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Cet article a pour objectifs : • de présenter un ensemble de bonnes pratiques qui peuvent être inspirées de l'application de la norme internationale ISO 10006 (2003) : « Systêmes de management de la qualité - Lignes directrices pour le management de la qualité dans les projets », dans l'organisation et la réalisation d'une recherche universitaire, débouchant sur une matrice de 54 éléments, • d'illustrer au travers de huit bonnes pratiques la maniêre de mettre en application sur le terrain une telle approche, • de positionner ces concepts dans la stratégie qualité globale de l'institution universitaire concernée, • de suggérer l'élaboration de 3 nouvelles normes internationales en relation avec les démarches qualité en recherche., The objectives of this article are: - to present a set of good practices which can be inspired by the application of the international standard ISO 10006 (2003): "Quality management systems - Guidelines for quality management in projects", in the organization and carrying out university research, leading to a matrix of 54 elements, - to illustrate through eight good practices the way to apply such an approach in the field, - to position these concepts in the overall quality strategy of the university institution concerned, to suggest the development of 3 new international standards in relation to quality approaches in research.

Summary — Consequences of the inclusion of sugar beet pulp in diets for early weaned and growing pigs. The effect of extrusion of wheat and of the inclusion of 6% of sugar beet pulp in a pelleted starter on the performance of the weaned piglet has been studied in two experiments. In the first experiment, 80 crossbred castrated male and female piglets weaned at 21 days of age raised individually y were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement to compare their performance between weaning and 25 kg g live weight. Average feed intake was similar between treatments, but extrusion of wheat had no significant effect on growth performance and feed conversion ratio. The association of normal wheat with sugar beet pulp improved significantly growth rate (P < 0.02) and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.06), in particular during the period following immediatly weaning, ie, 193 vs 156 g/day and 193 vs 2.32, respectively. In the second experiment, 32 crossbred castrated piglets were used to evaluate faecal, then ileal digestibilities of dietary components. Extrusion did not improve digestibility. Ileal digestibility but not faecal digestibility of dry matter and energy was reduced (P < 0.001 ) by the inclusion of sugar beet pulp in the diet. Post-ileal digestibility of all dietary components was higher in animals fed fibrous diet. During the growing-finishing period between 25 and 100 kg live weight, the inclusion of a similar level of 6% of sugar beet pulp in a normal wheat based diet was tested. Piglets of the first experiment were randomly affected to one of the two diets taking into account their previous diet, sex and weight. The average daily gain for the whole period was slighly but not significantly reduced and feed conversion ratio was unchanged in animals receiving sugar beet pulp. However, feed conversion ratio expressed as digeatible energy per kg of body weight gain was reduced in animals receiving beet pulp in their diet. At slaughter, the percentage of lean meat was improved from 52.8 to 54.0% (P < 0.05) as a consequence of a linear decrease in the backfat thickness (P < 0.05) of carcasses of animals receiving sugar beet pulp. No difference in the weight of lean cuts was observed but the use of sugar beet pulp decreased significantly the weight of fat cuts (P < 0.01 It was suggested that for a similar nitrogen retention a reduction in the digestible energy intake reduces the deposition of fatty tissues but the total amount of lean meat in the carcass was not affected by the inclusion of sugar beet in the diet.

The modular model of geared systems presented in this paper makes it possible to simultaneously account for the contact conditions in gears and rolling element bearings. Gears are modeled as two rigid cylinders connected by distributed mesh stiffnesses while ball and roller bearings contribute to the equations of motion as time-varying, non-linear external forces. Solutions are obtained by combining a Newmark time-step integration scheme, a Newton-Raphson method for ball bearing non-linearity and a normal contact algorithm that deals with the contact problem between the teeth. It is found that the static gear-bearing couplings are generally more important than the dynamic couplings with a significant influence of the gear on the bearing response. Finally, it is shown that, in certain conditions, bearings can generate non-linear parametric excitations of the same orders of magnitude as those associated with the meshing of helical gears.Copyright © 2003 by ASME

Because of deflections under load, contacts on tooth flanks can occur outside the theoretical plane of action between nonconjugated profiles especially when tooth modifications are not appropriate. The main objective of the present paper is to introduce an original model of the dynamic behavior of spur gears when submitted to these particular meshing conditions. The pinion and the gear of a pair are modeled as two rigid cylinders linked by stiffnesses and dampers whose amplitudes and orientations vary in order to simulate the evolutions of the meshing conditions. For the sake of simplicity, only three torsional degrees-of-freedom on the pinion, the gear and the motor are considered. The results show that the contacts between non-conjugated flanks lead to a particular dynamic behavior characterized by i) an actual contact ratio larger than the theoretical one, ii) the possibility of impacts at engagement whose amplitudes depend on transmitted loads and speeds.

National audience; Real-time adaptive production control in the flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) is a complex issue that needs to be addressed to realize good performance and high productivity. In this paper, we have considered a support vector machine (SVM)-based simulation approach to resolve a production control problem in an FMC that operates in a dynamic environment. A SVM-based simulation approach chooses the most relevant scheduling rule out of several predefined ones on the basis of the current states of the system. This paper examines and compares the performance of the SVM-based simulation approach with the competent scheduling rules under two different operational environments which are characterized by the uncertainty of demand. We have also developed a Visual Basic-based simulation approach for scheduling of component parts in the context of FMC under different situations. The SVM methodology to control the production offers better performance than the single-rule-based production control system.

