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Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé L’erreur fait partie d’une réalité en médecine. Afin d’améliorer les pratiques et la sécurité des soins, les professionnels sont amenés à s’inscrire dans une démarche de révélation de l’erreur. Toutefois, la littérature met en avant une réelle difficulté des professionnels à révéler leur erreur. Différents freins sont décrits, à la fois personnels, institutionnels et sociétaux. Mais l’erreur correspond également à une perte des repères professionnels et confronte les soignants à des émotions intenses où se mêlent honte et culpabilité. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous soulignerons les freins psychologiques à la révélation qui peuvent jouer un rôle dans la capacité du professionnel à s’inscrire dans un processus de révélation de l’erreur. Le vécu psychologique du professionnel face à l’erreur permet de dresser des pistes de réflexion sur l’accompagnement des professionnels dans le processus de révélation et du chemin qu’il reste encore à accomplir. Error disclosure is now an ethical and professional obligation for health professionals and seeks to improve quality and safety in healthcare. Literature has highlighted the numerous benefits of error disclosure and several authors have described the options for handling this situation. However, it is not quite that simple to be honest and open and follow a protocol that instructs professionals to explain, support and apologise in situations where they are subject to criticism. While the many personal, institutional and social factors that hinder open disclosure have been identified, little attention has been paid to the obstacles associated with the psychological impact of disclosure, thereby limiting the debate on how professionals might be supported in their efforts to cope with error disclosure. The psychological impact of error on professionals is a well-established fact. Physicians are “second victims” likely to be emotionally affected by medical error. Emotional distress, anger, isolation, fear, guilt and shame can be intense, suggesting that, far from being an isolated act in professional practice, a medical error is a life event that modifies the psychological balance of a professional. Studies in the humanities have shown how work shapes individuals’ identities. The choice to heal and care for is indicative of the ideals related to professionals’ life histories, cultures, family models and representations of health and disease. Work and, more specifically, recognition at work from their peers, patients and relatives enables health professionals to support their ideals and establish a coherent identity, and to belong to a workgroup. The error foreshadows a rupture which plunges the professional and the team in a state of vulnerability that rules out the professional's or the team's possibility to be part of a process of disclosing the error. In these conditions, a policy of security of care also involves a guarantee of the caregiver's and the team's psychological security. The term psychological security was developed by the psychoanalysis who emphasised the individual's need to evolve in a “sufficiently good” protective environment that allows him/her to contain his/her emotions, while giving the individual the possibility to express and discuss them. This space implies a relation of trust between individuals. Trust refers to the idea that the individual can trust someone, it is based on the capacity to create relations. It is only through trust that the professional will be able to open him/herself to others and construct a space where the errors and the doubts that he/she has in the context of work are shared. But if trust is essential, it is also dangerous because it implies accepting the risk of being dependent on those considered as trustworthy and the risk that they will not live up to the professional's expectations. As a consequence, the professional will only have trust when he/she has evaluated the possibility of cooperation and more precisely, as stated by Hardin, a cooperation in which the professional's interests are “encapsulated interests”, in other words the interests of others. Therefore, this cooperation depends on each member of the team seeing his/her interests as being partially those of the others. Cooperation within a service reveals the relations of trust between the professionals and shows the relations of dependence that each one maintains with the others for the good administration of care. Thus the creation of relations of cooperation between the team members proves to be an important indicator to determine the professional's possibility to adhere to a process of disclosing the error. This approach shows that professionals must address multiple rather than single disclosures: to the self, and to others (colleagues, hierarchy, patients and families) who will mobilise specific knowledge, emotions and psychological defences. To avoid cases where disclosure takes on dimensions as tragic as the actual errors committed, it is important to pay attention to the psychic state of healthcare professionals by offering a space of free expression that enables them to better understand their feelings and gain a sense of support in order to