been registered in our country for the treatment of moderate and severe BA, as well as moderate and severe atopic dermatitis. The article presents the clinical efficacy and tolerability of dupillumab in patients with moderate and severe BA.

At the moment, it seems relevant to process mycelial mass as a waste product of citric acid and substandard grain, since there is a problem of recycling production waste. In turn, waste processing makes it possible to isolate a number of unique compounds, such as glucan and chitin. Of interest is the cell wall of micromycetes. Its main structural polysaccharides (chitin and glucan) form a complex called the chitin-glucan complex. Moreover, the content of chitin in micromycetes is higher than in traditional raw materials - shells of marine crustaceans. The mycelial mass of Aspergillus niger micromycete is a promising source of glucan and chitin. Aspergillus niger biomass and substandard cereal grains contain soluble dietary fiber-beta-glucans. They help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol, control blood glucose, which is very important for patients with diabetes. In addition, because of the ability of beta-glucans to form viscous gels, these chemicals slow down the absorption of sugars. Due to this, there is a decrease in the glycemic index of products. Of greatest interest are glucans of microbial origin. In addition to structural features (more functionally active ?-1,3 / 1,6-bonds), the advantage of beta-glucans derived from biomass is a higher quantitative yield of soluble forms, which are interesting not only in the food industry, but also in medicine . The aim of this work is to study the effect of various carbon sources (raw materials) on the biosynthesis of glucan-containing compounds and their derivatives Aspergillus niger micromycetes. As a result of studies, it was found that the biomass on the corn starch hydrolyzate is the most effective, it contains a high content of beta-glucans.

Coronary chronic occlusion (CCO) occurs in ~20% of cases when coronary angiography is performed in patients with coronary artery disease. According to large observational studies and registries, it is known that most patients with CCO receive only drug therapy. Only 20-22% of patients with CCO undergo surgical myocardial revascularization. Such a low percentage can be explained by a low success rate and a large number of complications during recanalization of CCO at the development stage of endovascular surgery. The accumulation of experience and the improvement of technical equipment has significantly increased the success rate of endovascular revascularization of CCO and reduced the number of complications. More and more scientific evidence has appeared in favor of the recanalization of CCO. It is known that the myocardium in the area of the occluded artery is in ischemia. The presence of a developed system of collateral circulation allows us to ensure sufficient blood flow in the myocardium only at rest, but with a load of collateral blood supply is not enough. Recanalization of CCO can eliminate myocardial ischemia, improve systolic function of the left ventricular myocardium, increase exercise tolerance and improve the quality of life of patients.

For the first time, tannin-lignin-formaldehyde and tannin-lignin-furfuryl organic gels were obtained on the basis of larch bark tannins and hydrolysis lignin by sol-gel condensation with formaldehyde and furfuryl alcohol. Their physico-chemical properties were studied by varying the content of lignin (from 5 to 30 wt%) and a fixed mass ratio of polyphenolic substances to the crosslinking reagent (1:1.5). With an increase in the lignin content the density of tannin-lignin formaldehyde gels decreases from 0.83 to 0.53 g/ cm3, and that of tannin-lignin-furfuryl gels is from 0.32 to 0.14 g / cm3. According to the FTIR data, the structures of tannin-lignin-formaldehyde and tannin-lignin-furfuryl gels are formed by aromatic fragments cross-linked with methylene and methylene-ether bridges. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the addition of appropriate amounts of lignin to tannins (up to 10 wt% when using formaldehyde and up to 20 wt% when using furfuryl alcohol) promotes the formation of gels with a more developed porous structure. In the case of tannin-lignin-formaldehyde gel, the specific surface area and sorption of methylene blue are 12 m2 / g and 43 mg / g and for tannin-lignin-furfuryl gel – 72 m2 / g and 114.5 mg/g, respectively. It was found that an increase in the lignin content in the gel composition over 20 wt.% is accompanied by the phase localization of lignin (precipitation), which reduces the strength of the resulting gel and reduces its specific surface area., Впервые на основе таннинов коры лиственницы и гидролизного лигнина методом золь-гель конденсации с формальдегидом и фурфуриловым спиртом получены таннин-лигнин-формальдегидные и таннин-лигнин-фурфуриловые органические гели. Их физико-химические свойства изучены при варьировании содержания лигнина (от 5 до 30% мас.) и фиксированном массовом соотношении полифенольных веществ к сшивающему реагенту (1:1.5). С увеличением содержания лигнина плотность таннин-лигнин-формальдегидных гелей снижается от 0.83 до 0.53 см3/г, а таннин-лигнин-фурфуриловых аэрогелей – от 0.14 до 0.32 г/см3. По данным метода инфракрасной спектроскопии, структура таннин-лигнин-формальдегидных и таннин-лигнин-фурфуриловых гелей сформирована ароматическими фрагментами, сшитыми метиленовыми и метилен-эфирными мостиками. Методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии показано, что добавление к таннинам соответствующих количеств лигнина (до 10% мас. при использования формальдегида и до 20% мас. при использовании фурфурилового спирта) способствует образованию гелей с более развитой пористой структурой. В случае таннин-лигнин-формальдегидного геля величина удельной поверхности и сорбции метиленового синего составляют, соответственно, 12 м2/г и 43 мг/г, а для таннин-лигнин-фурфурилового – 72 м2/г и 114.5 мг/г. Обнаружено, что увеличение содержания лигнина в составе геля свыше 20% мас сопровождается фазовой локализацией лигнина (осаждением), что снижает прочность полученного геля и уменьшает его удельную поверхность.