International audience; Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques have recently become an important research field for enhancing the performance of in-home Power Line Communication (PLC) systems by exploiting the additional Protective Earth wire. The development of such systems requires an accurate description of the channel noise. In this paper we have presented a model for PLC background noise based on an extensive set of measurements. We have adopted the framework of multivariate time series to model the PLC background noise.This paper employs the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) modeling technique to extract noise model parameters from the measured noise. We have verified the accuracy of the noise model by comparing time and frequency domain correlation of measured and modeled noises.

International audience; In this paper, the authors describe a modeling and design method for a permanent magnet drive used in a power train for Hybrid Electric Heavy Vehicle, based on a Series-Parallel architecture. The hybrid powertrain structure enables high requirements for boost mode of acceleration and full electric mode. A 'Ravigneaux' train was integrated in this hybrid powertrain structure in order to split energy among the vehicle wheels, the thermal engine, the electrical motor and the alternator. To compare the classical simple epicyclic train used in series-parallel Toyota hybrid structure, this 'Ravigneaux' train developed by Nexter group presents a better adaptation to high mechanical constraints (high power and torque) because of its double stages compound structure. Several operation modes of vehicle were analyzed by assuming that the two electrical machines were identical and reversible (they can both operate as a motor or an alternator). In this paper, a simple drive is considered: it deals with a Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (SMPMSM) and a two level Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). An analytical modeling based on three working points: boost working point, nominal working point and maximal rotation speed working point has been elaborated. The analytical modeling makes it possible to model the physical behavior of different components. It enables to analyze quickly the relationship between the different parameters. A numerical modeling using 2D finite elements is also presented in this paper. The aim of 2D finite elements analysis (2DFEA) is to validate the machine performances obtained by analytical modeling. It enables to model some physical phenomena with a better accuracy, such as magnetic saturation. Generally, the results given by 2DFEA will be closer to experimental results. The control law of the electrical machine was investigated by the way of a single-phased electromechanical modeling. With this model, the flux weakening analysis has been taken into account in order to adapt the motor winding according to the rotation speeds defined in the specifications. The flux weakening was realized by considering mechanical and electrical characteristics linked with power, torque, rotation speed, DC-link voltage, feeding voltage of electrical machine, Id and Iq currents, cyclic inductance, winding resistance, back-electromotive force, phase difference between back electromotive force and phase current... The electrical machine losses have been calculated by neglecting the mechanical losses and PM losses. The machine losses calculation includes the copper losses and the iron losses (eddy currents losses and hysteresis losses). The flux density in the stator yoke and the teeth was evaluated by taking into account the magnetic flux created by permanent magnet and the one created by armature reaction (stator current). The inverter losses were calculated too, by considering the commutation and conduction losses of both diodes and IGBT transistors. Thus, the total losses and the global efficiencies of motor and inverter were evaluated and the best working points can be deduced from those calculations. The previous models enable to evaluate global energy performances of electrical machines and inverters by respecting the constraints defined in the specifications. This methodology is general and can be a first step of a complete power train optimal design, including the electrical drive, the gear, the energy storage units and possibly the internal combustion engine.

The constantly increasing market request of high quality vehicles ask the automotive manufacturers to perform lifetime testing in order to verify the reliability levels of new products. In this paper, we deal with two difficulties in reliability assessment for mechanical parts. On one hand, there is the small number of parts available for testing. On the other hand, there is the problem of wear. In the automotive applications, mechanical components subjected to relative motion of parts have to be designed against wear. In this paper, the Bayesian estimation of Wiener process parameters (usually used to define the degradation process) is studied to improve the estimation accuracy in incorporating the available knowledge on the product. In particular, the finite element results and expert knowledge are considered as “a priori”. For wear prediction by FEM, a model based on Archard law was developed for the brake disc wear.

This paper deals with the monolithic integration around vertical power devices. It presents the work carried out toward the integration of the gate driver within the power device, thanks to a N-MOS technology. It is based on modeling and analysis of correct functional operation of the lateral N-MOS devices thanks static curves. These devices are integrated within the power device thanks to a full share of technological steps between the two types of devices. Thanks to the analysis, a full gate driver is designed and integrated. At the end of the paper, the work is partially validated thanks to experimental results.

This paper deals with face gear design. The goal is to propose a simple formula for predicting the width of the wheel as a function of the main design parameters. A specific software was used to achieve this goal. This numerical tool is able to simulate the geometry and the quasistatic loaded behavior of a face gear. The statistical method used for analyzing the influence of data is described: The design of experiments leads to a simple regression model taking into account the influential parameters and their couplings. In the last part of this paper, the results of the formulas are compared to those of the software and an optimal design is proposed based on the regression model.

This paper introduces a new modeling method suitable for the simulation of shell fracture under impact. This method relies on an entirely meshless approach based on the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The paper also presents the SPH shell formulation being used as well as the different test cases used for its validation. A plasticity model of the global type throughout the thickness is also proposed and validated. Finally, in order to illustrate the capabilities of the method, fracture simulations using a simplified fracture criterion are presented.

This paper deals with systematically applying a modern principle of designing real-time simulators, namely the HILS (hardware-in-the-loop simulation) concept, consisting in closed-loop connecting physical and software parts, in order to replicate in laboratory conditions the dynamic behaviour of an industrial process. The software part results from modelling the real system to be simulated, whereas the physical part is taken as it is from this system. Principles of HILS systems are first presented, then a systematic design procedure is proposed and illustrated by building a simulator dedicated to variable-speed wind energy conversion systems. The architecture and possibilities of this simulator are suggested by amply discussing the most relevant experimental results. Some concluding remarks finish this paper.

