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This article relates the experience of a doctoral thesis in economics conducted with three cooperatives using an original approach: a full participatory action research supported by reasoning inspired by pragmatist philosophy. Associating researchers and actors, action research (AR) proves to be relevant to respond to contemporary issues of social innovation and ecological transition, through the coproduction of dual knowledge (scientific and practical). In the present case, its implementation by a researcher-employee-member of a cooperative invites us to study its epistemological and methodological dimensions. Which research approach should be developed to produce new scientifi- cally proven knowledge while supporting cooperative actions? This article is a reflective account of experimentations, and aims to provide tools for the implementation of participatory AR in the social and solidarity economy by actor researchers and researcher practitioners, by analyzing its contributions and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article first analyses the reasons for the absence of clear consensus among scholars and includes a summary of the main trends and methods in specialised literature, as well as a “scale of consensus” for definition criteria. The second part focuses on methodology and describes common pitfalls in traditional definition approaches. A series of principles is then devised in order to increase the efficiency of proverb definition. Such principles tackle issues such as the contents and form of a definition, the choice in the corpus or approach to define proverbs, or the redundancy of some definition criteria. They ultimately stress the necessity of a transdisciplinary, analytical approach that incorporates class hybridity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The teaching-learning of the rhythm of the language that is being taught and studied, the French language in this case, now does not have a dominant place in the didactics and methodology of the French language, in spite of the impossibility of dissociating it from the intonation, sounds and communication system. By personally questioning French students in Spain on their perception of rhythm as an object of study and by consulting globally part of the current editorial methodological offer for adult learners (general French methods and complementary works specialized in phonetics), we found gaps and imbalances in the teaching-learning of rhythm, despite the essential nature of this to achieve mastery of communication and quality of production, in the same way as any element language. The new features introduced in 2018 in the complementary volume of the European Framework do not allow the prosodic elements to be considered a priority. Hence the importance of recalling and highlighting not only the definitions of the term "rhythm" as they have developed in language teaching since 1976, but also the effectiveness of the verbo-tonal system for the teaching-learning of languages over the last years 50. The inventory obtained as part of this study tends to show, on the one hand, a decline in the teaching-learning of the rhythm of French, whether consciously or unconsciously, in relation to the training and international dissemination of French methods by the CREDIF (Center for Research and Studies for the Dissemination of French, which was abruptly abolished in 1996) and on the other hand the high real and potential interest of learners in the rhythm of the French language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article author talks about return to the interpretation of the division of labor as it is problematized in the Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith. Topics include considered that it is not only a question of proposing another reading which has precedents but, also, of asserting some methodological biases to approach works of this nature.

While according to their political name so-called quality of working life (QWL) approaches are described as seeking an alliance between economic performance and social performance, they still give rise to a number of reservations. Indeed, if QWL is not to be just another "lexical shift" in the field of mental health at work (Clot, 2019), it is necessary to seriously consider the question of the methodologies to be developed in order for it to respond "to the socio-organisational problems that arise in the life of the company [...] and not to be an overhang constituting yet another project to be added [...]" (our translation, Levet, 2013, p. 104). In this perspective, the objective of this article is to present a methodology based on organisational innovations generated from transitional activities that are sources of creativity and health (West & Far, 1990; Winnicott, 1999/1948; Lhuilier & Roche, 2009). This approach, known as transitional innovation, specifically aims at overcoming the difficulty of moving from diagnosis to sustainable transformation and at accompanying the actors through the trials and tribulations of the process. It was tested for the first time in an occupational health department that was to intervene in a higher education institute that was experiencing major psychosocial problems. The analysis of its results made it possible to observe transformations in the organisation and work situations and their sustainability one year after the end of the scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the third part of a reflective work on building a socio-hydrological approach. It focuses on the interdisciplinary dialogue between members of a research team associating the social and biophysical sciences. The key point is the construction of the interdisciplinary dialogue when it is not anchored in the previous experience of shared fieldwork. The creation of a framework to structure the dialogue is based on the premise that sharing experiences is crucial for negotiating a convergence between social and biophysical perspectives on reality. The first stage is to select an object on which to focus a collective analysis, in the present case the small-scale irrigation canals. The second stage consists in testing the framework during a three-day workshop. Third comes the collective negotiation of the analysis presented in the paper. Analysis of the construction, experimentation and evaluation process of the framework is considered an integral part of the interdisciplinary process. The dual approach of this contribution, i.e., experimentation