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Harun Nasution is one of the prominent Indonesian Muslim intellectuals who has played an influential role in rebuilding the traditional style of Islamic education thinking into rational thinking within the Islamic Higher Education environment in Indonesia. This study aspires to analyze Harun Nasution’s style of Islamic educational thought. The method used in this study is qualitative, which focuses on carrying out systematic presentations related to research questions to be analyzed in order to get results as conclusions. At the same time, this research uses a document analysis study approach. The study results show that Harun Nasution’s style of Islamic education is religious and rational. In this style of Islamic educational thought, there are several considerations, for instance, rational Islamic educational thinking, integrationist Islamic educational thinking, Islamic educational goals, Islamic educational materials, and Islamic educational methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of religious extremism is not new in people’s lives. The development of technology in the world of chemo indirectly seeks to affect the lives of Malay Muslims, especially in writing on social media. Extremist groups make social media one of the platforms to spread their ideology. This borderless medium caused extremist groups to spread information freely and easily, causing the Muslim Malay community to become deceived by extreme ideology. Various extremist writings are loose and scattered in society such as writings that are unquestioned and filled with slander, untrue news that is censored, writings that worsened the past scholars and writings that doubted their validity without using the right methods. This study aims to determine the parameters of writing wasatiyyah preachers in dealing with Muslim Malay extremists. This study was obtained using qualitative methodology, namely through the method of interviewing with 4 informants and through round table discussion consisting of 5 panels. The selection of informants is determined by purposive sampling. The data obtained is analyzed descriptively using Atlas. ti software. The results of this study found that among the parameters of wasatiyyah thought of preachers in dealing with Muslim Malay extremists is the proof of valid and precise method (manhaj) of proof according to members of the sunnah wal jamaah, sources of reference that are muktabar and recognize the scholarly scholarship of the past. The implications of this measurement can be used as a guide to preachers in dealing with Muslim Malay extremists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Irādah’ means the will of Allah SWT, while ‘amr’ is the command of Allah SWT who only commands good things and forbids bad things. Jalaluddin al-Rumi (1207-1273) used his own method in collecting debates on the commands and wills of Allah SWT in a layered way through the prose of verses in Mathnawi. The philosophy of occasionalism brings the understanding that everything is moved by God, to prove the existence of God through God’s intervention in every matter. Although the understanding of the concept of ‘irādah and amr’ of Allah SWT between the Sufi perspective of Jalaluddin al-Rumi and the philosophy of occasionalism has common points in acknowledging the existence and will of God, there are differences when involving God’s commands in the ‘moral’ debate, i.e. good and bad. The difference between the two perspectives should be clearly and carefully understood in order to avoid confusion that Western and Islamic occasionalism are the same. This article examines and focuses on the concept of will and command of Allah SWT according to Jalaluddin al-Rumi, as well as making a comparison with Western philosophy of occasionalism. This writing uses qualitative research methodology through content analysis and comparative methods. The implications of this article show the difference between the beliefs believed by Western thought and the beliefs Muslims should believe in as outlined in Islam itself. In fact, this article also explains the importance of obeying the ‘will and command’ of Allah SWT without exception of one of them. The results of the study show that the concept of the will of Allah SWT brought by Jalaluddin al-Rumi has a close resemblance to the Western philosophy of occasionalism. It appears as an idea that defends God’s intervention in human life while rejecting secularism. Meanwhile, the concept of the command of Allah SWT highlights its specialness compared to Western philosophy of occasionalism because the belief in Allah SWT displayed by Jalaluddin al-Rumi does not completely set aside His command which is always a life obligation for a Muslim believer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patience is a trait that is praised by religion because it is one of the great virtues of prophethood. However, the community environment destroys the order of the community that fails to control angry emotions resulting in immoral in the neighborhood community. There are many cases of arguments due to anger involving behavior of communities that are very worrying. Therefore, the patient approach should be emulated based on the practice shown by the Prophet PBUH. The implementation of patience reflects the moral ethics of Muslim society. This article uses literature review through several primary and secondary sources. This article also uses deductive and thematic methods. The results of the study found that patience is part of the value of human moral development. The component of patience needs to be practiced in dealings involving the legacy of social life in the neighboring lifestyle community. Therefore, elements such as language reservation in the neighboring community encourage honoring neighbors, maintaining neighborly harmony, and avoiding bad neighbors need to