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The energy efficiency of the drying section of paper machine is determined by the technology of heat flows arrangements in it. Paper drying is the most energy-consuming stage of paper production. The thermal mode of the drying section is provided by the steam condensate system which is a part of it. Analysis of exergy increments shows that almost all elements of the drying thermal process are characterized by low exergy efficiency. The main ways for increasing the degree of thermodynamic perfection of the processes occurring in the drying section of the paper machine are identified based on the exergy analysis. It is assumed that the deep internal heat recovery of the steam-air mixture for heating the source air will increase the exergy efficiency of the heat recovery plant and reduce heat removal to the environment. The effectiveness of development and implementation of a closed cycle use of steam-air mixture in the drying section was examined. Building a closed cycle provides that the air mainly has a process duty, that is, it is a transport agent for the transfer of moisture and heat along a closed circuit. The calculations show that the exergy efficiency of the processes in the recovery unit of the drying section of the paper machine of the existing production is 28.6% against 66.29% for the proposed method.

The effect of paper thermal destruction on its luminescence spectra and luminescence excitation spectra in the spectral ranges of 400-550 nm and 250-450 nm, respectively, was studied. It is proposed to use the characteristic changes in the intensity and shape of the luminescence spectra as a criterion for the state of paper insulation of power transformers. On the basis of the analysis performed, it was concluded that when luminescence is excited at a wavelength of 360 nm, none of the main components of the paper can contribute to the recorded luminescence spectra. It is assumed that the resulting luminescence spectra are due to the emission of various impurities that enter the paper during its production.

The author analyses the collection of scientific articles of the 14th International Scientific Conference “The Current Problems of Parliamentarism: History and Modernity (2020 Tauride Readings),” held in St Petersburg in December 2020. The review examines the problems and topics of the articles included in the collection as well as the issues tackled during the discussions and the round table. The analysis of various aspects of the activities of the State Duma of the early 20th century plays the lead role in most of the studies presented in the collection.

In recent years, concrete in the construction industry has rapidly increased worldwide, including developing countries like India. The raw materials required to produce such a quantity require huge depletion of natural resources. On the other hand, disposal of paper waste, fly ash, and plastic waste is one of the biggest problems faced by many countries, including India, the amount of waste collected and recycled is less compared to disposal quantity. The use of these wastes in concrete reduces the disposal of waste in nature. In this experiment work, the use of these wastes in the concrete has been studied. Preliminary tests like specific gravity, fineness modulus, and water absorption have been carried out on the materials. Various mix designs are prepared by partial replacement of cement with fly ash and paper pulp, and sand is completely replaced with the quarry dust, and coarse aggregate is replaced with shredded plastic waste to create sustainable concrete. A comparative study on the properties like slump cone, the weight of the cubes, compressive strength and split tensile strength, and feasibility of such concrete has been carried out. Results indicated that the weight of cubes started to decrease with the addition of waste. Compressive strength and split tensile strength show that the strength started to fall with the addition of plastic. The cost of concrete decreased with the addition of waste. 5 % of plastic waste in concrete and 3 % of paper pulp, and 5 % of fly ash is considered the optimal replacement percentage.

The paper deals with the problems of banknote production of the Imperial Russian State Papers Manufactory (hereinafter — Manufactory) during the First World War. The purpose of the work is to provide information about the project of cooperation between Manufactory and the Partnership of Typography «A. A. Levenson» that arose in wartime circumstances. The relevance of the work is seen from the fact that the issues not reflected in historiography. The study will provide more complete and clear picture of the Russian banknote production during the First World War; the solutions to the crisis of the industry and the role of prominent printer S. S. Ermolaev in this process. Unpublished sources from the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg (hereinafter — CSHA St. P) served as the basis for preparing the work

The paper presents the results of research and analysis of literature data on the paper insulation's thermal aging. An exponential decrease in the degree of polymerization of paper insulation from the aging time is established, at the starting time of transformers’ operation the aging rate of paper insulation is maximal and after that its slowing down. It was found out that the degree of polymerization at the starting time of the transformer's operation can be in the range of 900 units, this is due to its drying during the manufacturing process.

