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Copyright of Revista EntreLínguas is the property of Revista EntreLinguas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The success of the teaching-learning process lies in knowing how to sufficiently relate the concepts that are new or abstract with simpler and more familiar structures for the student. One way to achieve this is through the use of analogies and metaphors. As the knowledge about this topic is scattered and poorly systematized, the purpose of this study was to carry out a systematic revision of the empirical articles written in relation to analogies and metaphors in teaching and learning. The present study made use of the PRISMA-NMA method, following the quality steps to perform a systematic revision. The databases used were Redib, Doaj, SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet and ScienceDirect, in which the keywords entered were: Analogical Reasoning, Analogical Thinking and Conceptual Metaphor. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 analysis samples were obtained. It was found that the largest part of the articles confirmed the effectiveness of metaphors and analogies, being the use of the latter more frequent than the former. In addition, it was determined that a large part of the articles had explanatory scope, their educational level of application was mainly Primary and Secondary and the disciplinary area of the greatest interest was the teaching of language. Regarding the uses that have been given to these tools, the main one was to evaluate performance or understanding and in the second place, the teaching of an innovative concept. The results allow the detection of trends and vacancies in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 20th century a new scientific field emerged with the aim of investigating the human mind and the cerebral realization of it. Many other conceptual and technological advances accompanied this period, for example the logial-mathematical language and the concept of computing that maked the understanding of the human mind be like a computational process. This new field was structured in the 1970 decade with an interdisciplinary approach and a cognitivist emphasis. Later, in 1990, the cognitivism account was questioned by the embodied cognition hypothesis and an organic neurobiological perspective of human cognition. To us, the scientific investigation of the human mind is a very wide and diversified field, with many enlightening debates. This diversity is precisely what makes cognitive sciense so important for the interprise of know the human mind in a naturalized approach that is complementary of the philosophical abstractions. In this context is necessary to understanding the historical path of cognitive sciense and be able of messured the value of this field for the progressive undertanding of what human mind is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REICE. Ibero-American Journal on Quality, Effectiveness & Change in Education / REICE. Revista Iberoamericana Sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación is the property of Red Iberoamericana de Investigacion sobre Cambio y Eficacia en Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cognitio - Revista de Filosofia is the property of Cognitio - Revista de Filosofia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study regarding the effect of reason and emotions effect on human interpretation, through a pragmatic perspective, justifies itself over the fact, in the cognitive sciences, the investigations involving language use associated to emotions are still quite incipient. Taking as reference the Relevance Theory (SPERBER; WILSON, 2001), the cognitive neurosciences (GAZZANIGA; IVRY; MAGNUM, 2006 and DAMÁSIO, 1994, 2004) and the cognitive psychology (LEDOUX, 1996 and STERNBERG, 2010), the objective of this study is to advocate in favor of a mental architecture that forgathers reason and emotions in the interpretation. Based on the modeling of the interpretation of an utterance that reports the frustration of an expectation, we argue that, in a communicative act, the desire is a trigger for the attribution of relevance when serving as a link between reason, which operates from the valuation of contextual representations, and emotions, which attribute affective levels to mental representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Aufklärung: Revista de Filosofia is the property of Aufklarung: Revista de Filosofia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transhumanism is a movement that starts from some humanist ideals to reach the posthuman, having as its basic premise the belief that technology can and should be used to control nature. It means, in the midst of technology man leaves being subject to become one of the objects of the new powers. