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Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Institute for Women's Studies / Studiów Kobiece is the property of Humanica Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The year 2022 marks 30 years since the passing of Zofia Kozarynowa--a writer, publicist, translator, Polish language instructor at the University of Turin between 1929 and 1939, Polish emigration literature nestor. The paper presents Kozarynowa's biography and her large output, as well as describes this interesting and controversial personality that stimulated her versatile activity. Additionally, it shows the family and social circle from which she originated, and the communities she lived in and worked with first in Poland, then in Italy, and ultimately in Great Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, the UK left the EU internal market and the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) started to be applied in the mutual trade between the UK and the EU. Although under this agreement trade without tariffs and quantitative restrictions has been maintained, costs in mutual trade increased due to introducing non-tariff barriers to trade. The aim of this paper is to evaluate whether these changes led in the short term to the diversion of trade flows towards other trading partners from both the EU and the UK points of view. To meet this goal, an analysis of trade flows was carried out from the point of view of the EU, as well as the UK. In the case of the EU, changes in trade with the UK were compared with changes in trade with the remaining countries of the world. In the case of the UK, changes in trade with the EU were compared with changes in trade with the rest of the world. The main finding is that since the TCA started to be applied, neither from the point of view of the UK nor from the point of view of the EU, there has been a diversion of trade to other trading partners. Thanks to the TCA, which goes beyond traditional free trade agreements, it was possible to avert the expected negative trade effects of the UK's withdrawal from the EU in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prakseologia is the property of Wydawnictwo Instytutu Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sport and sports organisations are often some of the most important aspects of local culture and identity. As in the case of cultural institutions, recent years have seen numerous interesting initiatives for sustainable development undertaken by athletes and sports clubs. The paper explores the implementation and social reception of the sustainable development strategy adopted in 2010 by the professional football club called Forest Green Rovers FC in Great Britain. Using the method of content analysis, the author attempts to analyse the critical reflection on the strategy presented in the national opinion-forming press and to show how the club's environmentally-friendly actions are perceived by the community of its fans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Neurology / Aktualno?ci Neurologiczne is the property of Medical Communications Sp. z o.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Res Rhetorica is the property of Polish Rhetoric Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Geograficzne is the property of Jagiellonian University, Institute of Geography & Spatial Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article addresses the issue of Brexit in the context of economic analysis of law using a qualitative method, namely the textual analysis of selected papers devoted to both the process of secession of Great Britain from the European Union and the aforementioned research school. The hypothesis of this work is as follows: economic analysis of law reveals limited applicability to the exegesis of the Community disintegration mechanisms, including Brexit, which is one of the symptoms of these processes. According to the author, it reveals certain shortcomings in the research procedures regarding the phenomenon of EU decomposition, although, on the other hand, some of its components still remain valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of the History & Philosophy of Medicine / Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny is the property of Polskie Towarzystwo Historii Medycyny i Farmacji and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Socjologiczne is the property of Studia Socjologiczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper addresses the issue of funding the purchase of school textbooks in selected European countries. The author first examines basic definitions and concepts relating to the above mentioned issue. Next, he provides brief information about the sources of funding and how they are made available to students in obligatory education in the following countries: Poland, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Island, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the original theory of the English rule of law developed by Victorian. era constitutional scholar, Albert Venn Dicey. The uniqueness of this theory will be presented, as well as its historical and doctrinal context, and theoretical implications. Dicey's legal positivism identifies the rule of law as one of the two basic principles of the English unwritten constitution (together with the principle of sovereignty of Parliament). The rule of law itself consists of three components . the ideas of legal freedom, legal equality and predominance of the legal spirit. The latter is due to the inductive nature of the British constitution and in practice results in a strong emphasis on the institutional guarantees of the rule of law. The second idea--legal equality--in Dicey's opinion interfered with the concept of administrative law, as it was developed on the European continent thus making it manifestly contrary to the English rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the link between regulations and size of country-level investment crowdfunding markets in Europe. The author discusses the outlook and potential drivers behind the size of investment crowdfunding markets across European countries, with deeper insight into a leading market of the United Kingdom. The conclusions are supported by a quantitative analysis. Key findings indicate that regulatory aspects of investment crowdfunding correlate, on average, stronger with market size than non-regulatory factors. Besides, the size of population matters for crowdfunding market volumes, and British regulatory framework for investment crowdfunding appears as an attractive role model to consider in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article reviews the concept of lean government: the application of lean management principles developed originally by Toyota to identify and implement the most efficient ways to provide public services. The paper begins with a general background on lean thinking and then discusses lean principles with particular attention to the eight wastes (muda) in administrative and service processes. Successful examples of lean initiatives at the national and local levels in the United States and the United Kingdom are examined. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the prospects and benefits of lean government in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Santander Art & Culture Law Review is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the ongoing evolution of research into poverty that has induced a profound and thorough reformulation of the researcher-respondent relationship and has blurred the distinction between the researcher and research subject. The researcher-respondent roles have merged, turning the research subject into the agent, turning respondents into researchers inquiring into their own conditions. This process has evolved through the first British 'second-hand' inquiries into poverty, analyses of personal documents (diaries), oral history tradition, family histories presented by Oscar Lewis, personal accounts, monographs of communities and recent participatory approaches to poverty research such as the 'Poverty First Hand' project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dental Forum is the property of Dental Forum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Sports Medicine / Medycyna Sportowa is the property of Agencja Wydawnicza Medsportpress Sp. z o. o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Global imbalances, i.e. external positions of systemically important economies that reflect distortions or entail risks for the global economy, remain one of the key characteristics of the contemporary world economy. After narrowing sharply in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, overall current account surpluses and deficits stabilized at around 3 percent of global GDP. However, according to the International Monetary Fund's External Sector Report about 35-45 percent of overall current account surpluses and deficits were deemed excessive in 2018. Moreover, the post-crisis period has been characterized by external rebalancing of the Chinese economy, the rise of EMDEs in overall deficits as well as persistency of deficits in the US and the UK. Following the global financial crisis, global imbalances have also been increasingly concentrated in advanced economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author describes the principles of the use of television by politicians in the United Kingdom. First of all, the rules under the Communications Act 2003, the Royal Charter and Agreement for the BBC and documents issued by the Office of Communications are discussed. The role of ministers' announcement as a tool available for the members of the government is emphasized. In the key part of the article the author analyzes and comments on the rules of allocation and emission of political party broadcasts (PPBs) and party election broadcasts (PEBs) These programmes are transmitted by both the BBC and commercial televisions. Afterwards, the author discusses the differences between major and minor parties, and then the existing ban on paid political advertising. Finally, the author points to the nature of the British political broadcasts system and its possible grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sudan, like many African countries, is a creation of the European imperialism. Not only the matter of borders is meant here, but complex processes of destruction and creation at the same time, which considerably affected what we understand today under the name of Sudan. The article explores the European ideas concerning Sudan, once the largest African country, which considerably contributed to the strengthening of Europe's hegemony in this territory during the period of colonialism and imperialism and today determine the phenomena of culture or political situation in this country. The reflections presented here have been formed by exploring the archives of colonial Sudan deposited at the Sudan Archive in Durham in North-East England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Education of Economists & Managers / Edukacja Ekonomistow i Menedzerow is the property of Warsaw School of Economics, Department of Human Capital Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The parliamentary oversight of the secret services, due to their specific nature, is based on legal rules determining what and how to oversee and/or on a consensus among the relevant political forces, establishing the scope and methods of the oversight. Which one of these two dimensions prevails depends on the political system, historical tradition and current circumstances of a given state. This article deals with the situation in five countries: France, Germany, United Kingdom, Romania and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Sciences / Nauki Społeczne is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tobacco was brought to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who discovered it in Cuba in October, 1492. Spread of tobacco consumption was initiated by the French diplomat Jean Nicot de Villemain, who in 1560 recommended it in the form of powdered tobacco leaves to the French Queen Catherine de Medice to combat her migraine headaches, and introduced the term Nicotiana tobaccum. Tobacco consumption greatly rose after the I World War, and after the II World War it became very common, especially among man. In the first half of the 20th century the sale of tobacco products rose by 61%, and cigarettes dominated the market of tobacco products. At the beginning of the 20th century cigarettes constituted only 2% of the total sale of tobacco products, while in the middle of the 20th century--more than 80%. Although the first epidemiological papers indicating that "smoking is connected with the shortening of life span" were published in the first half of the 20th century, not until 1950 did Hill and Doll in Great Britain, and Wynder and Graham in USA in 1951 show a statistically significant correlation between cigarettes smoking and lung cancer occurrence. Many controversies according the use of tobacco accompanied it from the beginning of its presence in Europe. The conflicting opinions according to its influence to health coexisted in the 16th to 19th centuries. In this period, especially in the 19th century dominated moral and religious arguments against tobacco. In the 20th century however, and particularly in its second part, development in medical research was enhanced by civil voluntary actions against advertisement and passive smoking. This lead to the significant limitation of tobacco expansion in Europe, USA and Canada in the end of the 20th century.