The article presents the results of a study on the role of Japanese industry and, in particular, the pulp and paper mills of the Karafuto period on settlement plans on the island of Sakhalin. An analysis is made of the development of Japanese industry and transport infrastructure on the island. The city-making and city-forming role of the pulp and paper mills has been studied. The spatial planning and design characteristics of the pulp and paper mills are identified.

Phenomena such as migration, flight, integration, conversion and multilingualism play a major role in the multi-ethnic societies of Eurasia, whether in Germany and Austria or in Turkey and Tatarstan. In Germany, a model was developed on how to deal with these phenomena with young people in an emphatic, empowering and multilingual manner. This "Pasha method" ties in with the genealogy, language and religion of the participating children. The inspiration for the method came from Alabuga in Tatarstan in 2011 . This text attempts to discuss further possibilities of utilizing the Pasha method in the light of interreligious relations and comparative biographical analysis, since the biographies between the Ottoman Empire and Germany in the 19th century were often colorful and multifaceted, like those of the Ottoman Pasha named Mehmed Ali from Magdeburg.

This article presents updated and revised diagnostic criteria for epilepsy syndromes proposed in 2021 by the Nosology and Definitions Taskforce of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The current classification of epilepsy syndromes was developed in 1989. The new ILAE Classification and Definition of Epilepsy Syndromes is a result of huge work of many experts from all over the world. The draft of the new classification is presented on the ILAE website for wide discussion. It includes 4 main sections: 1) classification and definition of epilepsy syndrome with onset in neonates and infants; 2) classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood; 3) classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age; 4) definition of the idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes. Each section is based on a thorough analysis of literature and clinical experience of experts. Its main purpose is to identify epilepsy syndromes using the 2017 ILAE classification of epilepsy forms and types of epileptic seizures, as well as to identify specific characteristics of each syndrome to improve clinical diagnosis. For each syndrome, the document provides the details on its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, types of seizures, electroencephalographic features, neuroimaging signs, genetic examination, as well as differential diagnosis with other epilepsy syndromes and various non-epileptic conditions. It introduces mandatory criteria that must be present in order to diagnose the syndrome and alert criteria that are absent in the vast majority of cases within a syndrome, but rarely can be seen. Particular attention is paid to exclusionary criteria that must be absent in order to diagnose the syndrome. When developing the criteria for each epilepsy syndrome, the ILAE Task Force used the latest literature data, including Internet resources and the opinion of experts in this area. The international classification should be applied by specialists from all over the world. It should contain clear and easy-to-understand definitions; the language should be simple and understandable. The new ILAE classification demonstrates revised definitions of well-known electroclinical epilepsy syndromes and proposes a new concept of defining epilepsy syndromes by their etiology (including those syndromes in which pathogenic mutations or structural changes correlate significantly with certain electroclinical phenotype). It also introduces a new etiology-defined class of epilepsy syndromes characterized by specific genetic, metabolic, and structural causes. The document does not cover therapy for epilepsy syndromes; however, for some of them, it specifies the most effective or potentially aggravating antiepileptic drugs. The prospect of further targeted gene therapies development and approval of antiepileptic drugs specific for certain epilepsy syndromes after randomized clinical trials had served as a powerful motivation to introduce the concept of epilepsy syndromes determined primarily by etiology. In conclusion, the authors discuss the Classification and Definition of Epilepsy Syndromes, propose their ideas, comments, suggestions, and observations. This article aims to familiarize a wide range of specialists with the new ILAE classification and its details. In addition to a detailed description of the abovementioned document, the article provides information on the currently existing classification principles for epilepsy and epileptic seizures. There is also a discussion with the authors’ comments on the ILAE Classification and Definition of Epilepsy Syndromes.

The composition of the novel by the modern English writer P. Ackroyd “The Plato Papers” in connection with the problems of the work is considered. The review of the last researches devoted to creativity of this author is given. Attention is paid to how the work reveals the problem of interpretation of history, its ambiguity, the concept of the movement of time, progress, the relationship of the past, present and future. The author shows that when shifting the time of the novel in the future, Ackroyd uses the documentary imitation technique, changes narrators and types of narration. The composition of the work consisting of separate small parts connected in a key way by the speaker Plato is analyzed. Such properties of the composition of the analyzed novel as fragmentation and nonlinearity are noted. It is shown how the novel realizes postmodern idea about the relativity of the interpretations of the events of the past. The position of the main character endowed with the gift of insight, able to penetrate into the past, to look from an unusual point of view at the present, to doubt and seek the truth is revealed.