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that aesthetic medicine is one of the most notorious of the process that requires medicine not only as an activity of healing, but above all as enhancement, which implies a change in the more intimist human condition. In this sense, medicine is integrated into the broader field of technological convergence and bioart. We use Hans Jonas's theory of responsibility to analyze how this process becomes an ethical issue, requiring a responsible attitude on the part of its agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veritas is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How can we explain the asymmetry of learning among human reasoners even when we start from the same intellectual and brain conditions? Different answers of physical and intentional order can be formulated from unequal fields of research e.g. clinical, neuroscience, cognitive science, biology, computer science, information science, artificial intelligence, philosophy, logic, education, and pedagogy. Despite the theoretical and practical differences between the generality of these fields, as well as the internal and specific character of their approaches, a possible binding feature emerges when we focus research towards an explanation of the self-regulatory/revisionist behavior of human reasoners (HR) in classroom environments. The main purpose of this article is to offer a proposal for solving the initial question from a biolinguistic and pedagogical approach. This approach will allow us to explain the epistemic asymmetry between HR, whose brain constitution is analogous, highlighting a constructive component of proactive and selfregulated knowledge: cognitive criticality or critical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Trans/Form/Ação is the property of Trans/Form/Acao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We examine two varieties of enactivism: Hutto and Myin’s (2013;2017) self-proclaimed radical enactivism (REC), and the one we encounter in Di Paolo, Cuffari and De Jeagher’s (2018). The former mainly focuses on takes the task of identifying difficulties internal to any theory that intends to deploy a naturalized notion of semantic content to account for living organisms’ perceptual and motor capacities. By tracing a division between lower and higher cognition, RECers distinguish intuitively complex cognitive faculties from mere perception and bodily movement. This brings forward to RECers the burden of reconciling basic and higher cognition under a continuous explanatory line. The second trend we will examine is one that ends up making the first one seem too conservative, insofar as its program consists in eliminating any borderly line between basic and higher cognition, thus establishing a naturalistic continuity between life and language. We will argue, thus, that Di Paolo, Cuffari and De Jeagher’s proposal at the same time both accomplishes Hutto and Myin’s goals and avoids its traps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veritas is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The metaphysical assumption that nature is perfect has been groundwork for modern physics since the seventeenth century. Due to the success of that discipline, researchers from other fields of study followed its principles, including the idea of nature being perfect. Noam Chomsky's Generative Grammar was a particularly interesting case of such epistemological transposition, which took place in the twentieth century, mainly in his Minimalist Program. In his work, while taking to ultimate levels what he dubbed "the Galilean intuition that 'nature is perfect'", Chomsky proposes language as well is perfect. However, given that in Generativism language is also seen as a biological system, conjecture on its perfection results in a highly unlike assertion that it is unique from a biological point of view, because biological systems are characteristically imperfect since they are results of evolutionary accidents. Built on such almost paradoxical situation reached in Chomsky's minimalism, this article discusses the limits to emulating physics in other fields of study, more specifically in biology and cognitive sciences, among which stands linguistics. As a result of this investigation, this work questions the very metaphysical assumption that nature is perfect, along with ideas from contemporary thinkers such as physicist Marcelo Gleiser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Soletras is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our aim is to convince the reader of the validity of the hermeneutical approach in translation studies. In a first part, we will show that this validity is based on the fact that the hermeneutical approach integrates factors like subjectivity, intuition, corporeality and creativity in its theoretical reflection, being thus close to the reality of the translation process. In a second part, we will situate this approach in the context of the development of modern translation studies since the 1950s, and show that this development was characterized by a dominating tendency that led from an atomistic to a more and more holistic view of the translation unit, legitimating the holistic approach, which is fundamental in translational hermeneutics. Our third part relates the history of philosophical hermeneutics as the legitimate foundation of translational hermeneutics. In a fourth part, devoted to the “outcoming perspectives”, we will try to reinforce the legitimacy of the hermeneutical approach by showing how it is supported by recent results of research in cognitive science. In order to foster further research in translational hermeneutics we also offer a methodology based on hermeneutic principles to study the translation process. Finally, we give an example of legitimation of a creative problemsolving based on a hermeneutical approach of a translation problem which finds its validation in the results of cognitive research.