The main idea in this paper deals with the importance of smart machining improvement by introducing physical based understanding. The case of chip formation, in hard turning, is treated via the existence of a direct relationship between serrated-chip morphology simultaneously with force component signals(resulting from a high frequency acquisition) and with the width of facets detected on a workpiece machined surface. The forces component variations can reach several tens of Newton. The shear segmentation of the chip is a high frequency phenomenon. Because it can excites machine-tool, induces insert wear and affects surface integrity, this phenomenon has to be understood and controlled by the smart machining devices. The paper is a contribution by considering an experimental and a numerical approach.

An "open shop" approach characterized by shared resources comprising mobile agents (algorithms) was implemented, in a previous paper, to minimize the total makespan on the whole of the distributed equipment diagnostic processors in order to meet the maximum availability constraints of distributed system. An evaluation of the incidence of the inspection periods of these diagnosis tasks on the maintenance parameters in the case of a reparable wind system of energy production by Monte Carlo simulation is made now. The results show that a period of weaker inspection and a "window" of broader preventive replacement increase the availability of the system and the costs of preventive maintenance, but, on the other hand, the costs of corrective maintenance decrease, thus the need for a trade, Une approche du type « open shop » caractérisée par des ressources partagées constituées d'agents mobiles (les algorithmes) avait été précédemment mise en oeuvre de notre part pour minimiser le makespan total sur l'ensemble des processeurs de diagnostic d'équipements répartis en vue de répondre aux contraintes de disponibilité maximale du système distribué. Une évaluation est maintenant faite de l'incidence des périodes d'inspections de ces tâches de diagnostic sur les paramètres de maintenance dans le cas d'un système éolien réparable de production d'énergie par simulation Monte Carlo. Les résultats montrent qu'une période d'inspection plus faible et une « fenêtre » de remplacement préventif plus large augmentent la disponibilité du système et les coûts de maintenance préventive, mais, d'un autre côté, diminuent les coûts de maintenance corrective, d'où la nécessité d'un compromis. ABSTRACT. An "open shop" approach characterized by shared resources comprising mobile agents (algorithms) was implemented, in a previous paper, to minimize the total makespan on the whole of the distributed equipment diagnostic processors in order to meet the maximum availability constraints of distributed system. An evaluation of the incidence of the inspection periods of these diagnosis tasks on the maintenance parameters in the case of a reparable wind system of energy production by Monte Carlo simulation is made now. The results show that a period of weaker inspection and a "window" of broader preventive replacement increase the availability of the system and the costs of preventive maintenance, but, on the other hand, the costs of corrective maintenance decrease, thus the need for a trade.

A semi-analytical method for the tridimensional thermal-elastic-plastic contact between two hemispherical asperities is proposed. This first part of the paper describes the algorithm used to deal with the normal contact, which can be either load-driven (ld) or displacement-driven (dd). Both formulations use the Conjugate Gradient (CG) method and the Discrete Convolution and Fast Fourier Transform (DC-FFT) technique. A validation of the code is made in the case of the displacement-driven formulation for an elastic-plastic body in contact with a rigid punch, simulating a nano-indentation test. For both formulations (ld and dd) a very good convergence rate is found. Another new feature is the treatment of the contact between two elastic-plastic bodies. The model is first validated through comparison with the Finite Element Method (FEM). The contact pressure distribution, the hydrostatic pressure and the equivalent plastic strain state below the contacting surfaces are also found to be strongly modified in comparison to the case of an elastic-plastic body in contact with a purely elastic body. An application to the tugging between two spherical asperities in simple sliding (dd formulation) is made in part II of the paper.© 2006 ASME

For high-precision mechanisms such as machine tools or gas-turbine engines, which operate at extreme conditions, it is particularly important to accurately predict the behavior of the included bearing. This prediction includes, among other things, its load distribution, stiffness, and power dissipation. Although shaft speeds tend to increase, rings and shaft walls are becoming thinner due to size and weight constraints. Thus, bearing behavior is no longer independent of the housing and ring stiffness. This paper focuses on the problem of elastic ring deformation and certain behaviors of high-speed intershaft cylindrical roller bearings such as heat dissipation, contact pressure, and risk of bearing failure due to scuffing. The paper presents an analytical method to account for the structural deformation of the rings based on Roark's formulas. The elastic deformation of thin cylindrical rings has been introduced in the set of displacement and load equations that describes the bearing equilibrium. A correla...

VTHD is a high-performance IP experimental network. This network and associated research projects have been partially funded by the French government through the French Research Network for Telecommunications (RNRT) in order to support the development of leading-edge network services on the one hand, and test a wide-scale deployment of advanced Internet applications on the other hand. This paper describes the network services that were deemed necessary to support the deployment of innovative applications are described, as well as several of the applications that have been experimented on the network. It also presents a selection of the traffic engineering methods and experiments that have been developed in the course of the VTHD related research projects. This article describes the collective works of members of the project partners, which are represented here by the paper's co-authors., VTHD est un réseau IP expérimental à très haut débit. Ce réseau et les projets de recherche associés ont reçu un financement public par l'intermédiaire du Réseau National de Recherche en Télécommunications (RNRT) dans le but de permettre à la communauté scientifique française de développer des services réseau innovants et de tester le déploiement à grande échelle d'applications Internet avancées. Cet article décrit les services réseau nécessaires pour supporter le déploiement d'applications innovantes, ainsi que les applications qui ont été expérimentées sur le réseau VTHD. Enfin, l'article présente une sélection des méthodes et des expérimentations en matière d'ingénierie de trafic développées lors des projets de recherche associés à VTHD. Cet article décrit les travaux réalisés collectivement par de nombreux membres des institutions partenaires, qui sont représentées ici par les auteurs cosignant l'article.

