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Copyright of Bulletin des bibliothèques de France is the property of ENSSIB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin des bibliothèques de France is the property of ENSSIB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Néphrologie & Thérapeutique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The European patents for epoetin alpha recently expired. Biosimilars (i.e. "a medicine which is similar to a biological medicine that has already been authorized" [EMEA 2007]) of epoetins have thus been released on the market in Europe. Because of the complexity of the processes that are required to produce medicinal products containing biotechnology-derived proteins as active substances and to characterize the physicochemical properties of these compounds, the guidelines that have been developed for generic drugs cannot be used for approval of biosimilar products. The EMEA guidelines do not answer all questions that have been raised for the development of biosimilars, and in some cases, decisions will have to be taken at a national level. This is why the Society of Nephrology (Société de néphrologie), the French-speaking Society of Dialysis (Société francophone de dialyse) and the Pediatric Society of Nephrology (Société de néphrologie pédiatrique) established guidelines for the usage of biosimilar epoetins concerning approval, identification, substitution of an innovator drug, post-marketing surveillance, extension of indication and pharmacovigilance plan.

This paper focuses on the idea that identity is a key question for any one interested in understanding African twentieth century writings or further, even when they are not directly related on it. For, if we observe problems like tradition and modernity, relations to West, African future or utopia, it appears that answers vary with the approach of African identity directly or indirectly developed by authors. What will specify this research is that, contrary to the ordinary discourses on the question, the paper shows that the main concern of African thinkers is not the differentiation with West but the relation of Africa to Africa. It will highlight the two main attitudes in stressing that before the independences, Africa was for Africans a model of identity, and it became a countermodel after. In both, the relation with Europe was positive in that the former tried to promote co-existence with the West, and the latter took Europe as an ambivalent model of identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of InTRAlinea: Online Translation Journal is the property of Department Interpreting & Translation (DIT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Europe is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Europe is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Le dernier congrès de l'ISPOR Europe (International society for pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research) s'est tenu à Copenhague du 2 au 6 novembre 2019. Un groupe de pharmaciens, médecins et économistes en santé en synergie avec un groupe d'étudiants en master 2 de médico-économie présents à Copenhague, ont choisi de vous en restituer les messages forts. Cette synergie de groupe vise à développer « l'approche de la médico-économie sous toutes ses facettes ». Dans cet article, les auteurs évoquent les questions issues des différentes sessions et/ou posters, notamment l'évaluation des produits de santé : comment accélérer l'accès au marché des traitements tout en garantissant la pertinence clinique et la maîtrise des dépenses ? The last congress of ISPOR Europe (International society for pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research) was held in Copenhagen from 2 to 6 November 2019. A group of pharmacists, physicians and health economists in synergy with a group of students in Master 2 of medico-economics attending the conference have chosen to share some of the highlights. This group synergy aims to develop "the medico-economic approach in all its facets". In this paper, the authors discussed the following questions from the different sessions and/or posters, in particular the evaluation of health products: how to accelerate access to the treatment market while ensuring clinical relevance and control of spending? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synergies Mexique is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Pays Germanophones is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper aims to highlight how the European Court of Justice positively influenced the rules of the Romanian law, relating to the union's freedom and the right to strike of the civil servants. In the paper there are presented the main conclusions of the Court on thematic categories of litigation. It stresses on the fact that the example of social relations in the European Union has helped the Romanian legislature to draw up the texts closer to the practical needs, that are related to the public and union's freedom, without going through the long periods of testing the texts in social practice, which would have led to the same issues that have arisen in the practice of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Natures Sciences Sociétés is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The "object lesson" is a particular teaching method that was widespread in Europe and the westernised world during the nineteenth century, which was variously adapted according to national contexts under the name of "Anschauungsunterricht, leçon de choses, lezione di cose, and lección de cosas." Based on the intuitive (sometimes known as natural) method, it established itself as a direct product of Pestalozzi's pedagogy, although its genealogy has been reconstructed differently from country to country. This makes it an interesting case of translation and transformation in education or, perhaps, simply an example of "maquillage" motivated by revanchism. The aim, in general, is to introduce abstract ideas to infant and primary school pupils through the observation of concrete objects. The leading theorists (the early followers of Pestalozzi in Germany and England, the educationalist Marie Pape-Carpentier in France, the Italian and Spanish positivists, etc.), gave it, in most cases, the form of a maternal conversation, where adults and children prompt each other with questions and answers. Many school programmes have given it a place in the curriculum, others have maintained it in freer and more spontaneous forms. This paper offers, on the basis of the most recent literature, an analysis of the different national traditions, using the main pedagogical dictionaries published in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century.