be tempered with patience. Therefore, the relevance of patience should be nurtured from a young age. In addition, it should be applied in social interaction oriented to a prophetic approach to create harmony among community members, especially neighbors in continuing struggle of challenging life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world was shaken by the emergence of the novel coronavirus or simply known as Covid-19 in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. Day by day, the number of those diagnosed with novel coronavirus is increasing. It has spread rapidly worldwide, even causing millions of patients and even deaths. In dealing with that epidemic, indeed many Muslims particularly and human beings generally are quite panicked, confused, angry and worried which it certainly threatens the harmony of themselves and society. Thus, this article attempts to explore and study the nature of patience according to Imam al-Ghazali and the importance of its experience to Muslims in particularly facing the challenges and effects of Covid-19. This article uses the method of literature review by referring to books, journal articles, chapters in books, newspapers and other materials related to that title. The results of the study found that the patient is practiced by Muslims especially in the face of challenges and threats Covid-19 is capable to produce a calm, peaceful, strong and contented nature with various tests that befall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diplomacy of the Great Powers in the Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict of 1875-1878 led the Ottoman government to sign The Treaty of Berlin in 1878. The Treaty of Berlin gave the Austria-Hungary empire a mandate to occupy and administer Bosnia-Herzegovina. It has initiated a migration process in Bosnia-Herzegovina among its population, especially the Muslims. This article will examine issues that led to the migration of Muslims from Bosnia-Herzegovina to other territories in the Ottoman Turkish empire before the outbreak of World War 1. Analysis on these issues used primary data from the British records from its embassy in Bosnia- Herzegovina. The study found that the issue of religion was the dominant factor in the migration process that took place among the Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The migration process increased after Bosnia-Herzegovina was officially announced under the Austro-Hungarian administration in 1908. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zakat instrument plays an important role as a component in the economic system to build a more prosperous socio-economy for Muslims in Malaysia, in addition to the existing tax system. The total collection of zakat on income increases every year in each state. This is caused by various factors, including the possibility of zakat payers who pay zakat on income in excess of the zakat obligatory rate. However, the purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence zakat payers to pay zakat on income in excess of the zakat obligatory rate. This study is significant because the zakat institution needs to focus on these factors so that the amount of zakat collection of income will continue to increase at a larger rate, which will ultimately increase the benefits of zakat distribution to asnaf. This study examined the factors that influence the Muslim community to pay zakat on income in excess of the prescribed rates. It also analyzed the community’s perception of the implementation of the zakat and tax systems in Malaysia. Descriptive analysis of mean score test, Alpha Cronbach analysis, and values of difference in GAP mean were applied to respondents at Jabatan Agama Islam Melaka (JAIM). The findings show that the ratio of income zakat payment to the obligatory zakat exceeded by 0.4, which is capable of constituting 21 percent of total zakat collection of Melaka. Interestingly, the study finds that this behaviour is driven by religious factors and that the altruism factor significantly affects the behaviour of paying income zakat in excess. Next, the results of the study show that the majority of respondents are more satisfied with the zakat information and system rather than with the tax system. Some suggestions and policy implications were also discussed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the pessimistic criticism on church priests in Sayyid Qutub’s travelogue entitled Amrika Allati Raytu or its English translation, The America I Have Seen: In the Scale of Human Values. Sayyid Qutb was a modern Arab traveler and a great Islamic thinker. His ideology of thoughts has always been used as reference to help resurrect the spirit of the 20th century Muslim communities that have been colonized by Western powers. Sayyid Qutb spent his life by constantly producing writings for the use of Muslims. Each of his writings contains implicit meanings that need to be further explored, especially his travelogue which receives less attention than his other writings. Uniquely, this travelogue tells a lot about the negative side of American society from a religious point of view focusing on the personality and role of the priest in church. Therefore, this study will analyze the pessimistic criticism by using the theory of othering. This study is qualitative in nature using content analysis and documentation methods. It is hoped that this study can provide a new perspective in Arabic literature and Islamic travel literature especially from the aspect of religious criticism. The findings prove that Sayyid Qutb’s pessimistic criticism of 20th century church priests in the United States have implicit meanings as effort to defend Egyptian society from continuing to drift in blind admiration for Western ideology that was widespread at the time. With his status as an Islamic fighter in Egypt, the effort is seen as a fuel for the Islamic