The paper deals with joint element model used in crashworthiness simulations. The first part of the paper is dedicated to the formulation of a new “global” finite element for spotweld modelling. The mechanical behaviour of the joint is elastic–plastic type and damage is taken into account to model the failure of the welded area. The second part of the paper concerns a new experimental procedure for joint strength analysis in pure and mixed modes I/II and for joint model characterisation. Experiment is based on Arcan principle and results are compared to open literature. In the last part of the paper, the parameters of the new joint model are identified using experiments and used for several shapes of spot-welded specimens. The model predicts reasonably the elastic–plastic part of the response but is unable to predict the post-peak response observed especially in the case of pure shear.

International audience; This paper deals with a tunable bandpass filter topology which controls independently and simultaneously both the central frequency and bandwidth. This tunable filter results from the association of MEMS cantilevers, used as variable capacitors, with an original passive topology. The latter is based on dual behavior resonators (DBRs), each of them is constituted of low- and high-frequency open-ended stubs. The associated filter electrical response is characterized by tunable frequency transmission zeros. A millimeter bandpass filter with central frequency and relative bandwidth tunability of about 10 and 75%, respectively, is presented.; This paper deals with a tunable bandpass filter topology which controls independently and simultaneously both the central frequency and bandwidth. This tunable filter results from the association of MEMS cantilevers, used as variable capacitors, with an original passive topology. The latter is based on dual behavior resonators (DBRs), each of them is constituted of low- and high-frequency open-ended stubs. The associated filter electrical response is characterized by tunable frequency transmission zeros. A millimeter bandpass filter with central frequency and relative bandwidth tunability of about 10 and 75%, respectively, is presented.

The first part of this two-part paper presents an analytical model to predict the performances of double-row tapered roller bearings (DRTRB). The model has been structured in two major parts: (1)- A conventional quasi-static analysis to determine the internal load distribution, the bearing stiffness and the fatigue life and (2)- A quasi-dynamic analysis which integrates the differential equations for each bearing element in order to determine the amount of skidding, the friction forces and moments and consequently the heat dissipation. The proposed model allows one to take into account a general external loading (shaft tilting moments, radial and axial loads), the initial axial compression introduced while mounting, the operating speed and the lubricant properties. Some numerical results are presented in the second part of this two-part paper. Presented at the 56th Annual Meeting in Orlando, Florida May 20–24, 2001

International audience; In this paper we discuss about various modifications of classical coupled-lines narrow bandpass filter to obtain some frequency response improvement. The first modification concerns the broadening of the resonator strip-widths to improve their unloaded Q-factor. The second modification consists in replacing the in/out coupled lines section by tapped lines feeding. Finally a transmission zero is added using a geometrical modification that favor coupling between non-adjacent resonators. The theoretical investigation is carried out through a DOE based sensitivity study using both a circuit modeling approach and a full wave analysis. Theoretical and experimental results on microstrip filters are compared.; In this paper we discuss about various modifications of classical coupled-lines narrow bandpass filter to obtain some frequency response improvement. The first modification concerns the broadening of the resonator strip-widths to improve their unloaded Q-factor. The second modification consists in replacing the in/out coupled lines section by tapped lines feeding. Finally a transmission zero is added using a geometrical modification that favor coupling between non-adjacent resonators. The theoretical investigation is carried out through a DOE based sensitivity study using both a circuit modeling approach and a full wave analysis. Theoretical and experimental results on microstrip filters are compared.

International audience; An original implementation of a TX/RX transceiver for future UMTS base stations is proposed in this paper. Machined Foam substrates are stacked at first for implementing a square patch antenna on a composite thick support, then delivering interesting performances in terms of bandwidth and efficiency with respect to planar solutions. Active and passive devices are inserted within a shielded cavity created under the patch, then preventing from size constraints at such frequencies as well as insertion loss and parasitic radiations. A complete experimental procedure is presented for both TX and RX operating modes.; An original implementation of a TX/RX transceiver for future UMTS base stations is proposed in this paper. Machined Foam substrates are stacked at first for implementing a square patch antenna on a composite thick support, then delivering interesting performances in terms of bandwidth and efficiency with respect to planar solutions. Active and passive devices are inserted within a shielded cavity created under the patch, then preventing from size constraints at such frequencies as well as insertion loss and parasitic radiations. A complete experimental procedure is presented for both TX and RX operating modes.

International audience; This paper deals about the design and the implementation of a very compact microstrip Tx/Rx diplexer for future UMTS mobile terminals. Miniaturized loop-resonators filters have been developed and combined INTO data_ds.tmp_pub_a diplexer structure, satisfying different constraints such as a high electrical performance level (especially, a very narrow bandwidth, low insertion losses and a high out-of-band rejection), or also a great compactness and a compatibility with a standard planar integration.; This paper deals about the design and the implementation of a very compact microstrip Tx/Rx diplexer for future UMTS mobile terminals. Miniaturized loop-resonators filters have been developed and combined INTO data_ds.tmp_pub_a diplexer structure, satisfying different constraints such as a high electrical performance level (especially, a very narrow bandwidth, low insertion losses and a high out-of-band rejection), or also a great compactness and a compatibility with a standard planar integration.