and reflexivity, allows the analysis of the modalities of the interdisciplinary dialogue and questions the importance of frustrations in the progress of the interdisciplinary negotiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both France and abroad, musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) remain the most widespread occupational diseases. The scientific literature has established that links exist between the occurrence of MSD and the professional gesture. The aim of this paper is to show how biomechanical analysis helps to create intervention tools implemented in a methodological framework in clinical activity with a view to preventing MSD through analysis of the gesture. The aim of this paper is to analyse how an intervention was conducted within the general methodological framework of occupational psychology using activity-clinic research based on professional gesture analysis and it also benefited from interdisciplinary co-operation with biomechanics. The interdisciplinary methodology employed in relation to eight gravediggers consisted of different steps that included a detailed analysis of the muscular activity of the shoulder and back muscles. The results show that the interdisciplinary methodology makes it possible to widen the potential development zone of the gesture in the gravediggers' activity by stimulating their professional discussions. The creation of visibility and discussion in the profession of inter- and intra-individual variability has opened up the professional world to new forms of action to prevent MSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les règles de la « bonne pratique clinique », qui organisent la méthodologie de la recherche médicale, ne datent que d'une quarantaine d'années. On leur doit l'efficacité de la « médecine fondée sur la preuve » (EBM). Il est frappant de se rendre compte que celles qui permettent d'en assurer l'éthique, et qui nous semblent aujourd'hui bien évidentes, ne sont pas bien plus anciennes ! Nous proposons ici, dans une première partie, de donner quelques exemples des programmes de recherche tels qu'ils existaient auparavant, avant de décrire rapidement l'organisation du contrôle éthique de la recherche d'aujourd'hui. The rules of "good clinical practice", which organize the methodology of medical research, are only around 40 years old. They are responsible for the effectiveness of "evidence-based medicine" (EBM). It is striking to realize that those which make it possible to ensure their ethics, and which today seem very obvious to us, are not much older! We propose here, in the first part, to give some examples of research programs as they existed before, before briefly describing the organization of ethical control of research today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution presents the fundamentals of an amazement laboratory as a methodological means of transforming an object of disappointment into an object of desire for the researcher. First, the authors report on a Spinozist reading of their affects caused by their confrontation with a foreign material to the field of psychology, a docu-soap opera about school dropout entitled «Les persévérants» (Ferron & Baer, 2014). They consider astonishment as an affect to renew the interest of the researcher for his research subject. Then they examine its conditions of emergence. Finally, the conditions for setting up an amazement laboratory are illustrated by examples drawn from the literature and the authors practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents factors and criteria of interview in auto-confrontation with an objective of professional didactic, which we frequently conduct in our collaborative researches, when we analyze the activity. Our aim is to initiate reflections and debates about the status conferred to auto-confrontation in a process of research and about the issue answers by such method in professional training. Observing that auto-confrontation is discussing in human and social sciences as a tool of investigation, as a method or as scientific object, we try to identify dimensions that make it to be both a method of investigation and a tool of professional training. Since we explain why auto-confrontation considering in theoretical context of professional didactic constitutes a tool for professional involvement, and that, in such case, it integration in vocational training engineering is relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video technology has undergone rapid high-tech advances over the last ten years, and it now offers a rich potential for researchers in education sciences. The aim of this article is to study the links between innovations in the use of video corpora in education sciences research that have emerged at a given moment in the French scientific landscape, and the changes in researchers' practices that these innovations have (or have not) induced, provoked, or favored. Working from a synthetic report, first of all, three innovations deemed particularly significant for research have been selected. The most pertinent documentary and experiential resources regarding these innovations have then been researched and grouped together. Finally, they have been restituted in their specific scientific, historic, social, and technological contexts and then analyzed in order to understand the changes with which they have (or have not) gone hand-in-hand, taking into consideration questions of temporality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies reveal a diversification of methods in contemporaneous Public Administration. This study takes systematic stock of and compares the research methods used over one decade of published research in two national journals in Public Administration. Research papers published in Canada, as well as in Australia, have apparently not followed methodological developments in the wider Public Administration community. Our systematic review revealed minor differences between these two communities : interviews and qualitative content analysis are popular in both samples, whereas quantitative methods remain basic. This particularity is not shared by Canadian political science research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published research into prison conditions has served as a prism for examining judicial procedures and denouncing miscarriages of justice. This present study will shine new light on the phase leading up to the judicial process, namely the creation and application of criminal policy by