restore their ideals and professional identities. Finally, it's important to emphasize that disclosure also depends on the preservation or restoration of the relations of cooperation within the team. Disclosure cannot be prescribed, it must emerge within a workgroup who allows the error to be thought over, communicated and shared. In this context, disclosure becomes a group rule that is known to all. A health professional who feels sufficiently supported might, in turn, support a patient and/or his/her relatives and engage in meaningful disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectif L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre en exergue les effets de l’utilisation de lieux d’échanges virtuels sur l’adaptation psychologique des patientes à la pathologie cancéreuse et notamment au cancer du sein. Méthode Pour ce faire, une revue de littérature a été effectuée. Les bases de données Cairn, Wiley Online Library, Taylor and Francis, ScienceDirect, Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR), Communication organisation, PubMed Central NCBI, APA PsycNET, Cross Ref, Oxford Journals, Persee, et Link Springer ont été explorés. Nous avons inclus toutes les études quantitatives et qualitatives portant sur l’utilisation de technologies ou de ressources en ligne en lien avec le cancer et plus particulièrement le cancer du sein. Résultats Cinquante-deux articles ont alors été sélectionnés. Quarante incluaient exclusivement des femmes atteintes du cancer du sein, et 12 incluaient différents types de cancer (sein, prostate, reins, poumon, sang…). La plupart des études ont rapporté des résultats significatifs en termes d’adaptation psychologique : une amélioration du bien-être émotionnel, psychologique et général ; une diminution de l’anxiété et du stress ; un meilleur optimisme ; une meilleure qualité de vie, ainsi qu’une meilleure participation à la santé. Conclusion Les résultats suggèrent une relation positive entre les lieux d’échanges pour les patientes et les résultats concernant la gestion de leur vécu par rapport à la maladie. Objectives We want to know the effects of virtual exchanges places, on psychological adaptation of women patients to cancer pathology, and especially breast cancer. Patients and methods A literature review was made. Databases Cairn, Wiley Online Library, Taylor and Francis, ScienceDirect Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR), Communication organisation, PubMed Central NCBI, APA PsycNET, EBSCOST, Cross Ref, Oxford Journals, Persee, and Link Springer were explored. We included all quantitative and qualitative studies on the use of technologies and online resources related to cancer, especially breast cancer. Results Fifty-two articles were selected. Forty only included women with breast cancer and 12 included different types of cancer (breast, prostate, kidney, leukemia…). Most of the studies have reported significant results in terms of psychological adaptation: improved emotional, psychological and general well-being; a decrease in anxiety and stress; a greater optimism; a better quality of life and a better participation in health. Conclusions Results suggest a positive relationship between spaces of exchange for women patients and outcomes related to their experiences in relation to the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Étudier les caractéristiques d’un fonctionnement psychique particulier, la subjectivité sans sujet , à l’origine d’actes immotivés, dans un climat d’effacement de la conscience et de la représentation mentale chez des sujets ayant commis un délit ou un crime de nature sexuelle ou non. Méthode Une situation d’énonciation particulière, générée par une consigne remaniée à l’Arrangement d’Images de la WAIS-R : « raconter une histoire ». Le matériel iconique, partageable dans l’ici et maintenant de la situation d’énonciation, octroie une place particulière au destinataire-psychologue,s ce qui engendre des effets spécifiques sur les productions. L’analyse des textes utilise les outils de la linguistique énonciative et de la pragmatique du langage. Résultats La structure narrative et pragmatique de ces textes se décline en trois constellations signifiantes qui déterminent trois types de subjectivité énonciatives, marquées respectivement par la perplexité , la minimisation et la pleine conscience . Seuls les marqueurs linguistiques de la perplexité associée à ce que nous avons défini comme le témoignage oculaire sont présentés, analysés sous l’angle de la psychopathologie. Ces marqueurs renvoient à un traitement visuel obsessif et incertain du réel, à un rapport au temps chaotique, à une absence d’intentionnalité et de finalité des conduites. Le rapport de conscience du sujet à son acte est marqué par la perplexité. Discussion Le fil conducteur de cette présentation est le repérage du fonctionnement psychique de ces auteurs d’actes violents, illustrés par des exemples éclairants et appréhendés sous le triple sceau de la trace de la situation d’énonciation, de l’empreinte de la subjectivité du locuteur et de la place accordée au destinataire. Conclusions Cette situation d’énonciation interroge le sens des paroles du sujet lors de sa mise en examen. Le témoignage oculaire , fortement dépendant du travail de désambiguïsation réalisé par le