International audience; In this paper, we discuss the control and suppression of spurious resonances commonly encountered with distributed bandpass filters. The basic idea consists of introducinglow-pass structures within bandpass topologies. By adjusting low-pass filter cutoff frequencies, harmonic resonances are attenuated, while maintaining in-band performances. In addition, transmission losses may be reduced as the insertion technique leads to optimum designs in terms of overall size. The approach described here is based upon the combination of classical synthesis techniques and optimization proceduresprovided by conventional computer-aided-design tools. Experimental results are obtained in the case of /spl lambda//sub g//4 shunt-stub filters implemented in classical semilumped low-pass architectures. Then, we investigate alternative integration technologies and techniques to improve the out-of-band rejection over very wide operating bandwidth. To overcome some design limitations, i.e., workable characteristicimpedance value, we propose and validate a multilayer solution. Finally, new low-pass topologies are suggested to improve low-pass filter band rejection.; In this paper, we discuss the control and suppression of spurious resonances commonly encountered with distributed bandpass filters. The basic idea consists of introducinglow-pass structures within bandpass topologies. By adjusting low-pass filter cutoff frequencies, harmonic resonances are attenuated, while maintaining in-band performances. In addition, transmission losses may be reduced as the insertion technique leads to optimum designs in terms of overall size. The approach described here is based upon the combination of classical synthesis techniques and optimization proceduresprovided by conventional computer-aided-design tools. Experimental results are obtained in the case of /spl lambda//sub g//4 shunt-stub filters implemented in classical semilumped low-pass architectures. Then, we investigate alternative integration technologies and techniques to improve the out-of-band rejection over very wide operating bandwidth. To overcome some design limitations, i.e., workable characteristicimpedance value, we propose and validate a multilayer solution. Finally, new low-pass topologies are suggested to improve low-pass filter band rejection.

International audience; This paper deals with linking system-level design tools with existing hardware design and synthesis tools. The main difficulty is the gap that exists between concepts handled at the system level and concepts accepted by existing synthesis tools. The paper gives an overview of the state of the art and presents COSMOS, a design methodology intended to fill this gap. The methodology allows the combination of a system-level design language (SDL) and a hardware design language (VHDL). The use of such a system-level specification can dramatically reduce the volume of information handled.

International audience; In order to face the continuous increase of the data traffic on cellular networks, using WiFi to offload the LTE network can be an interesting solution for the operators. The convergence between fixed and mobile access allows the WiFi access points to be connected to the cellular eNodeBs. This is known as very tight coupling between LTE and WiFi. WiFi and LTE flows are merged just bellow the IP layer which allows faster attachment procedures to WiFi access points and dual WiFi/LTE transmission while providing a seamless experience to the end user. However, WiFi networks are very different from LTE in terms of delays and loss rates which may have a bad impact on higher layers such as TCP. In this paper, we study the performance of TCP with Very Tight Coupling. We perform experimentation on a real testbed based on the Open Air Interface framework.

International audience; Noncooperative underwater acoustic (UWA) communication systems are prone to interfere with each other since the limited resource offered by the channel is not regulated by any standard. Mutual inteferences can significantly degrade the performances of such systems and it is necessary to find policies allowing UWA devices to access the same physical resource. In this paper, we consider noncooperative UWA OFDM systems competing to access the same portion of the spectrum. We show that an efficient decentralized power allocation strategy can be achieved when all the communication links apply a waterfilling policy only based on little knowledge about their environment. Numerical simulations performed with real UWA channels sounded at-sea demonstrate the relevance of our approach.

Constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment have been proven to be effective, low cost and sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment technologies. This paper is about the Austrian experience in constructed wetland systems.

International audience; Configurable process models are gaining a great importance for the design and development of reusable business processes. As these processes tend to be very complex, their configuration becomes a difficult task. Therefore, many approaches propose to build decision support systems to assist users selecting desirable configuration choices. Nevertheless, these systems are to a large extent manually created by domain experts, which is a time-consuming and tedious task. In addition, relying solely on the expert knowledge is not only error-prone, but also challengeable. In this paper, we propose to learn from past experience in process configuration in order to automatically extract a configuration guidance model. Instead of starting from scratch, a configuration guidance model assists analysts creating business-driven support systems.

International audience; In this paper we present the concept of context-aware Emergency Notification and Rescue Service (ENRS) utilizing user information from the 4G EPC network. The 4G EPC is an all IP next generation architecture that makes it easy for various 3GPP and non-3GPP standards to co-exist and provide network access to the end user. The proposed architecture consists of two parts; first part is emergency notification and information gathering to use for the event notification. The second part consists of an intelligent context-aware decision engine that processes the collected information in real time and generates notification messages for the end user. Our proposed service is based on the RESTful concepts and can be used to effectively notify and help users during the emergency. Currently a prototype of the service is being developed to validate the ENRS.

Aircraft performances at landing or takeoff depend strongly on runway surface conditions. There is a need to provide aircraft pilots with reliable information in view of determining landing performance. Currently, these information are based on a description of the type and the depth of contaminants on the runway surface. This paper presents a new method to improve the correlation between friction coefficients and braking coefficients measured respectively by ground vehicles and aircrafts. A three steps approach is proposed, using a friction model developed by ESDU, to weight the measured coefficients by factors taking into account the characteristics of the devices and of the contaminants. The friction ESDU model is used on contaminated surfaces. The methodology is applied to data collected from extensive friction tests conducted between 1996 and 2003 (Joint Winter Runaway Friction Measurement Program). Characteristics of ground friction measuring devices and aircrafts are provided as inputs for ESDU model. It was found that the correlation between weighted ground friction and braking coefficients is improved significantly compared with the correlation between unweighted coefficients. Advantages of the newly proposed method are discussed in terms of using ground friction coefficients as a promising alternative to determine Runway condition code for aircraft pilots.

