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Résumé : La présente recherche a pour objectif d’analyser les erreurs orthographiques commises par des étudiants inscrits en première année sciences économiques. Notre but est de faire un relevé puis une catégorisation des différentes erreurs précisément orthographiques à partir des écrits produits par ces étudiants puis analyser les difficultés rencontrées par ces étudiants et émettre des hypothèses sur ce qui pourrait être la cause de ces difficultés. Dans cet article, nous aborderons en premier lieu l’analyse des erreurs phonogrammiques des écrits suivie par une analyse des erreurs morphogrammiques et en dernier lieu, nous analysons les erreurs logogrammiques en se basant sur les travaux de Nina Catach. Mots-clés : Erreur, Orthographe, Graphème, Phonème, catégorisation

Abstract: Integrating culture into language teaching has demonstrated numerous benefits over the years. In this context, this paper explores the representation of British culture and identity through the literary works of Felicia Dorothea Hemans, with a particular focus on her poem "The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers". The author presents a comprehensive two-lesson unit plan to impart British culture to EFL students practically and engagingly. The unit plan combines elements of both Literature and Civilization courses, catering to the needs of second-year tertiary-level students. Through collaborative group work, students are divided into small groups of four members each, making six groups. Central to the unit plan are the 'fact strips', tangible tools for introducing key aspects of British culture. These fact strips encapsulate essential cultural insights, ranging from historical milestones to contemporary societal norms. Working collaboratively, students delve into the aspects of British culture. The outcomes are highly encouraging, with students marking improvement in British culture. The positive results obtained underscore the efficacy of integrating practical, culturally relevant activities into the language teaching curriculum. Keywords: Culture, integration, fact strips, literature, EFL Students

Abstract: Algeria, like many other nations, faces substantial challenges in enhancing the efficiency and transparency of its public sector accounting system. Although global technological advancements and the adoption of accounting digitization are widespread, Algeria remains heavily reliant on traditional paper-based methods. This reliance impedes operational efficiency and diminishes the transparency of financial reporting. This study aims to assess the impact of accounting digitization on efficiency and transparency within the Algerian public sector, particularly in relation to the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). Using a quantitative research methodology, the study employed a descriptive-analytical approach to gather and analyze data through suitable statistical techniques. Findings reveal significant improvements in accounting process efficiency and a reduction in errors due to automation. Additionally, transparency and accountability have increased due to the availability of precise, real-time financial data. The study also highlights that adopting IPSAS enhances the quality of financial reports and boosts confidence in the provided financial information. Keywords: Accounting Digitization, Operational Efficiency, Transparency and Accountability, International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), Government Accounting.

Résumé: En Algérie, comme ailleurs, la maitrise de l’écrit constitue un enjeu majeur du système éducatif et/ou universitaire c’est pourquoi ceux-ci ont longtemps fonctionné dans une perspective scripturale en priorité. L’objectif étant, entre autres, se familiariser avec l’écrit dans toute situation de la vie scolaire ou extrascolaire. Concurremment, une notion s’avère si polémique fait son apparition au cœur des débats didactico-pédagogiques, qui n’est que la littératie qui tente, en fait, à promouvoir le continuum (Oralité/Scripturalité), en visant, à réduire le fossé existant entre l’école et la société. A cet égard, il est à rappeler que l’écrit ou l’écriture ainsi que la lecture sont régis par un ensemble de règles et lois, dénommées la grammaire. Notre tâche, de par la présente étude, est de cerner les défaillances des étudiants en ressources grammaticales et de révéler la contribution de l’apprentissage de la grammaire dans le développement de telles compétences dites littéraciques afin de mettre en lumière la fiabilité des pratiques didactico-pédagogiques, pour ce faire, nous avons administré une expérimentation auprès d’étudiants inscrits en deuxième année licence (désormais L2) du département des lettres et langue françaises, faculté des lettres et des langues de l’université de Tébessa. Par ailleurs, en s’interrogeant sur les pratiques mises en jeu pour l’enseignement/apprentissage de la grammaire, un entretien non-directif actif a été mené auprès de six (06) enseignants chargés de la matière. Mots-clés : contexte universitaire, enseignement/apprentissage, grammaire phrastique, repensée des pratiques

Résumé: Ce travail examine les pratiques langagières des jeunes sur les réseaux sociaux, en se concentrant particulièrement sur la créativité lexicale. Cette génération, à travers un langage novateur, suscite un vif intérêt tant parmi les chercheurs que le grand public. L'intérêt pour ces nouvelles formes de communication s'est accru avec l'essor des réseaux sociaux numériques, qui ont permis une large diffusion de ce langage tout en offrant de nouveaux moyens de communication, notamment visuels. En ce sens, les jeunes exploitent de manière intensive les éléments disponibles dans cet univers virtuel, en particulier les éléments visuels, rendant leur langage unique et fortement codé. Notre objectif est de mettre en lumière certaines utilisations des éléments iconiques dans les échanges virtuels des jeunes et d'étudier les répercussions de ces pratiques sur la communication intergénérationnelle. Nous visons à mesurer l'impact de l'utilisation des images et des émojis, entre autres, comme moyens de communication entre pairs, sur les interactions avec les générations plus âgées. Cette étude de terrain se base sur une enquête réalisée auprès d'un échantillon de jeunes de la ville de Fès. En analysant un corpus constitué de données collectées lors d'entretiens semi-directifs ainsi que de certaines occurrences recueillies sur les réseaux sociaux, nous tenterons de clarifier les enjeux de l'intégration des éléments visuels dans la communication humaine. Mots-clés : Langage des jeunes, Créativité lexicale, Éléments visuels, Communication intergénérationnelle.