the courts. The French context appears particularly relevant for gauging how just the justice system is Though equity has been established by the French Republic as a principle and tenet of its Constitution and thus as a norm of universal justice, in practice, it falls short from being a maxim that prevails over penal repression. Dysfunction in judicial institutions is found to vary according to area, with French courts condemning the same offense more heavily in the most disadvantaged regions. Conciliating critical and quantitative approaches in the vein of Critical Quantitative Geographies, this article provides substantiated evidence of the failure of French institutions revealed in short, to be authors of geographical injustice. The inadequacy of the distribution of means to contend with the constant flow of crime, drives the system to surreptitiously break with the proclaimed standard of distributive justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the generalization of the technical possibilities of image capture, conducting filmed interviews during social science surveys has become easier. Collecting speech, sound and image at the same time can therefore seem to be the most obvious choice. This choice, however, does not dispense with thinking about what video recording may imply, both from the point of view of the investigative situation itself and from the nature and use of the material collected and its constitution as sources for research. Based on a concrete case of investigation by filmed interviews, this article aims to contribute to the debates and reflections that may have aroused by the use of this tool. The particular nature of "camera time", the interference effects on the investigative situation, the possibilities of returning the images to the witnesses interviewed and the use of "off-text" will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on twelve Biodiversity Promotion Surfaces (BPS) of extensive grasslands in the canton of Geneva has enabled to characterize these surfaces from their vegetation point of view. The selection was based on two criteria having a potential influence on their biodiversity: (1) their size (<3'000m2 vs > 9'000m2) and (2) their level of botanical quality as defined by official criteria (Q1 vs Q2). The standardized methodology developed in this study proved to be optimal for the exhaustive characterization of vegetation in these surfaces, and is partly based on the method established by the Canton for granting the higher quality level. This methodology consisted in the creation of vegetation inventories within four quadrats of 1m2 each per vegetation formation. This sampling was complemented by a more comprehensive inventory covering the entire meadow by listing non-inventoried taxa in the quadrats. These botanical inventories allowed to verify that quality 2 BPSs are botanically richer than quality 1 BPSs (3 more species in median value). The size of BPSs was not linked to this richness and only had a small influence on specific composition. These inventories also enabled to identify indicator species based on size and BPS quality, allowing to detect changes in somewhat long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le lifting cervicofacial sous anesthésie locale : l’auteur expose son expérience et sa méthodologie développée pour opérer les liftings cervicofaciaux sous anesthésie locale afin de diminuer la morbidité opératoire et pouvoir opérer des personnes ne désirant pas d’anesthésie générale. La technique repose sur la connaissance de l’anatomie sensitive de la face ainsi que la pratique de blocs de conduction sensitive au niveau de la face, permettant de diminuer les doses d’anesthésiques locaux. Summary Facelift under local anesthesia: the author recounts his experience and methodology developed to operate facelift under local anesthesia in order to reduce operative morbidity and be able to operate persons who do not desire general anesthesia. The technique is based on the knowledge of the sensitive anatomy of the face as well as the practice of sensitive conduction blocks at the level of the face allowing to decrease the doses of local anesthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Francophone international network Recherche avec supports the development of research that involves participation of subjects touched by the research. Besides international and interdisciplinary meetings, the network develops via a website, information and educational tools for the dissemination of its work and questionings. Its reflections are about ethical, epistemological and methodological issues in the research process. The article shows how the network is a device whose primary quality is to engage its members through a continuous reflexivity process about how they develop and conduct their research with the people concerned by it. It also shows what types of results it produces. The goal is not to produce recommendations for a better way to do research but an analytical framework applicable to the action research, intervention research, collaborative research, participatory research, socioclinical research and other approaches that involve the subjects concerned by the research object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé La recherche en psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent est soumise à de nombreuses contraintes qui freinent sa créativité et son développement. Elles sont de nature politique, idéologique, administrative mais aussi intrinsèquement éthique et morale. C’est le sujet même de la recherche : l’enfant en situation de vulnérabilité et de handicap qui est possiblement à l’origine de ces contraintes. Il existe de plus une opposition entre chercheurs, services universitaires et praticiens de secteurs. Pour faire avancer la recherche, il faut penser des protocoles qui respectent l’éthique des praticiens et répondent à des manques dans la pratique de terrain. Dans cet article, nous présentons deux exemples d’études cliniques multicentriques conçues dans cette perspective et qui ont permis de répondre à des questions dans des manques autour des pratiques. Le résultat de l’étude de leur impact en termes d’évolution des représentations de la recherche clinique chez le praticien de terrain montre que penser des recherches cliniques qui s’adaptent aux besoins de la pratique de terrain peut être une chance pour notre discipline. Research in child and adolescent psychiatry is subject to many constraints that inhibit its creativity and development. They are