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Attachment theory is widely regarded as one of the most significant advancements in psychology. Originally focused on early childhood development, it has expanded to offer insights into a broad spectrum of psychological disorders in adulthood. Additionally, some scholars propose that attachment theory could serve as a unifying framework in psychotherapy. If psychological disorders stem from attachment disturbances, then therapeutic interventions should theoretically impact attachment styles. However, there remains ongoing debate regarding whether attachment styles remain fixed throughout life or can adapt in response to environmental factors or psychotherapy. This theoretical study seeks to provide greater clarity on the malleability of attachment styles, the association between attachment and psychological disorders, and the examination of mentalizationa central concept in the genesis of psychological disorders. Mentalization is not only seen as a core feature of attachment styles but also as a key process in psychotherapy.

Cognitive therapy has often been criticized as focusing exclusively on rational cognition rather than on the role of emotion in psychopathology. The Emotional Schema Therapy (EST) approach advances a model of how people think about and respond to their own emotions and those of others. Drawing on Beck’s schema model, the metacognitive model of Adrian Wells, the Acceptance and Commitment Model (ACT), and social cognitive theory, the EST model suggests that beliefs about the duration, controllability, legitimacy, normalcy, shame and guilt about emotions result in problematic strategies for coping with emotion, such as suppression, avoidance, substance abuse, and rumination. I outline some of the main points of EST and the research supporting the model.

Varoluşçu psikoloji insanın temel motivasyon kaynağını anlam arayışı olarak görmektedir. Temel varoluşsal ihtiyaç olan anlam arayışının karşılanmaması veya engellenmesi durumunda varoluşsal öfke ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Temel varoluşsal problemlerden biri olan varoluşsal öfke ile baş edebilmek adına ise savunma mekanizmaları kullanılmaktadır. Savunma mekanizmaları temel varoluşsal problemleri işleyen ve bilince farklı şekilde çıkmasını sağlayan yapılardır. Savunma mekanizmalarının uyumsuz olarak kullanılması psikolojik belirtilerin ortaya çıkmasıyla yakından ilişkilidir. Psikolojik belirtiler kişinin dış dünya ile uyumsuz baş etme çabaları olarak değerlendirilmekte ve varoluşsal problem yaşayan kişilerin kullandıkları savunma mekanizması profilleri ile psikolojik belirtiler arasında bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Varoluşsal öfkenin varoluşsal bir problem olmasından hareketle mevcut çalışmada varoluşsal öfke, savunma mekanizmaları ve psikolojik belirtiler arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla 18-65 yaş aralığında toplam 213 kişiye “Varoluşsal Öfke Ölçeği”, “Savunma Biçimleri Testi” ve “Kısa Semptom Envanteri” uygulanmıştır. Varoluşsal öfke, savunma mekanizmaları ve psikolojik bozukluklar arasındaki ilişkinin seviyesini ve yönünü belirlemek için Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Varoluşsal öfke ve savunma mekanizmalarının psikolojik bozuklukları yordama gücünün tespiti için ise hiyerarşik doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda varoluşsal öfke ve tüm psikolojik belirtiler arasında anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Ek olarak varoluşsal öfke ve farklı savunma mekanizmaları profillerinin farklı psikolojik belirtileri yordadıkları görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular, varoluşsal öfke ve savunma mekanizmalarının psikolojik belirti türlerini ortaya çıkarabileceğine dair istatiksel kanıtlar sunmuştur. Bu bağlamda klinik ortamda psikolojik belirti türlerine yönelik yapılacak çalışmalarda varoluşsal öfke ve savunma mekanizmalarının göz önünde bulundurulmasının faydalı olabileceği düşünülebilir. Ayrıca klinisyenlerin psikolojik belirtilerin sağaltımı konusunda çalışırken kişilerin varoluşsal problemlerine ve kullandıkları savunma mekanizmalarına eğilmeleri de daha sağlıklı değerlendirmelerde bulunmalarına yardımcı olacaktır denilebilir.

Stress is an essential part of everyday life. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH, also called CRF and corticoliberin) plays a key role in the integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses to stress. The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) by neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), the primary site of synthesis CRH, triggers stress reactions. In addition to the hypothalamus, CRH is widespread in extrahypothalamic brain structures, where it functions as a neuromodulator for coordination and interaction between the humoral and behavioral aspects of a stress response. The axons of neurons expressing CRH are directed to various structures of the brain, where the neuropeptide interacts with specific receptors (CRHR1, CRHR2) and can affect various mediator systems that work together to transmit signals to different brain regions to cause many reactions to stress. Moreover, the effect of stress on brain functions varies from behavioral adaptation to increased survival and increased risk of developing mental disorders. Disturbances of the CRH system regulation are directly related to such disorders: mental pathologies (depression, anxiety, addictions), deviations of neuroendocrinological functions, inflammation, as well as the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, the role of CRH as a regulator of the neurons structure in the areas of the developing and mature brain has been established. To date, studies have been conducted in which CRHR1 is a target for antidepressants, which are, in fact, antagonists of this receptor. In this regard, the study of the participation of the CRH system and its receptors in negative effects on hormone-dependent systems, as well as the possibility of preventing them, is a promising task of modern physiological genetics. In this review, attention will be paid to the role of CRH in the regulation of response to stress, as well as to the involvement of extrahypothalamic CRH in pathophysiology and the correction of mental disorders.

The objective of analysis is new opportunities in the study of self-awareness, which became possible through the use of an interdisciplinary approach. This approach allows to solve number of conceptual and methodological problems in psychology and psychiatry. The general development of psychiatry in the 20th and early 21st centuries was to improve diagnosis and therapy based on objectively measured indicators. There is a very superficial development of the phenomenology of self-awareness disorders as a result. The interdisciplinary point of view may be the beginning of new theoretical studies of self-awareness in philosophy, as well as provoke pragmatic conclusions for psychological and psychiatric science. Authors claim that the delimitation of the methodological tools of various sciences in the study of self-awareness is unnecessary in principle. interdisciplinary view should be formed by philosophers. The phenomenology of Karl Jaspers and his concept of self-awareness in this sense are heuristically attractive. The authors propose a working model of self-awareness, based on the phenomenological approach of Jaspers, on the ideas of his followers, and also abandoning the disciplinary view of the subject. In this model self-awareness is described through its specific functions. That may be pragmatically useful for mental health professionals: psychiatrists, psychologists and psychotherapists and it may be interesting to philosophers using phenomenological analysis.