The effect of temperature and duration of sulfation of birch wood xylan by sulfamic acid in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) medium in the presence of urea on the yield of sulfated xylan and on the sulphur content was studied. By mathematical optimization, the sulfation conditions have been established allowing to achieve a high yield of the obtained xylan sulfates with a high sulphur content. Under optimal sulfation conditions: temperature 100±3°C, duration 1.5 hours, the yield of sulfated xylan reaches to 63% mas. and the content of sulfur – 17.6% mas. The presence of sulfate groups in sulfated xylan samples obtained under optimal conditions was confirmed by elemental analysis and FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopy., Изучено влияние температуры и продолжительности сульфатирования ксилана древесины березы сульфаминовой кислотой в среде N,N-диметилформамида (ДМФА) в присутствии мочевины на выход сульфатированного ксилана и содержание в нем серы. Путем математической оптимизации установлены условия сульфатирования, позволяющие достичь высокого выхода сульфатированного ксилана с высоким содержанием серы. В оптимальных условиях сульфатирования: температура 100±3°C, продолжительность – 1.5 ч, выход сульфатированного ксилана составляет 63%мас. и содержание в нем серы – 17.2%мас. Наличие сульфатных групп в образцах сульфатированного ксилана, полученных в оптимальных условиях, подтверждено элементным анализом и методами ИК- и 13C ЯМР-спектроскопии.

The aim of the study is to estimate influence of haemostatic materials on concentration of calcium of blood in in vitro experiment.Methods. As materials of a research used the following samples of haemostatic materials: control group (group No. 1), Tachocomb (No. 2), Gelita-Spon Standard (No. 3), Surgicel Fibrillar (No. 4), the samples of styptic sponges developed together with Linteks (St. Petersburg, Russia) on a basis sodium- carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) with various modifications: Na-CMC+ tranexamic acid, pressed (No. 5), Na-CMC+ tranexamic acid, not pressed (No. 6), Na-CMC pressed (No. 7), Na-CMC not pressed (No. 8). Results. Proceeding from the obtained data, we will note that the smallest concentration of calcium is defined at immersion in blood of samples of group No. 4 (Surgicel Fibrillar) – 1.64 mmol/litre, and the greatest – 2.39 mmol/litre at a research of samples of group No. 7 (Na- CMC pressed). Conclusion. It is established that haemostatic materials on the basis of collagen and derivatives of cellulose considerably influence formation of a clot in in vitro experiment, in comparison with styptic means on the basis of medical gelatin. It is shown by decrease in level of calcium in blood serum after introduction of the tested samples.

The study of the clinical course of community-acquired pneumonia in young children from large families was conducted. The study was retrospective. Children suffered from community-acquired pneumonia of moderate and severe severity. Revealed that community-acquired pneumonia often suffers from young children, mostly boys.

