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Although museum collections represent a temporary assemblage of “affiliated objects”, aimed at facilitating the responsible curation of the museum funds, in practice they are treated as an obligatory unit, without which the museum object itself does not exist, and they are imminently permanent. The origins, as well as the consequences of their formation may differ. The text examines several issues concerning the artificiality and temporality of collections: what are the values we observe when museum collections are formed, are these values transparent and permanent? Which attributes are con- sidered as crucial bythe curators in the classification of archaeological material and are these classifications consistent? Does chronology/periodization prevail in practice and how are the boundaries between the periods established? Is context preserved or, more precisely, is an object attributed along with the other artefacts from the same unit, which was carefully separated during excavation? What or whoinfluences the processes of formation of museum collections? The analysis is conducted on the case of the National Museum of Serbia, the oldest and the main museum institution, primarily because the archaeological objects form its basic fund ever since its establishment in 1844. Today, there are several hundred-thousand objects, organized into 16 basic collections and study material. Along with the obligatory authenticity, dating is most frequently the basic principle on which classifications are based, concerning period, origin, or typological systematization. Chronology – period/sequence – is also the main criterion of the permanent museum exhibitions, and necessary to custodians inmediating the disciplinary knowledge. Custodians “re-arrange” the past, starting from a museum object and collection, creating specific units of museum(archaeological) time – time capsules, frozen reconstructions, new realities. The museum may thus be understood as a contextdetermined by multi-temporality, or the co-existence of different times. Furthermore, working from the idea of Bennet (2009) that the museum may be identified as “the field”, it can also be interpreted as a “multi-layered site”. Various actors – object, collection, custodian, public – contribute to the accumulated character of the record. The “museum layering” is determined by the diversity of the criteria of acquisition, various attributes of classification, the artificiality of collections, transitionary value of objects, as well as personally and socially determined interpretations.

The fly ash wastes (materials rich in silica, aluminum, and iron) could be advanced valorized by using as pozzolanic materials in the formulation of mortar and concrete. The partial hydrolysis of its, during alkali activation process, gel formation, and polycondensation produce the compulsory properties. The study had as objective to determine the optimal conditions, and the relationships between the fly ash modifying parameters, particle size and morphology, and behavior in chemical agents of the mortar obtained from different wastes. The alkali activation process involved varying the liquid/solid ratio (quantities of liquid phase) and the concentration of the NaOH solution (8 - 12 M). The samples' morphologies, particle size distribution, Blaine surface values, and crystallography were significant changes as a result of the activation, as demonstrated by XRD and SEM analysis. The durability values were substantially improved comparatively with building materials on the base of cement. As a result, treated fly ash is suitable as a potential building material, saving disposal-related issues. Using treated fly ash is environmentally friendly method conserving a large amount of cement, used in the production of building materials and reducing the CO2 emissions.

This study explores the reuse of industrial by-products in construction through geopolymerization, positioning it as a sustainable alternative to conventional construction materials. In light of the growing demand for environmentally friendly building practices, this research aims to evaluate geopolymer concrete made with industrial by-products as a viable substitute for traditional concrete. The introduction highlights the importance of sustainable construction and the potential of geopolymer technology in reducing environmental impacts. A comprehensive review of the composition, properties, and previous studies on geopolymer concrete using industrial waste materials is provided. The research methodology outlines the objectives, materials used, experimental framework, and testing protocols. Results on compressive strength, flexural strength, and durability of the geopolymer concrete samples are discussed in detail in the results and analysis section. The discussion interprets the findings, focusing on the enhanced strength and durability achieved through the incorporation of industrial by-products. The study concludes with a summary of key outcomes, implications for the construction industry, and recommendations for future applications and research on geopolymer concrete using industrial waste.

Identification of leakage sources is itself a perplexing process and needs expert views from experienced work and trade specific professionals. Comprehensive strategies relevant to work methodologies are to be implemented that prioritises durability and efficacy of waterproofing system. Leakages when identified at final stages of building handovers induces a high cost in repair and maintenance of defects pertaining to waterproofing failures or due to non-consideration of leakage prevention measures at the design and specification establishment stages. Despite of a thorough technical knowledge even seasoned civil engineering professionals and even waterproofing specialists are not aware of the probable root causes of observed leakages. Various factors contributing to leakages through different areas of buildings are mentioned along with preventive measures in relation to process enhancement, workmanship, materials, etc. in relation to prevention of leakages. Photographic examples of different types of leakages are provided for an easy understanding of non-technical users regarding the kind of defect being discussed. This study represents a comprehensive review of different types of leakages observed in buildings and their root causes. Solutions based on type of leakage along with the specific materials and method orientation for the relevant leakages is also covered in the study. Waterproofing is an essential aspect and integral part of building construction which ensures the durability, longevity, and structural integrity of buildings. Proper waterproofing safeguards the structure from observable and non-observable damages such as internal or external structural disintegration, Waterproofing although being a complicated activity, is highly generalized in terms of materials to be used. This research explores the different types of materials and their required specifications to be used or not to be used at a particular location in buildings along with listed reasons.