Introduction.Mental and behavioral disorders often coexist in people with intellectual disabilities. The prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders in people with intellectual disability, compared to people with the intellectual norm, differ in the form of manifestation of the symptoms of a given disorder depending on the degree of intellectual disability. Psychopathological and behavioral disorders are often mistakenly captured as a result of intellectual disability itself. Therefore, the correct diagnosis of people with mental retardation is an increasing value.Aim.The aim of this article is to present the issues of mental and behavioral disorders in the population of people with intellectual disabilities. Presentation of the symptomatology of these disorders and the subject of therapy in order to improve the functioning of people with intellectual disabilities.Summary.People with intellectual disabilities show a greater risk of developing mental and behavioral disorders. To date, no uniform diagnostic criteria have been established that would allow for a more accurate medical diagnosis. Increasing the knowledge of the functioning of people with intellectual disabilities who show mental disorders and the correct diagnosis would allow to increase the effectiveness of undertaken therapeutic tasks and improve the quality of life of people with mental disabilities.

The aim of the work was to study the gender and age features of the clinical and psychopathological phenomenology of depressive disorders at the present stage. Materials and methods. In total, 107 men and 138 women with depressive disorders were clinically examined using M. Hamilton's Depression and Anxiety Scale, A. Beck's Depression Questionnaire, C. Spilberger's Scale of State and Trait Anxiety in Y. Hanin modification. Results. It was found that men had higher rates of depression expressiveness on the M. Hamilton’s scale compared to women (21.3 ± 9.8 (19.0; 12.0–31.0) points versus 19.2 ± 9.9 (14.0; 11.0–29.0) points, P < 0.05, in particular, adynamic depression: 15.6 ± 7.0 (13.0; 9.0–22.0) points versus 13.9 ± 7.0 (11.0; 8.0–22.0) points, P < 0.05, and also on the A. Beck’s Depression Questionnaire: 34.9 ± 18.2 (34.0; 19.0–51.0) points versus 30.1 ± 18.8 (25.5; 14.0–48.0) points, P < 0.05, including indicators of cognitive-affective subcales: 22.3 ± 11.8 (22.0; 12.0–33.0) points versus 19.1 ± 12.2 (16.0; 8.0–29.0) points, P < 0.05. Women showed higher levels of anxiety 17.7 ± 9.4 (15.0; 10.0–25.0) points versus 15.0 ± 8.7 (12.0; 7.0–22.0) points, P < 0.01, including mental anxiety: 11.4 ± 5.1 (10.0; 7.0–16.0) points versus 9.9 ± 3.7 (9.0; 7.0–13.0) points, P < 0.05 and somatic anxiety: 6.3 ± 5.0 (4.5; 3.0–9.0) points versus 5.1 ± 5.5 (3.0; 1.0–8.0) points, P < 0.01. Women also had significantly higher state (43.0 ± 12.3 (42.0; 32.0–52.0) versus 39.1 ± 12.1 (36.0; 27.0–49.0), P < 0.01) and trait (42.6 ± 10.4 (43.0; 33.0–53.0 points) versus 39.1 ± 9.7 (36.0; 31.0–44.0) points, P < 0.05) anxiety. An analysis of age patterns revealed a gradual increase in depressive and anxiety manifestations with age, more pronounced in the age group over 45 years. Conclusions. The data obtained allow us to conclude that there are gender and age features of clinical and psychopathological phenomenology of depressive disorders.

Evlilik ve ilişki doyumu, kişinin stresli olma halini, duygu durumunu ve refah seviyesini etkileyen unsurlardan biridir. Bu sebeple, birçok çift sorun yaşadıklarında farklı sebeplerle çift terapisine başvurmakta ve yardım alabilmektedir. İlişkisel problemleri öngörmeyi sağlayan bir unsur kişilik yapılarıdır. Kişilik özellikleri ile ilgili farklılıkların genellikle yakın bir ilişki kurma ve sürdürmede önemli bir faktör olduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca, psikopatolojik özellikler de ilişkilerin işleyişi ile bağlantılıdır. Bu çalışmada, çiftlerin karakter yapıları ve psikopatolojik özellikleri ile yardım aldıkları problemler arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Veriler, psikolojik yardım almak üzere kliniğe başvuru yapan 81 çiftten toplanmıştır. Katılımcıların başvurdukları problem alanları, görüşme formunda yer alan 14 problem alanı ile belirlenmiştir. Psikopatolojik özellikleri ve kişilik yapıları ise Minnesota Çok Yönlü Kişilik Envanteri (MMPI) kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, hem erkekler hem kadınlar için en sık rastlanan problemlerin öfke problemi ve kayın valide problemi olduğunu göstermektedir. Katılımcıların psikopatolojik özelliklerinin ve kişilik yapılarının ise yardım aldıkları problemlerle ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur.

Attachment theory currently covers more and more research areas. Starting its development with the study of children, now researchers of attachment are increasingly paying attention to the psyche of an adult. Moreover, more and more studies are devoted to the relationship of attachment and psychopathology. This article presents the scientific researches that have been carried out over the past five years and re-open the problem of attachment. The studies investigate the problems of romantic attachment, the effects of attachment on the course of pregnancy, the relationship of attachment and psychopathology in adults, the specificity of psychotherapy for patients with different types of attachment, and give a brief overview of studies of child attachment, which also focuses on psychopathology. This review doesn’t only present new scientific data on the theory of attachment, but also outlines new vectors of research on this issu.