spirit for his countrymen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This writing addresses the origin and development of Muslim philosophy of history developed from a framework of Muslim historiography. The focus is to assess the genesis of Muslim philosophy of history and its process of becoming a sub-field in Muslim historiography. Using historical chronology and document analysis approaches, this writing delves into the epistemology of Muslim historiography being expanded on the school of narrative intended to record the history by using the method of writing isnad, hawliyyah, khabar, dynasty, tabaqat and geneology which later changes and transformed into the method of historical analysis as was pioneered by Ibn Khaldun. To sum up, the coming into being of Ibn Khaldun in the 14th century has changed the paradigm of methodology dealing with Muslim historiography from narrative to analysis basis as he introduces a methodology and a framework of analysis used to understand the history and construct a comprehensive framework of Islamic civilization. The basis of Ibn Khaldun’s epistemology of history can be interpreted as the origin of Muslim philosophy of history discipline which later shapes the historical epistemology of Muslim philosophers of history post Ibn Khaldun, such as Malek Bennabi, Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas and Nayef al-Rodhan respectively representing distinguished ideas of history in the Muslim World in 20th and 21st centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam encourages harmonious family interaction between a mualaf with his non-Muslim family, provided it does not contradict any Islamic teachings. Muslims are prohibited from celebrating religious ceremonious of other religions, because it could affect their belief in Islam. Muslim converts occasionally encounter this difficult situation as they still have to interact with their non-Muslim family. The difference in religious belief leads them to change their interaction practices in order to adhere to the Islamic concept of faith (Tawhid). Thus, this study analyses Indian mualaf interaction with their non-Muslim family during the celebration of Hindu religious celebration. This is a qualitative research using content analysis and semi-structured interview. 20 respondents were selected through purposive sampling among mualaf Indian men and women, who were Hindus, attending classes at Kompleks Darul Hidayan (KDH) Kuala Lumpur and have converted to Islam for at least a year. Data collected were analysed descriptively and thematically. Research results find that some of the Indian mualaf visited their non-Muslim family members during the Hindu religious celebration day but did not participate in any Hindu religious ceremony. Some of them did not even contact or visit their non-Muslim family members. The research implication shows that the Indian mualaf at KDH understand the proper Islamic method of interaction with their non-Muslim family during Hindu religious celebration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malay culture and Islam are strongly integrated, whereby Islam has, since its arrival, influenced the Malay way of thinking, morality, behavior, belief and faith. However, daily practices, which did not conform to true Islamic teachings, caused the Malay community to regress. This study analyzed the issue of regression faced by the Malay Muslim community in the mid-20th century, while identifying the role of Qalam, an Islamic magazine, in shaping the minds of the Malay community to prepare them for modernization before independence. A qualitative historical analysis and interpretation was conducted on the contents of Qalam magazine as the main reference and various other sources from the National Archives of Malaysia and the University of Malaya Library. Qalam had undoubtedly raised the voice of modernization and change among the Malays to move forward in line with increasing rapid development. Qalam had not only built a sense of social awareness and responsibility in the Malay community but also clarified the importance of changing their mindset towards the beliefs and traditional practices such as blind acceptance of predestination and superstitions which hinder the progress of the Malays. Qalam advocated the role of the ulama in leading and molding the minds of the Malay community to realistically and diligently face the challenges of modernity. Hence, the Malays must be aware of their own weaknesses, particularly, on the importance of reasoning, in order for them to overcome the state of stagnation and backwardness of knowledge and strive towards building excellence in the true Islamic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surin Pitsuwan (1949-2017) is a respected Thai Muslim political figure at local, regional and international levels. Surin’s political leadership excellence in Thailand and Southeast Asia highlighted his reformative ideas of building the progress of Muslims society at the global stage. Surin used political and educational platforms to promote and implement his ideas of reform in building a respected Muslim community in Thailand. This study reveals Surin’s biography, elaborates Surin’s major ideas of community reform and examines Surin’s contributions and its implication to socio-political and economic development of the Muslim community in Thailand and Southeast Asia. This study uses document analysis, observation and interviews that are field-based qualitative methods as a means of data collection. The study summarizes the ideas of Surin’s reform in the context of elevating the position of Thailand Muslims focusing on the development of values and equality policies in administration and culture. It also emphasizes the importance of positive and harmonious process of acceptance and change adaptation of the current Islamic societies, especially in Thailand, in facing the