Abstract: This study investigates the framing of Al Jazeera Arabic of the Israeli war on Gaza, after the October 7, 2023 attack on Israel led by Hamas, through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) based on Van Djik’s theoretical framework. The qualitative methodology of CDA is supported by a quantitative approach by integrating a computer-based corpus analysis to enhance objectivity and result validation. The aim of the study is to uncover the underlying ideological strategies used by Al Jazeera in its discourse during the coverage of the war. By examining the discursive strategies, the study reveals the ideological structures characterising the channel's discourse, specifically, the positive representation of Palestinians and the negative representation of Israelis. Furthermore, the findings shed light on how Al Jazeera supports the Palestinian cause, providing a mediatic voice, while positioning them on the moral high ground against Israel. The results reveal the channel’s narratives about the role of international actors, particularly USA and the West, highlighting their total alignment with Israel against the historical and legal rights of Palestinians. Keywords: Al Jazeera Arabic channel, computer-based corpus analysis, critical discourse analysis, media discourse, Van Djik's framework,

Abstract: This research paper tries to examine the implementation and impact of English Language Teaching (ELT) education through the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) at the Algerian school levels. Therefore, the study is a theoretical exploration the pedagogical strategies, teacher preparedness, and student outcomes associated with CBA in the context of ELT. The research identifies the benefits and challenges of integrating CBA into the Algerian educational system. The findings suggest that while CBA offers a more holistic and student-centred learning experience, it requires substantial support and training for teachers to be effectively implemented. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy-makers and educators to enhance ELT practices within the framework of CBA, aiming to improve language proficiency and educational outcomes in Algerian schools. Keywords: Algerian Education; ELT; CBA; Pedagogical Strategies; Teacher Training.

Résumé : L'enseignement/apprentissage d'une langue étrangère a toujours été la préoccupation majeure pour les responsables du secteur éducatif. Ce qui pose problème dans les programmes scolaires et les pratiques quotidiennes des enseignants qui doivent opérer des choix parmi les données qu'ils puisent de diverses méthodes d'enseignement et de les adapter pour répondre à leurs besoins immédiats. Dans cet article, nous présenterons tout d'abord un aperçu historique des méthodes pédagogiques qui ont influencé le secteur de l'éducation au cours des dernières décennies. Par la suite, nous évoquerons les travaux qui nous paraissent aujourd'hui les plus pertinents dans le domaine de l'enseignement, en particulier ceux qui traitent de l'approche communicative et des premières mises en œuvre de la « perspective actionnelle » élaborée par le Cadre européen commun de référence du Conseil de l'Europe (CECRL). Mots-clés : Enseignement/Apprentissage, langues étrangères, méthodologies, pratiques des enseignants, évaluation.

Résumé : Le présent article met en exergue l'apport de la démarche du Français sur Objectifs Spécifiques (FOS) au développement des compétences linguistiques des professionnels de la communication marketing. Dans un premier temps, il sera question de définir la notion du FOS et de présenter ses objectifs, ses avantages et les obstacles liés à sa mise en place. Dans un deuxième temps, nous aborderons l'enseignement de la compétence linguistique spécifique en FOS, en mettant l'accent sur la notion de besoin. En dernier lieu, nous nous focaliserons sur l'importance de la compétence linguistique dans la communication marketing et de la contribution du FOS à l'amélioration de cette compétence. Dans la partie pratique de cette étude, une enquête par questionnaire a été administrée auprès du personnel des agences commerciales d'Algérie Télécom à El Oued. L'analyse des résultats obtenus permet de préciser les besoins spécifiques de ces employés en français et de formuler des recommandations pour la mise en place de programmes de formation adaptés à leur niveau. Mots-clés : Didactique du FOS, compétence linguistique, besoins langagiers, communication marketing, entreprise de télécommunication

Résumé : Cet article s'inscrit dans le contexte du conflit Islamo-Chrétien, ou ce que l'on appelle la guerre de reconquête (Reconquista), au cours du Moyen Âge en Andalousie en général et aux Baléares en particulier. Depuis le début du XIIIe siècle, l'État almohade commence à s'affaiblir et les royaumes chrétiens du nord de la péninsule ibérique le convoitent, notamment le royaume de Catalogne et d'Aragon, qui est le premier à provoquer ce conflit. Après des années de conflits et de guerres à l'intérieur de l’Aragon, le roi Jaime réussit à triompher de ses rivaux et à s'emparer du trône en 1227c. Dès lors, le jeune roi aspire à conquérir les îles Baléares et à s'approprier la plus grande partie possible des terres islamiques de l'est de l'Andalousie. Deux ans après son avènement, il réussit à prendre le contrôle de Majorque, la plus grande des îles Baléares, tuant son gouverneur et un grand nombre de ses habitants, et éliminant la présence islamique dans cette île. Lorsque les habitants de l'île de Minorque virent ce qui était arrivé aux habitants de Majorque, ils se rendirent et se soumirent au roi Jaime, qui accepta leur requête et conclut un accord avec eux, leur permettant de gouverner leur île sous le nom de Royaume d'Aragon. Mais un demi-siècle plus tard, le même sort est réservé à Minorque. Avec la chute de cette île, tomba ainsi le dernier bastion musulman dans les îles baléares. Mots-clés : Almohades, Andalousie, Aragon, Baléares, Majorque, Minorque, Jaime.