Copyright of Natures Sciences Sociétés is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Langage & Societe is the property of Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plurilingualism seems to have become a cause célèbre over the past decades in Europe. Nobody advocates monolingualism, even the British, who have practically eliminated languages from their curricula. This means that plurilingualism does not mean the same thing for everyone. In this paper, we are going to review a number of arguments put forward in favour of plurilingualism by the Council of Europe and various communities: the Anglophones, the speakers of less widely used and less taught (LWULT) languages, the specialists in intercomprehension, the militant plurilingualists, and finally, the French. We shall show that behind the rhetoric, each community is trying to press on with their own interests. European institutions have up to now failed to acknowledge the conflicting linguistic interests of their members and this probably explains why they have been unable to develop plurilingualism. This paper argues that any conflicting interests as there are should be carefully acknowledged so that Europeans can eventually design a language policy that will allow for the development of each language according to history and ambition. We shall give realistic guidelines for a global European language policy which can be adopted by each country and tailored to its own needs. We shall illustrate this with two examples: French, also valid for German and Italian, and Romanian, also valid for the less widely used languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Grub/Kranawetberg, a multilayered Gravettian site in Lower Austria, is one of many Gravettian open-air sites of Central Europe. These sites are well-known since a long time for their settlement structures, but also rich lithic inventories as well as organic tools, personal adornments, and art objects (e.g., Pavlov, Dolní Vestonice). While old excavation and recording techniques do not allow a detailed intrasite spatial analysis of these sites, the ongoing fieldwork at Grub/Kranawetberg provides us with abundant and detailed information about spatial organization of a Gravettian open-air site in Central Europe. The site is excavated since 1993 and yielded four archaeological horizons with abundant finds (including numerous personal adornments) and some evident structures. The main focus of this paper is on the GIS-based methodology of intrasite spatial analysis, especially emphasizing the possibilities of recognizing formation processes, size-sorting and locating a possible dwelling. Application of various methods, among them piece-plotting, mapping of find quantities, application of kernel density estimates and ring and sector analysis, in the 1995 and 1996 excavation area showed latent structures which are interpreted as evidence for a dwelling in this area of the site. In the last part of the paper the evidence of Grub/Kranawetberg is discussed and compared with other European Gravettian sites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Natures Sciences Sociétés is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Française de Gestion is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article the author considers the ruin as the focus of contradictory positions of rejection and even loathing in the process of ‘the transfer of the empire’ (translatio imperii) in historical time. The author considers questions of continuity and rupture, with relation to the idea of ruins and grand monuments on the one hand, and living empires and changing circumstances on the other. The author comments on the relations among material remains, mental images, linguistic artefacts and other types of objects in the progressive move away from antiquity and towards the empires of Christianity. The author shows that the city remains a fluid, but steady, presence amidst historical change. The paper argues for new constructions built on the infrastructure that is the ruins of the pagan past, and especially Rome. Ruins are an irresistible attraction but also instigating desperate attempts to sweep aside an ‘overflow of memory’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Nouvelles Pratiques Sociales is the property of Revue Nouvelles Pratiques Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of Science Mathematics & ICT Education is the property of Library & Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Europe, an ambiguous word. Europe with its geographical meaning or the political Europe; the Europe of the European Council or the European Union? The truth is that present-days Europe has gone beyond its geographical meaning and left instead the political Europe. There is a union of values. This vision of Europe has been and still is the objective of the two major organizations: the Council of Europe, later on of the European Union, which has individually created its "own Europe" with several common elements. Why is the right to life at the centre of our study? This represents an important part of human rights and constitutes itself as a nucleus of these rights. They are called fundamental rights, are applicable to all people, under any circumstances and in any location: they cannot be subjected to any limitations or restrictions. Article 2, integrated among the most important articles of the European Convention consecrates one of the essential values of the democratic societies. This paper analyses the area of application of Article 2 of the European Convention and some aspects of the right to life and its application that have proved problematic, such as the abortion issue or the involuntary death. This paper is trying to clarify these dilemmas and to determine whether they fall under the application of Article 2 of the Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VSE - Vie & Sciences Economiques / La revue de l'Economie et de l'Entreprise is the property of ANDESE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Deviance et Societe is the property of Medecine et Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article is in extenso version of the paper « Histoire Quaternaire du Delta du Danube. Essai d'interprétation des faciès des dépôts deltaïques » signed by N. Panin that was published in 1972 in Cercetari Marine No. 4, p. 5-15. The first author of the present paper decided to present the initial in extenso version of the article as an historical document representing a step forward in the knowledge of the Danube Delta geological structure and evolution. A sedimentological analysis at the knowledge level of the seventies of data from more than 100 drillings is presented and consequently an interpretation of the delta geological structure and development is given. This new interpretation was based on a modern at that time knowledge about the deltaic sedimentary processes and the Black Sea evolution during the Quaternary. It was