Aim. Сharacterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei 110 morphotypes, obtained under various cultivation conditions, studying phenotypic characteristics and switching of colony morphology after removal of stress and in the organism of experimental animals. Materials and methods. Morphotypes were induced by passage of B. pseudomallei 110 in LB, sterile river water and in Tetrahymena pyriformis cells, identified on Ashdown medium, classified according to Chantratita et al., some phenotypic characteristics have been determined. Cultures of morphotypes were stored for 6-10 months in 0,4% Nutrient agar under liquid petrolatun and colony morphology was analyzed. Results. Seven morphotypes of colonies were identified and designated I Chl, II, III Chl, IV Chl, V, VI, and VII Chl. The variability of morphotypes and their ratio depended on cultivation conditions. Morphotypes were distinguished by the activity of extracellular enzymes, mobility, characterized by increase of porin proteins production, variation in protein mass-spectrums, and decrease of virulence. From animals infected with all morphotypes was obtained I Chl morphotype; during storage, all cultures acquired the structure of morphotype VI (VII Chl) of the original strain, similar enzymatic activity and partially restored virulence. Conclusion. The morphotype VI (VII Chl) B. pseudomallei 110 under stress conditions gives rise to 5 other morphotypes that in the animals are switched to the morphotype I Chl; after removal of the stressful effect they are reverted to the initial morphological variant and its phenotypic properties are restored.

Remission induction can be associate, with the life threatening complications and transfer to ICU of de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (pts). We evaluate influence of transfer to ICU and life threatening complication on early mortality and long - tram survival of de novo AML pts.Retrospective study. All de novo AML pts younger than 60 years old admitted in the National Research Center for Hematology from 2013 to 2016 years were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups: pts who were required ICU admission during remission induction (ICU-pts) and pts who did not require ICU admission and received chemotherapy only in hematology ward (non-ICU pts). The reasons for ICU admissions and results of life support were analyzed. Overall survival (OS) were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method, long rank value p.Цель. Индукция ремиссии у больных острыми миелоидными лейкозами (ОМЛ) может привести к угрожающим жизни осложнениям, требующим перевода в отделение реанимации и интенсивной терапии (ОРИТ). Цель работы - оценить влияние интенсивной терапии угрожающих жизни осложнений на краткосрочные и отдаленные результаты лечения больных ОМЛ. Материалы и методы. В ретроспективное исследование включены больные с de novo ОМЛ старше 18 лет, которые были разделены на группы, кому потребовался перевод в ОРИТ (группа с ОРИТ) и не нуждавшихся в переводе в ОРИТ (группа без ОРИТ). Регистрировали структуру и результаты лечения критических синдромов, сравнивали между группами демографические показатели, молекулярно - цитогенетический риск, проводившуюся химиотерапию, краткосрочные и отдаленные результаты лечения ОМЛ. Использовали методы описательной статистики, вероятность дожития по методу Каплана-Майера. Результаты. В исследование включено 76 больных ОМЛ. Перевод в ОРИТ потребовался 37% больных. Причины перевода: острая дыхательная недостаточность (50%), септический шок (14,3%), нарушение мозгового кровообращения (17,9%), экстренное родоразрешение (10,7%), острая аритмия (7,1%). Пациенты группы с ОРИТ не отличались от пациентов группы без ОРИТ по возрасту, частоте цитогенетически неблагоприятных форм ОМЛ, но в группе с ОРИТ были более выраженные анемия, лейкоцитоз, большее количество бластных клеток в крови и костном мозге. Факторами неблагоприятного исхода в ОРИТ были септический шок и искусственная вентиляция легких. В группе ОРИТ 28-дневная общая выживаемость (ОВ) составила 64,3%, 5-летняя ОВ - 43,2%, 5-летняя безрецидивная выживаемость (БРВ) - 34%, медиана БРВ - 16,4 мес; в группе без ОРИТ - соответственно 100, 53, 44% и 23,5 мес (p=0,504). Заключение. Отдаленные результаты лечения больных ОМЛ, которым понадобилась интенсивная терапия, значимо не отличаются от результатов лечения больных без этих осложнений.

The radar image construction algorithms for propellers of aerial vehicles belonging to the classes «helicopter» and «propeller-driven aircraft» were proposed in [1]. The algorithms are designed to be implemented in a radar sensor with inverse synthesis of antenna aperture. The fundamental condition for the qualitative construction of radar images of the propellers is accurate measurement of their rotation frequency. The measurement method for the repetition frequency of the propeller blades on the base of the convolution of the spectrum of the «secondary» modulation of the signal reflected from propeller was proposed in [2]. This paper discusses the results of experimental studies of the measurement method for repetition frequency of the propeller blades and of the radar images construction algorithms of propellers of typical low-altitude aircraft (helicopters and propeller-driven aircrafts).

The sufficient conditions for the existence of several isolated periodic solutions of the equation are obtained.

Diagnostic criteria and approaches to the therapy of anxiety syndromes were considered. The basic method of anxiety treatment is psycho-pharmacologic treatment selected depending on the type of prevailing disorder and degree of its severity. The drug selection depends on the degree of anxiety severity and duration of the disease.