Résumé : Cet article examine comment les œuvres littéraires intégrales, telles qu'Antigone de Jean Anouilh (1944), La Boîte à merveilles d'Ahmed Sefrioui (1954), et Le Dernier Jour d'un Condamné de Victor Hugo (1829), peuvent servir de supports didactiques pour enseigner les soft skills aux élèves de première année du baccalauréat au Maroc. En exploitant leur richesse thématique et leur profondeur narrative, ces textes favorisent le développement de compétences telles que la pensée critique, l'empathie, et la communication. L'étude confirme que l'utilisation de méthodologies pédagogiques actives, comme les débats, les jeux de rôle, et l'écriture réflexive, enrichit l'apprentissage et forme des élèves plus réfléchis et empathiques. Elle propose également d'approfondir la recherche par des études empiriques, le développement d'outils d'évaluation, et l'intégration des soft skills dans d'autres disciplines. Mots-clés : Soft skills ; didactique du français ; œuvres littéraires intégrales ; pensée critique ; méthodologies pédagogiques

Résumé : Cet article examine les perceptions des enseignants concernant l'utilisation de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) dans les écoles pionnières de la ville de Fès. En se basant sur un questionnaire administré à 1 908 enseignants répartis sur 53 établissements, l'étude explore divers aspects de l'intégration de l'IA, y compris ses avantages perçus, les défis rencontrés, et son impact sur les pratiques pédagogiques. Les résultats montrent comment l'IA améliore la précision des corrections d'évaluations, modifie le temps consacré à cette tâche, et les réactions des enseignants face aux outils technologiques. Les données recueillies permettent de fournir des recommandations pour optimiser l'utilisation de l'IA dans l'éducation. Mots-clés : Intelligence artificielle ; Éducation ; représentations ; Évaluations diagnostiques.

Introduction: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are on the frontline of infections. To safeguard HCWs from occupational exposure to infections and to curb nosocomial infection a set of vaccines has been recommended for them by the WHO. Hence, we aimed to assess the vaccination status, awareness, and its correlates amongst HCWs in the Delhi-NCR.Method: The study used a cross-sectional mixed-method approach from January to April 2023. For the quantitative arm, a structured questionnaire was circulated to the participants in conveniently-selected private and government tertiary care hospitals of the Delhi-NCR, both through e-survey using Google form, and in person, data were collected on socio-demographics, vaccination status, and awareness. SPSS version 25 was used for the analysis. For the qualitative arm, in-depth interviews were conducted and data were analyzed manually.Results: Out of 387 participants (62.8% males, 37.2% females), the awareness about the vaccines recommended for HCWs was 64.1%. However, only 15.3% of HCWs were completely aware of all the recommended vaccines. SARS CoV-2, Polio, Hepatitis B, and BCG had the highest vaccination coverage, 97.4%, 87.9%, 83.7%, and 50.9%, respectively. It was found that gender, education, type (private or governmental) of tertiary care hospital, and profession had a significance (p

Résumé: Associée à un cursus spécifique des langues étrangères, la traduction y figure sous forme de deux unités d’enseignement. Dans le cadre de cet article nous nous proposons de porter notre regard sur les pratiques qui prévalent actuellement dans le cadre du système universitaire algérien LMD en langues. Nous chercherons non seulement à rendre compte d’une situation concrète vécue et observée, mais aussi à contribuer à une réflexion générale sur la finalité de cet enseignement et éventuellement sur les ajustements à apporter pour plus de bénéfices pour les étudiants concernés. Mots clés : Traduction, unité d’enseignement, langue étrangère, théorie, pratique.

Résumé: Le Français sur Objectifs Spécifiques (FOS) est un domaine d'étude qui présente des particularités distinctes, nécessitant une définition précise. Au fil de son évolution, le FOS a connu des changements significatifs, incitant à repenser son modèle et à adopter une approche critique pour favoriser des avancées notables. Dans cette optique, l'intégration des compétences au cœur de la formation se révèle essentielle pour atteindre une synergie pédagogique et curriculaire optimale. La finalité de cette recherche est d’amener les technologues de la troisième année de l’institut supérieur des sciences de la santé à l’Université Hassan 1er de Settat à prendre conscience du référentiel susceptible de faire développer leurs compétences communicatives. Mots-clés : FOS, compétences, synergie pédagogique et curriculaire, référentiel.

Abstract: In higher education, fostering critical reading strategies across cultural literary contexts presents a formidable challenge. As educational paradigms shift towards interdisciplinary approaches, educators must grapple with the complex interplay of diverse cultural perspectives within the realm of literary analysis. This paper explores the significance of interdisciplinary perspectives in teaching critical reading skills, particularly in navigating the rich tapestry of cultural literary contexts. Drawing upon insights from various disciplines such as literature, cultural studies, and education, it examines strategies for effectively integrating diverse texts and methodologies into the curriculum. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges inherent in engaging students with interdisciplinary teaching strategies and offers recommendations for enhancing pedagogical practices. By embracing interdisciplinary approaches, educators can cultivate a more nuanced understanding of literature across cultural boundaries and empower students to critically engage with texts in an increasingly globalized world. Keywords: Fostering, literature, critical, reading, strategies