In this article we characterize acousmatic music as a mode of production and as a modality of acoustic representation, based on which we establish a set of conditions that define their practice and particular ethos from a fundamentally pragmatic and cognitive approach. We also discuss one of the most relevant points of criticism to new music and we analyze the intellectual prejudices which underlie these approaches. We propose, towards the end, an analogy between the reaction of third-generation cognitive science towards classical dualistic positions, and that of contemporary music, specially acousmatic music, in relation to the classical tonal harmonic canon. This analogy not only sheds light on historical and structural coincidences, but it also reveals an epistemological convergence between both disciplines.

In this paper I focus my attention on the proposal given by Howard Wettstein in 1980 to the cognitive phenomenon stated by Gottlob Frege in his paper “On sense and reference”. I offer three arguments in order to show that his answer does not weaken this phenomenon. Particularly, I defend three ideas: first, it is legitimate that philosophical semantics, in contrast with what Wettstein defends, provides an answer to the cognitive phenomenon; second, Wettstein does not conceive Frege’s argument correctly by considering it generates a semantic theory from a purely mentalist phenomenon; third, the explanation supplied by Wettstein is assumed by Frege when he states the phenomenon.

This article begins with a critique of the language theory of cognitive scientists such as Steven Pinker (The Language Instinct), who describe in grammatical terms the complexity of human language. Their account of the pragmatics of language, however, is too simplistic, with Pinker seen as an idealist, in part because he imagines the context of speech only as shared information, neglecting the complexity represented by the conditions of utterance and seeing language as data to be processed between two bodiless computing machines. Bakhtin’s different positions on language are then examined. For him, people speak with their bodies, not only their brains. Bakhtin, unlike Pinker or Saussure, did not believe that we have dictionaries in our heads, which we consult at will. For Bakhtin, the experience of language consists not of a series of positions taken, but a series of failed attempts to find a position, because there is no position available in which to respond to the demands made on us. In underlining the alienness of discourse and language, Bakhtin is a realist and provides a useful counterpoint to the idealistic and naïve positions held by some cognitive scientists.

Neste artigo, resultado de uma pesquisa de tipo qualitativo, hermenêutico e documental, procuramos mostrar como as Ciências Cognitivas, desde a sua constituição, têm contribuído para a compreensão do ser humano. Fazemos referência às visões mais racionalistas da mente, que a entendem semelhante a um sistema computacional, até à visão menos (não) racionalista que lhe confere valor cognitivo, envolta em emoções e afetos, que numa visão mais construtivista - ou pós-racionalista - se diria que traduz significados, traduz uma vivência ou uma história narrativa (e) pessoal. Assim, apresentamos o modelo de terapia cognitiva pós-racionalista de Vittorio Guidano, refletindo sobre os fundamentos epistemológicos do Movimento da Auto-organização (MAO), nos quais ele se fundamenta. Descrevemos sumariamente os alicerces epistemológicos do MAO, os quais garantem a este modelo uma dimensão holista e explicativa do processo de construção da identidade humana, que pode ser descrita como processo de conhecimento, capaz de vivenciar e ao mesmo tempo perceber e avaliar a sua própria experiência (autoconsciência). O ser humano age na intersubjetividade, num mundo pluralista, com os seus congéneres, partilhando experiências e interpretando ações (complexificando-se através desses acoplamentos). Pretendemos, também, ilustrar que a matriz de funcionamento interno de cada ser humano, a qual lhe permite ordenar essa múltipla e facetada realidade, assim como formar/construir/ordenar significados pessoais, é o vínculo emotivo-afetivo.In this paper, which is the result of a qualitative, hermeneutical and documental research, we intend to show how the Cognitive Sciences, since their beginning, have contributed to the understanding of human beings. We refer to the rationalistic understanding of the mind (the mind is like a computer system), and also to the non-rationalistic understanding, which attributes to the mind a cognitive value, immersed in emotions and affections. In addition, according to a constructivist or post-rationalistic understanding, the mind translates meanings, an experience or a personal narrative story. Thus, we present the model of post-rationalistic cognitive therapy of Vittorio Guidano, reflecting on the epistemological foundations of the Self-Organization Movement, on which it is based. We describe briefly the epistemological principles of the Self-Organization Movement, which give to this model a holistic and explanatory dimension of the process of construction of human identity. This identity can be described as the human beings' process of self-knowledge, as we are capable of experiencing and at the same time perceiving and evaluating, our own experiences (self-consciousness). The human being acts on intersubjectivity, in a pluralistic world with his peers, sharing experiences and interpreting actions. We also want to illustrate that the matrix of inner functioning of every human being, which allows us to sort this multi-faceted reality in a single personal order, is the emotional bond.

In cognitive science, the discussion about the relations between language and thought is very heterogeneous. It involves developments on linguistics, philosophy, psychology, etc. Carruthers and Boucher (1998) identify different criteria that would organize the diversity of positions about language and thought assumed in linguistics, philosophy and psychology. One of them is the constitution thesis (CT), which establishes that language is constitutively involved in thought. In this paper I would like to show some problems of CT in order to understand the relation between language and thought in cognitive science.

Categorization – the cognitive process to understand the characteristics of objects by similarity or dissimilarity criteria — constitutes in Librarianship and Information Science (LIS) an intrinsic activity of recording organization knowledge, and represents the main theme of this article. We discuss some meanings given to those categories, both conceptually and exploratory, focusing on areas of Librarianship and Information Science and Cognitive Science. Then, we present the contemporary cognitive categorization and their constituents, since they are configured as an alternative to the proposed current categories and also as a possibility to be explored in the field of LIS.

