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本研究の目的は，学生がもつ目標志向性の種類により，どのような学修意識を経由し，それが学修行動に関連するのかを明らかにすることである。また，文化の多様性を理解するために，日本人学生と留学生を比較することによって，変数間の関係を明らかにする。そのために環太平洋大学経営学部の「簿記演習［A］」の履修者を対象にし，アンケート調査を実施した。パス解析の結果，日本人学生・留学生の群別のパスをみると，留学生ではマスタリー目標志向性をもつ学生で構成されていると考えることができた。これに対し，日本人学生は，マスタリー目標志向性で科目自体に興味・関心のある学生と残念ながら学修性無力感に陥ってしまった学生に大別することができる。したがって，このことから科目の興味・関心を高めることと，自己効力感を高めるような教授法が必要であると考えられる。, This study aims to clarify the goal orientation process and, therefore, understand how learning consciousness is related to learning behavior. In addition, to understand cultural diversity, we will describe the relationships between variables by comparing Japanese students and international students. For this purpose, we conducted a questionnaire surveying students who took bookkeeping courses at International Pacific University. By comparison, International students can be considered to be composed of students with a mastery goal orientation. On the other hand, Japanese students are roughly divided into students interested in the subject due to mastery goal orientation and students who unfortunately have fallen into learned helplessness. Therefore, it is considered necessary to have a teaching method that raises the interest in the subject and enhances self-efficacy.

This study examined a model of the relationship between the academic monitoring of junior high students and their feeling of adaptation to their academic responsibilities and school life. A survey targeting 239 students attending public junior high schools was conducted and the model was examined using path analysis. The results differed from those for the model previously implemented for elementary schools. The impact on the sense of difficulties in academics was small and was eliminated from the model. The sense of adaptation to school life was divided into two factors, a feeling of enjoyment and an understanding of significance. Academic monitoring had a positive influence on the sense of academic satisfaction, which itself had a positive influence on the sense of adaptation to school life, as was the case in the elementary school model. Further, the existence of special educational needs exerted a negative influence on the sense of enjoyment of school life and sense of academic satisfaction and was believed to be a risk factor that would decrease the sense of adaptation.

The purpose of this study was to clarify what factors in students affect their understandings of curriculums in preschools. A stepwise multiple regression analysis and path analysis were performed with the exam score of curriculums in preschools as the dependent variable and students’ interest in preschool curriculums, number of absence day, study time for the final exam, hours of part-time job per week, types of entrance exam and jobs they’d like to take as independent variables. The result showed that the interest in this subject, absent days, study time, the types of entrance exam were relevant to the score of preschool curriculums. The interests in curriculums was the strongest factor, and this factor was also associated with the score through the absence days and the time for exam. This suggests that it is not effective that students are, although they are not interested, present at the class of the curriculums in preschools, and study the subject for the exam. The types of job that students want to start after their graduation did not affect the score but students’ interest in the curriculums. The kinds of entrance exam were slightly associated with the exam score in comparison with other significant variables. These findings indicate that proportional to students’ understandings of the curriculums in preschools is their interest in the subject.

We analyzed statistically the relationship with the Japanese version of Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (DN-CAS) and Wechsler Intelligence scale for Children Third Edition (WISC-III) of 57 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PASS Scores of DN-CAS (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous processes, and Successive processes)were related to the index scores of Processing Speed and Freedom from Distractibility of WISC-III. We discussed the interpretation of PASS score from the aspect of ASD cognitive trait. It is important to observe the behavior including adaptation of strategy from the viewpoint of ASD traits in order to apply DN-CAS to children with ASD., 日本版Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System（以下DN-CAS）は、プランニング、注意、同時処理、継次処理の４つのPASS尺度からなる認知検査である。本研究では、自閉症スペクトラム障害（ASD）の子どものPASS尺度の臨床解釈の手がかりを得ることを目的に、ASDのある57名の児童にDN-CASを実施し、Wechsler Intelligence scale for Children Third Edition（以下WISC-III）との関連の検討を行った。相関分析及びパス解析の結果、ASDの子どもにおいては「プランニング」「注意」がWISC-IIIの「処理速度」「注意記憶」と関連があることが示された。PASS尺度及び下位検査プロフィールの解釈の際には、ASD特性の観点を踏まえた下位検査中の課題解決方略の質的分析など、行動観察情報が重要な意味を持つことが示唆された。