destinataire pour comprendre, peut engendrer des interprétations erronées et égarer le destinataire dans une évaluation avantageuse du discours. La question de la responsabilité du sujet au moment de la commission de son acte est ici interrogée. Objectives To study the characteristics of a specific psychological mode of functioning, subjectivity without a subject , generating non-motivated behaviours, in a setting where consciousness and mental representations are erased in subjects having committed an offence or a crime, sexual or other. Method The instruction for the WAIS-R subtest Picture Arrangement were changed to “telling a story” to create a specific situation of utterance. The visual material can be shared in the here-and-now of the situation of utterance, giving the recipient-psychologist a particular place, and engendering specific impacts on the utterances. The text analysis uses the tools of enunciative linguistics and pragmatics. Results The narrative and pragmatic structure of these texts falls into three meaningful constellations which determine threes types of enunciative subjectivity, characterised respectively by perplexity, minimisation and full awareness. Here, only the linguistic markers of perplexity, in association with what we define as eyewitness testimony , are presented and analysed from the psychopathological viewpoint. They reflect an obsessive, uncertain, visual understanding of reality, a chaotic perception of time, and a lack of intentionality and objectives. The level of consciousness of the subject towards his behaviour is low and perplexed. Discussion The central theme of this presentation is the psychological functioning of perpetrators of violent acts, calling on several examples, from three angles of approach: the situation of utterance, traces of the speaker's subjectivity and the place given to the recipient. Conclusion This situation of utterance explores the meaning of the subject's words during the investigation procedure. The eyewitness testimony – lacking traces of the subject's identity and strongly dependent on the recipient's disambiguation in his or her effort to understand – can lead to incorrect interpretations and mislead the recipient towards a favourable evaluation of the discourse. This article raises the question of the subject's responsibility during the perpetration of the act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La communication est souvent perçue comme un art. Il s’agit avant tout d’un savoir-faire indispensable pour exercer correctement le métier de pharmacien. L’évolution de la profession et les nouvelles missions qui lui sont afférentes invitent les officinaux à se former en conséquence. Accueil des patients, dispensation de conseils, délivrance de médicaments ou entretien pharmaceutique, la communication est omniprésente à l’officine. Différents outils et techniques permettent de s’adapter à chaque situation et d’offrir une prestation de qualité. Summary Communication is often seen as an art. It is above all an area of expertise which pharmacists must master. The evolution of the profession and the new missions which it is acquiring mean community pharmacists must ensure they receive the appropriate training. As they deal with patients, give advice, dispense medicines and carry out a pharmaceutical interview, communication is omnipresent in the pharmacy. Different tools and techniques enable pharmacists to adapt to each situation and offer a high-quality service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’entretien motivationnel fait partie des nouvelles techniques de communication que les professionnels de santé peuvent utiliser pour aider leurs patients à modifier leur comportement. Cet outil leur permet de structurer leur discours et d’analyser plus facilement les freins au changement. L’entretien motivationnel s’applique à de nombreux domaines. Summary Motivational interviewing is a new communication technique which health professionals can use to help their patients change their behaviour. This tool enables them to structure their discourse and analyse more easily the obstacles hindering change. Motivational interviewing can be applied to many areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le pharmacien contribue à l’accessibilité des patients déficients visuels et auditifs à l’officine au même titre qu’à celle des déficients moteurs à travers l’optimisation des aménagements. Mais il se doit également de favoriser l’accueil et les échanges qui peuvent s’avérer compliqués dans ce contexte. Les solutions pratiques qui existent ont pour objectif de répondre aux principales difficultés concernant notamment la gestion autonome des médicaments et la communication à l’officine. Summary Pharmacists must ensure that the pharmacy is as accessible to patients with visual and hearing impairments as it is to those with motor impairments by optimising the layout. However, they must also focus on the staff service and exchanges which can prove to be complicated in this context. The practical solutions available address the main difficulties concerning notably the autonomous management of medication and communication in the pharmacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectif L’objectif est ici de concevoir la relation à l’altérité