Introduction. With CPPS / CP III, symptoms of sexual dysfunction and mental pathology are often simultaneously detected.Goal. Analysis of sexual dysfunction in patients with CPPS / CP IIIA, CPPS / CP IIIB and the existing affective pathology, comparing these groups of patients with CPAP / CP IIIA and IIIB with each other.Materials and methods. 65 men with type III CPAP / CP were examined, 41 patients were included, which comprised 2 comparison groups: 12 patients with CPPS / CP IIIA (group 1) and 29 patients with CPPS / CP IIIB - group 2. All patients did not have testosterone abnormalities, did not respond to standard urological therapy. Diagnosis of mental disorder and sexual dysfunction was established clinico-psychopathologically, the «International Index of Erectile Dysfunction» (ICEF) scale was applied; the severity of the pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical calculations were performed in the R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, version 3.2.Results. Patients of both groups were diagnosed with a primary depressive episode in the 1st comparison group - 75%, in the 2nd comparison group in 80%; depressive episode within the recurrent (recurrent) depressive disorder - in the 1 group 25%, in the 2 group 7%, in the bipolar affective disorder only in the 1 group - 7%; 1 obsessive-compulsive disorder (Table 1) was diagnosed in 1 patient (3%) in the 2nd group. In both groups, moderate episodes of moderate severity predominated-92% in group 1 and 62% in group 2; Depressive episodes of mild degree were 8% in 1 group and 28% in 2 comparison groups; A severe depressive episode was observed only in the 2nd comparison group at 7%. Erectile dysfunction was detected in 75% of patients in group 1, 93% in patients in group 2, premature ejaculation in group 1 in 58%, in group 2 in 45% of patients, reduction in libido in group 1 in 92%, in group 2 in 100%, pain during the ejaculation in group 1 was presented by 33%, in the 2nd group in 28% of men.Discussion and conclusions. Erectile dysfunction and decreased libido prevailed in patients of both comparison groups, were observed against the background of depressive episodes and, possibly, can be regarded as symptoms of disruption of vital functions within the atypical depressive syndrome of depressive disorders in both groups. ED, decreased libido (sexual desire, desire and attraction), premature ejaculation, general dissatisfaction with sexual intercourse were observed in both groups of patients with CPPS / CP III against a background of depressive episodes, comparing the frequency of occurrence of symptoms of sexual dysfunction does not reveal significant differences in the compared groups. It is advisable to further study the symptoms of sexual dysfunction in CPPS / CP III and psychopathology, their development in the length of the disease, and the relationship for the development of comprehensive CPPS / CP III therapy.

Objective: To create a new taxonomy of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) based on the comparability of the design of SSD and borderline states., Material and Methods: The total sample consists of 205 patients with an established diagnosis of SSD (F21; F25; F22 according to ICD-10) collected from studies of the department of borderline mental pathology and psychosomatic disorders of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Mental Health Research Center and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychosomatics of Moscow State Medical University in the period 2014 to 2024. Clinical, psychometric, statistical methods were used., Results: A new two-level model of schizotypal personality disorder (STPD) has been developed: the first level is psychopathic-like disorders of the «Ferschroben» type; the second level are psychopathological disorders (positive, negative, etc.), appearing under their «mask», constituting a «tracing paper» of manifestations of schizophrenia «in miniature». The two-level psychopathological model of STPD is a complex clinical phenotype, including independent but overlapping phenotypic formations: psychopathic-like - the «Ferschroben» type; and basic - schizophreniform disorders., Conclusion: The clinical classification of schizophrenia spectrum disorders has been developed; pseudoneuroses and stress-induced disorders of the endogenous circle are considered in the aspect of the dynamics of STPD.

The basis of the new paradigm, as an attempt to modernize the systematics of psychopathological disorders, is the concept of simultaneous representation of two relatively independent domains (founded by neurobiological processes) in the clinical space of schizophrenia - negative and positive disorders. The study established the spectra of functional activity of endogenous dimensions, as well as the trajectories of their development, which determine the dominance of predominantly negative or positive symptoms (negative/positive schizophrenia) during the course of the disease. The differentiated impact of endogenous domains on constitutional characterological structures accompanied by the formation of pseudopsychiopathies and subpsychotic personality disorders is observed.

The present study introduces the third version of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale which takes into account the current tendencies in internet use and is based on the second revised version of the scale (GPIUS2, Caplan, 2010). The research was carried out online among Android OS users. The factor structure was verified on a sample of 204 persons (102 males and 102 females) aged from 14 to 21 years (M=17,34; SD=2). Convergent and intercorrelation validity was verified on samples of 1100 and 707 persons respectively, the majority of respondents were females. The factor structure of the scale was verified by means of confirmatory factor analysis. A relationship between problematic internet use with psychopathological symptoms and gender was found. Girls are more likely to prefer online communication and are more compulsive and cognitively preoccupied with life in the network compared to boys, but are less likely to use the network as a way of mood regulation. The overall results confirm that the scale is an adequate measure of problematic internet use among adolescents and young adults.

The paper discusses gender differences in the clinic presentations, course and outcomes of schizophrenia from the standpoint of a biopsychosocial approach. It reviews foreign publications on this matter. Neuromorphological and hormonal factors in gender differences are given paramount consideration in foreign countries. The author presents the results of his own empirical studies in this area. It is concluded that psychosocial factors and traditional gender stereotypes play a no less important role in gender differences in schizophrenia rather than hormonal and neuromorphological factors.

The paper reviews the current data on the risk factors, pathogenesis, psychopathological symptoms and therapy of depression in patients with epilepsy. Depression predominantly occurs in patients with temporal epilepsy. The lateralization of the focus cannot be readily interpreted, although the literature indicates that depression occurs more often with left-sided foci. In their external manifestations, the episodes of depression in epilepsy can be fully the same as in any affective disorder. Treatment of depression is carried out without canceling therapy with antiepileptic drugs; the latter may have different impacts on the course of depression. In this respect, valproate, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and lamotrigine do not exacerbate depression. All of them, despite the differences in their mechanisms of action, have a common component – an increase in the serotonin level in the central nervous system. Among the drugs listed above, valproate is especially beneficial.