This paper aims to map the terrain of religion and politics in modern and contemporary Morocco. Seeing the chronological and intellectual diversity within Moroccan religious thought and politics, this paper proposes three major historical periods to facilitate approaching the topic: the pre-/ colonial, the colonial, and postcolonial times. The first pre/-colonial period is hybrid; it coincides with the rise of the first generation of the Moroccan Nahda renewal, before the colonial period, although it lived into the colonial period and played important roles in it for liberation. I mark this with the “Islamic” label, since Islam was the only common identity marker for any project of renewal in an intellectually “homogeneous” society. As to the colonial period, this Islamic identity became stronger since the colonial administration tried to weaken this identity and the social fabric and its related institutions, be they religious brotherhoods, religious endowments, or Sufi orders; at a certain moment in 1930, the colonial administration played on linguistic differences to divide and rule, and in another occasion, in 1953-1955, it tried to dethrone the nationalist Sultan and replace him with a docile one. Here, again, the “Islamic” identity marker of society and politics was further emphasized as a force of unity, thus the label of Nationalist Islam in this stage, despite the variety of currents within the nationalist movement. As to the postcolonial period, it is a phase in which the modern debates over the format of the nation state, the place of religion in politics, democracy, liberalism, socialism, and secularization become part of Moroccan thought and politics. Thus, three major labels are used to describe the variety of political Islams in society: the Ultra-Orthodox Islam, the Orthodox Islam, and Critical Islam. And since they all share Islam as an identity but interpret it differently, I borrow the term from Asef Bayat to call this period the “post-Islamist” period, since the actors with the Islamic label are multiple, and no one single trend or project manages to win to enforce its Islamist interpretation on society and political stakeholders. More importantly, this diversity of interpretations is what saves the “Islamic” from rigidity and turns it into its fluidity of pre-modern times, i.e. to the “Islamic” as a lived spirituality and moral compass, as a theocentric way of life, in a forthcoming post- Islamist society, a secular world and neoliberal economies.

The metaphor is one of the important traditional rhetorical figures that is used both in colloquial language and in cultured language as an ornament of the text and performs semantic, persuasive, emotional functions, etc. The translation of this figure has three principal opinions: it is impossible translate it; there is no problem to translate it; it is possible translate it, but it has to be processed carefully. In this article we will briefly address the metaphor and its translation, and after that we will analyze la translation of some verses which have metaphors in the last part of the Noble Quran in the version of Abdel Ghani Melara Navío, the version of Julio Cortes, the version of Juan Vernet and the version of Muhammad Asad. Among the conclusions, it stands out: the use of semantic or literal translation to transmit the metaphor from Arabic to Spanish by the translators, and the difficulty of reflecting the metaphors to the Spanish target text, especially, if they are particular metaphors, while the universal metaphors which exist in many cultures can be transmitted through semantic or literal translation.

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the pragmatic input presented in Secondary Education Year Two textbook (SE2) “Getting Through”. The study sheds light on how suggestions are presented in course book lessons and tasks, and which strategies are employed to perform this speech act. A content analysis is conducted for the purpose of exploring the types of suggestions taught to students. Results from this study show that the speech act of suggesting has received less attention in the textbook; it is present in 2.07 % of the pages of the student course book. The textbook does not include explicit information about appropriateness as well as the variables of status, power and social distance between interlocutors. The findings of this study have important implications for EFL textbook-designers and teachers alike. Keywords: Textbook input; Suggestions; Pragmatic competence

Résumé : Le présent article porte sur la compréhension et la traduction des expressions idiomatiques dans le cadre d’élaboration d’un dictionnaire bilingue, il met en exergue l’équivalence comme technique traductionnel et son utilisation en lexicographie. A travers une analyse traductionnelle basée sur la notion d’équivalence notamment ses différents types et de définitions, nous avons analysé la réalisation des équivalences en se basant sur la lexicographie et en montrant la spécificité sémantique et culturelle des expressions idiomatiques. Il en résulte que l’équivalence demeure une meilleure technique utilisée pour rendre la signification réelle des expressions idiomatiques. Mots-clés : Lexicographie, traduction, expression idiomatique, équivalence, types.

Résumé : Le présent article constitue un compte-rendu d’une recherche-action s’appuyant sur la grammaire phrastique et tentant de vérifier de tout près l’effet de cette dernière sur le comportement grammatical mais aussi réflexif des futurs enseignants de langue. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes appuyés sur un exercice relevant des ateliers de négociation graphique appelé « Phrase donnée du jour ». Cet exercice, à travers les interactions et verbalisations qu’il provoque, permet aux apprenants de prendre consciences des procédures cognitives à mobiliser convenablement face à une situation-problème donnée. Ainsi, le retour à la grammaire phrastique demeure possible voire souhaitable dans ce contexte universitaire de formation des formateurs. Mots-clés : Grammaire de phrase ; Atelier de Négociation Graphique ; formation des enseignants ; FLE

Abstract: This study delves into one of the most intriguing themes in the sociology of heritage: the role of social new media as a supportive instrument in reproducing intangible cultural heritage, as well as its role in conserving folk poetry as an important Algerian cultural. The empirical study was conducted on a sample of influencers in the Bir Later district of Tebessa, Algeria, who are interested in such cultural patterns as those available on social media (Facebook). The study sought to answer the following questions: What function does current digital media have in protecting folk poetry in the Bir Later region? Does digital media help to present folk poetry to new generation? Can folk poetry spread globally through new media? The study's findings underlined the efficiency of new social media and its contribution to the reproduction of popular culture in general, as well as the preservation of folk poetry in particular. Keywords: social media; cultural heritage ; intangible heritage ; Folk Poetry.