en jeu dans l’anorexie. Si le sujet qui mange est confronté à l’altérité de ce qu’il n’est pas et dont il dépend (la nourriture), alors l’anorexie implique de ne pas céder à cette altérité. De même, l’anorexique ne pourrait assumer l’altérité de l’autre sujet pour qui ou contre qui s’organise l’acte de manger. C’est l’hypothèse que nous défendons ici. Méthode C’est en passant par la philosophie de Levinas que l’anorexie se comprend mieux comme problématique de l’altérité. Ce que Levinas révèle en effet est que l’autre sujet n’est pas un autre moi-même mais une altérité inassimilable. Confrontée aux observations cliniques, cette conception démontre sa pertinence quant à la meilleure compréhension de l’anorexique comme celle pour qui une telle altérité inassimilable est insupportable. Résultats Soit l’autre est assimilé comme celui que l’anorexique veut être pour devenir ce qu’elle n’est pas ; soit l’autre est rejeté comme une altérité radicale qu’elle ne peut assumer comme telle. Dans les deux cas, c’est aux autres que l’anorexique adresse son anorexie, les appelant et les rejetant. Discussion Dans la diversité de ses manifestations, l’anorexique est animée d’une même lutte contre l’assujettissement de sa subjectivité à l’altérité de l’autre. Conclusion Engagée dans une telle problématique intersubjective, l’anorexique manifeste une communication alimentaire en dépouillant la nourriture de sa matière nutritive insignifiante pour en faire un élément de langage ; ce faisant, elle matérialise la faim en un corps qu’elle transforme pour l’adresser à l’autre. Objective The objective here is to conceive the relationship to alterity at stake in anorexia. If the subject who eats is confronted with what it is not and upon which it depends (food), then anorexia implies the refusal to surrender to such alterity. Likewise, the anorexic would not assume the alterity of the other subject for whom or against whom the act of eating is organized. It is the hypothesis that we defend here. Method It is by relying on Levinas’ philosophy that anorexia is better understood as a problematic of alterity. Indeed, what Levinas reveals is that the other subject is not another ‘myself’ but an inassimilable ‘other’. Confronted with clinical observations, this conception demonstrates its relevance for understanding the anorexic as a subject for whom inassimilable alterity is unbearable. Results Either the other is assimilated as the one the anorexic is not but wants to become; or the other is rejected as a radical alterity which the anorexic cannot assume as such. In both cases, it is to others that the anorexia is addressed; inviting and rejecting them. Discussion In the diversity of their manifestations, anorexics are animated by the same fight against a subjection of their subjectivity to the alterity of the other. Conclusion Engaged in such intersubjective problematic, the anorexic manifests an alimentary communication by stripping food from its nutritional matter in order to make of it an element of language; doing so, the anorexic materializes hunger in a body which is transformed to address it to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Les patients drépanocytaires en situation de douleur aiguë expérimentent des modifications cognitives, comportementales et émotionnelles qui peuvent accentuer leur douleur et perturber la communication avec les soignants. Les soignants de leur côté sont confrontés aux difficultés d’évaluation de la douleur et à leurs propres réactions psychologiques face à la douleur de leurs patients. Le décalage entre le vécu des patients et l’évaluation des soignants est source de conflits et de non-adhésion aux soins qui ont un impact direct sur le pronostic de la drépanocytose. Il n’y a pas de fatalité à ces phénomènes, dont la connaissance permet l’action et ouvre des perspectives d’amélioration de la prise en charge. Cet article est une mise au point, sur le mode d’une revue narrative, sur les interactions entre douleur aiguë et certaines configurations, comme l’incapacité de discerner des émotions, le catastrophisme, le stress post-traumatique ou le sentiment d’ostracisme. La surestimation de l’addiction des patients par les soignants influence également la douleur elle-même. Une communication franche, certains traitements, médicamenteux ou non, une organisation institutionnelle cohérente et une prise en charge pluridisciplinaire ont un rôle antalgique en agissant sur les composantes cognitives et émotionnelles de la douleur. Sickle cell patients in acute pain situation experiment cognitive, behavioral and emotional changes that can accentuate their pain and disrupt communication with caregivers. On the other hand, caregivers have to face pain assessment difficulties and their own psychological reactions to their patient's pain. The gap between the patient's experience and caregiver's evaluation can lead to conflict and non-adherence treatment, and have a direct impact on the sickle cell disease prognosis. There is nothing inevitable about these phenomena, whose knowledge allows the action and opens up prospects for improving the management of sickle cell disease pain. This article is a narrative review updating the interactions between acute pain and some configurations, such as the inability to discern