The results of the study of small-fruited varieties of pepper on the biochemical parameters of fruits are presented. Varieties with a high content of dry substances, ascorbic acid, carotenoids and lycopene for fresh consumption and processed into functional products have been selected.

The article is devoted to the incidence and severity of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), the odds ratio (OR) of PTS development in patients with previous proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) against the background of prolonged antithrombotic warfarin and sulodexide (SD) therapy (ATT) with due account for safety and development of clinically significant bleeding (CSB) during the year. A total of 130 patients aged 18 to 69 years with acute proximal DVT were enrolled in the comparative prospective study. Group I included 64 patients (31 men and 33 women), who received vitamin K antagonists (warfarin) therapy. Group II included 66 patients (37 men and 29 women), who received sulodexide in 3 months after completing a course of standard ACT (heparins in the acute period with the transition to AVK). The studied parameters included OR, incidence and severity of PTS in patients according to the Villalta scale, and the incidence rate of PTS against the background of prolonged warfarin and sulodexide ATT in 12 months’ time. It was established that the prolonged sulodexide ATT within one year after completing a course of standard ACT in patients with proximal DVT reduced the development of clinical signs of PTS by 22.2% compared to the standard warfarin therapy. At the same time, there is a lower incidence of severe forms of PTS in patients, who underwent proximal venous thrombosis, 17.8% against the background of sulodexide treatment. Thus, the prolonged sulodexide ATT is associated with a 1.7-fold decrease in the risk of the development of both PTS and its severe forms. Therefore, the prolonged use of sulodexide for one year in patients, who underwent proximal DVT, provides an alternative to warfarin and is associated with a lower incidence of PTS, including its severe forms. The prolonged sulodexide ATT is safe and does not cause the development of clinically significant hemorrhagic complications during the year.

Eosinophilic asthma is a common phenotype of severe asthma, occurring in at least half of patients. In recent years, there have been significant changes in the approaches to the treatment of severe bronchial asthma and, above all, eosinophilic asthma. The article discusses the role of eosinophils in the pathogenesis of severe asthma, the detection of the phenotype of severe eosinophilic asthma, and modern approaches to targeting severe asthma with an eosinophilic phenotype using biological agents. A special emphasis is placed on preparations of monoclonal antibodies to interleukin-5, in particular, mepolizumab, recently approved for clinical use in our country.

Organic xerogels based on lignin and tannins isolated from pine bark and wood were first obtained by condensation with formaldehyde and furfuryl alcohol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The use of pine sulfated ethanol lignin made it possible for the first time to obtain sulfur-containing (up to 1.3% wt.) lignin-(tannin)-formaldehyde and lignin-(tannin)-furfuryl xerogels. The density of the obtained gels increases with the addition of tannins to lignin and varies in the range 0.13–0.39g/cm3. Xerogels synthesized by condensation with furfuryl alcohol are stronger than those obtained using formaldehyde. The presence of sulfur in xerogels was confirmed by elemental and chemical analysis and IR spectroscopy. It was shown by scanning electron microscopy, that lignin-formaldehyde xerogels are formed from large polymer chains, consisting of interconnected aggregates of micron-sized particles and have large pores. The addition of tannins to the polycondensation system is accompanied by the formation of a more compact spatially crosslinked gel structure. BET method showed that all xerogels have low porosity, and lignin-furfuryl samples have a larger average pore diameter (7.2–14.5 nm) compared to lignin-formaldehyde samples (3.03–6.80 nm)., Впервые получены органические ксерогели на основе лигнина и таннинов, выделенных из коры и древесины сосны, конденсацией с формальдегидом и фурфуриловым спиртом в присутствии соляной кислоты. Использование сульфатированного этаноллигнина сосны позволило впервые получить содержащие серу (до 1.3% мас.) лигнин-(таннин)-формальдегидные и лигнин-(таннин)-фурфуриловые ксерогели. Плотность полученных гелей увеличивается при добавлении таннинов к лигнину и варьируется в интервале 0.13–0.39 г/см3. Ксерогели, синтезированные конденсацией с фурфуриловым спиртом, являются более прочными, чем полученные с использованием формальдегида. Методами элементного и химического анализов и ИК-спектроскопии подтверждено присутствие серы в составе ксерогелей. Методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии показано, что лигнин-формальдегидные ксерогели сформированы из крупных полимерных цепочек, состоящих из взаимосвязанных агрегатов частиц микронного размера, и имеют крупные поры. Добавление таннинов в систему для поликонденсации сопровождается образованием более компактной пространственно сшитой структуры геля. Методом БЭТ установлено, что все ксерогели имеют низкую пористость, причем лигнин-фурфуриловые образцы имеют больший средний диаметр пор (7.2–14.5 нм) по сравнению с лигнин-формальдегидными образцами (3.03–6.80 нм).