The problematic concept guiding this reflection is that set forth, since the publication of Naturalizing Phenomenology (1999) by both defenders and critics of the project aimed at reintroducing the contributions of phenomenology into the research carried out by contemporary cognitive science. The objective is to show that certain aspects of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology especially that of his early period, are a valuable contribution for a theory of cognition and provide the bases for a non-reductionist naturalization of phenomenology as the science of consciousness.

The present paper briefly describes recent advances in cognitive science on the embodied nature of human cognition with the aim to better situating contemporary work on embodied metaphor in language and thought. We do this by talking about key experimental findings in five areas main areas of research in cognitive science: perception, concepts, mental imagery, memory, and language processing (Gibbs 2006a) We also describe some psycholinguistic studies on embodied metaphor understanding, and offer some details on one series of experiments in regard to people's embodied understanding of the DIFFICULTIES ARE WEIGHTS primary metaphor. Our conclusion draws connections between the research on embodied cognition and contemporary linguistic and psychological work on embodied metaphor.O presente trabalho descreve sucintamente avanços na ciência cognitiva a respeito da natureza corpórea da cognição humana com o objetivo de melhor situar o trabalho contemporâneo sobre metáforas corpóreas na linguagem e no pensamento. Fazemos isso por discutir achados de experimentos centrais em cinco áreas principais de pesquisa em ciência cognitiva: percepção, conceitos, imagem mental, memória e processamento da linguagem (Gibbs 2006a). Descrevemos também alguns estudos psicolinguísticos sobre a compreensão de metáforas corpóreas e detalhamos uma série de experimentos desenhados para investigar a compreensão corporificada de pessoas a respeito da metáfora primária DIFICULDADES SÃO PESOS. Nossa conclusão busca pontos de interesse comum entre a pesquisa sobre cognição corpórea e trabalhos na área da lingüística e psicologia sobre metáfora corpórea.

A Classificação Internacional de Patentes, criada para uniformizar a sistematização dos documentos de patentes, ainda não atingiu seus objetivos. Documentos iguais são indexados de forma distinta em cada país signatário do Acordo de Estrasburgo. O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar as causas da subjetividade nas etapas envolvidas na construção da identidade das patentes de invenção, principalmente no que tange à categorização e indexação, etapas importantes para que os que os usuários do sistema de proteção patentária possam recuperar a informação tecnológica contida nestes ativos de propriedade intelectual. O trabalho baseou-se em revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental.The International Classification of Patents, created for conforming the systemization of patent documents, has not yet reached its objective. The same documents are indexed in different ways by each signatory country of Strasbourg's Agreement. The objective of this paper is to present the subjective causes involved mainly in the processes of categorization and indexation that are important stages to allow that the users of a patent system can retrieve the technological information contained in these intellectual property assets. The research was based on bibliographic review and documental search.

OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown signs of brain damage caused by different mechanisms in cocaine users. The serum neuron specific enolase and S100B protein are considered specific biochemical markers of neuronal and glial cell injury. This study aimed at comparing blood levels of S100B and NSE in chronic cocaine users and in volunteers who did not use cocaine or other illicit drugs. METHOD: Twenty subjects dependent on cocaine but not on alcohol or marijuana, and 20 non-substance using controls were recruited. Subjects were selected by consecutive and non-probabilistic sampling. Neuron specific enolase and S100B levels were determined by luminescence assay. RESULTS: Cocaine users had significantly higher scores than controls in all psychiatric dimensions of the SCL-90 and had cognitive deficits in the subtest cubes of WAIS and the word span. Mean serum S100B level was 0.09 ± 0.04 µg/l among cocaine users and 0.08 ± 0.04 µg/l among controls. Mean serum neuron specific enolase level was 9.7 ± 3.5 ng/l among cocaine users and 8.3 ± 2.6 ng/l among controls. CONCLUSIONS: In this first study using these specific brain damage markers in cocaine users, serum levels of S100B and neuron specific enolase were not statistically different between cocaine dependent subjects and controls.OBJETIVO: Estudos têm demonstrado sinais de lesão cerebral causadas por diferentes mecanismos em usuários de cocaína. A enolase sérica neurônio-específica e a proteína S100B são consideradas marcadores bioquímicos específicos de lesão neuronal e glial. Este estudo objetivou comparar os níveis sangüíneos de S100B e enolase sérica neurônio-específica em usuários crônicos de cocaína e em voluntários que não usam cocaína ou outras drogas ilícitas. MÉTODO: Vinte sujeitos dependentes de cocaína, mas não dependentes de álcool, maconha ou outra droga, e 20 sujeitos controles não usuários de drogas foram recrutados. Os sujeitos foram selecionados por amostragem consecutiva e não-probabilística e os níveis de enolase neurônio-específica e S100B foram determinados por ensaio de luminescência. RESULTADOS: Os usuários de cocaína tiveram escores significativamente maior que os controles em todas as dimensões psiquiátricas do SCL-90 e apresentaram prejuízos cognitivos no subteste cubos do WAIS e no span de palavras. Os níveis de S100B foram em média 0,09 ± 0,04 µg/l nos usuários de cocaína e 0,08 ± 0,04 µg/l nos controles. Os níveis de enolase neurônio-específica foram em média 9,7 ± 3,5 ng/l nos usuários e 8,3 ± 2,6 ng/l nos controles. CONCLUSÃO: Neste primeiro estudo utilizando esses marcadores específicos de lesão cerebral em usuários de cocaína, os níveis séricos de S100B e enolase específica do neurônio não foram significativamente diferentes entre dependentes de cocaína e controles.