Aim: to identify and explore the structure of comorbid psychopathological disorders in patients with type 2nd diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials and methods: 543 patients with type 2nd DM were included into the study. The average age of patients was (56.2 ± 0.65) years. The patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of DM. The first clinical group (CG-1) included 57 patients with type 2nd DM of mild severity, who was treated in outpatient department; the average age in the group was (51.8 ± 1.28) years. The second clinical group (CG-2) made up of 312 patients with type 2nd DM, moderate severity, they were in inpatient department; the median age of the group was (55.1 ± 1.12) years. The third clinical group (CG-3) included 174 patients with type 2nd DM, severe degrees of severity, they undergone inpatient treatment too; average age in the group was (61.8 ± 0.85) years. Research methods: clinical-anamnesis, clinical- psychopathological, statistical. Research results. The study established the incidence of non-psychotic mental disorders of varying severity in patients with type 2nd DM at the level of 94.11 %, among them, for 91.16 % – of psychogenic origin. Proportional correlation between the severity of type 2nd DM and the absence of comorbid psychopathological manifestations was detected (rs = -0.3416, p < 0.01). It is revealed that the dominant psychopathological syndromes among all patients with type 2nd DM were psychoorganic (62.43 %), dyssomnia (60.86 %), asthenic (55.58 %) and anxiety (43.05 %) syndromes. Structure of the dominant psychopathological syndromes was established depending on severity of type 2nd DM: in CG-1 dominated dyssomnia (36.84 %), anxiety (31.58 %), psychoorganic (21.05 %) syndromes; in CG-2 – psychoorganic (65.38 %), asthenic (40.38 %), dyssomnia (38.46 %), anxiety (37, and 82 %) syndromes; in CG-3 – dyssomnia (97.70 %), asthenic (89.08 %), organic mental (70.69 %), anxious 48.28 %) syndromes. Significant prevalence among all study groups was detected for hysterical (χ2 = 13.416, p < 0.01) and phobic syndromes (χ2 = 6.161, p < 0.05) in g CG-1 compared to CG-2 and CG-3; and asthenia (χ2 = 162.663, p < 0.01), anxiety (χ2 = 7.177, p < 0.05), depression (χ2 = 13.298, p < 0.01), dyssomnia (χ2 = 171.058, p < 0.01), hypochondric (χ2 = 19.331, p < 0.01), psychoorganic (χ2 = 47.830, p < 0.01) syndromes in CG-3 compared to CG-1 and CG-2. Direct correlation between the severity of type 2nd DM and the presence of the clinical picture asthenic (rs = 0.4033, p < 0.01) and psychoorganic (rs = 0.2344, p < 0.01) syndromes was identified; and inverse correlation between the severity of type 2nd DM and the presence of the clinical manifestation of patients with hysterical syndrome (rs = -0.1444, p < 0.01). Conclusion. The study established the frequency of occurrence and genesis of nonpsychotic mental disorders of varying severity in patients with type 2 DM. Correlation between the severity of type 2nd DM and comorbid psychopathological symptoms was revealed. The identified dominant psychopathological syndromes among patients with type 2nd DM, as well as the structure of psychopathological disorders depended on the severity of type 2nd DM.

Aim – to determine the peculiarities of asthenic syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 in the clinical and medico-psychological context. Materials and methods. 543 patients with DM type 2 were examined. The first clinical group (CG-1) consisted of 57 patients with DM type 2 of mild severity; the average age in the group was (51.80 ± 1.28) years. The second clinical group (CG-2) was made up of 312 patients with DM type 2, moderate severity; the average age in the group was (55.10 ± 1.12) years. The third clinical group (CG-3) included 174 patients with DM type 2, severe degree of severity; the average age in the group was (the 61.80 ± 0.85) years. Research methods: clinical-anamnestic, clinical-psychopathological, statistical. Results. Asthenic syndrome was detected in 52.30 % of patients with DM type 2 and by the frequency of prevalence it ranked third – after dyssomnia and psychoorganic syndromes. A direct correlation of asthenic syndrome and the severity of DM type 2 (г = 0.68, p < 0.05) was established. Risk factors for the occurrence of asthenic syndrome in patients with DM type 2 were moderate and severe degrees of DM type 2, obesity, discirculatory encephalopathy, heart failure. In CG-1 and CG-2 the dominance of such a component of fatigue as "mental fatigue" was revealed, whereas the "physical fatigue" component has reached dominant values only in CG-3. Conclusions. The peculiarities of asthenic syndrome in patients with DM type 2, and the frequency of its occurrence among the investigated population were studied. Correlation of asthenic syndrome with severity of DM type 2 and concomitant somatic pathology were established. Organic etiology of asthenic syndrome in patients with DM type 2was proved. Understanding of the stages of asthenic syndrome development in patients with type 2nd DM was extended.

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is a chronic pain disease with high prevalence rates. The etiology and pathogenesis of this problem remains poorly understood. No uniform solitary treatment is known for CPPS. As a result, a multimodal approach is most likely to demonstrate benefit for this disease. An interdisciplinary classification system is commonly used (UPOINT) which includes psychosocial domain. Nevertheless, psychosocial and psychopathological influences on CPPS only recently became a research focus. This literature review investigated the association of personality traits, mental disorders with the baseline clinical characteristics of patients with CPPS. We aimed to synthesize the existing data and to identify further research topics.