International audience; In the context of future seabed underwater scientific observatories, a new Wi-Fi antenna (at 2.45 GHz) was recently developed for high data rate and short range wireless underwater applications. It supports real time video and rapid large file transmissions (54 Mb/s during experiments). Also its simplicity and compatibility with standard Wi-Fi equipment (modems, etc.) makes it a low cost solution for underwater applications. Therefore, while first prototypes have ever experimentally demonstrated the capabilities of the developed solution, several optimizations are possible. This paper focuses on size reduction and improvement to sea pressure resistance, bandwidth broadening, and a new antenna excitation which notably enable further height reduction.

International audience; For some companies, visual inspection has become an essential step when seeking to improve the quality of their products. The aim of this control is to be sure of the perceived quality of the product, which often goes well beyond the quality expected by the customer. For this type of control, the controller should be able to detect any anomaly on a product, characterize this anomaly, and then evaluate it in order to decide if the product should be accepted or rejected. This paper describes how this characterization can be carried out and, more specifically, how to measure the impact of the local environment of an anomaly on the perceived quality of the product.

This paper is an attempt to describe a building design as a hypertext genre. It represents a single– or multi-volume document that has to be submitted when applying for a planning permission issued by an appropriate administrative authority, usu. by Building Surveyors. Its broad thematic scope provides the best proof of its multidisciplinary character – indeed, it bears witness to the complexity of investment process which has to result eventually in the completion of a new building. Building designs consist of texts featuring various genres that belong to different discourse types – apart from administrative ones, they involve texts dealing with architecture, urban architecture, structural engineering, interior fit-outs, electrical and heating facilities, sanitary fittings. Law regulations precise the exact content of a building design, which heavily depends on the putative function of a building, its degree of complexity and environmental setting. A building design thus turns out to be a multilayered genre whose composition is related to extra linguistic factors (design location and its function). It exhibits features typical of hypertext genres: non-sequentiality (non-linearity), component independence of hyperstructure, polyphony (many authors), primacy of global coherence and interactivity. All the characteristics make it difficult to apply traditional models of describing linear texts to building designs, thus proving that the dividing line between text and hypertext genres is independent of the media boundary.

National audience; Multi-touch interaction requires a trade-off between users' desires and capabilities, and gesture recognition constraints. Current approaches to that problem lack flexibility. The number of fingers used for a gesture usually plays a key part in the recognition process, for example. In this paper, we propose the use of pseudo-rigid movements to increase the flexibility of this process. We show how these movements can be determined in real time from the contact information usually available. We explain how they allow to free the recognition process from the number of fingers used and to move towards multi movement gestures, independent or coordinated. Finally, we present an interaction technique that takes advantage of this increased flexibility.

This paper describes an experiment conducted on a mockup of a Personal Information Space. Users were asked to perform data entry and retrieval tasks, then to modify the mockup according to their needs and wishes. The results allowed to validate the item structure for the future personal space, and to assess the role of user modifications as evaluation cues, and for the development of further ergonomic recommendations.

This paper deals with an issue that has rarely been addressed for the Neolithic period : the degree of functional specialization of ceramic productions. The question was applied to the earliest pottery from Bulgaria (6100-5500 BC). Results obtained on the pottery function from Kovačevo suggested in fact that some vessels were manufactured for a specific use. From the ceramic assemblage of this site, a new analytical method was developed to assess the degree of functional specialization. This method involves comparing the variability of pottery from a same functional range with those of the whole ceramic assemblage. The attributes that distinguish them could thus be identified. Next, their impact on the properties required by the different use of vessels (resistance to thermal and mechanical shock, waterproofing or heating efficiency) was measured using experimental and ethnographic data. However, some characteristics significantly change the performance of vessels. It was thus deduced that a part of the ceramic production from the site was already devoted to a particular purpose during the manufacturing process. At Kovačevo, two categories of ceramic vessels were undoubtedly produced for a specific function : storage vessels and cooking pots. Indeed, these two categories show a whole range of specific features which were particularly suited for their actual use. Thus, storage vessels often present a very thick slip on their inner surfaces which has not been identified in other functional classes of pottery. However, this type of slip gave them the high waterproofing required for storing substances. Cooking pots always have a narrow opening and a flat base. Their walls are relatively thick and their outer surfaces are often slip trailed. The combination of these different attributes provided them with the excellent thermal shock resistance required for cooking. Other functional classes of ceramic vessels were not necessarily made for the use to which they were put. This is the case of pottery used for grinding products. Indeed, they do not seem very suitable for this specific function. The study carried out on the ceramic assemblage from Kovačevo has allowed different degrees of functional specialization to be identified within the same pottery range : loww and high. These different degrees of specialization may be explained by more or less important use constraints depending on the function of the ceramic vessels. The preliminary work carried out the functional specialization of ceramic productions has finally provided a new picture about the first Neolithic potters from Bulgaria. The choices made during the manufacturing process of storage and cooking vessels confirm that their know-how was high. Indeed, these potters knew the technical solutions required to meet the different use constraints of ceramic vessels. Moreover, the choices made to optimize the pottery efficiency show that not only environmental, technical and cultural factors determined the potters’ behaviour. The function of ceramic vessels could also influence it., Vieugué Julien. Spécialisation fonctionnelle des premières productions céramiques dans les Balkans (6100-5500 av. J.-C.) . In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 109, n°2, 2012. pp. 251-265.