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

The present paper is an introduction to and analysis of the article “Literary criticism must be scientific”, presented here for the first time in English translation. The original was published by Lotman in 1967 in the journal Voprosy Literatury. The article by Lotman is a part of a wider debate, started in 1963, that saw structuralists and their opponents dispute the validity and heuristic value of structuralist methodology in literary criticism. The aim of the introduction is to explore Lotman’s engagements with his intellectual context as they emerge in his 1967 article. The first part of the paper discusses the wider context of the debate, and explores the positions of the opponents of structuralism and the ways in which Lotman relates to them. The second part of the paper analyses how Lotman and his structuralist colleagues related to the official Soviet ideology, the diamat. In both cases, it will be seen how Lotman engaged certain aspects of his opponents’ ideas, as well as the official ideology, in order to further his goal of reconciling structuralism and historicism.

During the industrialization in the late 1920s - early 1940s, Soviet Union constructed large pulp and paper mills, mainly in the European North and North-West, the Volga-Vyatka district, and the Urals. These were combines built using advanced industrial construction technologies and equipped with advanced equipment and processes. The planning and architectural appearance of these mills are poorly studied, though presenting undeniable interest in terms of pulp-and-paper industry history, operation of industrial buildings in the late 1920s - early 1940s, and prospects for their use at present. The examples chosen are Arkhangelsk Mill (in the north of the European part of Russia) and Solikamsk Mill (Western Urals), which were built in the second half of the 1930s - early 1940s and put into operation on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. Both were built following the same design but had differences in layout and architectural appearance. The study revealed that a key role in the planning of the mills belonged to the mutual position of the river and the railway line to the nearest station. Most of the production buildings built in the late 1930s and early 1940s operated for a long time, underwent reconstruction or, if dilapidated, were subjected to conservation or dismantled. The buildings formed the architectural appearance of these pulp-and-paper mills and continue to be its integral parts at the present time.

The article aims to find out how the census of 1701–1703 took place in the Kolomna diocese and to establish who took part in the practical conduct of the census events organized by the Monastery Order during the initial stage of the church reform of Peter I. The main attention is paid to the study of entries on the sheets of the census books of the Kolomna Episcopal House and monasteries of the Kolomna diocese.

In the mid 1920s, Virginia Woolf was engaged in a dispute with the American critic Logan Pearsall Smith on “the ethics of writing articles at high rates for fashion papers”. Harper’s Bazaar, a commercial magazine to which Woolf contributed four short stories between 1930 and 1939, was a feminine periodical that exploited modernism’s distinction and high cultural capital to captivate a sophisticated, but essentially middle-class, readership by selling the illusion of upward cultural mobility. Although Woolf referred to her high-quality contributions to Harper’s Bazaar as “pot boiling stories for America” written “to make money”, it seems clear that her own engagement with a middlebrow publishing venue did not in the least affect her reputation as a highbrow intellectual and was indeed typical of the multifaceted, reciprocal relationship between the magazine and high modernism in a context in which mobility also meant redrawing the boundaries between intellectual and popular culture. The publication of modernist content within the glossy pages of Harper’s Bazaar was advantageous to both modernists seeking to maintain their celebrity status and the periodical itself, which attempted to cultivate and sustain a refined audience. Much in line with her work of the 1930s, Woolf’s short stories engaged with social and ethical issues such as the righteousness of penetrating other people’s lives and innermost truths (“In the Looking Glass”), violence and decay (“The Shooting Party”), capitalism and antisemitism (“The Duchess and the Jeweler”), human and non-human worlds (“Lappin and Lapinova”). Though often considered as non-canonical in terms of both their rather prosaic plot as well as characterisation, and the commercial venue in which they appeared, the stories Woolf wrote for Harper’s Bazaar reflect the preoccupations of the last decade of her career and are indicative of the tensions between high and low in modernist culture.

SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS ON PUBLISHED DIALECT MATERIAL

One of the most energy-intensive processes is the drying process. Therefore, an important task is to reduce heat consumption for drying. Various ways to improve the drying devices of paper and cardboard machines are identified. The main disadvantages of these improvements are given. The limiting factor of heat transfer from water vapor to paper is established. The dependence of thermal resistance on the thickness of the condensate layer is given. The authors have developed a new design for condensate drainage. The developed design allows installing movable siphons without replacement of steam inlet heads of the old type (for fixed siphons) with their insignificant modernization and cutting of an annular groove inside the drying cylinder. This will ensure a minimum level of condensate and eliminate the possibility of suction of steam into the condensate return system. Additionally, this will reduce thermal resistance, heat loss, and reduce energy consumption for paper drying as a whole.

The article shows the key role that academic paper titles play in presenting paper contents and burden, and demonstrates cultural and linguistic differences between the academic style in Russian and in English. The author explains the way the academic style is connected with language's grammatical structure and its culturespecific communicative patterns, and illustrates that the prevailing paper titles' patterns are predetermined by academic style dominants in a particular language. The fundamental difference in paper titles organization in Russian and English academic style is that in Russian the prevailing pattern in naming a paper has traditionally been an extended single noun group with several prepositional and postpositional subordinates, predominantly in Genitive. In English, on the contrary, the title in most cases consists in two parts connected by a column, full stop, conjunction or a preposition. That is why there is a communicative asymmetry in academic paper titles' verbalization principles in Russian and in English, as these principles are mostly language specific and have their own dominating linguistic patterns. It is also explicated that there is an asymmetry between academic paper titles in Russian and in English not only in their structure and organization, but in lexicon as well. That is why paper titles translated word-for-word from Russian into English often fail to map standard stylistic patterns characteristic to academic English. There are some comments as well on a rather new pattern in titling academic papers across languages. It has to do with using various expressive stylistic means, which never fail to attract peers' attention. There are also some comments on using "translator's false friends" in rendering academic paper titles from Russian into English, particularly by native Russian speakers. The research is based on extensive linguistic corpus data (10 000 paper titles authored by native Russian and English speakers), has practical implications and guidelines, as well as proposes some topical theoretical interpretations concerning its subject matter.

The article exposes the cross-cultural incongruence in academic paper titles organization in Russian and in English. The research is based on extensive linguistic corpus data that cover 10 000 paper titles authored by native Russian and English speakers. Its main purpose is to demonstrate that word-for-word translation of paper titles from Russian into English often fails to map standard stylistic patterns characteristic to academic English. It is shown that there is a number of reasons why scientific papers (books, theses, conference reports, etc.) in Russian and in English are titled in different ways. The most important is the difference in the academic style proper in the two languages. While the Russian academic style generates rather extended titles with (multiple) abstract nouns, genitive constructions, etc., incorporated into a single noun group, the English academic style prefers a two-parts title pattern. The latter, in its turn, prefers the and -conjunction, a column, non-finite forms of the verb, prepositions, interrogative constructions, etc. The communicative asymmetry in academic paper titles’ verbalization principles in Russian and in English is no doubt a topical issue for Russian academic community in its way towards effective international cooperation.

The development of novel technologies using elements of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine is addressed to practical clinical implementation and provision of key issues, including improvement in the use of routine clinical data, aimed at practical relevance, standardization, confidentiality and patient safety.Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of the RuPatient electronic heart record (EHR) system in real clinical practice for extracting and structuring medical data.Material and methods. Extraction and recognition of data using EHR from various following sources: outpatient records, statements, routine medical reports, epicrisis and other structured and unstructured medical information based on the developed technology of intelligent text analytics, optical character recognition, for specified words and phrases, and the use of machine learning elements. A particular criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of EHR is the time spent on filling out electronic medical records compared to real clinical practice.Results. The time of entering and processing information by the recognition system of medical documentation included in the RuPatient EHR was shorter than in standard practice (20,3±1,4 minutes, 25,1±1,5 minutes, respectively, p

The article presents a historiographic review of "Siberia: XX Century". This interuniversity collection of research papers was published in Kemerovo in 1997–2007. Based on standard research methods and special historical and historiographic principles, the authors analyzed the periodical as a complex historiographic source. The quantitative analysis made it possible to calculate the ratio of the special issues, to assess the editorial board and authors, to describe the research subjects, etc. The semantic analysis was based on the content analysis, which also revealed to what degree the authors of the journal participated in the historical discourse. The paper features retrospective and prospective analyzes of the main research works of the leading Siberian scientists published in "Siberia: XX Century". The research objective was to identify the patterns of the current historiographic situation based on the state of knowledge of the key historical processes in Siberia.