The incidence of brain tumors (BT) in Russia is 7.5 per 100000. Dj vu (French) (DV) phenomenon may present as the one ofthe BT symptom. DV (French already seen) is a mental disorderassociated with the perception of reality, when an unknown,completely new situation seems to be familiar and already withnessedby the patient. Aim: to determine the characteristics andprevalence of DV in patients with BT. Materials and methods:The study group consisted of 197 subjects (mean age 27.113.2years; 47% men). First subgroup included 139 healthy subjects,2nd subgroup consisted of 58 patients with BT, that were selectedfrom 1772 patients with BT and seizures. All subjects completedspecial questionnaire to identify various characteristics ofthe DV (frequency, duration, emotional background),Cambridge depersonalization questionnaire; video-EEG studywas performed. We used specific statistical methods and programsfor analysis (confidence intervals calculation, Mann-Whitney test, etc.) The results were considered significant withp0.05)). Results: DV was manifested in 97% of healthy subjects.DV occured in 3.3% patients with BT and epileptic seizures. Thephenomenon was seen more frequently in astrocytomas (50%,p=0.002) of right (72%, p=0.0001) temporal lobe and was associatedwith generalized seizures (54%) and olfactory hallucinations(24%). Patients with BT had significant differences in thecharacteristics of DV compared to the healthy subjects: the frequencyof DV up to several times per day (Z=5.58; p=0.000001);duration some minutes (Z=-2.78; p=0.004); DV is associatedwith negative emotions (Z=-2.35; p=0.02) and fear (Z=3.81;p=0.00002). Conclusions: The key to diagnosis is not only thefact of DV experience, but also the changes its characteristics(increased frequency and duration, etc.).

The paper presents the results of construct validity testing for a new version of the MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), which restandardization started in 1982 (J.N. Butcher, W.G. Dahlstrom, J.R. Graham, A. Tellegen, B. Kaemmer) and is still going on. The professional community’s interest in this new version of the Inventory is determined by its advantage over the previous one in restructuring the inventory and adding new items which offer additional opportunities for psychodiagnostics and personality assessment. The construct validity testing was carried out using three up-to-date techniques, namely the Quality of Life and Satisfaction with Life questionnaire (a short version of Ritsner’s instrument adapted by E.I. Rasskazova), Janoff-Bulman’s World Assumptions Scale (adapted by O. Kravtsova), and the Character Strengths Assessment questionnaire developed by E. Osin based on Peterson and Seligman’s Values in Action Inventory of Strengths. These psychodiagnostic techniques were selected in line with the current trends in psychology, such as its orientation to positive phenomena as well as its interpretation of subjectivity potential as the need for self-determined, self-organized, self-realized and self-controlled behavior and the ability to accomplish it. The procedure of construct validity testing involved the «norm» group respondents, with the total sample including 205 people (62% were females, 32% were males). It was focused on the MMPI-2 additional and expanded scales (FI, BF, FP, S и К) and six of its ten basic ones (D, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, Si). The results obtained confirmed construct validity of the scales concerned, and this allows the MMPI-2 to be applied to examining one’s personal potential instead of a set of questionnaires, facilitating, in turn, the personality researchers’ objectives. The paper discusses the first stage of this construct validity testing, the further stage highlighting the factor structure of the scales mentioned.

Shame and guilt belong together to the self-conscious emotions, but they have different effects on human psychological well-being. The work aims to present a systematic review of knowleadge on the subject and to present conclusions suggesting the potential transdiagnostic properties of shame in relation to various psychiatric disorders present in diagnostic manuals.

The study solved an important scientific problem of description, systematization and analysis of mental disorders of pneumoconiosis. On the basis of clinical-psychopathological, psychodiagnostic and anamnestic investigation mechanisms of syndromogenesis, syndromokinesis, syndromotaxis of psychiatric disorders in patients with pneumoconiosis are defined and the model of psychopathogenesis of mental disorders in this group of patients is developed. Main groups of psychological reactions in patients with pneumoconiosis are singled out, three basic modes of behavior and four clinical types of comorbid mental disorders of pneumoconiosis in measures of revealed psychopathogenesis are defined.

Objective: Clarification of the phenomenology and dynamics of initial mental disorders in patients with psychotic pubertal forms of schizophrenia, identification of the features of these disorders depending on sex., Material and Methods: The study material was adolescent patients with psychotic forms of schizophrenia. Forty-three people were examined (women 44.2%, median age 14.3 [13.0; 16.8] years). Clinical-anamnestic, clinical-psychopathological, clinical-statistical methods were used., Results: The duration of the initial stage of the disease ranged from several hours to 5 years (median 0.8 [0.5; 1.7]. The structure of initial disorders was dominated by nonspecific mental disorders characterized by a combination of symptoms of non-psychotic and subpsychotic levels (20 patients - 43.5%; including 12 males - 26% and 8 females - 24.1% ). If behavioral disorders and episodes of psychoactive substance use were significantly more often detected in boys, then dysmorphic phenomena were detected in girls ( p <0.05). In accordance with the dynamics of development, acute ( n =14 - 32%), subacute ( n =21 - 49%), fluctuating ( n =8 - 19%) variants of initial disorders are distinguished. Young men turned to a psychiatrist in a more timely manner (already at the stage of prodrome), while girls sought psychiatric help only at the stage of development of psychotic disorders., Conclusion: A psychotic episode in adolescents suffering from schizophrenia developed acutely in a third of cases. In the vast majority of cases, the initial mental disorders that appeared on the eve of acute psychosis was subacute, or differed in a fluctuating course, characterized by clinical polymorphism and multidirectionality. Differences were revealed in the preference for the occurrence of a number of initial disorders in boys and girls, as well as in the timeliness of seeking psychiatric help.

Objective: Identification of psychopathological characteristics of depressive-delusional states with religious content, development of a typology, determination of formation features, nosological assessment., Material and Methods: A total of 79 patients (47 female, 32 male, mean age 27±6.5 years) with depressive-delusional states with religious content within the affective and schizophrenia spectrum disorders were studied. Clinical-psychopathological, psychometric (PANSS, HDRS, S. Huber CRS) and statistical methods were used., Results: Based on the psychopathological structure, specific mechanisms of development of delusions and themes of the religious experiences, three types of depressive-delusional states were identified: type 1 - with a predominance of depressive delusions congruent with affect and delusional ideas of guilt, sinfulness, abandonment of God (14 patients, 17.7%; 6 women, 8 men; mean age 28±4.5 years; HDRS score 33±5.6, the total PANSS score 71±5.3, the PANSS positive subscale score 15.8±3.7); type 2 - with the addition of incongruent delusional constructs, persecutory disorders and acute sensory delusions to the existing depressive religious delusion, with the phenomenon of confessional ambivalence (27 patients, 34.2%; 16 women, 11 men; mean age at attack manifestation 25±9 years; HDRS score 29.6±4.4, the total PANSS score 87±6.2, the PANSS positive subscale score 23.5±4.2); type 3 - depressive-paranoid states with a predominance of Kandinsky-Clerambault syndrome of religious content (38 cases, 48.1%; 20 women, 18 men; mean age at attack manifestation 23.4±2.5 years; HDRS score 32.7±3.7, the total PANSS score 102±7.3, the PANSS positive subscale score 32.5±4.5)., Conclusion: The study of depressive-delusional states with religious content has shown their clinical-psychopathological heterogeneity. The religious experiences served as a pathoplastic factor, which essentially modified the clinical-psychopathological picture of the disease due to presence of the specific religious phenomena. The identified types of depressive-delusional disorders with religious content had different diagnostic value.