本研究の目的は、認知症予防講座の参加者を対象に認知症の人との接触経験の状況と認知症の人に対する態度の関係について明らかにすることである。A 市およびB 市の地域住民112 名を対象に、無記名自記式で回答を求め、統計解析には欠損値のない92 名のデータを用いた。接触経験を独立変数、認知症の人に対する肯定的態度および否定的態度を従属変数とした因果関係モデルを構築し、パス解析を用いて検証を行った。その結果、接触経験は否定的態度と関連が確認されなかったが、認知症の人に対する肯定的態度との間には「現在、介護をしている」ことが有意に関連していた。今後は対象者を拡大し、再検証していくことが課題である。, The present study aims to understand the relationship between experience of contact with persons suffering from dementia and attitudes toward people with dementia. A Self-administered questionnaire was distributed among 112 participants in dementia prevention classes in “A” and “B” cities. The data obtained from 92 respondents were analyzed. The relationship between positive and negative attitudes toward dementia and the experience of contact with persons suffering from dementia were estimated. Subsequently, the causal sequence was modeled and analyzed using path analysis. Results did not indicate that negative attitudes significantly influenced the experience of contact with persons suffering from dementia. However, positive attitudes significantly influenced experience of contact with persons suffering from dementia, as these individuals had cared for a person suffering from this disorder. The present study indicated that participants who have cared for a person with dementia demonstrate positive attitudes toward people suffering from this disorder. Further research is necessary with a larger sample size and should be comprehensively reviewed.

Spurious correlations are often induced both in regression analyses using ratio data and in logarithms of these ratio data (Kusakabe 2002a, b, 2011). Path analysis in the present study proves the process for the induction of spurious correlations in regression analysis. Population size always affects social variables, and therefore a correlation in a regression always consists of both direct effects and indirect effects via the population size between the relevant variables. In this sense, neither a per capita value nor a logarithm of per capita can be used in OLS regressions. From these analyses, the following results were elucidated. ① In regression analyses using ratio data or logarithms of these, incorrect results came about in 20% of cases (Table 3). These results show that OLS regressions using ratio data artifi cially induce the incorrect spurious correlation due to indirect effects via the population size. ② Second-order partial correlation is equivalent to the direct effect of the 4-variable recursive model in the structural equation modeling and is highly useful for the test of causality of the variables in question. As an example, the current research critically analyzes the paper by Per Pettersson-Lidbom (2012 in Journal of Public Economics) and the negative correlation found in that paper is shown to be induced by the spurious negative effect due to population size. Finally, I present the Law of Power Function in a broad sence for preventing the fallacious causal relationships between the social variables in the cross-section analyses.

Two kinds of data analysis methods were applied to the retrospective survey data collected by Morita, Shimizu, and Funaba (2012) to determine which university education programs and activities influence the alumni’s job performance. The result by correspondence analysis among university programs and activities and the fundamental competencies for working persons defined by the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (2007) indicated the following four clusters: (1) seminar and one’s ability to deliver opinions clearly, to analyze the status quo, and to clarify issues; (2) curriculum and one’s foreign language ability; (3) extra-curricular activities and one’s ability to listen carefully to others’ opinions and to influence and involve others; and (4) one’s activities outside university and the ability to create new values. The causal relationships among the actual degrees of curricular and extra-curricular activities in university, the utility of such activities in university life, and the three factors extracted from the responses to the questions of the fundamental competencies were also analyzed by the path analysis method. Activities outside university affected most significantly the alumni’s ability to solve issues, while a few activities related to university life affected their ability to collaborate with various people and to manage stress. The methodological issues with the alumni survey were also discussed along with the implications of these findings.大学における教育プログラムと活動が，卒業生の仕事の遂行に与える影響について明らかにするために，森田・清水・船場（2011）によって収集された回想的調査データに2 種類の分析方法論を適用した。経済産業省（2007）によって定義された社会人基礎力と大学におけるプログラム，活動の関係についての対応分析による結果から，以下の4クラスタが得られた：⑴ゼミと自分の意見を分かりやすく伝える力，現状を分析し課題を明らかにする力，⑵講義と語学力，⑶正課外活動と相手の意見を丁寧に聴く力，他人に働きかけ巻き込む力，そして，⑷学外での活動と新しい価値を生み出す力，である。大学の正課・正課外活動，大学生活における幾つかの活動の有用性，そして基礎能力についての質問項目から抽出された3つの因子の因果関係について，パス解析による分析を行った。学外での活動は，課題解決力に対して最も有意に影響していた。大学生活における少数の活動が対人関係力，ストレス耐性力に影響していた。卒業生調査における方法論的問題とこれらの知見について考察を行った。