This study was conducted to assess the employability skills acquisition need for self-reliance in business studies among government junior secondary schools students in Niger State. The researchers raised two research questions for the study. In line with the research question, two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level if significant. A survey research design was used for the study. The area of this study consists of one government junior secondary schools from each local government in the state which comprise of twenty-five local government. A random sampling technique was used and the sample size for the study was two hundred and ten (210). A 4-point Likert scale used for the and the questionnaire was tagged as “Business Studies Skill Acquisition Questionnaire (BSSAQ)” containing twenty (20) statement items were used to collect data. To obtain the reliability coefficient of the measuring instrument, the instrument was pilot tested using some fifteen (15) selected junior secondary schools in Ilorin. The result obtained from the pilot study were then analyzed using Cranach alpha reliability coefficient statistical and the reliability index obtained was 0.88. The data collected on the twenty (20) statement items of the questionnaire were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions and t-test was used to test the null hypotheses formulated for the study. The study revealed among others, that a significant difference existed in the employability skills acquisition need for self-reliance in government junior secondary schools in Niger State. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that at junior secondary schools business studies contents should be well taught in other to encourage the acquisition of employability skills among the students of junior secondary schools in Niger state. Also, Business studies at the government junior secondary level should be encouraged through proper funding, and the provision of equipment for better acquisition of computer skills.

Purpose: Strategic Management accounting includes activity-based costing, target costing, the balanced scorecard, Kaizen costing, throughput costing, and other new management accounting approaches. Management accounting reviews changes in performance measurement of information requirements and the use of novel communication, including management information system reports, forms, channels, and the implications of varying organizational structures to aid the management accounting professionals in a new environment. Hence this paper aims to know Students’ perceptions of management accounting (course and field) and the accounting profession. Design/Methodology/Approach: The data for this study were collected using a quantitative approach. The researchers created a questionnaire with questions delivered over Google form to the students who study management accounting from various universities in Oman. Then the researchers analyzed the data using Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) software. Findings: The result revealed that students’ perceptions of management accounting courses have a significant influence on the accounting profession where it was p

Die Erforschung elektronischer Wörterbücher (besonders der Online-Wörterbücher) und der damit verbundenen Entwicklungsaspekten sind im Rahmen der lexikographischen Forschungen im Vergleich zu den gedruckten Wörterbüchern immer noch ein junges Forschungsfeld, obwohl es etwa 300 bis 350 Studien bisher gibt, durch die der aktuelle Kenntnisstand noch verbessert werden muss (Loucky 2005, Engelberg/Lemnitzer 2008). Im Fokus bzw. Im Rahmen dieses neu etabilierten Forschungsfelds der Lexikographie stehen überwiegend die aussichtsreichen Möglichkeiten der Informationsdarstellung, der Datenvisualisierung wie auch die Einbettung ausgewählter Medien wie Ausspracheangaben als Tondateien oder die Integrationsmöglichkeiten von Bildern bzw. grafischen Darstellungen und unterschiedliche Visualisierungsmöglichkeiten – und mittel wie Schemata, Matrix Abbildungen, Graphiken u.a., die ich in der vorliegenden Arbeit anhand ausgesuchter Beispiele zeigen werde. Research into electronic dictionaries (especially online dictionaries) and the associated development aspects are still a young field of research in the context of lexicographical research compared to printed dictionaries, although there have been around 300 to 350 studies to date, through which the current state of knowledge is still needs to be improved (Loucky 2005, Engelberg / Lemnitzer 2008).The focus or within the scope of this newly established research field of lexicography are predominantly the promising possibilities of information presentation, data visualization as well as the embedding of selected media such as pronunciation information as sound files or the integration possibilities of images or graphic representations and different visualization options - and means such as schemes, Matrix illustrations, graphics, etc., which I will show in the present work using selected examples.

Dictionary apps and their use in foreign language learningAn interdisciplinary studyAbstractIn conventional linguistic research, the topic of "media and technology in foreign language learning" as well as so-called "e-learning and m-learning" currently occupy a prominent position, which is currently very clearly evident from the corona Pandemic shows. Because in almost all areas of life, thanks to current technical developments, there are a wide range of different media, technologies and learning opportunities. These constantly increasing developments mean that people can communicate and obtain information much faster than before.used to show which dictionary apps are used and what positive and negative effects they have on foreign language learners and their learning behavior. Furthermore, various well-known language learning apps are critically analyzed by means of critical self-testing and their influence on the learning process is explained. 8 apps have been selected: three language learning apps: Duolingo, Tandem, City of Words and 5 dictionary apps: dictionary apps from Duden, Google Translate, Dict.cc, LEO dictionary and iTranslate. The choice is due to the fact that these apps are widely used by foreign language learners.

Abstract: The "yue X, yue Y" construction is a construction with a relatively high usage rate of spoken Chinese. It means that there is a certain relationship between two different elements. This article analyzes this structure from the perspective of cognitive linguistics construction grammar Analyze to prove that it represents a relationship of "quantity" change, not just the "dependency relationship" that scholars previously said. The two elements in this structure have either a positive or a reverse relationship between "X" and "Y", and this increase or decrease involves the quantity of the two elements, regardless of whether the quantity is measurable The material quality is still the mental energy that can be felt. From the perspective of syntax, this construction can reflect the compactness of Chinese, and from the perspective of pragmatics, it can reflect the economic principles of Chinese. Finally, the thesis also involves the extended usage of the construction "yue lai yue"

The current study examines the discourse implied in Trump’s political speech in 2017, in accordance with Halliday’s (2014) Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Furthermore, it discovers how Trump constructs discourse according to the Textual Patterns proposed by Hoey (1983). The study follows a qualitative -descriptive approach. Data is collected from Trump’s inaugural speech. The study concludes that the existence of these implicit patterns helps to understand the underlying ideology of Trump’s messages in the interpretation of the discourse which he uses to frame it.The current study examines the discourse implied in Trump’s political speech in 2017, in accordance with Halliday’s (2014) Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Furthermore, it discovers how Trump constructs discourse according to the Textual Patterns proposed by Hoey (1983). The study follows a qualitative -descriptive approach. Data is collected from Trump’s inaugural speech. The study concludes that the existence of these implicit patterns helps to understand the underlying ideology of Trump’s messages in the interpretation of the discourse which he uses to frame it.