Objective: To determine the main clinical and psychopathological features of the relationship between depressive states and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in mental illnesses of the non-psychotic register in adolescence., Material and Methods: Clinical data of 128 patients (77 males and 51 females), who presented with depressive states and NSSI in non-psychotic mental disorders during adolescence, were analyzed. The patients were examined at the Clinic of the Mental Health Research Center during the period 2020-2023. The mean age of the patients was 19±4.1 years., Results: Based on the data from studying depression and NSSI in adolescence, we developed a typology, identifying three variants of affect and auto-aggressive activity interactions. The affect-dominant type (25.8%) was characterized by a predominance of affective pathology ( p <.05), with the occurrence of impulsive NSSI (45.5%) and demonstrative NSSI (30.3%) ( p <0.05). The personality-dominant type (43.0%) was based on pathocharacterological abnormalities (60.0%), where NSSI were represented by impulsive (25.5%), depersonalizing (27.3%), and addictive variants (32.7%) ( p <0.05). The reciprocal type (31.3%) exhibited pronounced polymorphism, combining high affect variability with a tendency towards auto-aggressive behavior of varying severity and manifestations of NSSI ( p <0.05). In terms of nosological distribution, schizotypal disorder predominated (45.0%) followed by predominantly borderline personality disorder (30.0%) and bipolar affective disorder (25.0%) ( p <0.05). In terms of nosological distribution, schizotypal disorder predominated (45.0%), followed by predominantly borderline personality disorder (30.0%) and bipolar affective disorder (25.0%) ( p <0.05)., Conclusion: Three types of correlation between depression and NSSI were identified, the formation of which was due to the pathoplastic influence of the age factor, nosological affiliation and a certain, including pathological personality structure. Statistically significant regularities between variants of NSSI and types of their interrelation were revealed. The results can be considered as differential diagnostic and prognostic markers of their further trajectories and, therefore, contribute to the creation of new therapeutic strategies, timely diagnosis and earlier intervention.

The article briefly presents an analysis of the development of domestic psychiatry (with an emphasis on research in the field of psychopathology and nosology) from the post-war period (the Great Patriotic War) to the era of "perestroika". With the founding of the Institute of Psychiatry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences under the leadership of V.A. Gilyarovsky, the study of endogenous diseases was based on a multidisciplinary approach, in which the clinical-psychopathological research method was combined with clinical/biological ones. The most important role of the subsequent school of A.V. Snezhnevsky in describing the syndromes and forms of the course of schizophrenia (G.A. Rotshtein, R.A. Nadzharov, A.B. Smulevich, A.K. Anufriev), its age aspects (E.Ya. Sternberg; M.S. Vrono, G.P. Panteleeva, M.Ya. Tsutsulkovskaya; V.M. Bashina) is reflected. The contribution to psychopathology of other leading Russian psychiatrists, who worked mainly in Moscow and Leningrad research institutions of that period, was noted: students of P.B. Gannushkin - O.V. Kerbikov, V.M. Morozov, D.S. Ozeretskovsky, S.G. Zhislin, as well as G.K. Ushakov, A.E. Lichko, M.M. Kabanov, G.V. Morozov, M.V. Korkina, A.A. Portnov, I.N. Pyatnitskaya and others. The priority of A.V. Snezhnevsky and G.K. Avrutsky with colleagues for the introduction of neuroleptics and other new psychotropic drugs in the treatment of mental illnesses is emphasized. The review ends with the activities of M.E. Vartanyan who headed the country's leading scientific institution in the difficult «perestroika» era and developed the biological approach to mental illness further with the creation of international research programs.

Objective: To establish clinico-pathogenetic ratios of delusional psychoses constituting the psychopathological space of paranoid schizophrenia and to determine clinical and pathogenetic validity of concepts of a single delusional psychosis (a model of chronic delusion with a staged course) and two endogenous delusional psychoses., Material and Methods: A sample consisted of 56 patients (19 women, 37 men; the average age 39.7±9.3 years; average duration of the disease 10.6±9.1 years) with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, continuous type of course (F20.00), developed at the age above 18 years. At the time of examination, the condition of the patients was determined by persistent delusional or hallucinatory delusional disorders. Clinical, pathopsychological, psychometric (SANS, SAPS, PANSS), immunological and statistical methods were used., Results: The study substantiates a bimodal model of a single delusional psychosis with a polar arrangement of interpretive delusions and delusions of influence based on the phenomena of mental automatism, both in terms of the vector of development (toward the poles of negative/positive disorders) and in terms of the rate of progression. Psychopathological manifestations of interpretive delusions correlate with the slow evolving development of psychosis, the dimensional structure of the paranoid is limited to the limits of the delusional register; functional activity is represented by affiliation to negative changes, integration with personality anomalies ends with the transformation of positive disorders into pathocharacterological ones, corresponding to the post-processual development of the personality. Manifestation of delusional impact (syndrome of mental automatism) is manifested by the complication and maximum expansion of the spectrum of positive disorders; the dimensional structure is represented by a wide range of psychopathological disorders and is formed with the participation of processes of mental dissociation, reaching the level of delusional depersonalization; functional activity is high, which creates conditions for the formation of a «new» subpsychotic structure, a «psychotic character», which is an attenuated duplicate of delusional psychosis. In both groups of patients, a significant increase in the activity of inflammatory markers of leukocyte elastase (249.2 ((231.1-270.0); 272.2 (236.0-292.6) nmol/min∙ml) and alpha - 1 proteinase inhibitor (48.8 (46.0-55.0); 50.4 (42.1-54.8) IU/ml) was shown compared with controls (205.0 (199.8-217.3) nmol/min∙mL and 33.0 (31.0-36.0) IU/mL, p <0.01, respectively). In the group of patients with delusions of influence, an increased level of antibodies to S-100B was also observed (0.88 (0.67-1.0) opt.density units) compared with the control values (0.7 (0.65-0.77) opt.density units, p <0.05)., Conclusion: The concept of the model is supported by the results of the immunological study, according to which interpretive delusions and delusion based on the mental automatism, indicates the different level of immunity tension, and a qualitative changes in immune reactivity (also due to different genetic burden).