Levels of Social Capital in the Japanese prefectures were estimated on the basis of the Studentized regression residuals (R-score) of ten kinds of social statistics such as number of murders, suicides. The partial correlation between the R-scores was extremely high and was shown to reflect a direct effect of Social Capital in the latent factor analysis. Thus, the estimated Social Capital could be used as a control index to evaluate the strength of the social indicators ever reported. The six social indicators (the Terashima's Happiness Index, the Kobayashi 's Happiness Index for children, the Sakamoto's Happiness Index, the Wealth Index made by the Cabinet's Office, the Social Capital Index made by Cabinet's Office, and the Yamauchi's Civil Society Index) that were reported to represent wealth and/or happiness in community were rated in terms of how strong they reflected Social Capital by comparing with the average R-score.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the understanding of the natural selection theory in detail. A questionnaire was made based on the Mayr model. That model was composed of five facts and three reasonings, based on the natural selection theory of Darwin. When we showed a eight paragraphs composed of correct components based on the model, the average approval rating was 70-80%. But, for Fact 5 (individual variation), the approval rating was about 40%. The coefficients of correlation between each component wasn't strong. However, correlation was found between some components. Especially for the reasonings placed on the high rank (back side) in the model, the relations of the facts and reasonings were comparatively clear. But, the result of the path analysis showed that the model didn't strictly correspond to students' understanding. The Mayr model is useful for assessing student's understanding of the natural selection theory.

金沢大学人間社会研究域学校教育系

It has been noted that narcissists avoid the situations negatively evaluated. The present study aimed to examine the effect of Hypervigilant Narcissism (Gabbard, 1994) on avoidant behavior from perspectives of the relationship among personality traits, one's self-assessment, motivation, behavior strategies using the covariance structure analysis(path analysis). 293 Perticipants (Mean age=20.5; SD=2.05) completed questionnaires. Results suggest that Hypervigilant Narcissism had direct relations to personality traits, and strengthened the avoidant behavior indirectly (R2=.40). Fear of negative evaluation, self-handicapping tendency, dependence desire, and luck of self-efficacy strengthened avoidant behavior directly.

中国語を母語とする日本語学習者の日本語能力と敬語の知識の関係を検証するために， 119名の中国語を母語とする日本語学習者に対して， 日本語能力テストと敬語テストを行った。分析の結果，両者に非常に高い相闘が見られた。さらに，文法と敬語の因果関係を調べるために，パス解析を行ったところ，次の3つの因果関係が明らかになった。第1に，尊敬表現能力の習得には，助詞および非活用語の習得が直接影響しており，助詞のなかでは特に助詞と副助詞が影響していた。また，活用語の習得は助詞の習得を介して尊敬表現能力の習得に間接的な影響を示した。第2に，謙譲表現能力の習得には，助詞の習得が直接影響しており，特に接続助調と副助調の影響が強かった。非活用語および活用語は助詞の習得を介して間接的に影響していた。第3に，非活用語と活用語の習得には相互の因果関係は見られなかった。