political, ideological, administrative but also intrinsically ethical and moral. It is the topic of the research itself that is possibly at the origin of these constraints: the child in a situation of vulnerability and handicap. There is also opposition between researchers, academic services and sector practitioners. To promote research, protocols respecting the ethics of practitioners and responding to gaps into the field must be considered. In this paper, we present two examples of multi-centric clinical studies designed from this perspective and which allowed answering questions in shortcomings around the practices. The result of the study of their impact in terms of the evolution of representations of clinical research in the field shows that thinking hypothesis; design and methods of clinical research that adapts to the needs in the field practice can be an opportunity for child and adolescent psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking as its basis the results of studies on the processes of reflexivity among (future) managers undergoing training in reflection-oriented engineering programs, the author proposes three major issues that demand elaboration for those aiming to form managers based on principles derived from transdisciplinary epistemology and the problematization of methodology. The question of the multireferentiality of the theoretical tools used to non-reductively understand a situation; the question of whether the person takes into account their implication within a problematic situation, and the question of whether the constructive logic of the problems aims towards comprehension or rather explanation and resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supportive care (pharmacological or non-pharmacological) has a key role in promoting holistic care of cancer patients. As such, the evaluation of the effectiveness of pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions should be based on clinical trials designed with optimal methodology like it was developed for the curative treatment. One of the binding limitations to the development of non-pharmacological supportive care is the assessment of their efficacy. It should be done in steps similar to the pharmacological development process: From Phase I to Phase III. The question of joint assessment of supportive care and potentially curative treatment is also a key methodological challenge needing to be investigated to study the interactions. Based on such a study, we will be able to offer personalized care to optimize treatment efficacy. Actually, there is no specific cancer guideline for the evaluation of supportive care. The complexity of the methodology required to carry out process to investigate the development of a dedicated structured framework as it was done with CONSORT and a multi-disciplinary partnership also involving patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methodology of supportive care trials is specific and more complex than that of pharmacological trials. Specific guidelines for non-pharmacological clinical trials have been established and should be rigorously applied. To illustrate the specificity of non-pharmacological clinical trials in oncology, we conducted a critical analysis of two articles recently published in The Journal of Clinical Oncology. According to the CONSORT statement, we concluded that the methodology concerning randomization, sample size calculation, the blind or the type of analysis lacked precision in these articles. The pauci- and mono-centric characters highly limit the extrapolation of results of these studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé En recherche clinique, la mise en place d’une méthodologie adaptée permettra l’analyse rigoureuse des données collectées et doit intervenir dès la conception de l’essai pour définir la démarche expérimentale appropriée. Ainsi, si le but principal d’une phase I est de déterminer la dose à utiliser en phase II, la méthodologie doit être adaptée finement au(x) traitement(s) testée(s). La méthodologie des essais en chimiothérapie et thérapie ciblée est relativement bien décrite. Les essais de phase I de radiothérapie et chimioradiothérapie sont atypiques et ne peuvent suivre les schémas d’administration d’une molécule pharmacologique. La phase I de ces essais doit refléter à la fois l’efficacité et l’ensemble de la toxicité potentielle liée au traitement. La méthodologie qui en découle doit sans doute être complexe afin de limiter les échecs en phase ultérieure. Cependant, il existe très peu de données méthodologies dans les publications de ces essais. Cet article s’attarde sur ces essais particuliers, aux caractéristiques propres. Il permet ainsi de soulever les lacunes des schémas actuels afin d’inventer de nouveaux schémas méthodologiques plus adaptés. In clinical research, biostatistical methods allow the rigorous analysis of data collection and should be defined from the trial design to obtain the appropriate experimental approach. Thus, if the main purpose of phase I is to determine the dose to use during phase II, methodology should be finely adjusted to experimental treatment(s). Today, the methodology for chemotherapy and targeted therapy is well known. For radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy phase I trials, the primary endpoint must reflect both effectiveness and potential treatment toxicities. Methodology should probably be complex to limit failures in the following phases. However, there are very few data about methodology design in the literature. The present study focuses on these particular trials and their characteristics. It should help to raise existing methodological patterns shortcomings in order to propose new and better-suited designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les professionnels de santé mentale déclarent être exposés à de plus en plus d’événements indésirables violents dans les institutions psychiatriques. Or, la baisse ressentie du niveau de formation augmente le risque d’incident, et le sentiment d’insécurité qui en découle alimente un cercle vicieux de violence. Partant de ce constat, l’Observatoire local de la violence du centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne a élaboré un guide pratique destiné aux professionnels. Il s’agit d’un outil facile à manier par tous les intervenants d’une prise en charge, ne nécessitant pas de prérequis particulier et adapté de façon très concrète aux situations de soins. Il comprend une première partie rappelant les distinctions entre