As the construction industry is moving towards sustainable infrastructure, the need for green construction materials has gained importance in current scenario. Geopolymer concrete is considered to be an alternate to conventional concrete with cement as cement production is considered to emit more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This work has still raised the sustainable part of the geopolymer concrete by using steel sludge generated from automobile industry as partial replacement for fine aggregate. The experimental results were designed using fractional factorial design. The results were analysed for statistical integrity with ANOVA. It has been observed that the maximum compressive strength achieved with steel sludge up to 30% replacement is 48 Mpa with flexural strength of 5.16 Mpa and split tensile strength of 4.6 Mpa. Optimisation was done to find the proportion that gives maximum strength and it was ascertained with experimental validation. XRD and SEM analysis were carried out for studying the microstructure and reaction products formed in the process.

The appropriate percentages of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, and water are utilized to make concrete. Due to its relatively low price and widespread availability, it is a ubiquitous building material. Concrete in its fresh state can also be molded into any desired shape and size. Strength and durability are two of concrete’s most important characteristics (particularly when used for structural purposes). Verify the concrete’s compressive strength before placing it under the expected loads. NDT methods, both destructive and non-destructive, can be used to assess the compressive strength of hardened concrete. A non- destructive test does not harm the concrete specimen, whereas a destructive test (DT) crushes the cast specimen until it breaks. In non-destructive testing, materials, components or assemblies are inspected, tested or evaluated without destroying their serviceability. This study compares the compressive strength of concrete utilising an ultrasonic pulse velocity approach, which is both destructive and non-destructive. Concrete cubes measuring 150 mm by 150 mm by 150 mm were created using the concrete mix grades 25N/mm2 and 30N/mm2, and they were allowed to cure for 28 days. There were 12 cubes produced and used for the study. The determine compressive strength between destructive and non -destructive (ultra-sonic pulse velocity) test method.

This paper focuses on the performances of a treated expansive clayey soil sampled on an embankment constructed in 2010. Two types of treatment used during construction are considered: 4% lime as well as a mix of 2% lime and 3% cement. Oedometer tests were carried out on different parts of the embankment, to assess the compressibility of the soil. The results were compared to the compression curve of the untreated soil, also sampled in the same embankment. Several complementary aspects were also investigated (moisture content, dry density,…) to assess the ageing process of the embankment. The obtained results showed that the behaviour of the material from the outer part of the backfill is similar to the mechanical performances of the untreated soil, demonstrating a strong alteration of the effect of both treatments. This alteration is noticeable until a horizontal distance of about two meters from the surface. Beyond this distance, the performance of the soil is comparable to the mechanical behaviour of treated soil. These observations, similar for each treatment dosage, tend to question the durability of the treatment at the edge of the earth structure.

The article deals with the issues of improving the productivity and quality of drilling holes. The results of systematization and introduced into production methods of drilling with changing cutting modes during insertion and entry of the drill, grinding of descending chips and removal of it and the cutting zone are developed, tool materials, coolant compositions are promising, cutting modes are optimal, a mathematical model of the influence of modes and methods of drilling on hole accuracy and quality. An algorithm of the proposed drilling methods for machine tools with program control has been compiled.

This article addresses the pressing need for advancements in modern mechanical engineering in Uzbekistan, focusing on increasing the durability and reliability of machinery components. The study proposes the utilization of pneumatic vortex processing as an innovative solution, leveraging aerodynamic flow energy, particularly the vortex effect. Through theoretical analysis and experimental studies, various designs of devices for pneumatic vortex processing of cylindrical parts are developed and analyzed. The interaction between deforming balls and the surface being processed is thoroughly investigated, considering factors such as turbulence, surface roughness, and input pressure. Optimal parameters, including ball diameter, number of balls, and inlet pressure, are determined to achieve the desired surface quality. The study reveals the influence of input pressure and initial surface roughness on surface quality and processing force. Findings suggest that by adjusting the diameter and number of balls at a fixed input pressure, optimal combinations can be identified for different workpiece sizes and materials. These results provide valuable insights for enhancing the durability and reliability of machinery components through optimized pneumatic vortex processing techniques.

The article theoretically compares differences between two main modern milling machines manufactured in foreign countries and an obsolete machine-tool in Uzbekistan to have been made modernization by being equipped with new working parts to make it work with accuracy in terms of other important criteria such as precision of machine-tools, userfriendliness and economic aspects. The results of the analysis are expected to give potential insight into up to date milling machines for students who study in mechanical engineering and business people having desire to establish metal processing factory in Uzbekistan and servicing them to know important aspects in terms of the cost of brand-new milling machines and their working efficiency in compared to other typical obsolete machine-tools to have been used for a long time.