The review analyzes the collected materials from the 13th International Scientific Conference “The Current Problems of Parliamentarism: History and Modernity” (Tauride Readings 2019). Most of the papers in the collection cover various aspects of the activities of the parliament of the Russian Empire. Some of the materials touch on the issues of the current situation in the people’s representation in the Russian Federation and the CIS countries as well as important aspects of the history of foreign parliamentarism. The review considers the key articles of the collection and notes the role of the published proceedings of the conference discussion platforms. It is concluded that the collection under review is of great relevance for studying history, theory, and practice of Russian and foreign parliamentarism.

At an international online expert meeting held on September 16, 2021, the results of the empagliflozin research program EMPA-REG Outcome, EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved were reviewed. We analyzed cardiovascular and renal outcomes during the treatment with empagliflozin in patients with chronic heart failure, regardless of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The positive results of the EMPEROR-Preserved study are updated and their significance for clinical practice is discussed. Several proposals have been adopted that will accelerate the introduction of empagliflozin therapy into practice in patients with heart failure and overcome clinical inertia.

I. Тhematic index II. Name index

New Ukrainian and world realities set new tasks for the higher educational establishments, which are related to the search for new, modern methods that allow to increase the effectiveness of training. Currently, topical are the issues of not only professional but also the personal development of the student forming the priority in the implementation of educational activities in universities, preparation for future professional activities, as well as for successful interaction in society. The concept of «individual social competence» is an important factor in creating a system of educational process which takes into account aspects of professional development, and at the same time the peculiarities of the formation of the student personality. The author analyses the concept of «competence», considers the key competences for lifelong learning, identified by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, including social competence, studies the scientific achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, including G. Gedviliene, H. S. Han, K. M. Kemple, U.P. Kanning, M. Horenburg, G.W. Ladd, H. K. Ma, K. Monahan, M. Monnier, O.V. Varetska, N.I. Hlebova, D.V. Hubareva, O.I. Hura, M.O. Doktorovych, I.B. Zarubinska, O.O. Subina, V.M. Shakhrai. They explored different aspects of social competence of different age categories. The author concludes that, despite different interpretations, all scientists agree that social competence is an acquired skill, it can be formed and developed throughout life. It was also determined that the developed social competence determines the status of the individual in society, it affects the success in professional activities. The high level of social competence allows a person not only to be realized in professional activities, but also to influence the processes in society, which in turn determines its stability. The author’s definition of the concept of «individual social competence» is given in the paper; the author concludes that social competence is an integrated ability that contains other competencies: spiritual, civic, communicative, linguistic; the concept of social competence is closely related to professional competence, without the successful interaction of the individual with society it is impossible to acquire the skills and abilities inherent in a qualified specialist. Thus, an important task for modern higher education is the formation and development of social competence of students, which is the key to successful implementation of the future specialist in professional activities. The educational process should be aimed at forming a system of knowledge about interaction in society, understanding the system of social values, ability to cooperate in society, the ability to communicate constructively, because only a socially competent person can.

The EU Member States are characterised by long and varied institutional history, with different trajectories in their evolution. There is a complex system of relations between the institutions of the European Union and the authorities of the Member States, which are called as the European Administrative Space. This is a multidimensional concept, and it promotes intensive cooperation between administrative actors, and their activities from each level. The European Administrative Space is the area, in which increasingly integrated administrations jointly exercise power delegated to the EU in a system of shared sovereignty. This article explores the reasons for and the consequences of this development.