challenges of today’s civilization. As well as the demand for building a strong, open and integrated educational institution in order to produce a competitive Muslims. Surin’s contributions in the socio-political and economic development of Muslim community in Thailand are significant and meaningful. Despite the struggle in building a respected Thai Muslim community, his life achievement in education and political career became inspiration for young Thailand Muslims to pursue self-development in all aspects of life in today’s challenging world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takmir studies in mosques are a form of lifelong learning (PSH) which has been implemented by Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) since 1985. It has contributed towards understanding the religion continuously among the Muslim community. Therefore, this research is to identify respondents’ acceptance towards the materials and teaching methodology of takmir studies in mosque institutions. This study used a quantitative research design. A total of 30 mosques were selected using cluster sampling in the state of Selangor. A total of 400 respondents were selected to participate in three district zones mosque in Selangor. Data were mainly collected through questionnaires. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential based on the values of frequency, percentage, mean value and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results found that respondents’ acceptance of mawduk in akidah learning was at high mean value (mean = 3.90), the acceptance of mawduk in ibadah learning was at high mean value of 4.03, the acceptance of mawduk in akhlak learning was at moderate mean value (mean = 3.98), the acceptance of mawduk in hadith and tafsir learning was at moderate mean value (mean = 3.69), and the acceptance of mawduk in sirah learning was at the moderate mean value (mean = 3.69). In addition, this study found that the respondents’ acceptance towards the educators’ teaching methodology was at moderate mean value (mean = 3.58). This study also has found that there was a significant difference of frequency of respondents joining the mosque’s takmir studies with the materials provided (P = 0.007, P<0.05) and the teaching methodology (P = 0.035, P<0.05). The research implications showed that the mosque’s takmir studies was accepted well among Muslim community for providing them with important values towards lifelong learning (PSH) to strengthen their religious life. Thus, takmir studies in mosques should be organized systematically towards aspects related to the curriculum, teaching and learning materials and teacher training, in order to instill positive impact towards Muslims communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The halal logo is an important symbol of the Muslim community in Malaysia especially and around the world. This logo is the standard for consumers in determining the legitimacy of a food. From a consumer perspective, it is one of the instruments for choosing food and restaurant premises as a dining destination. Although the existence of this logo is a positive development for Muslims in Malaysia, this scenario has caused the Muslim community to put their full reliance on this logo in the selection of restaurants. The level of knowledge in determining halal is low among the people. The community lacks the ability to determine the legitimacy of a food because of the high degree of dependence on the logo. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of explaining the concept of halal logo use, identifying consumer awareness of the use of halal logo and assessing the level of dependence of Muslim users on the halal logo. The design of the study was the observation-based survey. Participation observation is conducted to critically examine, view and review situations or events based on the objectives established. Unstructured observations are performed without reference to a specific set of activities or aspects. Observations were made on food premises located at one of the major shopping malls in the Klang Valley. The findings are expected to assess the extent to which consumers have been exposed to the use of halal logos in food establishments in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremism is not a new character in the social system of Muslims. This understanding is deeply rooted and often comes through misleading representations that make it difficult for the public to determine its true principles. The dispersion of some of them is extensive, well-planned and organized. The rapid changes in technology and the diversified media dissemination are among the factors this belief continues to penetrate the world and influence all social levels including professionals. Continuous efforts should be carried out to curb this belief from interfering with the unity of religion. In order to do so, this article will elaborate on the findings of the study to determine the level of knowledge and understanding of extremism among Muslims in Malaysia and the extent to which they react to extremism. Cross sectional survey design was used as the research method. The data were obtained through a set of questionnaires from 1459 samples of Muslim civil servants selected randomly from all over Malaysia. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0. The results show that the level of knowledge of Islamic extremism concept is high at min=4.06, sp=0.51, level of understanding of Islamic society on extremism is also high, min=4.30, sp=0.45 and their prevention reaction to extremism activity is also high, min=4.19, sp=0.42. It is crystal clear that overall findings of the study show that the Muslim community in Malaysia has matured into extremism affairs and has taken proactive approach in dealing with issues related to extremism. This finding also shows that the movement is still under control but should be monitored to maintain the religious harmony among the Muslim community in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of Syariah criminal law enforcement in Malaysia often invites negative comments and polemic among the Muslim society. Shariah criminal law must be treated with prudence, caution and carefull so as not to provoke criticism and slander from the public and to ensure that its enforcers emphasize the principles of justice. One of the issues that makes Syariah criminal law unsuccessful is that practitioners potray diffrences in interpreting existing legal provisions. The interpretation of the provision is necessary because the provisions stated are general, do not explain the actual meaning and the elements that constitute the offense. In addition, the need for interpretation is due to different backgrounds among the legal practitioners involved likes Religious Enforcement Officers, Syariah Prosecutors and Syariah Judges. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the interpretation of cohabitation offences under the Syariah Offences Enactment (Melaka state) 1991. This study is a qualitative study using a document analysis approach and semi-structured interviews in data collection. The data were analyzed thematically and descriptively. The results of this study are able to ilustrate in detail the meanings and elements of the provision of cohabitation. This study can assist the authorities, legal practitioners and Syariah Courts in enforcing Shariah criminal law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, Friday sermons have been utilized by Slates' religious authorities and goyernmenl to Influence the opinion of majority Muslim Nevertheless, the extent of the khutba as a medium to increase the level of acceptance of Sharia law in Malaysia has yet lobe discussed by any researcher. Thus, this article will discuss on how far khutba has spread and promoted hudud law in Malaysia, a motion that contradicted to the government's stand, despites so many initiatives June been launched to curb the influence of Islamlsm in mosques This research analysed khutba texts that had been delivered in 201 i until 2016 in several Malaysian States which transcriptions were accessible on the official website of the state religious department. All texts were analysed using filvtvo II software by thematic approach. This study found that religious bureaucrats in state level have been playing significant roles in shaping the society s understanding and support for the prospect of hudud law. Even though it is considered as rhetoric, the hudud law has been depicted in khutba as a divine law that should not be criticized and believe to offer a solution to decrease the criminal rale in the society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the Muslim population ofMalaysia corresponds with the growth of the general population. Implicitly, projection of the value of unclaimed Muslim inheritance estate which has reached more than RM60 billion will be more critical if the increase in the Muslim population is not balanced with more comprehensive awareness and understanding of Islamic inheritance laws including the mechanism of takharuj in resolving distribution issues of Islamic inheritance laws. Given that Islamic inheritance laws must be complied with in distribution of inheritance estate, it must nevertheless be implemented in a realistic and practicable manner so that the objectives of the laws are achieved. Hence, the objective of this article is to discuss the relevance of applying the takharuj mechanism as a means of resolving distribution issues of inheritance within the framework of the Constitution and the socio-economy of the Muslim community in Malaysia. This qualitative research is based on primary and secondary sources using document analysis and is descriptively presented. Research results conclude that the takharuj approach is a significant and relevant aspect in the aspect of overcoming legal constraints in the context of Muslim inheritance distribution within the framework of the Constitution which constrains heirs from obtaining their rights, in dealing with extreme fragmentation ofproperty size and avoiding delay in managing of inheritance distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, the immovable inheritance assets which have not been claimed by Muslims have been increased yearly. The value of unclaimed inheritance assets was estimated worth RM60 billion in 2016 compared to RM40 billion in 2007. Late application to distribute the assets cause the process of distribution becomes complicated especially if it involves few generations of inheritors' death. This will also give impact on the management of inheritance asset distribution. Besides that, the existence of uneconomic idle lands and unpaid tax arrears also affects the country's economy. Thus, the objective of this article to observe the factors that cause the late application of immovable assets distribution and its solution. A qualitative study was used by analyzing the literature and partially structured interview. The result implicates two main problems in unclaimed Muslim immovable assets management which are the restriction of law and community social problems. Therefore, a practical solution is needed to overcome the matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contentious issues among the beneiciaries in resolving the division of inheritance is often made headlines. Obliged to accept the resolution of faraid without understanding and tolerance among heirs to cause the cases of inheritance being dificult to be resolved. No wonder more than RM42 billion of valuation of Malay propertyship not be claimed. All of these problems would not exist if the Muslim community in Malaysia especially heirs are aware of Islamic law of inheritance holistically encompasses the takharuj. Takharuj mean withdrawing from receiving