When designing reinforced concrete structures operated in aggressive environments, there is a need to take into account corrosion damage and assess the overall reliability and durability of the structure. The calculation of reinforced concrete elements taking into account the corrosion of concrete and reinforcement is complicated by the stochastic nature of the parameters of corrosion processes. The conducted research is aimed at solving the urgent problem of improving the methodology of the probabilistic approach to the calculation of reinforced concrete elements under environmental and force influences. The article provides a probabilistic assessment of the reliability and durability of flexural reinforced concrete elements damaged by corrosion using a nonlinear deformation model of reinforced concrete. To take into account corrosive wear, well-known concrete deformation diagrams were used, taking into account changes in strength characteristics with increasing concentration of an aggressive environment. Reliability assessment was carried out in a specialized software package using the statistical modeling method. Based on the research results, graphs of changes in the reliability of a bendable reinforced concrete element damaged by corrosion over time were constructed.

Based on analytical and experimental data, the durability properties of reinforced concrete and reinforcement necessary for modeling degradation and calculating the durability of reinforced concrete elements under various types of corrosion damage are substantiated. A probabilistic model has been developed for predicting and assessing the durability and reliability of reinforced concrete elements, taking into account the statistical variability of design parameters and the kinetics of degradation processes during long periods of operation. An analysis of the method for calculating and predicting the durability of reinforced concrete elements based on deterministic probabilistic models of degradation of structural elements operating under aggressive environmental influences has been carried out. The necessary assessment of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete structures under conditions of long-term operation in aggressive environments as a result of corrosion damage is given, and their residual life is studied, taking into account the reduction in the cross-sectional area of concrete and reinforcement

Aggressive soil environments are known for causing deterioration in concrete sub-structure and attacking the concrete of the earth structures by chemical contamination of the soil with fluoride, sulfide, and chloride. The degree of deterioration in the soil can vary from rapid dissolution to minor effects. Many construction materials placed underground are exposed to the aggressive action of the soil. Therefore, studying the impact of soil nature on the deterioration of concrete is crucial to maintaining the safety and efficiency of infrastructures. Recent research states that the conception of limestone calcined clay concrete (LC3) is different from ordinary concrete. Therefore some changes in durability and strength might occur. Hence the present study focuses on the strength and durability aspects, which are of prime importance in almost all concrete structures and permeability. This review stated that LC3, due to their dense microstructure, were chemically resistant in terms of compressive strength, surface scaling, and length change in the aggressive soil environment. These promising results escalate LC3 to be suitable for more reliable concrete earth structures. This paper discusses the properties, optimisation method, environmental impacts, strength, and durability of LC3 and ends with suggestions on subjects on which further research is required.

In this paper, a deformation model of a reinforced pile subjected to load and chloride-containing medium is applied to predict the behavior of the pile. The model takes into account the probabilistic nature of corrosion processes, the variation of geometric and strength characteristics of the pile, as well as the probabilistic nature of the load. A methodology for calculating the stress-strain state and durability of the pile, taking into account all stages of the process of its interaction with chloride-containing medium, has been developed and the design analysis has been carried out.

Copyright of Matériaux et Techniques is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Description of the subject. In Europe, the heat treatment of native wood species is gradually becoming an industrial reality. It provides a promising alternative to both the use of naturally durable, essentially tropical woods and the use of chemical preservative treatments based on biocides. Objectives. The aim of this study is to quantify the effect of heat treatment on the physico-mechanical and decay resistance properties of three native hardwood species (oak, ash, beech + steamed beech). Method. The wood was heat-treated in accordance with the Besson® process. The standard physical and mechanical tests including hardness, modulus of elasticity in static bending, static bending, axial compression, splitting and impact bending strengths, have been performed on 15 treated and 15 control associated samples for each species. The standard durability test on fungi exposed 60 treated and 60 control samples to each fungus. Results. The results show a decrease in the equilibrium moisture content and an increase in dimensional stability of heat-treated wood for the three species studied. The modulus of elasticity, hardness and axial compression strength increase slightly after the heat treatment, while static and impact bending strength and splitting strength may considerably decrease. The fungal durability of oak heartwood and ash increased until class 1, beech and steamed beech until class 3. Conclusions. The global approach of this study allows a complete and precise characterization of the technological properties of three native hardwood species after heat treatment. New uses of these native species can thus be explored.