In this paper, a study of an autonomous hybrid PV-Wind-battery system for a residential house of 4 persons in La Rochelle in France is presented. It includes system design optimization and performance evaluation in addition of its economic and environmental life cycle analysis. The results show a low environmental impact and a reasonable economic cost of the system.

A characterization of the different patterns of technological development of France and Britain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century which has been frequently put forward considers French engineers and scientists involved in the formulation and discovery of theoretical and general principles, whereas their British counterparts were mainly working using “rules of thumbs” and other similar forms of empirical know-how. At least, prima facie, the case of steam engineering seems to fit this broad characterization rather well. In this paper we provide a reconsideration of the different nature of French and British practices in steam engineering. Our study shows, that the different economic circumstances prevailing in Britain and France (in particular the price of coal) led the two countries to embark to different paths of accumulation of “useful knowledge” in the field of steam engineering. La caractérisation des modèles de développement technologique en Grande-Bretagne et en France à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et au début du XIXe siècle repose largement sur l’idée que les ingénieurs et savants français se sont impliqués dans la découverte et la formulation de principes théoriques et généraux, alors que ceux anglais utilisaient des astuces et autres formes de savoir-faire empirique. Du moins, à première vue, le cas de la vapeur semble épouser assez bien cette distinction. Dans cet article, nous proposons de reconsidérer la nature des pratiques françaises et anglaises dans les techniques de la vapeur. Notre étude montre que les circonstances économiques différentes existant en Grande-Bretagne et en France (en particulier le prix du charbon) ont conduit les deux pays à choisir des voies différentes d’« accumulation du savoir » dans le domaine des techniques de la vapeur.

Because of the industrial progress in Britain during the eighteenth century, many visitors came to see what was being achieved. Thus began a long tradition of industrial espionage and technology transfer. Some came simply out of interest and curiosity, but the main aim was to rival Britain in industry and production. This paper provides examples of these activities. à cause du progrès industriel en Grande Bretagne pendant le dix-huitième siècle, il y arrivait beaucoup de visiteurs pour observer les réussites britanniques. C’est ainsi qu’a commencé une longue tradition d’espionnage industriel et transfert de techniques. Pour quelques-uns, la raison était tout simplement l’intérêt et la curiosité mais, pour la plupart, leur but était de rivaliser la Grande Bretagne en industrie et production. Dans cette communication, on trouvera des exemples de ces activités.

A multi scale methodology is proposed for the study of the cellular material behavior under dynamic loading. The behavior of polymeric foams studied depends on the constitutive material and the morphology of the porous structure. The cellular material of this study is constituted of millimetric porous beads, these beads are themselves constituted of microscopic closed cells. The methodology proposed to model the multi scale morphology of the structure (the scales of beads and cells) of the cellular material; it consists in implementing simple mechanical models at the different scales to reproduce the complex physical phenomenon observed and to model the macroscopic response of the foam. The observation and the analysis of physical phenomenon is the first step of the multi scale modeling. This paper describes the experimental and numerical methods used to observe and describe the structure of the cellular material, and quantify deformations and damages of these structures at the scales of beads and cells. Two ways of modeling were investigated: a finite-element model to represent the bead structure and another approach, more original, by the use of a modified discrete element model to model the microscopic structure of the cells.

LGEP 2011 ID = 876; International audience; In order to find better solution for the development of Electric Vehicles (EVs), many research are performed by companies, universities and research laboratories. The main goal of these works is to provide some solutions to reduce the cost, increase the compactness, improve the autonomy and the reliability as well as the vehicle energetic efficiency and last but not least, reduce the global carbon emissions impact of the vehicle. This paper deals with an on-board battery charger for EVs or PHEVs where power electronics are reduced thanks to the use of same power converters in traction and charger mode. RST controllers in discrete time are design to control the PWM rectifier for the single-phase case.

Fatigue strength is of prior concern for automotive chassis parts design. In a reliability framework, its assessment still requires long and expensive test campaigns. In particular, high-cycle endurance tests usually involve several specimens undergoing million-cycle procedures. In order to reduce the specimen number (e.g. expensive prototypes) and to shorten testing procedures (i.e. time-to-result delay), Accelerated Life Tests (AFT) are developed under the constraint of the needed high-reliability assessment. These methods do not involve high frequency load cycling, but are mainly based on stress magnification and fatigue damage equivalence. In this paper, at first a review of the fatigue test procedures currently used in the automotive industry (e.g. StrairCase, Locati and StairCase-Locati) is addressed. Thus, numerical simulations are used in order to assess the efficiency of these test procedures and compare their performances.