Copyright of ConScientiae Saúde is the property of Nove de Julho University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since Freud, the body assumes a new configuration and sexuality opens up a promising theoretical field of inquiry into the brain. When combined with the theory of self organizing systems, the Freudian concept of drive becomes a useful conceptual tool in Cognitive Science to study the human mind and cognition. This paper focuses on the contributions of the psychoanalytic knowledge and identifies the critical points, limits and possibilities of a potential interdisciplinary in the field of the philosophy of the mind.

Neste artigo, propõe-se uma configuração possível para a transição histórico-filosófica de temas investigados no domínio da metamatemática para o domínio da Ciência Cognitiva funcionalista neurocomputacional. A descrição de tal transição é feita por meio de uma breve análise das idéias de Post, Church, Gödel e Turing sobre a possibilidade de formalização do pensamento criador na matemática, enfatizando as contribuições deste último.In this article, it is suggested a possible profile for the historical and philosophical migration of several issues from the metamathematical domain to the domain of functionalist neuro-computational Cognitive Science. The description of such a transition is accomplished by an analysis of the ideas of Post, Church, Gödel, and, in particular, Turing on the possibility of formalization of creative thinking in Mathematics.

Copyright of Trans/Form/Ação is the property of Trans/Form/Acao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article starts from the freudian comprehension about female psychic constitution and hysteria as psychological destiny, for this, the article focuses on Madame Bovary, character extracted from Gustave Flaubert's novel published in France in 1856, the same year that Freud was born. Considered the founder and principal exponent of the literary school of realism, Flaubert created Madame Bovary, a female character with a series of conflicts that portray the European bourgeois customs of the second half of the nineteenth century, as well as make clear the place reserved for women in this cultural context. The little woman - as Flaubert will call the central character during the preparation of the novel - is an important representative of the feminine desire for transformation, but it is possible to realize thesedesires are excessive, which places Madame Bovary in the field of psychopathology affectation. The realism with which Madame Bovary is presented made it widely discussed over the years. When published, it caused impact on French society, and its publication was eventually prohibited. Nevertheless, the story built by Flaubert is still up-to-date because it refers to the riddle of femininity and hysterical pathology, both timeless. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the epistemological basis of Cognitive Experimental Psychology. Initially, some of the presuppositions of cognitive psychology within the realm of cognitive science and its relation to cognitivism will be discussed. Secondly, the relation between historical aspects and theoretical presuppositions are considered. In light of these aspects, some philosophical ideas are raised in order to highlight the transition from the original models of science to the appearance of cognitive science as it is known today. Finally, arguments contrary to and in favor of the cognitive revolution are discussed as a rupture with the paradigm of behaviorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the traditional philosophical debate concerning body and spirit that has formed a multidisciplinary field of researches about brain and mind in the twentieth century, called cognitive sciences. Among the various divergent positions in this area, three of them had their nuances about the future of this exploited enterprise, and also their relations with the social sciences that basically move in these directions: (i) the defence of the singularity of human sciences' object considered in the philosophical consciousness model as intentionality; (ii) the searching of a biological understanding of the mind, also viewed in this case as intentionality and consciousness, and finally; (iii) the critic of the notions of intentionality and consciousness through the cybernetic and also the cognitive sciences achievements, that can feed a new relation between humans and machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]