Recently, there have been some important changes in the laboratory diagnosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome, due to the introduction into routine practice of new high- and ultra-sensitive techniques for detection of myocardial damage biomarkers — cardiac troponins. Each method for cardiac troponins’ detection, among the existing wide variety of troponin immunoassays, has different analytical characteristics and allows the detection of different concentrations of troponins in the same patient. With an increasing number of companies developing high-sensitivity troponin immunoassays receiving regulatory approval, there is an urgent need for independent analytical and clinical evaluation of each method. This article discusses high- and ultrasensitive techniques for detection of cardiac troponins. The modern data on biochemical and metabolic characteristics of troponins, obtained using high- and ultra-sensitive techniques, are described: sex, age, circadian features and potential for detecting troponins in other biological fluids. Considerable attention is paid to the analytical characteristics of troponin immunoassays: limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantitation, coefficient of variation, as well as the 99th percentile and factors influencing it.

High-sensitivity cardiac troponins (hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT) contribute to a progression in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: acceleration of diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (early diagnostic algorithms: 0-1 h, 0-3 h), and earlier initiation of optimal treatment, expansion of diagnostic and prognostic potential (earlier detection of myocardial damage during chemotherapy, endocarditis, myocarditis and other diseases). However, increased sensitivity slightly reduced the specificity and created the need for a more thorough interpretation of elevated levels of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT in a number of pathologies that damage cardiomyocytes. In addition, there was a need to introduce reference levels of hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT (99 percentile), taking into account sex. Recently, there has also been information about circadian (diurnal) variations in hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI levels. We analyze in detail the results of clinical studies that found circadian changes in hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT. Possible mechanisms underlying these changes in hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI concentrations are discussed.

Во второй год пандемии инфекции SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) практические врачи все чаще сталкиваются с новой патологией – «постковид- ным синдромом» (ПКС, Post-COVID-19 syndrome, Long Covid). Одним из наиболее частых про- явлений ПКС является суставной синдром, проявляющийся миалгией, артралгией, нестойким артритом, а в некоторых случаях и стойким артритом. Цель статьи – проанализировать данные литературы и обсудить собственные клинические случаи поражений суставов после COVID-19., The pandemic of SARS- Cov -2 infection is in its second year, and more and more practitioners are faced with a new pathology – Post-Covid-19 syndrome. One of the most common manifestations of Post-Covid syndrom is a joint syndrome, characterizing by myalgia,arthralgia,non-persistent arthritis, and in some cases, persistent arthritis. The purpose of this article is to analyze the literature data and to discuss our own clinical cases of joint lesions after COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 инфекциялық пандемиясының болып жатқанына екінші жыл және бұл практика- лық дәрігерлердің ковидтен кейінгі синдромның жаңа патологиясымен ұшырасуын жиілетіп отыр (ПКС, Post COVID-19 syndrome). ККС ең көбі буын синдромдары, артралгия, тұрақсыз ар- трит, кей жағдайда, тұрақты артрит аурулары арқылы көрініс табады. Бұл мақаланың мақса- ты – осы әдебиеттердегі мәліметтерге анализ жасап, жеке клиникалық жағдайларда кезіккен COVID-19-дан кейін пайда болған буын ауруларын талқылау болып табылады., Научно-практический специализированный журнал "Ревматология Казахстана", Выпуск 1 2021, Pages 17-25

The year 2020 brought severe trials to the world and made humanity pay a very high price. Different countries have experienced the impact of the pandemic in different ways, depending on the severity of the epidemiological situation. This is due to the peculiarities of the penetration of coronavirus infection, the structure of the economy, and the amount of resources that the state could direct to support the affected industries and the population.

The analysis of the efficiency of work of self-propelled mine cars as part of tunneling complexes is carried out. Perspective schemes of power supply of self-propelled mine cars, as well as ways of modernizing their wheel propellers are considered. The calculation of the parameters of the wheel propeller control system during the maneuvering of a self-propelled mine car is performed.