International audience; The paper presents parametric analysis of durability factors of RC highway bridges strengthened with CFRP laminates during their service life. Durability factors considered are concrete cover and CFRP laminate thickness. Three deterioration factors were considered. First, growth of live load with time. Second, resistance reduction due to chloride-attack corrosion which causes reduction in steel properties. Corrosion losses are evaluated through a time–temperature dependent corrosion current. Two types of corrosion are considered; uniform and pitting corrosion. Third, deterioration due to aging of CFRP. The reliability analysis is controlled by three failure modes; concrete crushing, CFRP mid span debonding and CFRP rupture. Monte-Carlo simulation is used to develop time dependent statistical models for rebar steel area and live load extreme effect. Reliability is estimated in term of reliability index using FORM algorithm. For illustrative purpose, a RC bridge is assumed as an example. The reliability of interior beam of the bridge is evaluated under various traffic volumes and different corrosion environments. The bridge design options follow AASHTO-LRFD specifications. The present work also extends to calibrate CFRP resistance safety factor corresponds to three target reliability levels, β=3.5, 3.85, and 4.2. The results of the analysis have shown that corrosion has the most significant effect on bridge life time followed by live load growth. Pitting corrosion type is more hazardous than uniform. Also, initial safety index is proved to be traffic dependent. AASHTO design equation (that corresponds βtarget=3.5) seems to be overestimated for strengthening purpose. Strengthening with (βtarget=4.2) provide better reliability than βtarget proposed by AASHTO provision with no significant differences in CFRP amounts required.

National audience; In Human-Computer Interaction, plasticity refers to the capacity of User Interfaces (UI) to adapt to the context of use (user, platform, environment) while preserving user-centered properties. Until now, plasticity was the scope of various studies. The adaptation from a context of use to another was studied in order to satisfy the end-user's requirements. This paper changes the focus: plasticity in itself is not the scope anymore; it is viewed as a way for designers to improve UI quality. The iterative design process is detailed for a case study where all design decisions have been recorded in terms of their influence on UI ergonomic quality. The case study deals with e-goverrment procedures. The return of experience shows that paying attention to plasticity for a small screen platform results in improvements on the large screen platform version due to the reexamination of its initial design; En Interaction Homme-Machine, la plasticité désigne la capacité des Interfaces Homme-Machine (IHM) à s'adapter aux variations du contexte d'usage (utilisateur, plate-forme, environnement) en conservant la qualité attendue par l'utilisateur. La plasticité a fait l'objet de nombreuses études ; l'adaptation d'un contexte d'usage à un autre y était envisagée dans le but de satisfaire l'utilisateur final. Dans cet article, la perspective est différente : la plasticité n'est plus l'objet de l'étude mais un moyen pour le concepteur d'améliorer la qualité des IHM. L'étude de cas présentée dans cet article est la conception d'une téléprocédure citoyenne plastique. Nous relatons tous les choix de conception et étudions leur impact sur la qualité des IHM. En particulier, nous montrons que concevoir une IHM pour un petit écran permet d'améliorer la qualité d'une version grand écran conçue au préalable.

International audience; Cognitive assistance systems are aimed to support people loosing their autonomy while completing activities of daily living (ADL). The range of activities to support, the dissemination of interactive devices in the environment and the variability of users' cognitive capacities raise real challenges when designing assistance in such systems. This paper addresses the assistance issues and presents guidelines for assistive systems design. Especially, based on an experiment of the assistance provided while completing ADL, we suggest a principle of scaled assistance. The principle was applied to Archipel, a cognitive orthesis. This application and the results analysis of a 12 sujects experiment led to the evaluation and the improvement of some ergonomic guidelines about ambient assisted living

The Partial Element Equivalent Circuit method (PEEC) is well suited to the extraction of the conducted electromagnetic (EM) disturbance parameters in the electronic wiring systems. It can be an efficient tool for the EMC study relevant to automotive cables. However, the complete EMC analysis of embedded systems requires also reliable models for the radiated emissions especially at high frequencies. In this paper, an efficient approach based on the PEEC method is developed for the modeling of the cable radiations.

The conversion efficiency of three way catalytic converters is mainly defined by the temperature range wherein they are operating. Traditionally, ignition retard has been used to reduce the light-off time of the catalyst. This is however associated with a fuel penalty. With increasing vehicle electrification, electrically heating facilities present an alternative, especially for hybrid vehicles. Nevertheless, system complexity of hybrid vehicles prevents engineers to evaluate possible heating technologies and their corresponding fuel penalty with respect to traditional solutions. This paper evaluates the application of an electrically heated catalyst on a hybrid vehicle equipped with a Natural Gas (NG) engine. The effect of heating power on light-off time and fuel penalty is determined, using analysis techniques emerging from integrated powertrain control. By means of a case study, the importance of an integral approach is explained by comparing the fuel penalty and conversion efficiency improvement of electric heating with that of ignition retard. In this process, a mix of simulation and test data were combined, forming the foundations for future control developments of a suitable light-off strategy. © 2010 Institut français du pétrole.

National audience; The development of micro and nanotechnologies requires the design of microrobots and Microsystems able to handle submillimetric objects. Many micromanipulation systems have been built. However, improvement of the performances requires the use of advanced control methods. In this paper, we present the main characteristics of the microworld from a control point of view and some control strategies adapted to the microsystems.

International audience; Due to operational constraints for underwater data acquisition, simulating realistic sonar data, like images, swath bathymetry profiles or interferometric signals, is crucial for tuning detection and classification algorithms according to sensors settings, sea-bottom nature and topography. Moreover, the robustness of any performance estimation or prediction can be greatly enhanced, as soon as such a simulation tool provides a modular and flexible underwater world representation (multiple sensors, environments and acquisition conditions). For signal and array processing, it is essential not only to generate the signal energy backscattered by a resolution cell, but also to produce a phase information that conveys its theoretical statistical properties. To this end, this paper proposes a Brownian motion-based approach to generate complex Gaussian signals from the contribution of a set of extended single scatterers inside a resolution cell. The resulting process preserves the conservation of energy when integrating on surfaces, as well as the decorrelation between different areas of the sea bottom, and the right interference between two sensors for interferometric applications.