agressivité, violence et passage à l’acte, une partie consacrée aux facteurs de risques de violence dans les services psychiatriques ; enfin, la dernière partie rappelle les attitudes à adopter par les professionnels dans les situations de violence, l’ensemble étant illustré par un cas clinique issu de la pratique. Mental health professionals often report being exposed to increasing violence in psychiatric facilities. The decline in training level increases the risk of events of violence and creates a feeling of insecurity, both leading to a vicious circle of violence. Based on this statement, the Local Observatory of Violence of the Sainte Anne Hospital has developed a Practical Guide for professionals. This tool is easy to handle by any mental health professional, it requires no specific training and it is well suited for daily mental care. First the guide states the distinction between aggressiveness, violence and acting out, then it lists risks factors of violence in psychiatric institutions and the last part reminds attitudes which must be adopted by professionals in situations of violence. These advices (identify clinical situations and risky configurations, adopt with the patient a calm but firm attitude, organize coordinate actions, manage people around as family or other patients…) are precisely described and shown in a clinical case. We aim to widely distribute this tool, especially to our less experienced colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe encounters between humans and wild animals and interactions between them, a series of obstacles - ontological, methodological and ethical - needs to be overcome. Out of the questions posed, field observations, and understanding of behaviours, between rationality and subjectivity, opportunities for research may emerge at the crossroads of the social sciences and natural sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Guidelines are developed to improve the quality and security of healthcare. Since 2011 several scientific and professional organizations (HAS, CNQSP, AFPBN) have developed and released guidelines in psychiatry in France. They are based on the best available scientific evidence and expert consensus, taking into account patients' views. Their development process uses explicit methods. They are then used to develop standards for assessing and improving clinical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé La traduction française du DSM-5 sera publiée (Elsevier) en juin 2015. Cette communication résume l’historique des traductions françaises des DSM depuis le DSM-III en 1980. Nous sommes restés fidèles aux principes antérieurement retenus, à savoir traduire plutôt qu’adapter et respecter – sauf exceptions – le style de la version originale, avec ses répétitions systématiques. De nombreux exemples sont donnés des choix que nous avons effectués. La seconde partie concerne l’utilisation des quelque 65 outils psychométriques recommandés par les auteurs, en libre accès gratuit sur Internet, pour la plupart non traduits et non validés, pour lesquels les règles méthodologiques d’adaptation et de validation ne pourront pas être respectées. The French translation of DSM-5 will be published by Elsevier Masson in June 2015. This paper summarizes the historical background of the French translations of DSM since 1980 (DSM-III). The translation team has remained true to the principles of previous translations, namely choosing scientific accuracy rather than literary adaptation, and respecting the unique style of the Handbook, with its systematic repetition of phrases and expressions referring to diagnoses. There were very few real problems of translation. Some terms, however, have been the subject of various translation proposals. Other terms have been translated differently depending on context, reflecting the fact that most English and French words are polysemic rather than univocal. Many examples are given of the choices we have made. The second part of the paper is about the emerging measures recommended in DSM-5 section III. These tools (more than 65 questionnaires, inventories or rating scales) can be accessed freely online. Their use is recommended to “enhance the clinical decision-making process, with level 1 cross-cutting self/informant related measures that serves as a review of systems across mental disorders, and level two disorder-specific severity measures”. Most of these assessment measures are not validated in French. The methodology for validating translated inventories or rating scales has been well known since the early sixties. And International guidelines have been recently published in this field. These validation studies are long, difficult and costly. They implicate a tremendous amount of work that will not be achieved for the tools recommended in the DSM-5. The Manual makes no reference to these problems. The validity in uncontrolled conditions of psychometric tools posted on the Internet has to be studied. The equivalence of administering an online version of rating scales or personality tests was assessed in several papers with contradictory results. These results need to be confirmed in the general population and in representative clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching a foreign language and learning a foreign language establish a dialogue between the source culture and the target culture or cultures. The concept of interculturalism is part of a broader field; culture is naturally embedded in it, as it derives from our civilization. Languages differ from other academic subjects in that they are both the object of and the medium for learning. This distinctive status can have certain consequences on language lessons. Interactions with others are grounded in a complex intercultural framework. In the context of language teaching and learning, culturally rich teaching tools are language textbooks that go beyond their pedagogical purpose and reflect the culture associated with the language in question. The choice of materials is not neutral; it comes from a particular ideology and axiological position intentionally chosen by the authors and developers. Through the use of certain textbooks, we will study the representations of France with which a non-native learner might be confronted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le thème de la santé mentale a considérablement élargi le champ d’intervention de la psychiatrie et de la psychologie, en invitant ces disciplines à considérer non seulement la maladie mais, dans l’accomplissement