All the dams in the world are exposed to the phenomenon of sedimentation, but with velocities that differ from one region to another. This phenomenon has been widely reported in Algeria. Dredging is a vital activity in the operation of dams, but the amount of sediment discharged by dredging operations downstream of the structure can lead to long-term pollution of the rural environment. This study focuses on the valorization of the vases resulting from these dredging operations at the dams as the case of Chorfa dam (western Algerian). The objective is to propose economically competitive formulations that are easy to implement and which allow these materials to be used in the manufacture of ordinary concretes by partial substitution of cement (10, 20 and 30%). The sludge is treated by calcination at 750°C to make it active. Seawater attack tests were conducted on the concretes to determine their durability. The results obtained confirmed the possibility of developing concretes incorporating the calcinated sludge at dosages of up to 30% without compromising the quality of these concretes in terms of behavior against seawater aggressions meeting the economic, ecological and technological objectives.

Résumé: L'urgence climatique est une réalité, qu'on le veuille ou non ! Si nous changeons de plus en plus nos modes de vie personnels pour plus d'écoresponsabilité, il faut avouer que la transformation des habitudes professionnelles en la matière est plus lente. Cette revue, sans aucune volonté culpabilisante, tente de donner quelques chiffres sur l'impact environnemental de l'endoscopie et proposer quelques pistes de réflexion et d'action pour diminuer notre pollution. La dimension éco-responsable devrait désormais faire partie de tous nos choix. Malgré tout, il s'agit d'une liste d'idées préliminaires, non évaluées pour la plupart, et qui nécessiteront une évaluation et une hiérarchisation. The climate emergency is a reality, whether we like it or not! Although we are increasingly changing our personal lifestyles to be more eco-responsible, it must be admitted that the transformation of professional habits in this respect is slower. This review, without any desire to make us feel guilty, attempts to give some figures on the environmental impact of endoscopy and to propose some avenues for reflection and action to reduce our pollution, as the eco-responsible dimension should now be part of all our choices. Nevertheless, this is a list of preliminary ideas, most of which have not been evaluated, and which will therefore need to be evaluated and prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigate the influence of limestone fines (LF) on the mechanical properties, hydration heat and durability (acid and sulfate environments) of mortars made with crushed sand (CS) and different rate replacement of limestone fines of the CS (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) using three types of cement, that is, ordinary Portland cement, limestone cement and pozzolanic cement. The obtained results show that the limestone fines increase the compressive strength and generate more hydration heat for all the used cements. Mortars made with blended cements, limestone or pozzolan, with 5% and 10% limestone fines, have low expansion when imerged in 5% Na2SO4 solution. In addition, when immerged in acids environment, the mortars with limestone fines exhibit negative effect at long-term durability. However, the mortar manufactured with ordinary Portland cement containing 15% of limestone fines will be strongly affected. It was found that no benefit can be gained from eliminating limestone fines fraction from the CS.

This paper reports the results of an experimental study on the high performance concrete made with copper slag as fine aggregate. The percentage of Copper Slag(CS) added by weight in a range viz. 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% as a replacement of sand used in concrete and cement was replaced with 15% Metakaolin. The properties studied include compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, Sorptivity, Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT), Accelerated Carbonation test and Microstructural properties. The test results showed that the compressive strength increases up to 50% copper slag as replacement of sand, beyond which decrease in strength was observed. The results of RCPT and sorptivity with different proportions of copper slag at 28, 90, 120 days of curing period showed the lowest value for the mix containing 25% and 50 % copper slag at each curing age. Carbonation results show that concrete mixes with 85% cement and MK 15% with increasing percentage of copper slag, the carbonation depth increases slowly especially for 75% and 100%. The microscopic view from Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated more voids, capillary channels, and micro cracks with the increment of copper slag as substitution of sand as compared to the control mix, profoundly visible at 100% replacement of sand which is due to the presence of free water.

The asphaltic pavement is often subjected to various types of distress during the service life caused by excessive load, construction practices, deficient materials, and environmental conditions. A lot of pavements may occur due to moisture damage because of the presence of water on the pavement's surface, which affects the pavement's service life. It needs periodic maintenance, which requires materials and money. So many countries take the economic side by reusing old, damaged pavement and mixed with new materials in addition to its sustainable benefits, the old material called reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). This study examines the effect of adding RAP on durability indicators, including tensile strength ratio, retained Marshall Stability, and durability Index, in addition to prediction statistical models for reclaimed asphalt pavement mixtures in terms of durability indicators. To achieve the goals of this study, the asphalt mixtures are designed according to the superpave system; the samples are compacted by a superpave gyratory compactor with a diameter of 100 mm and prepared with (6%, 13%, 19%, and 25%) RAP content with three conditioning periods of (1, 3, and 7) days and two aging periods (short term aging for loose mixture at 135˚C for 4 hours long term aging for 120 hours at 85˚C), and two testing temperature of 25˚C and 60˚C. The results indicated that stability increased as the RAP content increased compared to the control mix, and indirect tensile strength increased with RAP addition for both aging periods. Also, results illustrated that the tensile strength ratio for specimens tested at 25˚C is higher than that tested at 60˚C temperature.