This article is devoted to the study of the Na-CMC structuring process under various conditions: structuring with polyvalent metal ions, structuring with polyvalent metal ions in the presence of polybasic acids. Structuring in a Na-CMC solution was investigated by adding polyvalent metal ions to it at various ratios Me+p / COO-, pH, which allowed us to characterize the structuring process as a reaction of macromolecules with low molecular weight compounds.It was found that the probability of intermacromolecular crosslinking, responsible for gelation, increases with an increase in the initial concentration of Na-CMC solution and with the additional presence of polybasic acids. When salts of polyvalent metals interact with solutions of polybasic acids in the presence of a 2N NaOH solution, their complex salts are formed.Titration calculations and IR spectra of dried salts confirmed the conclusion made about the formation of salts of structure I, II, III, IV. Crosslinking of Na-CMC has been shown to occur via compounds of the M2+ (3+) - OOS-R-type. It has been established that strong, transparent jellies are formed by trivalent metal ions, divalent metal ions also form brittle, cloudy jellies that stratify during a day.A suggestion has been made that the main reaction during gelation of the Na-CMC solution is the interaction of -COOH groups along the chain of the Na-CMC macromolecule with the Al+3 salt and citric acid of structure III. The role of citric acid is that it is a transverse bridge in the binding of Na-CMC macromolecules. During the process of chemical crosslinking, the system turns from a fluid state into a non-fluid one, and the dynamic viscosity of the system increases from 3.548 Pa·s to 1585 Pa·s., Данная статья посвящена исследованию процесса студнеобразования водного раствора Na-КМЦ в различных условиях: структурирование при помощи ионов алюминия, структурирование ионами алюминия в присутствии лимонной кислоты. Студнеобразование в растворе Na-КМЦ исследовали путем добавления в него ионов алюминия при различных соотношениях Ме+п/СОО-, рН среды, что позволило охарактеризовать процесс студнеобразования как реакцию макромолекул с низкомолекулярными соединениями. Установлено, что вероятность межмакромолекулярного сшивания, ответственного за гелеобразование, возрастает с увеличением исходной концентрации раствора Na-КМЦ ипри дополнительном присутствии многоосновной кислоты. При взаимодействии ионов алюминия с раствором лимонной кислоты в присутствии раствора NаОН образуются их комплексные соли. Сделано предположение, что основной реакцией при студнеобразовании раствора Na-КМЦ является взаимодействие СООН групп вдоль цепи макромолекулы Na-КМЦ с солью Al+3 и лимонной кислоты структуры III. Роль лимонной кислоты сводится к тому, что она является поперечным мостом в связывании макромолекул Na-КМЦ. При процессе химического сшивания система из текучего состояния превращается в нетекучее, и динамическая вязкость системы увеличивается от 3.5 до 1585 Па·с.

In this work, we optimized the process of sulfating abies ethanol lignin with complexes of sulfuric anhydride with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane. Experimentally found are the conditions for the implementation of the process of sulfation of abies ethanol lignin by complexes of sulfur trioxide with 1,4-dioxane and pyridine, providing a high sulfur content (12.0–12.6%). It was shown that a high sulfur content of 12.0–13.5% (mass.) in the obtained ethanol lignin sulfate is achieved when the ratio of the amount of chlorosulfonic acid to the amount of abies ethanol lignin is 20.22:1 mmol:g and the duration of the sulfation process is 60–120 min and independent of the nature of the sulfating complex. The structure and composition of water-soluble sulfated abies ethanol lignin are confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and elemental analysis. In the FTIR spectra of sulfated abies ethanol lignin, in comparison with the FTIR spectra of the initial abies ethanol lignin, there are absorption bands in the region of 1270–1260, 1220–1212, 861–803 cm-1, corresponding to vibrations of sulfate groups. Compared to the initial lignin, sulfated abies ethanol lignin has a low degree of polydispersity. In particular, there was an increase in Mw c ~1.5 kDa to ~3.4 kDa in lignin sulfated for 30 min and a decrease in polydispersity from 2.59 to 1.22 compared to the initial abies ethanol lignin. With an increase in the sulfation time, the profile of the molecular mass distribution curve shifts to a high molecular weight region, with a simultaneous increase in polydispersity to 1.5 and Mw increases to ~4.3 kDa., Проведена оптимизация процесса сульфатирования этаноллигнина пихты комплексами серного ангидрида спиридином и 1,4-диоксаном. Экспериментально найдены условия осуществления процесса сульфатирования этаноллигнина пихты комплексами триоксида серы с 1,4-диоксаном и пиридином, обеспечивающие высокое содержание серы (12.0–12.6%). Показано, что высокое содержание серы 12.0–13.5% (масс.) в полученном сульфате этаноллигнина достигается при соотношении количества хлорсульфоновой кислоты к количеству этаноллигнина, равном 20.22:1 ммоль:г, и продолжительности процесса сульфатирования 60–120 мин и не зависит от природы сульфатирующего комплекса. Строение и состав водорастворимого сульфатированного этаноллигнина подтверждены данными ИК-спектроскопии, гельпроникающей хроматографии и элементного анализа. В ИК-спектрах сульфатированного этаноллигнина пихты в сравнении с ИК-спектрами исходного этаноллигнина присутствуют полосы поглощения в области 1270–1260, 1220–1212, 861–803 см-1, соответствующие колебаниям сульфатных групп. Сульфатированный этаноллигнин древесины пихты по сравнению с исходным лигнином обладает низкой степенью полидисперсности. В частности, наблюдалось увеличение Mw c ~1.5 кДа до ~3.4 кДа в сульфатированном в течение 30 мин лигнине и уменьшение по сравнению с исходным этаноллигнином полидисперсности с 2.59 до 1.22. При увеличении времени сульфатирования профиль кривой молекулярно-массового распределения смещается в высокомолекулярную область, с одновременным увеличением полидисперсности до 1.5, а среднечисловая молекулярная масса возрастает до ~4.3 кДа.