personnel, l’accès au bien-être. Cette vision de la santé a fortement essaimé au cours des années 1960, notamment dans l’antipsychiatrie. Il n’y est donc pas seulement question d’une perspective thérapeutique mais bien d’une véritable philosophie politique et morale dont on peut tenter de retracer les origines et les fondements. À ce titre, l’article, revenant sur les écrits fondateurs de William James, cherche d’abord à montrer combien la notion de santé mentale est indubitablement liée aux principes d’une psychologie du soi. Partant de ce premier éclairage, il entend ensuite indiquer de quelle manière cette pensée a cherché à mêler un parti épistémologique et méthodologique au projet d’une clinique susceptible d’aiguiller le changement social. Psychology and psychiatry have significantly extended their scope of action by addressing the topic of mental health and by focusing, beyond the study of disabilities, on well-being through personal development. This approach was already widely popular in the 1960's, especially in the field of anti-psychiatry. As a result, mental health, as a therapeutic perspective, went on to become a major concern for moral and political philosophy. This paper aims to trace back the origins of this shift and delineate its foundations. To this end, the pioneering work of William James serves as a basis for showing how the notion of mental health relates to the tenets of the psychology of the self. Then, this paper uses this analysis to demonstrate how this approach combined epistemological and methodological principles to support a new clinical project that was supposed to contribute to social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’étude des écrits médicaux anciens offre, au même titre que les études transculturelles, la possibilité aux psychiatres de reconnaître aux troubles mentaux des expressions constantes ou au contraire variables qui orientent vers une pathogenèse de nature plutôt biologique ou plutôt socio-culturelle. Cet article examine la question délicate du diagnostic rétrospectif et de la catégorisation pathologique des troubles mentaux dans les écrits médicaux anciens, et tente d’y répondre d’une manière pragmatique et opérationnelle. Une méthodologie spécifique, psychiatrique et historique, a été mise au point et appliquée à un corpus de plus de 2000 consultations écrites françaises des xvi e siècle et xviii e siècle. Les résultats de cette application sont illustrés par l’analyse détaillée d’une dizaine de cas et discutés dans leurs implications pour la recherche psychiatrique historique. Objectives Like cross-cultural studies, research on ancient medical writings allows psychiatrists to identify constant and variable expressions of mental disorders; this may in turn allow discrimination between pathogenesis mainly of a biological nature and that mainly of a socio-cultural nature. However, the study of these writings presents many problems which require the development of specific and rigorous research methodologies. In particular, close attention is needed for the identification and characterization of mental disorders, a process which is usually referred to as “retrospective diagnosis”. This paper tackles the difficult problem of retrospective diagnosis and pathological categorization of mental disorders described in historical medical writings and proposes a pragmatic and operational approach to these issues. Patients and methods We propose going beyond the simplistic contraposition of essentialist and constructivist approaches to mental disorders. First, history research questions involving individual diagnosis, either to ascertain whether a given disease or nosological entity is present in a given historical population (situations A1) or to understand a behavior of an individual or group in a given historical context (situations A2), should be distinguished from questions in which the health of a population or a subgroup is of interest (situations B). Situations of type (A1) require the use of all medical knowledge to make a tentative retrospective diagnosis; situations of type (A2) require considering retrolective diagnoses which could have been made at the time the disorder was managed/reported; and situations of type (B) require using robust pathological categorizations and classifications like those used in contemporary epidemiology to allow comparisons between populations. This conceptual and methodological framework was applied to the study a corpus of more than 2000 reports of consultations of French physicians, written during 16th–18th centuries. Retrospective diagnosis was attempted by a group of psychiatrists and historians on the basis of DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for common mental disorders. Results Mental disorders accounted for nearly 4% of the medical conditions dealt with in the consultations; there was no trend for change during the study period. Minor mental disorders, such as depressive, anxiety and somatoform disorders were the most frequent. Serious conditions, characterized by symptoms corresponding to the contemporary categories of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia, were also suggested. Conclusions This study evidences the presence, in the early modern French population, of many mental disorders fitting into the categories of contemporary psychiatric nosology. It also demonstrates the feasibility of pathological categorization, and in some cases retrospective diagnosis, of mental disorders described in historical medical writings. These findings have implications for historical research in psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Objectifs: Mener une revue systématique de la littérature portant sur l’incidence et la prévalence de l’arthrite juvénile idiopathique en Europe en 2010. Méthodes: Les articles sur la prévalence de l’arthrite juvénile idiopathique ont été recherchés sur Medline. L’incidence poolée et la prévalence ont été calculées de façon brute, ensuite selon l’âge, le sexe, la classification et les catégories d’arthrite. Nous avons utilisé les pourcentages disponibles par sexe et âge pour estimer l’incidence et la prévalence standardisée sur la population européenne en 2010 et avons estimé le nombre de cas en Europe en 2010. Résultats: Quarante-trois articles (33 sur l’incidence, 29 sur la prévalence) ont été inclus. L’incidence variait entre 1,6 et 23 et la prévalence entre 3,8 et 400/100 000. L’incidence et la prévalence poolées étaient plus élevées chez les filles (10,0 [9,4–10,7] et 19,4 [18,3–20,6]/100 