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is considered one of the valuable alternatives to raw materials due to reducing the need to use raw materials, which are less in some world regions. It additionally reduces the highly-priced new bitumen required inside the asphaltic mixture manufacturing and contributes to the preservation of natural resources. To achieve maximum benefit from the integration RAP in asphaltic mixture, it is necessary to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the recycling process on the properties of asphalt pavement. This study examines the effect of adding reclaimed asphalt pavement by different percentages on the mechanical properties of asphaltic mixture for the surface layer in terms of Marshall's stability, Retained Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, and compressive strength. Two types of asphalt grade (40-50) and (60-70) were used in addition to one type of aggregate gradation of the wearing course to prepare the asphaltic mixture. The Superpave system was applied to select the best aggregate gradation and optimum asphalt content using Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) and to prepare compacted asphaltic specimens of 100 mm diameter for simulating Marshall’s molds. PAP is added by four different percentages of (7, 13, 19, and 25) % by the weight of the total asphalt mixture, and samples are prepared to compare the mechanical properties with conditional ones. The results show that adding RAP to the asphalt mixture improved the measured properties. In contrast, the mix containing RAP showed lower loss of stability, lower loss in indirect tensile strength, higher stripping resistance, and better durability than the mixture without RAP.

This research provides insight of experimental study on performance of concrete produced from natural and recycled aggregates. The strength of recycled aggregate concrete and its durability is still questionable as compared to the concrete with natural aggregates. The intention of this research was to assess the longevity and durability of concrete specimens composed of both conventional and recycled aggregates. This experiment involved preparing concrete specimens with recycled aggregate at 0%, 50% and 100% using a M25 mix design. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the concrete specimens such as compressive test, UPV test and split tensile strength test were assessed over a period of 28 days. The water absorption is very crucial as it can lead to concrete degradation and reduced durability over time. The results of this study indicate that strength of concrete using recycled aggregates along with silica fume and metakaolin shows enhanced mechanical properties. Therefore, recycled aggregates may be a viable and ecologically acceptable and substitute to natural aggregates in the preparation of concrete.

Ferrocement is formed of a thin layer of cement mortar that has been strengthened with multiple layers of wire mesh with a diameter of between 0.5 mm to 1 mm. To evaluate the durability criteria for the specimen, a series of cubes and cylinders were cast in this experiment using a mortar mix at a ratio of 1:3 and a water-cement ratio of 0.40 was selected. In this study, the ability of the ferrocement to endure water penetration, sorptivity, and resistance to sulphates were examined. The curing period was chosen to be 28, 56, and 90 days, respectively, in order to track changes in the outcome and investigate the effects of the various curing times on the ferrocement. In order to measure the rate of water absorption by capillarity rise, Sorptivity test was conducted in accordance with ASTM C1585-04. The average absorption rate at day 9 was found to be 84.87 x 10-7 mm/s1/2, 93.78 x10-7mm/s1/2, and 96.34x10-7 mm/s1/2 for 28, 56, and 90 days of curing respectively. The Sulphate attack test was conducted as per ASTM C 1012-2010. The mass loss was observed to be 0.28%, 0.32%, and 0.33% of the original mass, while the strength loss was 6.96%, 6.44%, and 6.33% for the curing periods of 28, 56, and 90 days respectively. According to DIN-1048, part 5, Water permeability test was conducted. Water was pressured with 500 KPa on the specimen to determine its water penetration. The average water penetration of the specimen was found to be 22.33 mm, 18.67 mm, and 14.33 mm for the corresponding curing periods of 28, 56, and 90 days. The results were within the range twaswere specified in the respective code, and they were judged acceptable in terms of the ferrocement's durability guidelines.

The main problem with clay-based surfaces is the reduced resistance to water action. Literature does not indicate scientifically validated solutions for surface treatment. However, there are reports that indicate the benefits of impregnating surfaces with animal oils, vegetable oils, petroleum products, etc. The aim of this paper is to identify a solution for treating the surface of earth made bricks, in order to increase the degree of waterproofing and the resistance to water action, using local materials, specific to the western part of Romania. To achieve this, was used a surface treatment based on marble, lime, sand, clay, and water permeation reducing additive. On clay surfaces treated with this material, water vapor permeability and water penetration under wind pressure tests were conducted. The experimental results obtained indicated the optimal composition for the surface treatment material so that it does not crack upon drying, have good adhesion to the substrate, and improve substrate resistance to water action.