Maintaining of the proper predetermined paper pulp consistency on the different stages of the paper or cardboard manufacturing process significantly affects on quality and self cost of manufactured articles. The improvement of precision and repeatability of the paper pulp viscosity and consistency measurements is relevant to paper industry. Objective of the work is to improve the industrial-type paper pulp rotational consistometer. A new method for measurement of paper pulp concentration by means of a rotational viscometer was suggested which enables determining the flow consistency index K and flow behavior index n in the Ostwald-de Waele power law. The influence of the following torques on the measurement results is eliminated thanks to the new method: the friction torque in the seal of the sensitive element, the friction torque in the bearings of the shaft and the torque created under the influence of the flow with distorted flow speed profile. This is achieved by measuring the torque which acts on the sensitive element approaching the selected frequencies of sensitive element rotation both from the lower and higher frequencies. The mean torque value is calculated based on the obtained values. The measurements are conducted for two sensitive element rotation frequencies adjusted in advance. The frequency of sensitive element rotation is changed by means of a frequency converter. It is shown that by using two different rotation frequencies of the sensitive element of a rotational viscometer it is possible to define the flow consistency index and the flow behavior index. Paper pulp viscosity and consistency is defined on the basis of these two indexes. It is also suggested to average the results of viscous friction torque measurement approaching the rotation frequency of the viscometer sensitive element to the working frequency chosen for measurement from the lower and higher frequency ranges. By averaging the results of such measurement the friction torques in sealing and bearings supporting the sensitive element shaft are compensated. By changing the rotation direction of the sensitive element and by further averaging the obtained results it is possible to eliminate the influence of the asymmetrical distribution of paper pulp flow speed in the pipeline. This improves accuracy of the paper pulp consistency measurement.

Background. Development of technology for obtaining peracetic pulp from oat straw and its use in the production of one of the paper mass types. Objective. Determination of peracetic cooking technological parameters’ optimal values for oat straw peracetic cellulose quality indicators. Methods. The oat straw cooking was carried out with peracetic acid at 95 ± 1 °C from 90 to 180 min for hydromodulus 8:1 and 7:1, using a sodium tungstate catalyst. To determine the oat straw peracetic cellulose mechanical indexes, laboratory samples of paper weighing 70 g/m2 were made. Results. Technological parameters’ optimum values (temperature, cooking duration, hydromodulus, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid concentration) for the oat straw delignification process were established. It is shown that the sodium tungstate catalyst addition to the cooking solution at a rate of up to 1 % of the plant raw material weight helps to reduce the lignin content in cellulose to 15 %. A diagram of the cellulose yield dependence on its residual lignin content for various methods of non-wood plant material species delignification is constructed. The high efficiency of the peracetic method for obtaining cellulose from non-wood plant raw materials, in particular from oat straw, has been confirmed. It is determined that the obtained peracetic cellulose from oat straw has high mechanical indexes. Conclusions. Oat straw peracetic cellulose can be used for the production of paper and cardboard mass types, in particular wrapping paper.

Digitalization of all spheres of society has brought significant changes in the practices and forms of reading in the XXI century. Along with the traditional (analog, reading from a paper), a new format of reading has appeared and widespread – digital format (computer, electronic, from screen). It changes the nature of the reader's interaction with the text, has potential opportunities (social reading) and risks (digital inequality). In this regard, the role of libraries (as well as cultural and educational institutions) in enculturation society to the new digital literacy and elimination of negative consequences of digital inequality is increasing.The purpose of the article is to study the specifics of the development of reading in the modern world, to ground characteristic features of reading from the paper and the screen. For this purpose, various points of view of scientists on the originality of reading activities in various formats, the effectiveness of perception of a printed and an electronic text are given; the results of research projects conducted in many countries of the world to identify the characteristics, opportunities, risks and prospects for the development of traditional and digital reading are analyzed and summarized.It is concluded that there have emerged and continue to evolve screen reading practices. Reading in the digital environment as a new way of contacts via electronic texts dynamically changes the communication environment, speeding up and simplifying consumer access to information, has many opportunities and advantages, and transforms reading skills and habits of society. Moreover, at a new technological stage of development, it revives social reading, intensifies digital inequality, leading to a secondary mental-­cognitive digital gap, and modifies personal reading experience of contemporaries.

This paper addresses issues involved in creating the introduction section of IMRAD science research papers in the English language. The introduction is considered as an independent text, which contains comprehensive information about the entire research. The basic principles of the structure and composition of the introduction are described in terms of the requirements imposed by modern peer!reviewed scientific journals. The suggested approach can also be useful when writing an introduction in other languages.Keywords: science research paper introduction, academic text, writing academic

The paper considers a burning for young researchers question how to write a scientific paper in the Russian and English languages. Since the requirements, recommendations and guidelines on the scientific paper structure presented in scientific and academic literature are mainly miscellaneous and often controversial, the author proposes to solve the problem using an invariant "Intergenre model of scientific text" providing a writer with a universal and basic algorithm for text generating activity.