This study attempts to establish a methodology for valuing of Quality of Life in Family Caregivers for Patients with Dementia, and analyzed QOL as an evaluated index for their daily living. Comparing the worst condition with supreme condition in temporal progress of family care the difference of QOL in family caregivers of both was examined by longitudinal method. A questionnaire of QOL was composed of factors of subjective caregiving burden, impact of Caregiving, Caregiving satisfaction, traditional caregiving ideology and objective index of health. The dependent variable was a sure means of their life in Family Caregivers for Patients with Dementia, the independent variables were subjective caregiving burden (subjective physically burden, subjective psychological burden, Subjective social burden, Subjective human relation burden), impact of caregiving, Caregiving satisfaction, traditional caregiving ideology and objective index of health. These variables were analyzed by multiple regression analysis and path analysis. The data for this study were obtained from 462 family caregivers for patients with dementia using questionnaire and interview survey in 1997-2000. The main findings of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) The condition in temporal progress of family care index was relative to subjective PsyChological burden, Subjective human relation burden and impact of caregiving (γ=0.345, γ=0.301, γ=0.289). 2) based on multiple regression analysis, the reliability of condition in temporal progress of family care index were these factors (contribution(β*γ) ; 18.9% , 15.9% , 10.3%). 3) based on path analysis, impact of caregiving was relative to objective index of health, traditional caregiving ideology was relative to subjective human relation burden and Subjective psychological burden, objective index of health was relative to subjective physically burden.

Students who indicate higher score for problem-centered coping behavior have lower chronic stress and lower daily hassles stress than students who indicate higher score for emotion-centered coping behavior. But most helpful coping behaviors indicate no significant relation to four types of stress (the above-mentioned two types, life event stress, trauma stress). The sophomore students indicate higher chronic stress and higher daily hassles stress than other students. Male students indicate higher trauma stress and higher total other stress than female students. Path analysis found intimate relations among chronic stress, daily hassles stress and life event stress. Daily hassles stress seem to have a considerable influence on other types of stress and to be under their influences.

This presents social surveys on community responses to road traffic noise that were carried out by telephone in Sapporo and Kumamoto, which have different climates. The dose-response relationships for general annoyance and interference with activities showed no systematic differences between the cities. Applying path analysis to the response and noise data revealed similar annoyance profiles. However, the effect of disturbed TV/radio listening on annoyance was stronger in Kumamoto, which is probably a result of the custom there of spending a great deal of time in well air-conditioned rooms in this hot area. A scheme for the abatement of noise annoyance is also discussed.

熊本とイェーテボリで同一の方法を用いて道路交通騒音に関する社会調査を実施した。道路交通騒音に対する一般的な不快感はイェーテボリの戸建て住宅で最も大きく、イェーテボリの集合住宅で最も小さかった。熊本での反応はその中間に位置し、住宅タイプ間に有意差はなかった。地域別・住宅タイプ別に道路交通騒音に対する不快感の構造を調べるために、パス解析を適用した。どの場合も共通して排気ガスの効果が最も大きかった。イェーテボリでは庭/バルコニーでの休息妨害の効果、熊本ではTV/ラジオ聴取妨害の効果が大きかった。このような要因の効果から、道路交通騒音に対する社会反応の地域間・住宅タイプ間の相違を解釈した。

九州で同一の方法を用いて、道路交通騒音と鉄道騒音に関する社会調査を行い、両騒音に対する不快感を直接比較した。聴取妨害は鉄道騒音の方が大きかったが、他の妨害感や一般的な不快感の反応では両騒音間に系統的な差は見られなかった。このことは、ヨーロッパにおいて道路交通騒音が鉄道騒音よりも一貫してうるさいという報告とは異なっており、この点を解明するために両騒音に関する調査データにパス解析を適用した。その結果、道路交通騒音には排気ガスの効果が大きく、鉄道騒音には聴取妨害の効果が大きかった。この反応構造の違いは九州とヨーロッパでの両騒音に対する反応の違いを説明し、両騒音に対する有効な対策の示唆を与えている。

A social survey on community response to road traffic noise was carried out at sites with and without noise barriers along Kyushu Highway. The reduction of general annoyance and activity interference by the noise barriers were found while the distributions ofresponses regarding the demographic parameters were almost the same at both sites. By applying path analysis to the social response and noise data, the effect of TV/radio disturbance on annoyance is found stronger at the sites with noise barriers, while the effects of LAeq and sensitivity to noise are larger the sites without noise barriers. This suggests that the listening effect is increased because of visually concealing the noise source at the site with barriers and that the attitude toward the source is emphasized as the respondents directly saw the source．

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the factors of subjective quality of life (QOL) for the patients with cerebrovascular diseases and to investigate the usefulness of path analysis as an analystic method for the subjective QOL. A separate factor analysis was carried out for the 67 patients using the questionnaire developed by a research team of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1992. As a result, three fectors could be confirmed. They were feeling of satisfaction, sense of psychological security, and volision and vitality. In addition, the internal consistency of scaling observed suggests the validity of the evaluation, using these three factors, of subjective QOL of those patients. As a result of effect of extended ADL on the feeling of satisfaction, the sense of psychological security and the volision and vitality, the degree of the direct effects and that of the indirect effects through depressive state could be clarified on these three factors. These results suggest the usefulness of path analysis as the analystic method for the subjectice QOL of patients with cerebrovascular diseases at home.