This survey leaves from the hypothesis according to which, the acquirements of the agricultural projects in farming environment can be only lasting if the organizations of the agricultural producers created or restructured are strong in institutional and organizational capacity. The results of the survey showed that on the 99 created organizations or restructured by the agricultural projects, 47 stay more or less active, either a rate of durability of 47.5%. Of these organizations, 85.1% rather have institutional and organizational capacity weak with an unlikely durability and 14.9% are more or less the middle level with a durability likely. The majority of these organizations has neither no vision of development nor the mind of enterprise (professionalization) and behave as mutual associations with as main objective the social help of members. The durability of the acquirements targeted by the projects is influenced meaningfully by the capacity of the organization and less by the implication of the state-controlled Services: More, the capacity of the organization is strong, more his/her/its durability is and vice versa very likely, if the capacity is weak, the durability is unlikely. The democratic leadership and the efficient and innovating cognitive capacity of the controlling team are the determining factors of the capacity of an organization of agricultural producers.

Collective action and cooperation between actors having a diversity of knowledge and practices can help to create and share new visions, values and resources supporting agroecological transitions. During the last years, diverse public programs have been set up in order to encourage collective initiatives supporting agroecological transitions. However, the coordination of people who are not used to work together is not always obvious. This article aims to identify the conditions of emergence of these collective actions and the modes of coordination supporting agroecological transitions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of five groups of farmers, we show that collective action supporting agroecological transitions relies on the ability of using and arranging different kind of “supports”. These supports are: relationships, technical material, knowledge resources, public subsidies and group facilitators. Then, agroecological transitions rely on specific and situated arrangements of these supports along an incremental process combining both planned and emerging activities resulting from opportunities or constraints. Our results challenge the established planned management of collective action and point out how the dynamics of emergence can play a role to favor its durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the gasoline working capacity and durability of the carbon canister, the gasoline working capacity test of the carbon canister was conducted under different test conditions. The results showed that the gasoline working capacity of the canister carbon decreased with the increase of fuel vapor loading rate. The fuel vapor volume ratio of the inlet has little effect on the gasoline working capacity. After 300 gasoline working capacity test cycles, the working capacity of butane decreased by about 20%. The fuel vapor adsorption amount in first cycle of each carbon canister is far greater than the desorption amount in first cycle, and also far greater than the adsorption and desorption amount in the subsequent cycles, which indicated that a large amount of fuel vapor occupied the active sites after the first use of the carbon canister and cannot desorb.

Coratina is a very popular olive cultivar, native of the Apulian region (Italy), but today worldwide cultivated and appreciated. In the present study, durability of Coratina monovarietal extra virgin olive oils (CMOO), produced in the Molise region (Southern Italy), was investigated up to 6-years storage in metal tin cans, under room temperature and darkness. Durability was considered the storage time in which an oil remained food grade. Yearly, the free fatty acids, peroxide value, K232 and K270 indices, fatty acid composition, diacylglycerols, phenolic profile and Rancimat induction time at 130 °C were determined on the oil. Free fatty acids and peroxide value increased linearly over time but never surpassing the European limits set for the EVOO category. Conversely, K232 and K270 exceeded the EVOO limits after five and four years, respectively. A linear decrease of phenolic compounds was observed with direct effect on the oil oxidative stability measured by Rancimat test. In conclusion, despite some signs of aging, the CMOO highlighted a remarkable long durability being food-grade up to 6-years.

Copyright of Études de Littérature Ancienne is the property of Editions Rue d'Ulm and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several degradations have been observed on the sanitation networks (pipes and manholes) in Ouargla region, because of the quality of the concrete produced, the type of pipes used, and also the aggressiveness of the external environment. These problems include the carbonation of concrete or the diffusion of carbon dioxide inside the pores of reinforced concrete the sewage system. In this study, they are mading of SRC² cement concrete specimens, these samples were kept in the real environment (waste water and CO2 gas), and the results were compared to those than of control specimens. They concluded that SRC cement concrete is of low durability in sewage system, and is rapidly degraded by carbon dioxide. Finally, for the specimens exposed to this gas we recorded a regression of 40 % about of compressive strength and also a depth of carbonation that reaches the order of 8 mm at the age of 365 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience of examining small culverts of artificial structures, carried out by a number of specialized organizations, shows that on some highways of the country up to 80% of pipes have some degree of damage. This article provides data from field surveys of pipes located on the main highways of Tatarstan. Survey data is needed to identify common problems at concrete culverts in Tatarstan. Field data were also analyzed using statistical software to identify factors contributing to the degradation of concrete culverts. The article presents a method for assessing the risk of developing negative phenomena when maintaining concrete pipes. The proposed risk assessment method allows predicting and preventing the occurrence of such phenomena.