Abstract: During the latest decades, schools have witnessed many phenomena, some of which are regarded as intruders to the field of education. One of these strange behaviours is that of school violence, which should be, by principle, distanced and abstracted from the educational environment. This contradictious fact is the subject of this investigation as it has unfolded very quickly and then, leading to the creation of a taxonomy. This research is deep-rooted to the behaviourist theory. It rather deals with the inside and outside school variables that govern the occurrence of this unusual comportment. This attempt investigates “the context” of violent actions in the Algerian secondary schools. The aim of the study is to examine the issue of school violence among students. A mixed method is used to gather data. As a sample of this research, we opted for 24 teachers (13males and 11females) and 20 pupils (7males and 13 females) from three secondary schools within the district of Ain Merane in chlef. The results showed that the issue of school violence affects negatively the learning atmosphere, and it has several causes and consequences. This exploratory analysis concerns providing recommendation at least to reduce the occurrence of school violence that is causing the education process to be a truncated perspective. Keywords: Attitudes; Context; Educational environment; Impact; School violence.

This study aims to present a scientometric analysis of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in NonDestructive Testing and Evaluation (NDT&E) and Structural Integrity Monitoring. The data is collected from the research papers contained in the Web of Science Core Collection, covering studies on AI applications in various NDT methods employed across different industry sectors. The collected 654 research articles-dataset published between April 1989 and January 2023 was processed using CiteSpace software, which classified the dataset into twelve clusters. Moreover, a subset of the data pertaining to the relevant research in the nuclear industry was considered for analysis. Various metrics were used to analyse the consistency of the clusters and publications' influence and quality. The results, which quantify the dynamics and quality of research in AI for NDT&E, are given in visualised mappings, and tabulated data and the content of the major clusters was discussed to reveal the used AI and NDT&E methods and the sectors or industries where they have been used.

Résumé : Les écrivains femmes se basent principalement sur la production des textes qui mettent en évidence les rapports entre l’individu et la société. Notre recherche va se baser sur la littérature féminine d’expression française qui a pu trouver la lumière dans une obscurité masculine. Cette étude explore et émerge ce jeu du « je » individuel et représentatif d’un « je » collectif qui est relatif à un vécu social conflictuel. Ce dernier va être le facteur d’une création littéraire avec un nouveau genre, une nouvelle esthétique et poétique. Des pierres dans ma poche de Kaouther Adimi est notre corpus de recherche qui va répondre à notre problématique. Nous supposons donc que le choix du « moi » dans ce genre d’écriture marque la transition de la voix collective à la voix individuelle et que l’écrivaine avec son « je » cherche à présenter le dilemme et le déchirement vécu par la femme algérienne qui exhorte de sortir de son espace clôturé par les traditions et les coutumes. L’errance spatiale traduit d’une manière intentionnelle le parcours de l’écrivaine elle-même, ce qui fait inscrire son roman dans une perspective autobiographique ou autofictionnelle. Mots-clés : Littérature féminine, je, le moi, Autofiction, Autobiographie.

ABSTRACT: In this study, in perfect harmony with the thematic issue we have overseen, we aim to undertake a thorough analysis concerning the evolution of Francophone literature within diverse geographical and cultural contexts. We rigorously examine how these parameters have exerted their influence on the aforementioned literature. This investigation is based on the contributions and selected articles for this publication, which meticulously delve into the multiple Francophone spaces worldwide, including sub-Saharan Africa, the Maghreb, the Caribbean, Europe, among others. The goal is to analyze attentively the conducive conditions for the emergence of Francophone literature within these specific contexts. RÉSUMÉ : Dans cette étude, en concordance avec le numéro thématique que nous avons dirigé, nous nous proposons d'engager une analyse approfondie concernant l'évolution de la littérature francophone au sein de contextes géographiques et culturels diversifiés de sorte à examiner les paramètres qui ont exercé leurs influences sur ladite littérature. Cette investigation s'appuie sur les contributions et articles sélectionnés pour cette publication, lesquels se penchent de manière variée sur les multiples espaces francophones à travers le monde, incluant l'Afrique subsaharienne, le Maghreb, les Caraïbes, l'Europe, entre autres, dans le but d'analyser précisément les conditions favorables à l'émergence et évolution de la littérature francophone au sein de ces contextes spécifiques.

Considering the conflicting interests of states over their shared basin-wide transboundary water resources, various basin states follow different international legal theories of transboundary watercourses. This paper focuses on the aforenamed watercourse theories in light of the practices of the Nile River Basin.In an attempt to correlate the theories of International Transboundary Watercourse vis-à-vis the case of the Nile River basin, this paper addresses whether the Nile riparian countries follow a particular transboundary watercourse theory or not? Whether the upstream and/or downstream countries follow the same or different doctrinal theory or not? Whether the theories they follow have practical significance in showing the origin of where the Nile controversy lies or not?In addressing the aforementioned issues, this paper finally shows the origin of where the Nile River Basin controversies emanated from — as their conflicting and uncompromising attitudes over their international theoretical standing point, lead their practical basin-wide negotiations to a never-ending Nile controversy.