emotions, catastrophizing, post-traumatic stress or feeling ostracized. The overestimation of patient's addiction by caregivers also influences the pain itself. Open communication, as well as some treatments, medicated or not, a consistent institutional organization and a multidisciplinary approach altogether have an analgesic role by acting on pain cognitive and emotional components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le dialogue professionnel de santé-patient est complexe et peut déboucher sur une impasse relationnelle. Il est important de reconnaître ces situations afin de diminuer leur impact sur la qualité de l’échange. Les barrières sont autant de freins à l’établissement d’une véritable alliance thérapeutique. Le professionnel de santé, en optimisant sa communication verbale et non verbale, réussira à abaisser les résistances de son patient. Summary The health professional-patient dialogue is complex and can lead to a relationship impasse. It is important to recognise these situations in order to lessen their impact on the quality of the exchange. Barriers hinder the establishment of a real therapeutic alliance. Health professionals, by optimising their verbal and non-verbal communication, can help to lower the resistance of their patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les troubles sensoriels et émotionnels occupent une place importante dans le tableau clinique du syndrome autistique, ainsi que dans les modèles théoriques interprétatifs de la psychologie, de la neuropsychologie et de la psychodynamique. Nous proposons dans ce premier article : d’analyser les modèles théoriques explicatifs du syndrome autistique, avec un focus spécifique sur la place des particularités sensorielles dans la pathologie autistique ; de conceptualiser une approche de psychothérapie à médiation sensorielle, destinée à la prise en charge des troubles de l’interaction sociale et de la communication chez des enfants autistes sévèrement déficitaires. Nous avons élaboré le cadre et la démarche de cette approche en conjuguant les fondements théoriques et pratiques : des thérapies d’intégration sensorielle et de l’approche Snoezelen, en lien avec le développement sensoriel et de la corporéité ; de la stimulation basale et des thérapies psychomotrices, pour la stabilisation du schéma corporel et de l’image du corps ; des thérapies par le toucher et de la relaxation psychomotrice, en relation avec la construction du ű Moi peau Ƈ ; de la musicothérapie pour le développement des capacités interactionnelles et communicatives. Un second article présentera une illustration clinique de cette étude théorique. Nous présenterons notre dispositif thérapeutique et son application, ainsi que les principaux résultats obtenus auprès de cinq patients pris en charge individuellement par thérapie à médiation sensorielle, chaque semaine pendant une période de 18 mois. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les troubles sensoriels et émotionnels occupent une place importante dans le tableau clinique du syndrome autistique, ainsi que dans les modèles théoriques interprétatifs de la psychologie, de la neuropsychologie et de la psychodynamique. À l’issue de notre analyse théorique, nous avons suggéré que la sollicitation du sujet autiste déficitaire sur le versant de la sensorialité pouvait permettre la relance du développement de l’intersubjectivité, et par conséquent l’émergence d’une dynamique relationnelle et communicative. Nous avons conceptualisé une approche de psychothérapie à médiation sensorielle, destinée à la prise en charge des troubles de la relation et de la communication chez des enfants autistes sévèrement déficitaires. Dans cette étude, nous souhaitons présenter : notre dispositif thérapeutique et son application dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche développementale, clinique et expérimentale ; une illustration clinique à travers les principaux résultats obtenus auprès de cinq patients. Nous avons proposé à cinq enfants, au cours d’une période de prise en charge de 18 mois, des séances individuelles et hebdomadaires de psychothérapie à médiation sensorielle. Notre groupe expérimental était constitué de trois enfants présentant une déficience intellectuelle profonde associée à des troubles autistiques. Nous l’avons comparé à un groupe témoin de deux enfants présentant un niveau similaire de déficience intellectuelle, mais sans trouble autistique associé. Des analyses quantitatives (i.e. statistiques) et qualitatives des effets thérapeutiques ont été réalisées dans les domaines suivants : le fonctionnement sensoriel, l’interaction sociale, la communication (verbale et non verbale), les activités stéréotypées, les comportements à valence positive et les comportements à valence négative. Nos principaux résultats ont montré la spécificité du profil sensoriel des enfants autistes. De plus, nous avons constaté une amélioration progressive, en cours de prise en charge, du fonctionnement sensoriel des enfants autistes, se traduisant par une augmentation de notre Indice d’Intégration Sensorielle. Chacun des groupes a significativement augmenté son investissement des stimulations plurimodales de type mixte (i.e. proximales et distales). Par ailleurs, les séances de psychothérapie à médiation sensorielle ont permis une