High strength concrete is seldom used in normal construction practice due to its high cost and difficulties in achieving the desired design strength. This paper gives an insight on using waste material which has been disposed in lands as a sustainable construction material to replace sand and to achieve desired strength. The compressive strength of Reactive powder concrete (RPC) produced in this work was 88 MPa and the flexural strength was 20 MPa. Also the influence of different curing methods on the properties of RPC has been investigated. Durability studies also show that the material satisfies the durable parameters to be used as a construction material.

Concrete is the most widely used composite in the world. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is the most commonly used binding material but the energy required for its production is large and its production leads to release of green house gases in the atmosphere therefore, the need for supplementary cementitious material is real. The utilization of Fly Ash (FA), Silica Fume (SF),Metakaolin (MK) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), as a pozzolanic material for concrete has received considerable attention in the recent years. This interest is a part of the widely spread attention directed towards the utilization of wastes and industrial byproducts in order to minimize the Portland cement consumption, the manufacture of which is being environment damaging. The paper reviews were carried out on the use of FA, SF, MK and GGBS as partial pozzolanic replacement for cement in concrete. The literature demonstrates that GGBS was found to increase the mechanical and durability properties at later age depending upon replacement level. Silica fume concrete performed better than OPC concrete even at early period for production of high strength concrete and high performance concrete. Fly ash increases the later age strength due to slow rate of pozzlanic reaction. Metakaolin was found to improve early age strength as well as long term strength but had poor workability.

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) prove to be effective to meet most of the requirements of durable concrete and leads to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions. This research studies the effect different SCMs (natural pozzolan (PN)/ limestone fine (FC) at various remplacement levels) on the physical and mechano-chemical resistance of blended mortar. The paper primarily deals with the characteristics of these materials, including heat of hydration, strength and effects of aggressive chemical environments (using sulphuric acid and nitric acid). Over 6 mixes were made and compared to the control mix. Tests were conducted at different ages up to 360 days. The experimental results in general showed that Algerian mineral admixtures (PN/FC) were less vulnerable to nitric and sulphuric acid attack and improved the properties of mortars, but at different rates depending on the quantity of binder.

This paper investigates the durability properties of Self-compacting concrete (SCC), with different amounts of fly ash (FA), lime powder (LP) and metakaolin (MK). A total of 6 mixes were prepared that have a constant water-binder ratio (w/b) of 0.41 and superplasticizer dosage of 1% by weight of cement. In addition to compressive strength, the durability properties of SCC mixes were determined by means of Initial surface absorption test (ISAT) and Capillary suction test. The test results indicated that the durability properties of the mixes appeared to be very dependent on the type and amount of the mineral admixture used; the mixes containing MK were found to have considerably higher permeability resistance. Good co-relation between strength and absorption were achieved.

In order to realize the need for lightweight automobiles through replacing steel with plastics, the research and development of the plastic clutch pump body based on the friction welding was carried out. For the clutch pump body connected by friction welding process between the upper pump body and the lower pump body, the technical requirements of pressure 14 MPa and durability (high temperature 7.0 × 104 times, room temperature 7.0 × 105) are required. The structure type of the upper and lower pump bodies of the end face welding type was proposed. Through the static analysis of the pump body and weld and the mechanical analysis under the working condition, the structure of the clutch pump body (upper and lower pump body) was determined. According to the established welding process, the pressure of the clutch pump body is more than 15 MPa, and the number of high-temperature durable circulation and the number of room temperature durable circulation also reached 7.2×104 and 7.3×105 times respectively. The results show that the structural design of a clutch pump body meets the design requirements.

The Evolution of developmental approaches for the rural and agricultural areas in Algeria. The case of the Wilaya of Setif. During the period starting with the independence of Algeria (1962) till the advent of rural development (2002) the implemented agricultural policies were thought of upstream (at central level). This approach presented many inadequacies, in a sense that the recommended solutions were not adaptable to all situations met throughout the country. Another inadequacy which contributed to the worsening of the situation in the farming sector, was the ignorance of the human factor in the development process. These two inadequacies resulted in the following : A dehumanization of the countryside due to the difficult living conditions, the absence of sociocultural equipment and the lack of generative activities of wealth: The emergence of shanty towns around cities: The development of informal trade. These various signs show the casualization of the population and are besides assimilated to dissatisfaction factors that can bring about a social explosion. This situation is troublesome for the country, because it exposes Algeria to a permanent danger. This latter being materialized in food dependency towards foreign countries which would engender heavy losses of hard currency. To counter this situation, a development project was introduced in 2002 by public authorities. Based on an innovative vision, the project will certainly restore the disequilibrium of the previous approaches, as it will anticipate on other constraints. To succeed in the pursuit of the fixed objective and the achievement of the targets aimed, a whole working strategy was imagined.