Objective: To detect negative symptoms in adolescent depression, to determine their psychopathological structure and predictive significance., Material and Methods: Seventy-one young in-patients (average age 19.5±2.4 years) (main group) and 52 in-patients (average age 19.8±2.7 years) (comparison group) with the diagnosis «Depressive episode» according to ICD-10 F32.1, F32.2 were examined. Inclusion criterion in the main group was attenuated negative symptoms (ANS) in adolescent depression. Clinical-psychopathological and psychometric examination was carried out using HDRS, SOPS, SANS. The statistical analysis was done by Statistica 12., Results: Adolescent depression with ANS was more persistent than depression in the comparison group (27.5±17.2 month versus 7.0±6.3, p< 0.001), there was higher level of positive symptoms and disorganization symptoms on the respective SOPS sub-scales (7 [5; 9] and 4.5 [3; 8.75], p =0.002; 8 [6; 10] and 5.5 [3.25; 7], p< 0.001, respectively). According to the psychopathological structure of the negative symptoms, patients in the main group were divided into a subgroup ( n =38, 53.5%) with the predominance of emotional spectrum disorders and a subgroup ( n =33, 46.5%) with the predominant involvement of the volition spectrum. ANS in the negative SOPS sub-scale were significantly higher ( p =0.045) in patients of the subgroup with volitional disorders. Also, a total HDRS score, reflecting the severity of depressive symptoms, was significantly higher compared to a subgroup with the predominance of emotional spectrum disorders ( p =0.038)., Conclusion: The results show that it is possible to clinically verify negative symptoms in the adolescent depression, which makes it possible to assign such patients to the risk group of manifestation of schizophrenia, and to assign depression with ANS to the model of the initial stage of schizophrenic process.

Sleep disorders are very common in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and psychiatric disorders. Sleep disturbances can be both an independent condition and are one of the symptoms in the structure of a psychopathological syndrome. The negative impact of sleep disorders and mental disorders on the course of T2DM is known from numerous publications. This article presents current information on the mutual influence of mental disorders and sleep disorders on the course and prognosis of T2DM.

Objective: To identify the psychopathological features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescence, determine the trajectory of its further course, and develop criteria for differential diagnosis., Material and Methods: Clinical/psychopathological and psychometric methods were used to study 143 patients. The patients were divided into two groups: a clinical group - 73 patients, who were inpatients or outpatients in the clinical departments of the Mental Health Research Center (MHRC) in 2019-2022, and a follow-up group - 70 patients who were inpatients or outpatients in the MHRC clinic in 2006-2010., Results: The structure of BPD in adolescence was clinically heterogeneous, which allowed distinguishing three typological varieties: with phenomena of «affective storm», which was characterized by the dominance of affective disorders, including after completion of adolescence, with some stabilization of personality structure (type I); with the dominance of addictive patterns of the type of «adrenalinomania», in which one of the key positions was occupied by craving impairments, with a constant need to search for new extreme hobbies, the use of psychoactive substances, which persisted after the end of adolescence (type II); with the predominance of «cognitive dissociation», which was characterized by the most polymorphic picture of disorders, with the predominance of self-identification disorders with dissociative disorders that retain their severity after the end of adolescence (type III). An integrative assessment of outcomes showed that rather favorable results (47.37%) (χ 2 =23.37, p =0.001) prevailed at type I, type II was characterized by rather unfavorable (59.26%) and unfavorable results (22.22%) (χ 2 =12.75, p =0.013) and type III by rather unfavorable (79.17%) and unfavorable (8.33%) outcomes (χ 2 =16.75, p =0.002). In the nosological evaluation of the follow-up group, 80.0% of patients were diagnosed with BPD, in the rest of the patients there was a change in diagnosis: in 14.3% for schizotypal disorder, in 5.7% for an attack-like form of schizophrenia (χ 2 =13.8, p =0.008; χ 2 =14.5, p =0.006)., Conclusion: BPD in adolescence was confirmed in the majority of cases in adulthood. The results confirm that the typological variants of BPD are of prognostic value and can serve to further develop therapeutic and socio-rehabilitation measures.

Objective: To determine the clinical and psychopathological features of existential depression in youth., Material and Methods: 53 male patients (16-25 years old) with diagnosis F31.3, F31.4, F32, F33 with existential themes of depressive experiences were studied by clinical and psychopathological method., Results: The axial symptom of existential was over-value ideas about the meaninglessness of their own and human life with ideas of self-abasement, insolvency, low value, imperfection of society, which in most of the studied cases (79.2%) was accompanied by various degrees of severity suicidal thoughts and intentions. Three varieties were identified: with the prevalence of reflections on the meaninglessness of life (39.6%); with the prevalence of neurotic religiosity (28.3%); with an existential philosophical interpretation (32.1%)., Conclusion: As a result of the study, the heterogeneity of existential depressions, a significant role of psychogenic factors in their formation were revealed, as a high suicidal risk. Existential depressive states differed in duration, severity of depressive symptoms, high frequency of non-suicidal self-neglect and suicidal risk.