000) que chez les garçons (5,7 [5,3–6,2] et 11,0 [10,2–11,9]/100 000). L’oligoarthrite était la forme clinique la plus fréquente (incidence poolée à 3,7 [3,5–3,9] et prévalence à 16,8 [15,9–17,7]/100 000). L’incidence directe standardisée était de 8,2 [7,5–9,0] et la prévalence de 70,2 [62,9–78,1]/100 000. En Europe en 2010, le nombre de cas incidents était estimé à 6896 [5481–8578] et le nombre de cas prévalents à 59 175 [44 256–76 983]. Conclusions: L’incidence et la prévalence varient grandement selon les publications sur les arthrites juvéniles idiopathiques, ce qui pourrait être expliqué par des différences de méthodologie, par des classifications différentes et par une variabilité dans la chronologie de réalisation des études. L’estimation du nombre des enfants atteints pourrait être utile, particulièrement depuis l’avènement de nouveaux traitements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a research project conducted in a psychiatric day centre for patients with psychotic disorders, where the team provides a "three-dimensional" care - institutional, group and individual. The research relied on a methodology focused on documenting care in writing by the care-givers. It has uncovered the ties on which caregiving relationships are built in the various spaces put at the patient's disposal and how these spaces interlock. The figure of the double, with its various forms expressed through individual and group cathexes (in patient/caregiver, caregiver/caregiver and caregiver/researcher relationships), provides a junction to understand these ties. Identifying the `«double play» involved in the "threedimensional" care system helps apprehending the therapeutic challenges associated with psychotic psychological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses literary critic Jean Starobinski and his approach to criticism. According to the article, his methodology draws its inspiration from the works of 18th century French philosopher and author Jean-Jacques Rousseau and 18th century French encyclopedist and philosopher Denis Diderot. His critical ability to hone in on a topic, his musical abilities, his interest in discursive strategies, and his last book entitled "Les Enchanteresses" (2005) are discussed.

Jiří MaIenovský presents the perspective of the European Union (EU) and of the Court ofJustice of the European Union (CJEU) with regard to the issue of the judge and international custom. His presentation focuses notably on (I) the EU's contribution to the formation of customary rules and on (11) the various approaches taken by the CJEU overtime as to the binding force of international custom in the EU's legal order. Furthermore, Jiří MaIenovský illustrates (Ill) the various degrees of openness towards international custom in the case-law of the CJEU. He also presents (W) the criteria used by the CJEU in its cautious attempts to identify both the existence and the content of the rules of international customary law. Finally, he provides information with regard to (V) the CJEU's evaluation of the direct effect/applicability and enforceability of customary interna- tional rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of French language teaching, more precisely aimed at oral production through project work methodology, with fourth semester students of the Foreign Languages program at Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at studying the connections between the discipline of Literary History and a field of enquiry whose epistemological, ideological and methodological frameworks were being reconfigured throughout the 1980s, namely Francophone Studies. The establishment of this branch of studies has aroused a series of fruitful, important debates regarding the future of literary French studies, whose issues have clearly crossed French borders - and way beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although communication has long been considered as an important organizational element, it only recently became a scientific object. This article aims to compare the ways (epistemology, methodology, process, object, etc.) in which organizational communication is understood by researchers in management science and communication science. By performing a contents analysis of thirty scientific papers, we discovered three relatively homogeneous groups of items. The disciplinary diversity of one group provides a starting point to discuss certain research practices [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While focused on biographical writing, this article does not recount the life of Frenchwoman Marguerite Thibert (1886–1982)—intellectual, international official at the International Labour Office and a woman engaged in feminism, socialism and pacifism. It outlines instead a research itinerary, setting out a problematic and an approach. After establishing the place of biographical practice in history writing, it explains what makes Marguerite Thibert interesting, before discussing the available source material and writing choices, and inscribing this figure in the general history of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the psychodynamic approach in the context of psychoanalytical psychotherapy in clinical interviews conducted by the clinical psychologist. Methodology: It involves analyzing the narrative productions of the interaction patient–psychologist to determine mental processes in a single-case design protocol. This approach integrates the three dimensions qualitative, quantitative and statistical of research. We will test the clinical study with a intensive case or a deeply analyzed single case. Ethics: Our approach answers to the inquiry of evaluation in Public Health, according to the psychoanalytical epistemology into methodology, principle and practice of objectification, intersubjectivity and singularity. By combining research and clinical interviews we would like to respond to be the closest of the patient''s experience and his work of mental development. Results: This work should help to argue the interest of proposals for supportive or psychodynamic psychotherapy in psychiatry as well as medical departments. Being at the heart of the clinic, we focus on the changing processes at work in psychological development work without ever reaching a standardized clinic which would replace the theoretical-clinical orientation of the practitioners. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper provides a quantitative study (on the syntax) of the placement alternation for the adjective within the noun phrase in French. Taking the hypothesis that position constraints are mostly preferential as a starting point, we develop a methodology based on statistical inférence in order to provide a formai account of the relative importance of three différent groups of constraints: combinatorial, frequency and length, and lexical constraints. The study highlights the clear importance of lexical constraints for deciding the effective position of the adjective within the noun phrase. We conclude the paper by bringing some éléments of discussion for two issues: the interaction between lexicon and grammar (or storage versus computation) and the underlying methodology for a probability-based study of syntax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the paper is represented by an attempt to contribute to an adaptation of the concept of seismic intensity to the needs of engineering activities. A first condition in this connection is to pay the attention due to the spectral contents of ground motion. A case where rough approaches have led to erroneous estimates of ground motion severity, resulting in erroneous hazard estimates is presented. The main conclusion derived is represented by the strong need to specify the spectral interval for which macroseismic data are relevant and, as a consequence, to consider (and even to define) seismic intensity derived from post- earthquake surveys as related to a certain spectral interval. A methodology proposed in order to define and determine seismic intensity on the basis of instrumental data and, moreover, to define and determine seismic intensity spectra is then presented. Some illustrative examples are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: The development of emergency medicine in France and its valuation can take place only through acknowledged scientific publications. The aim of our study was to analyze the publications of French teams in emergency medicine since 2006. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive study, from January 1st, 2006 to December 31st, 2010 including, thanks to Medline, studies related to emergency medicine with, as keywords, “medicine d’urgences; urgences; emergency; emergency medicine; French; France” the names of heads of the emergency departments, of the urgent medical aid services (samu) and of anaesthetics services in mainland France. Data collection focused on the type of study, subject, place of conducting the study and grade of international quality. Results: Three hundred and twenty-five publications were listed: 39% (n =126) of the studies were carried out in prehospital. We identified 28% of observational studies (n =92), 20% of randomized prospective (n =66), 19% of cohorts (n =62), 18% of case reports (n =59), 10% of clarifications (n =32) and 4% of general reviews (n =11). The most frequent theme was the cardiology (38% of cases). The most favourite journal was the Annales françaises d’anesthésie et de réanimation (Afar) (18%, n =57). Conclusion: The release of French studies in emergency medicine is increasing, with an improvement in the quality of the published studies. All these results demonstrate the progress made since five years in emergency medicine in France but also the work that remains to be done in our rising medical specialization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We propose a methodology to simplify the parameterization of a surface composed of parametric patches, typically encountered in CAD (computer aided design) environments. This new parameterization is defined via the construction of an adaptive triangulation, called support, of each patch. The adaptation is governed by the control of the gap between the initial parameterization of the patch and that of the support. This support is used to generate the mesh of the CAD surface using an indirect approach, in which the mesh is generated via the parametric domains. The support makes it possible to disconnect the mesher from the CAD system, and in this sense it constitutes a universal tool for meshing such surfaces. An application example is given to show the pertinency of our methodology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé: L’effet placebo reste souvent mal compris, ou confondu avec des biais d’évaluation ou des améliorations spontanées, en particulier quand des critères trop drastiques obligent dans les études à n’inclure que des patients à l’acmé de leur pathologie. Sa réalité a été amplement confirmée par l’imagerie cérébrale, même s’il est désormais clair qu’il résulte de la sommation de réflexes conditionnés, et d’une attente optimiste d’une récompense. Sa force peut être appréciée par une randomisation des patients en trois groupes, dont un ne reçoit pas même de placebo, mais aussi par des études en cross-over, et enfin par la nouvelle méthodologie dite de open hidden study design. Celle-ci a permis de démontrer la possibilité d’effets rebonds à l’arrêt du placebo, et d’autres expériences ont mis en lumière le frein représenté par l’anxiété dans l’induction d’un effet placebo. Cet effet anti-placebo semble passer, comme l’effet nocebo, par la libération de cholécystokinine. La force de l’effet placebo varie selon les procédés, mais aussi les articulations touchées. L’effet placebo peut être très marqué en rhumatologie, comme récemment démontré par deux études en double insu de haute qualité n’ayant pu démontrer de différences entre une vraie vertébroplastie et une vertébroplastie simulée. La qualité de l’insu est en effet le facteur décisif, tant pour l’obtention d’un fort effet placebo, que pour dissocier effet intrinsèque et effet placebo. Les croyances des patients et des médecins dans l’effet du verum mais aussi dans l’existence de l’effet placebo et de sa force pourraient également être évaluées tout au long des études. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Reflections on 'conflict of interest' aim to promote and protect the independence of experts and health care providers against considerations that could jeopardize the quality of their judgments. It led to impose transparency, which means objectify the pending interests, stimulate both the introspective and external alertness, and thereby inform and try to eliminate the real risk: bias. But transparency is demanding, is not sufficient, and should not be sterile. It is not a substitute to independence, nor to integrity. A useful transparency also requires the interactions between research, health care and health economics to be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]