The paper describes a theoretical contextualization of flexibility, sustainability, durability and resilience, in the context of the sustainable development goals. The main purpose is to identify the theoretical handles that may be used in the creation of a flexibility indicator. Thus, research questions related to the theoretical differentiation between durable and sustainable, flexible and resilient are answered. Further on, the paper describes the situation of the Romanian regions in terms of development indicators, based on Eurostat data, as a premise for further research on the possibility of their leapfrogging. This work was financially supported through the project “Routes of academic excellence in doctoral and post-doctoral research- REACH” co-financed through the European Social Fund, by Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013, contract no POSDRU/59/1.5/S/137926.

The main purpose of this paper is to fix the theoretical foundations of territorial development as an approach to understand the rural development. It was Phhilippe Aydalot, a quarter of century ago, who start to build that theory. We will then propose a reconfiguration of this development model with the concept of "inclusive territorial development", implicitly including the concept of sustainability. We will then see how this model, focusing on inclusive development, can support a new rural development perspective, the sustainable rural development, a perspective necessary for successful development of rural areas. The concept of sustainable territorial development can be enriched by the historical experience of both rural areas from the North and the South. The regional underdevelopment affects these territories like the others. We conclude on the need to think about sustainable rural systems, more sustainable than those that resulted of the modernization of the rural economies.

During the period starting with the independence of Algeria (1962) till the advent of rural development (2002) the implemented agricultural policies were thought of upstream (at central level). This approach presented many inadequacies, in a sense that the recommended solutions were not adaptable to all situations met throughout the country. Another inadequacy which contributed to the worsening of the situation in the farming sector, was the ignorance of the human factor in the development process. These two inadequacies resulted in the following: A dehumanization of the countryside due to the difficult living conditions, the absence of sociocultural equipment and the lack of generative activities of wealth: The emergence of shanty towns around cities: The development of informal trade. These various signs show the casualization of the population and are besides assimilated to dissatisfaction factors that can bring about a social explosion. This situation is troublesome for the country, because it exposes Algeria to a permanent danger. This latter being materialized in food dependency towards foreign countries which would engender heavy losses of hard currency. To counter this situation, a development project was introduced in 2002 by public authorities. Based on an innovative vision, the project will certainly restore the disequilibrium of the previous approaches, as it will anticipate on other constraints. To succeed in the pursuit of the fixed objective and the achievement of the targets aimed, a whole working strategy was imagined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crises of the 70s led to the vigorous interventions of the industrialized states in the energy sector. On the European political agenda a new problem appeared, namely the one regarding the security of the energy supply. Romania is the third geothermal power in Europe, after Italy and Greece. The energy potential produced by means of geothermal resources of the West and North - West regions is approximately of 144 MWt. The production of a MWt of electricity through conventional sources (in our case study we chose diesel) emits into the atmosphere about 21,673 tons of CO2. If it’s used the entire installed capacity in these areas Romania reduces pollution by approximately 6,935,552 TCO2.

The technique of soil treatment is known for a long time, currently, during the big motorway programs this technique is experiencing important to reach zero imprints and zero deposit in a context of sustainable development or the socio-economic and environmental challenges incite during the work of earthworks. Our work puts highlights the treatment of fine soils in westerns region of Algeria (wilaya of Tlemcen, a project to construct a payment station for the entry of the wilaya (sample n°1), electrical post 400/200 KVA in the locality Ain Fetah (sample n°2)), belonging to the class A3h (very plastic clay) according to the Technical Guide for Earthworks (GTR), whose use in the raw state would involve great risks of stability because of their plasticity (Ip > 20%) and their low capacity (CBR < 25) according to the Specification of the Algerian Loads, Technical Clauses (CSDCA-CT) by the incorporation of the stabilizing agents, for example the variant of locally manufactured CEM II / A42.5N composite cement, in order to define their behaviours by examining the variation of their characteristics determined according to the Algerian standards and at a ambient temperature according to the additive dosage and to contribute to the deduction of the interest of the method demonstrated previously. The results obtained clearly show a tendency the rearrange classification of the soils studied according to the unified system en proportion whit to the additive dosage (0 to 14%) in view of the appreciable change in the plasticity behaviour, which results in a decrease in the plasticity index, going up to 37.7% and the 11% of the maximum dry density accompanied by a satisfactory increase in the suitability of the materials to be supported a load with different moisture content and changes in water regime exceeds 100%. Given the unavailability of other exploitable deposits near the site and the experimental results obtained, the variant of the treatment seems feasible.

The paper presents the characteristics of the self-compacting concretes, their advantages and disadvantages when they are used in buildings. Due to its properties and composition, the self-compacting concrete is described here as being one of the future friendly enviromental material for buildings. Tests concerning to obtaining a self-compacting concrete, together with the specific fresh concrete properties tests, are described.