proposed as an alternative to the older hypothesis of Liteanu et al. (1961). The new hypothesis stated that the Danube Delta represents a Holocene formation, corresponding to a highstand of the Black Sea. The Neoeuxinian (Würmian) lowstand determined a quite total removal of older deposits. At least two transgressive sequences have been recognised (dated as Old Black Sea phase and New Black Sea phase, respectively) separated by a regressive sequence, probably of Phanagorian age. Two main sedimentary environments were recognised: (1) the upstream part of the delta formed under river influenced sedimentary environment, situated from the apex to a line constituting the western boundary of the Jibrieni - Letea - Caraorman littoral accumulative formations and (2) the external, eastern part of the delta, from the above mentioned line eastward, where the sedimentary environment is predominantly influenced by the sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue L'Annee Sociale is the property of Institut de Sociologie de l'Universite Libre de Bruxelles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Without radically upsetting the institutional and political balance of the Union, the Commission's White Paper on Governance, published 25 July 2001, proposes a new basis for the EU's institutional legitimacy. However, this conceptual re-foundation gives rise to new and fundamental questions. To speak of governance within democracy is indeed unthinkable unless 'governance' is redefined as a form of government where the legitimacy of public action (as well as its efficiency) is made possible by a 'proceduralisation' of law. The failure to promote legitimacy with concepts borrowed from the vocabulary of the nation-state is nevertheless puzzling: should the 'participatory democracy' be considered a substitute for representative democracy? Even if this is not the case, it is uncertain whether 'participatory democracy' sufficiently embodies the democratic ideal, at least at the European Union level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Cet article examine la relation entre les syndicats et la hausse des inégalités de revenus observée dans les économies avancées au cours des dernières décennies. Le rôle des syndicats dans la lutte contre l'inégalité croissante des revenus a été négligé dans les études empiriques, malgré son ambiguïté théorique. Le modèle empirique de référence, estimé pour 26 pays européens de 2005 à 2018, spécifie l'inégalité des revenus en fonction du taux de syndicalisation, de sa valeur au carré et d'un ensemble de variables de contrôle. Les institutions du marché du travail, autres que les syndicats, sont incorporées dans le modèle pour évaluer les effets distributifs de la densité syndicale dans l'ensemble du cadre institutionnel. Les auteurs constatent que la densité syndicale a une relation en forme de U inversé statistiquement significative et persistante avec l'inégalité des revenus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dealing with the history of literary forms in European literature, the paper investigates the way cultural traditions forged them (by discussing what forms are interpreted as "poems", starting with a peculiar testimony from the Enneide) and how misreadings often perpetuated them; the paper focuses on the case of visual poetry, which is traditionally established in Horatio's poetics, and aims at proving that there is no objective way of establishing literary species, that they are the result of historically limited cultural conventions and interpretations. Furthermore, written forms of poetry are to be understood as imagining, in a visual system, the sonority of spoken language - again, with no objective guide for a so called transcription of voice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les auteurs examinent l'effet du droit du travail sur la segmentation du marché du travail effective dans 22 pays européens entre 1991 et 2014. Après avoir isolé trois fonctions protectrices du droit du travail (fonctions régulatrice, hiérarchisante et compensatrice), ils associent statistiques descriptives et analyse multivariée pour faire ressortir l'effet de chacune sur l'emploi typique et atypique global, masculin et féminin. Ils observent qu'une dimension hiérarchisante affirmée, associée à une forte fonction régulatrice, favorise l'emploi typique masculin et l'emploi atypique féminin. Une législation très compensatrice, en principe destinée à protéger les femmes et autres groupes moins bien insérés, favorise paradoxalement l'emploi atypique masculin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: L'autrice mesure la ségrégation professionnelle selon le statut migratoire en Europe, en analysant la situation séparément pour les femmes et pour les hommes. Les données proviennent des vagues 2005–2019 de l'enquête EFT de l'Union européenne. La répartition est plus ségrégative pour les femmes, par rapport aux hommes, pour les immigrés de la première génération, par rapport à la deuxième, et dans les pays d'Europe méridionale et orientale, par rapport à l'Europe septentrionale et occidentale. Une analyse contrefactuelle montre que les caractéristiques des migrants influent peu sur les écarts géographiques. Les institutions, les politiques d'intégration et les systèmes de valeur pourraient jouer un rôle important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vie et Sciences de l'Entreprise is the property of ANDESE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This paper''s main goal is to present the European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees. This organization, which gathers 28 European countries, continues to expand its borders and increase its skills. We will also talk about the latest news about EFPT through the presentation of its 19th annual Forum held in Prague in June 2011. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the current state of the debate about the Paleolithic in Europe the analysis of the transitional periods is one of the principal subjects. The accumulation of variable elements in time can determine a change in the technical systems from a more or less wide transitional phase. This paper will analyze the records of the North Plateau of the Iberian Peninsula for its chronology and/or for its technology as they are candidates for representing a transitional phase between the technological Modes 2 and 3 and will relate to the European context. This analysis will focus on support in the need to separate technological phenomena, transitions and the variability determined by the different spaces of occupation, the utilization of raw materials with unequal qualities and the functions of the site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Revue d'Economie Politique is the property of Editions Dalloz Sirrey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Deviance et Societe is the property of Medecine et Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)