By the method of transmission diffraction electron microscopy on thin foils the study of changes in the morphology of the matrix and phase composition arising in ferrite-perlite steel of St2 grade at electrolyteplasma surface hardening was conducted. It has been established that surface hardening leads to martensite transformation, "self-removal" and diffusion transformation with the extraction of M[23]C[6] carbide particles.

The analysis of the efficiency of work of self-propelled mine cars as part of tunneling complexes is carried out. Perspective schemes of power supply of self-propelled mine cars, as well as ways of modernizing their wheel propellers are considered. The calculation of the parameters of the wheel propeller control system during the maneuvering of a self-propelled mine car is performed.

The use of troponins in clinical practice has led to a breakthrough in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI), ho­wever, to date, there remains a large number of erroneous diagnoses due to an incorrect assessment of the results of troponin tests. Cardiac troponin (cTn) is a complex consisting of three subunits. Since cardiac troponins I (cTnI) and T (cTnT) are components of the contractile apparatus of myocardial cells and are expressed almost exclusively in the heart, this determines their high specificity as a biomarker of myocardial damage. Assessment of the release of a pool of rapidly released troponins into the bloodstream in clinical practice, on the one hand, can reduce the time for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, and on the other hand, will lead to a significant decrease in the specificity of the determination of troponins with respect to structural damage and myocardial necrosis. The release of troponins occurs with various variants of myocardial damage, and not just due to necrosis. An increase in the level of troponins in blood plasma indicates the presence of myocardial damage, but does not indicate the cause and mechanism of the damage. The diagnosis of myocardial infarction is confirmed by detecting a dynamic increase in the level of troponins above the re­ference value only if there is evidence that the cause of myocardial damage is its irreversible ischemia. A key distinguishing feature of highly sensitive troponin tests compared to previous analyzes is the increased sensitivity, which is manifested only at values close to the 99th percentile of the upper reference level. From the 1st to 4th ge­neration of troponin tests, only significant amounts of troponin can be determined due to massive myocardial damage. The amounts of troponin corresponding to the release of cytosolic troponin or due to micro-necrosis of cardiomyocytes can be determined by the 5th generation of troponin tests. The key advantage of the 5th generation of troponin tests is not an increase in the accuracy of diagnosis of myocardial infarction, but a reduction in the time until the diagnosis is verified using the troponin test. An algorithm that combines an assessment of both the absolute level and the relative change in the level of troponins allows increasing the specificity (with a slight decrease in sensitivity) in relation to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. The results of highly sensitive troponin tests can be widely used to evaluate prognosis., Использование в клинической практике тропонинов привело к прорыву в диагностике инфаркта миокарда (ИМ), однако до настоящего времени остается причиной и большого количества ошибочных диагнозов из-за неправильной оценки получаемых результатов тропониновых тестов. Сердечный тропонин (cTn) представляет собой комплекс, состоящий из трех субъединиц. Поскольку сердечные тропонины I (cTnI) и T (cTnT) являются компонентами сократительного аппарата миокардиальных клеток и экспрессируются почти исключительно в сердце, это определяет их высокую специфичность в качестве биомаркера повреждения миокарда. Оценка выделения в кровоток пула быстро высвобождаемых тропонинов в клинической практике, с одной стороны, может уменьшить время для диагностики инфаркта миокарда, а с другой стороны, привести к значительному снижению специфичности определения тропонинов в отношении структурных повреждений и некроза миокарда. Высвобождение тропонинов происходит при различных вариантах повреждения