Objective: To clarify the clinical features of depressive states in adolescent boys and girls (taking into account age and sex) seeking help from primary care specialists in outpatient psychiatric care., Material and Methods: The study included 158 patients (89 boys and 69 girls), aged 15-17, with depressive pathology of various genesis, observed in the adolescent office of one of the Moscow psychoneurological dispensary in 2015-2020. The main research methods were clinical-psychopathological, clinical-follow-up, statistical., Results: An analysis of the data demonstrated that adolescent depression can be observed within different diagnostic categories. Most often they were noted in patients with affective disorders (43%, n= 68), emerging personality disorders (29%, n= 46), schizotypal disorder (13%, n= 21). The nosological affiliation of depression and its severity were associated with sex. In young men, depressive states were more often detected in the structure of emerging personality disorder (59.6%) and schizotypal disorder (15.7%), depressive states within affective disorders were detected in 22.5% of cases. In girls, most of the depressive episodes (69.6%) developed in the structure of affective disorders, less often in personality disorders (20.3%), and schizotypal disorder (10.1%). Depressive episodes in girls were predominantly of moderate severity, in boys the most common were mild depressions., Conclusion: Adolescent depressions are a nosologically heterogeneous group of affective disorders, differing in clinical phenomenology and prognosis. They are noted within the pathology of the affective spectrum, affective phases and psychogenic reactions acting in the dynamics of emerging personality disorders, within the framework of psychopathological diathesis, schizotypal disorder. The influence of sex on the development of depressive disorders is determined by the nosological framework of the condition.

Objective: To study the neurocognitive profile of patients with protracted and chronic endogenous manic and manic-delusional states (EMDS)., Material and Methods: Thirty-two female patients, aged 18 to 55 years (mean age 36.2±10.2 years), with protracted and chronic EMDS were studied. Based on the clinical typology of EMDS, patients were divided into 4 groups of 8 patients each: group 1 - «acute» subtype, group 2 - «chronified» subtype, group 3 - «developing» subtype and group 4 - subtype «double mania». Neuropsychological, clinical-psychopathological and statistical methods were used., Results: Disturbances of regulatory and executive functions and a decrease in neurodynamic indicators of mental activity in patients with EMDS are significantly more pronounced compared with the control group ( p <0.05). The values of the index of severity of disturbances of regulatory and executive functions in patients with EMDS range from 0.95 points (group 1) to 1.14 points (group 4), without statistically significant differences between the groups. The highest severity of neurodynamic disorders is observed in group 1 (1.88 points), while in other groups the index values range from 0.88 points in group 2 to 1.09 in group 4 ( p <0.05). Patients of group 1 have greater severity and wider spectrum of neurodynamic symptoms compared with group 2 ( U =45.00; p <0.0021), group 3 ( U =30.00; p <0.04), and group 4 ( U =45.00; p <0.001). It should be noted that the cognitive impairments identified in patients with EMDS did not reach the level of dementia., Conclusion: The most characteristic of EMBS are cognitive impairments associated with a decrease in the parameters of the neurodynamics of mental activity related to the first functional block, as well as with deficiency of executive functions, impaired planning and organization of cognitive activity, due to the weakness of the structures of the third functional block.

Objective: The aim of the study is to study the clinical features of asthenic disorders in chronic heart failure (CHF) considering the reaction to the disease., Material and Methods: 62 inpatients with CHF II-IV functional class (FC) according to NYHA were examined. Research methods included somatic, psychopathological and pathopsychological examination using psychometric scales., Results: According to a pathopsychological study using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), asthenic disorders were discovered in all examined patients, realized mainly by «general fatigue» (75.8%) and «physical fatigue» (72.6%), more rarely «mental fatigue» was observed (32.2%). Correlations of «general fatigue» with the age of patients were revealed ( p =0.018). There was a relationship between the severity of asthenic disorders and the severity of CHF, as evidenced by the correlation between «general fatigue» and reduced ejection fraction (EF) of the left ventricle ( p =0.005), as well as «physical fatigue» and FC according to NYHA ( p =0.022). The negative impact of all components of the dimensions of asthenic disorders on the quality of life was determined ( p <0.05). According to the concept of the formation of different perceptions of the manifestations of a somatic disease, two types of reactions to asthenic disorders were identified: 1. Dissociative reactions, manifested by a discrepancy between the severity of CHF and a subjective assessment of the condition with an underestimation of the asthenic symptoms denial of its influence on the usual lifestyle and associated with an unfavorable course of CHF and 2. Adaptive reactions, realized by a harmonious perception of asthenia, awareness of the need to change lifestyle considering the presence of CHF symptoms., Conclusion: In accordance with the results, the described clinical features of asthenic disorders allow to distinguish asthenia in CHF and other pathology, and the identified types of reactions can contribute to the timely verification of asthenia, prevention of further progression of CHF, and the development of appropriate treatment approaches.

The article is devoted to “Hatter’s Castle”, the most famous novel written by Scottish novelist of the 20th century Archibald Joseph Cronin. The main character of the novel, James Brodie, is analyzed from the viewpoint of psychopathology. The influence of medical profession on Cronin’s literary work is stated.

Terrorism constitutes a contemporary complex social and political phenomenon, due to both the mass, globalized dimensions it has assumed in recent years and the technological sophistication which makes possible maximization of the scale and power of terrorist acts. Fear, a fundamental element of any terrorist act, can become the object of psychiatric attention because of both its individual effects and its broader social impact. The direct and indirect effects of terrorist acts on the mental health of the victims, and the effects of terrorism as a phenomenon contributing to the shaping of social conditions are emphasized in this paper. The immediate victims of a terrorist act are at increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder and substance abuse. Despite the fact that terrorist attacks, along with natural or technological disasters, do not appear to cause specific mental health difficulties in the general population, the unquestionable power that the contemporary threat of terrorism exerts is likely to perpetuate fear throughout society as a whole. In this climate of fear, the ineluctable development of suspicion, intolerance and estrangement encumbers social cohesion, threatening to disrupt social bonds and give rise to alienation. On this basis, the likelihood of long-term adverse effects of terrorism on the mental health of the members of society constitutes a reasonable ground for reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]