Impact of Limestone Calcined Clay Concrete (LC3) in Various Aggressive Soil Environments: A Comprehensive Review

Aggressive soil environments are known for causing deterioration in concrete sub-structure and attacking the concrete of the earth structures by chemical contamination of the soil with fluoride, sulfide, and chloride. The degree of deterioration in the soil can vary from rapid dissolution to minor effects. Many construction materials placed underground are exposed to the aggressive action of the soil. Therefore, studying the impact of soil nature on the deterioration of concrete is crucial to maintaining the safety and efficiency of infrastructures. Recent research states that the conception of limestone calcined clay concrete (LC3) is different from ordinary concrete. Therefore some changes in durability and strength might occur. Hence the present study focuses on the strength and durability aspects, which are of prime importance in almost all concrete structures and permeability. This review stated that LC3, due to their dense microstructure, were chemically resistant in terms of compressive strength, surface scaling, and length change in the aggressive soil environment. These promising results escalate LC3 to be suitable for more reliable concrete earth structures. This paper discusses the properties, optimisation method, environmental impacts, strength, and durability of LC3 and ends with suggestions on subjects on which further research is required.