миокарда, а не только вследствие некроза. Повышение уровня тропонинов в плазме крови свидетельствует о наличии повреждения миокарда, но не указывает на причину и механизм повреждения. Диагноз «инфаркт миокарда» подтверждается при выявлении динамического повышения уровня тропонинов выше указанного референтного значения только в том случае, когда имеются доказательства, что причиной повреждения миокарда является его необратимая ишемия. Ключевой отличительной чертой высокочувствительных тропониновых тестов по сравнению с прежними анализами является повышенная чувствительность, которая проявляется только при значениях, близких к 99-му процентилю верхнего референтного уровня. С 1-го по 4-е поколения тропониновых тестов могут определять только значительные количества тропонина вследствие массивного повреждения миокарда. Количество тропонина, соответствующее выделению цитозольного тропонина или вследствие микронекроза кардиомиоцитов, может определяться 5-м поколением тропониновых тестов. Ключевым преимуществом 5-го поколения тропониновых тестов является не увеличение точности диагностики ИМ, а уменьшение времени до верификации диагноза с помощью тропонинового теста. Алгоритм, сочетающий в себе оценку как абсолютного уровня, так и относительного изменения уровня тропонинов, позволяет повысить специфичность (при некотором снижении чувствительности) в отношении диагностики инфаркта миокарда. Результаты тропониновых высокочувствительных тестов могут широко использоваться для оценки прогноза., Використання у клінічній практиці тропонінів призвело до прориву в діагностиці інфаркту міокарда (ІМ), однак досі залишається причиною і великої кількості помилкових діагнозів через неправильну оцінку отриманих результатів тропонінових тестів. Серцевий тропонін (cTn) являє собою комплекс, що складається з трьох субодиниць. Оскільки серцеві тропоніни I (cTnI) і T (cTnT) є компонентами скорочувального апарату міокардіальних клітин та експресуються майже виключно в серці, це визначає їх високу специфічність як біомаркерів пошкодження міокарда. Оцінка виділення в кровотік пулу тропонінів, що швидко звільняються, в клінічній практиці, з одного боку, може зменшити час для діагностики інфаркту міокарда, а з іншого боку, призвести до значного зниження специфічності визначення тропонінів щодо структурних пошкоджень і некрозу міокарда. Вивільнення тропонінів відбувається при різних варіантах пошкодження міокарда, а не тільки внаслідок некрозу. Підвищення рівня тропонінів в плазмі крові свідчить про наявність пошкодження міокарда, але не вказує на причину і механізм пошкодження. Діагноз «інфаркт міокарда» підтверджується при виявленні динамічного підвищення рівня тропонінів вище зазначеного референтного значення тільки в тому випадку, коли є докази, що причиною пошкодження міокарда є його незворотня ішемія. Ключовою відмінною рисою високочутливих тропонінових тестів порівняно з колишніми аналізами є підвищена чутливість, яка проявляється тільки при значеннях, близьких до 99-го процентиля верхнього референтного рівня. З 1-го по 4-е покоління тропонінових тестів можуть визначати тільки значні кількості тропоніну внаслідок масивного пошкодження міокарда. Кількість тропоніну, що відповідає виділенню цитозольного тропоніну або внаслідок мікронекрозу кардіоміоцитів, може визначатися 5-м поколінням тропонінових тестів. Ключовою перевагою 5-го покоління тропонінових тестів є не збільшення точності діагностики ІМ, а зменшення часу до верифікації діагнозу за допомогою тропонінового тесту. Алгоритм, що поєднує в собі оцінку як абсолютного рівня, так і відносної зміни рівня тропонінів, дозволяє підвищити специфічність (при деякому зниженні чутливості) щодо діагностики інфаркту міокарда. Результати тропонінових високочутливих тестів можуть широко використовуватися для оцінки прогнозу.

In given work, we studied the phase and elemental compositions of the surface layers in stable austenitic stainless steel treated by ion-plasma hardening in a mixture of gases N[2]+C[2]H[2]+Ar. The effect of a deformation-induced microstructure, which was formed before ion-plasma treatment, on the characteristics of the hardened layers in the steel specimens was experimentally studied.

The paper describes a case of a 36-year-old man with finger joint and bone damage that occurred a year and a half after severe frostbite.