The concentration of the wave energy around certain features such as bends, stiffeners, and welds in plate-like structures has been identified as feature-guided waves (FGW). In practice, these features can be useful for assessing defects in or near them. The propagation characteristics of FGW propagating along a feature such as a welded joint have been extensively studied. However, most of them are based on the linear acoustic response of materials that generally results in the amplitude and phase variations of the input signal. Compared to linear methods, nonlinear ultrasonic techniques have shown to be effective in characterizing the microstructural changes in engineering materials. In this paper, a wave mixing method is employed to investigate the nonlinear acoustic response of FGWs propagating in a welded joint. The dispersion characteristics of weldguided modes are first revealed via the eigenfrequency analysis of an unbounded welded plate by using the finite element method. The nonlinear response of FWGs is studied through 3D finite element (FE) simulations. A pair of a weld-guided modes of different frequencies are identified and allowed to mix within the welded joint to generate second-order harmonic waves. The current study reveals that the mixing of FGWs could be effectively used for the evaluation of material nonlinearity in welded joints.

Proverbs are terse but ‘condensed’ expressions which contain moral lessons. In every culture, proverbs form part of the nuggets of popular wisdom, expressed in the form of wise sayings (Maledo 2015). Among the Nzema of Ghana, proverbs permeate almost all communicative encounters. They are ‘injected’ into discourses to motivate people to behave well, and to repudiate vices in the society. This paper discusses the didactics and communicative values of Nzema proverbs related to health conditions (and impairments) such as blindness, deafness, leprosy, hunchback, goitre, hernia, rickets and migraine. Using primary data recorded during arbitration proceedings among the Nzema, the paper examines the advisory role of the proverbs. The findings demonstrate that many virtues are concealed in Nzema proverbs that incorporate certain medical conditions, which paradoxically are not about the mere experiences of such conditions; rather, the deeper meanings highlight the essence of hospitality, contentment, patience, hard-work, and genuine love among others. The paper has also shown that the Nzema employ such proverbs in appropriate discourse contexts to rebuke deviants, and to redirect the paths of members of the society. It is argued that the advisory messages entrenched in this category of proverbs largely promote ethical standards and help maintain social equilibrium and solidarity. The paper engages Hymes’ Ethnography of Communication model in the data analysis.

Abstract: It remains, today, to augment the effectiveness of our system of higher education and research and to attain productive critical mass, in the shortest possible time, in all disciplines the big construction site, for tangible qualitative improvements, is certainly the strengthening of the system LMD, nowadays in stage of general implementation … » Such was the purposes of the ancient Minister of Advanced Education and scientific research named in the preface of the work accomplished on the occasion of the fifty-year-old of Algerian independence. In effect, the increase of the effectiveness of higher education requires the extension of university network as well as development of its element and its organizational structure; this could therefore be attained only if they adopt reforms and measurements allowing to put right dysfunctions existing in this area. Keywords: Reform LMD, higher education

This work investigates an approach for evaluating the uncertainty associated with flaw sizing in Ultrasonic Testing in nuclear inspections using Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN). BBN graphically represents the probabilistic relationship between the sizing accuracy and some of the variables that cause its deviation. The data for BBN training was collected from sizing information of Round-Robin trials reported in the literature and supplemented with sizing results obtained using the Ultrasonic Testing module of CIVA Non-Destructive Evaluation software. The test specimen used in the Round-Robin exercise and simulations was a dissimilar metal welded pipe. Given the available data, the variables considered causing sizing inaccuracy are the flaw’s actual depth, tilt angle, and position in relation to inner and outer surfaces. The proposed approach quantified the probabilities of flaw depth measurement variations. It gives the results in interactive Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs), which enables a user-friendly interface for examining various scenarios of sizing uncertainty.

This study reports on the use of online assessments in English for an Educational Development module for law students at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa. It highlights the benefits of using the method of an online test to manage and enable learning by reflection in a large class setting. The design and development of online materials and assessment activities is based on a theoretical and conceptual framework that stems from the main schools of learning, namely behaviourism, cognitivism, and constructivism, and alternative assessment. Upon the completion of the course, a survey of 12 questions was given to 530 students to determine the benefits and challenges they experienced while completing their online test within a formative and reflective context. The adoption of e-Learning practices to enhance teaching and learning was explored and has shown its advantages. Results revealed that this method enables students to engage with learning materials, stay motivated, and test their own understanding of meaningful knowledge in the English language especially in the Law context. It is evident that the use of online methods for testing are beneficial for a large class context as in this case. It makes the learning and management thereof easier for both the learner and educator and accommodates different learning styles. Apart from the advantages, the findings of this study included some ethical and technical challenges and disadvantages of online assessments.

Résumé : Cet article aborde l'évolution des logiciels de traduction automatique et leur impact sur l'apprentissage des langues. Au fil des années, les logiciels de traduction automatique ont connu une amélioration significative en termes de précision et de sophistication. Cependant, leur utilisation doit être envisagée avec prudence pour ne pas compromettre l'apprentissage des langues. Les avantages de l'utilisation des logiciels de traduction automatique pour l'apprentissage des langues sont multiples. Ils peuvent aider les apprenants à comprendre le sens général d'un texte dans une langue étrangère et à clarifier des points de grammaire ou de vocabulaire spécifiques. Ils peuvent également être utilisés comme une aide supplémentaire pour les enseignants de langues. Cependant, une utilisation excessive des logiciels de traduction automatique peut également avoir des effets négatifs sur l'apprentissage des langues. Les apprenants peuvent devenir dépendants de ces outils et ne pas développer leurs compétences linguistiques telles que la compréhension orale et écrite, l'expression orale et écrite, et l'interaction avec des locuteurs natifs. Par conséquent, il est important de considérer les logiciels de traduction automatique comme un outil supplémentaire pour l'apprentissage des langues plutôt que de les utiliser comme une solution de substitution. Les apprenants doivent les utiliser de manière judicieuse et en complément à une formation linguistique plus complète. Les enseignants doivent également être conscients de l'utilisation de ces outils et encourager les apprenants à développer leurs compétences linguistiques de manière indépendante. Mots-clés : Traduction automatique, logiciels de traduction, langues étrangères, Apprentissage des langues, Technologie