Paper is a multi-component material based on plant fibers, technologically joined together into a sheet. Studying paper tasks are assigned to specialists in the forensic-technical examination of documents, to chemists and materials scientists. Examination of paper can be a sub-task to address specific questions set to other types of expertise. Meanwhile, there is not enough attention to this problem in the specialized literature. There are some publications in various compilations or small sections in works devoted to documents’ materials study. Some of the works that reveal the features of the analysis of the materials science characteristics of paper have been written by the paper industry’s technologists and are far from forensic examinations’ specifics and methodological foundations.The article’s main objective is to demonstrate the need for new scientific studies and methodological developments in the forensic-technical examination of documents. The article describes the range of tasks solved by this type of examination, identifies the main opportunities for paper studies.

The aim of this paper is to analyze national narratives of the French francs of 1954-1956 from the perspective of Roland Barthes's Mythologies, which demystifies bourgeois myths produced during the mentioned period. Although Mythologies doesn't examine visual design of money, the book proposes analytical instruments that help to understand why coins and paper money qua material products of ideology depict certain images in certain historical periods. The main character on French coins in 1954-1956 is Marianne, the personification of French Republic. Together with the image of Gallic rooster they represent revolutionary ideals of the First Republic. These connotations are of special significance following the WWII when the Vichy regime used the symbols signifying relations with the Nazi Germany. The banknotes in circulation during 1954-1956 in France have two trends in visual design. The early post-war series portray famous persons, ordinary people, allegories and ancient gods, including female images which, in contrast to feminine Marianne, are designed mostly as androgynes. The new series of banknotes promotes the national narrative of masculine «Frenchness» and depicts such persons as Victor Hugo, Cardinal Richelieu, Henry IV, Napoleon Bonaparte and Moliere. The only woman to be included in visual design of French banknotes in 1994, although not French by birth, is Marie Curie. Visual design of banknote series issued for the former French colonies (Africa and Indochina) draws on highly exotic images of local people and rarely includes characters from metropolitan discourse, which correlates with the photograph of African soldier in French uniform analyzed by Barthes in his «Myth Today». Another interesting point is that during the WWII the Vichy regime issued banknotes with the images of colonial people as well as of French people, which makes them equal in the visual representations loyal to the Nazi Germany. To conclude, although most French coins and banknotes of 1954-1956 portray famous people or figures that appeal to national idea, these images do not constitute the unified myth system and instead demonstrate different aspects of «Frenchness». After the Euro was introduced in France in 2003, French national narratives could only be promoted with Euro coins depicting the portrait of Marianne (which became a tradition in French visual design of money). The portrait of Europa, included in the Euro banknote series in 2014, also follows this tradition and frames European discourse in chronological, geographical and political senses. However, in the context of dematerialization of money the tendency to use visual design as an ideological tool is problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to Russian-Ottoman interaction at the concrete historical period (1792—1828). In this time the fortress Anapa was the center of Ottoman domain at the North-Western Caucasus. The communication occasions and reasons, actors and cases of the oral and writings, texts of messages are explored. The authors analyzed forms of interaction (correspondence, oral communications, diplomatic negotiations) between Russian regional officials and the Anapa’s Pasha and his administration. The few dozens of various messages were revealed and analyzed. Languages of these communications (Ottoman Turkish, Russian, Armenian, Greek, and French), the interpreters’ personalities, actors of oral messages, mediators and couriers were in research focus. Besides, the documents structures (different forms) were investigated. The authors made the conclusions about system interaction between the two opposite sides for over 30 years in this region.

The aim of the work is to determine the concentration of heavy metals migration Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Hg in bidistillated water (bidistillate) from cardboard and paper samples of school notebooks of different manufacturers. The amount of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Hg migrating into bidistilled water from cardboard and paper samples of school notebooks was determined by the method of stripping voltammetry. It is detected that Zn, Pb and Cu migrate from 12 studied samples to bidistilled water, while Cd migrates from 5 samples, and Hg – from ten samples of cardboard and paper of school notebooks. The maximum permissible migration concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, according to TR CU 007/2011, are not exceeded in any studied sample of cardboard and paper school notebooks. The largest total migration of heavy metals was 215.6 mg/kg or 0.379 μg from 1 sheet, and the smallest – 24.54 mg/kg or 0.177 μg from 1 sheet of the cardboard cover of the notebook.