The purpose of this study was to investigate overhand throwing motions of adult women using path analysis. Throwing motions of 164 adult women were videotaped simultaniously from side and overhead views by two video cameras. Variables such as initial velocity of ball, velocity gained by body segments, body angle, angular velocity and evaluation of motions were obtained from video analysis. The path model indicating the cause and effect relations among these factors was investigated by path analysis. The main results were as follows: 1) Influences of velocities gained by body segments on initial velocity of ball were bigger in order of arm, trunk and legs. 2) Forward rotation of shoulder and raising of upper-body during main phase and whip-like action influenced on velocities gained by body segments directly and indirectly. 3) Style of motion of arm and legs during Postures at the starting of main phase.

Multivariate analysis such as Hayashi's quantification method and a path analysis was applied to the data of the social surveys on community response to road traffic noise carried out in Hokkaido and Kyushu. Discussion was focused on the degree of contribution of various factors to annoy-ance, the quantification of the effects of non−physical factors, the structure of annoyance and the cross−regional differences. It shows the importance of not only physical factors but also non-physical factors such as evaluation of natural environment and sensitivity to noise. TV/radio disturbance and awakening strongly affect annoyance directly, whereas Leq does so indirectly. The window type has little effect on the community response to road traffic noise.

This study assessed total and segmental distribution of fat mass (FM) in athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) and examined the relationships between segmental distribution of fat mass and age, injury level, athletic history, and training load in order to provide useful information for improvements in their physical strength and training. Twenty-five male athletes with SCI participated in the study. The whole bone composition was measured by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method for the calculation of bone minerals, FM, and fat-free mass. The percent fat of the trunk, arms, and legs was also calculated. The percent fat in the legs was highest in comparison with that in the trunk and arms (p < 0.001), and the percent fat in the trunk was higher than that in the arms (p < 0.001). The body fat (p < 0.01), waist circumference (p < 0.01), and waist-to-hip ratio (p < 0.0001) were higher in the group aged 40 or older in comparison with that aged 39 or younger. Path analysis revealed that training load was a factor decreasing the percent fat on the arms and trunk (p < 0.01), and athletic history was a factor reducing the percent fat on the arms (p < 0.05). Our study suggests that exercise is effective in reducing the waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and percent body fat of SCI individuals, and that such effects can help to enhance athletic performance and likely to protect against development of metabolic syndromes resulting from a sedentary lifestyle.

中国語を母語とする日本語学習者の日本語能力と敬語の知識の関係を検証するために,119名の中国語を母語とする日本語学習者に対して,日本語能力テストと敬語テストを行った.分析の結果,両者に非常に高い相関が見られた.さらに,文法と敬語の因果関係を調べるために,パス解析を行ったところ,次の3つの因果関係が明らかになった.第1に,尊敬表現能力の習得には,助詞および非活用語の習得が直接影響しており,助詞のなかでは特に助詞と副助詞が影響していた.また,活用語の習得は助詞の習得を介して尊敬表現能力の習得に間接的な影響を示した.第2に,謙譲表現能力の習得には,助詞の習得が直接影響しており,特に,接続助詞と副助詞の影響が強かった.非活用語および活用語は助詞の習得を介して間接的に影響していた.第3に,非活用語と活用語の習得には相互の因果関係は見られなかった., A Japanese grammar test and a honorific (exalted and humble) expression test were administered to 119 Chinese students learning the Japanese language. The correlation between the overall scores of these two tests was very high. Thus, causal relations between Japanese ability and honorific expression ability were examined by path analyses. We found the following four causal relations. First, knowledge of particles and words with no inflections directly influenced acquisition of exalted expressions. Second, only knowledge of particles affected acquisition of humble expressions. Words with and without inflections had indirect effects via particles to humble expressions. Third, there was no causal relation between words with or without inflections.

2012