This essay aims to prove that the Moroccan immigration in a regular situation in Spain provide a concrete and positive content to the cooperation between the two States. The research has taken into consideration the Spanish-Moroccan cooperation in the last four decades in the matter of migration, showing the main bilateral agreements, conventions, and memoranda. It was essential in this process to explore different legal texts, official statistics, and academic research results. All these sources are conveniently cited as bibliographic references. The regulation of the entry, residence, and work conditions of the Moroccan workforce is the result of those outcomes achieved in this field. The promotion of circular immigration between Morocco and Spain is currently considered a migratory cooperation model in the Mediterranean. Este ensayo tiene como objetivo demostrar que la inmigración marroquí en situación regular en España atribuye un contenido concreto y positivo a la cooperación entre los dos Estados. En la elaboración de nuestro trabajo, realizamos un balance de la cooperación hispano marroquí en las cuatro últimas décadas en materia de migración presentando los principales acuerdos, convenios y memorandos bilaterales. Era imprescindible en este proceso explorar distintos textos legales, estadísticas oficiales y resultados de investigación académica. Todas estas fuentes son convenientemente citadas como referencias bibliográficas. La regulación de las condiciones de entrada, residencia y trabajo de la mano de obra marroquí es fruto de los resultados logrados en este campo. El fomento de una inmigración circular entre Marruecos y España se considera actualmente como un modelo de cooperación migratoria en el Mediterráneo.

Mansour Fahmy (1886-1959), one of the dramatic figures in modern Arab philosophical and social thought. He was the reformist and enlightenment figure in modern Arab history. He is also the owner of a notable current that was subjected to a violent attack that silenced him for a long time and forced him to "hide" physically. However, this did not eliminate the new opinions and positions that came at the beginning of the twentieth century towards the issue of women. He is the first to write with a scientific methodology - from the point of view of sociology - on Islamic discourse and its dealings with women. he sought to differentiate between religion and the religious establishment, between the personality of the Prophet Muhammad and what later prevailed in the books of jurisprudence and others. When he discussed the headscarf issue, he concluded that it was the product of traditions and customs that the Hijab is not from the Islamic religion. Islamic law has nothing to do with the Hijab. Mansour Fahmy's creativity was at one of the sensitive stages in Egypt's modern history in which the political, social, national, cultural, and revolution clashed in each one. All this, in turn, identified the problem of Mansour Fahmy's intellectual personality in the battles of thought and politics. This research's main task is to redraw the features of his actual personality and the reality of his intellectual, social, and political positions. Besides, this study seeks to uncover the effect of philosophy on crystallizing Mansour Fahmy's critical personality and its role in laying the foundations of the critical vision with its practical, reformist, and enlightening dimensions.

Muhammad Abed Al-Jabri (1935-2010) is a famous philosophical and scientific figure in contemporary Arab thought. He is the author of the philosophy of "the Arab mind" and "the criticism of the Arab mind." He tried to establish his theory of looking at the ancient Arab heritage and modern Arab thought. He also tried to view them according to the critical vision criteria, which he laid the methodological foundations for in his essential philosophical writings, especially in the critique of the Arab mind trilogy. In this study, I seek to analyze and study various aspects of his analytical and critical approach towards Al-Ghazali and his theoretical creativity. As well as revealing the specificity of his position on the intellectual path of Al-Ghazali himself, based on the sequence of his books, Al-Jabri considered Al-Ghazali's personality as a large and complex problem, so that It is challenging to define entirely and accurately. However, this does not exclude him from the possibility of defining the criteria of science in general and philosophy in particular. In this research, I tried to reveal that the position of Al-Jabri himself represents in some sense the continuation of the problematic and complexity of Al-Ghazali himself. Al-Jabri raised more problems than the answer to them. And the controversy remains and is getting stronger. The research into the personality and works of Al-Ghazali seems to have been and will remain for a long time due to the problematic character of Al-Ghazali himself, the diversity and differences of his intellectual, creative writing, and his tortuous nature. Hence, this study constitutes a contribution in this field.

Museums are increasingly embracing information and communication technology (ICT) to promote cultural tourism and to keep pace with changes in society. Cultural values, legacies, and customs are transmitted through museums, connecting current generations with their past. ICTs are used in almost all museum operations, both within and outside their walls, and especially for exhibitions and preservation. Prior research indicates that museums utilize a variety of ICTs to further modernize displays and artifacts and improve the visitor experience. Museums also use various digital communication tools to enrich the visitor experience. Many of the functions performed by ICTs used to create interactive processes in museum displays are the subject of ongoing research among museum scholars. This study investigates how experts and museum scholars view the effectiveness of using ICTs in creating a trend in the development of museum exhibitions in the Emirate of Sharjah. It will also discuss which available ICT applications museums can apply to improve technology services for their visitors. The study was conducted at the Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization, one of the largest museums in the Emirate of Sharjah. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected, with questionnaires being the main method of data collection. A questionnaire was distributed to learn the views of experts about the application of ICTs in museum exhibitions. The results of the study indicate that ICTs should be designed with physical surroundings in mind. Physical distance can be bridged using “mixed interfaces” or mobile devices.