the inheritance, whether in part or in total by giving its share to the other heirs either by consideration or without consideration. This concept is allowed in Islam, provided all beneiciaries involved agree and consent. Takharuj actually give space to the heirs divide the property in the best way. Takharuj is part of law of faraid itself because any rejection and withdrawal made by beneiciaries within the limits of right and rate prescribed by law. The objective of this study is to identify the views of Muslim scholars regarding the concept of takharuj. Next, to review the application of takharuj in the cases of small heirloom estate in Kuala Terengganu. And then, to identify methods of solution applied as to takharuj in Kuala Terengganu either in accordance with the concept of Islam or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the horoscope, which is one branch of beliefs involving prediction and fortune-looking based on star which became a phenomenon in the life of society nowadays. This belief that has existed since the time of Prophet Ibrahim AS continues to grow and remains to the day. The main objective of this study is to identify the factor or factors that leading the students to involve in the horoscope. In fact, the study is intended to provide awareness to the Muslim community to be more aware of and sensitive to this activity that seems normal but is able to undermine and demolish faith institutions. Result shows that the mass media is the main factor in students' involvement in their horoscope and it assumes the horoscope is for entertainment only, unaware of the consequences that would damage the faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of dakwah to the matured people deinitely is not similar to the youngster . Especially, if the man or woman coming from related or family ancestors. The article discusses the method used by the messenger of Ibrahim toward his father (Azar). The reason for the selection of this story because in the Quran, Allah has made commendation for Ibrahim as a messenger in moral aspects. One of these commendations is about his relationship with his father who was known in history as unbeliever until his last life. The purpose of this research is to investigate his method towards his father as mentioned in the Quran. In the interest of validity and reliability of data, the study therefore uses document analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religionswissenschaft or The Science of Comparative Religion is a field of knowledge and initiated by Islamic scholars and Muslims community. This fact is not strange because Qur'an and Sunnah promoting such idea. Tradition and legacy of the Qur'an and the Sunnah in exposing the incoherence of the other religions than Islam has been propagated by the Islamic scholars and Muslim intellectuals. Among the notable works and the most influential on Religionswissenschaft, especially in Muslim-Christian debate and dialogue is Izhar al-Haqq, authored by Sheikh Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308H). This article will focus on the following issues that is the critical approach of Syeikh Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi in Izhar al-Haqq; his criticisms on the Bible, and the discussion on the doctrine of Trinity. The methodology has been applied in this study is the content analysis and comparison of beliefs. Finally, this article concludes that Syeikh Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi's critical approach in exposing the contradictions and confusion existed in Christianity, particularly in the Bible, is unique in Religionswissenschaft's discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Andalus region was famous for its agriculture. Although the Andalus is widely known as an area that receives less rain, but its ability to develop irrigation system has triumphed to gambol the development and growth in this field. This paper discusses one of agriculture products, namely flora. Discussion concentrates on how the flora used and benefited by the community of Andalus. However, the scope of the debate confined to the flora found in the Kitab al-Nabat written by al-Dinawari. It aims to reveal the function of floral diversity that benefits the community in Andalus. This study uses content analysis method to examine the content of the book of al-Nabat in order to elucidate exactly how the flora had given the benefit to the lives of people all day in Andalus. The result of the study found that the flora which existed in Andalus can provide benefits in various aspects to the Muslim community in Andalus such as in the aspects of industrial food, grease oil, electrical power sources, clothing, perfume, timber industry and medicine. Nonetheless, this study focuses only on its utility in the food industry, clothing and perfume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Orthodox Syrian movement in Indonesia is a phenomenon of Christianization. The approach of this missionary is a challenge towards the Indonesian Muslim. This movement is initiated by the Institute for Syriac Christian Studies located at Surabaya, Indonesia. The Indonesian Muslims have responsed towards the Christian Orthodox movement via writings and discourses. This article will discuss the approaches, the main issues which are argued by Muslim intellectuals and the implication towards the relationship between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia. In analysing this phenomenon, the writer use the content analysis approach which is largely based on Indonesian Muslim intellectuals' writings in books, newspaper and magazines. This article has concluded that the Indonesian Muslim intellectuals must have a knowledge on Christian Orthodox Syrian and to face a Christianinization movement in Indonesia which is led by the Christian Orthodox Syrian Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]