augmentation significative du niveau d’interaction sociale, ainsi qu’une amélioration des compétences communicatives pour les deux groupes. Enfin, le nombre de stéréotypies des enfants autistes a diminué au fur et à mesure de la prise en charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Fight against discrimination and stigmatization of people living with mental health disorder has become one of the most important political public health objectives. It has been identified as one of the five priorities of the 2008 European Pact for Mental Health and Well-Being. Stigmatization impacts the quality of life and jeopardizes the social integration. It has been shown that compliance to medical care was also impacted by individuals’ perception of their stigmatization. Numerous international programs targeting general population have been elaborated since the last decades, but those communication strategies haven’t raised the interests of researchers and academics. Hence, very few data are available to set new objectives to lower the social impact of stigmatization in people living with mental health condition. Material and methods: This paper examines the rational and effectiveness of different anti-stigma campaign targeting mental health. By reviewing the scientific literature and policy documents on different strategies to address and lower stigmatization, we identified a typology of stigma-orientated actions and policies. Communication campaigns are the most common instrument used to address stigmatization. They are sometimes associated with communication programs targeting representations in general population through campaigns as well as representations in subgroups, through local and/or national actions. Specific information and training for journalists have also been experienced. Results: Very few researches have observed convincing effects of anti-stigma campaigns in general population. Evaluations of the communication campaigns have revealed that they had a limited impact on representations. Attitudes towards people living with a mental disorder were still negative 5 years after the Changing Mind campaign, although there was an impact on the perceived distance by the respondents (how people living with mental health condition feel different from us). Actions targeting media and journalists led to ambivalent results, with a rise of positively connoted journal articles as well as negatively connoted papers. Conclusions: Campaigns targeting general objectives have not been proven to be effective. Some authors state that they should be replaced by local actions and programs, orientated to specific subgroups and should (a) associate the psychiatric services users and their families, (b) empower people living with mental health conditions, (c) be developed upon the experience of people who are been stigmatized. The rational of past communication campaigns as well as global communication programs were impaired by the absence of an operational definition of the problem addressed (discrimination, stigma, and stigmatization). Lack of empirical data on stigmatization jeopardizes the effects of these campaigns and their potential development. Conflict of interests in people managing the campaigns and the absence of systematic evaluation are also pointed as limitation for future developments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Pratiques Psychologiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: In recent decades, anaesthesia and surgery have undergone major scientific and technical developments. However, these improvements have not solved a recurring problem, communication deficiencies within teams in charge of surgical patients. Current figures show that 21% to 65% of accidents and errors in patient management during the perioperative period are related to communication problems. These problems occur when gaps arise in the continuity and coordination of care within teams. Some of the contributing factors to these gaps are emergency status of patients, staff shifts and handovers following patient transfers. To minimize the impact of these phenomena, it is important to improve standardization of information flow within operating theatres and to improve teamwork between anaesthetists and surgeons. This can be done through crew resource management training programs or simulation. This should ultimately contribute to minimise medical error and improve the overall quality of care provided to patients in operating theatres and during all the perioperative period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: As far as taking care of obese people is concerned, advising young overweight children to do more exercise seems to be relevent. And yet some problems emerge. People associate sport with mockery and it often rhymes with physical and moral suffering. That''s why it''s necessary to pay attention to children''s feelings about it. When they try to avoid sport, they think they protect themselves from the other, who has ultimately become the prosecution, blaming them for their difference. That can create a lot of frustration. As psychologists and teachers in the adapted physical activity area, we work as a group, especially during our therapy session. Then, the physical activities that we propose are talked about in therapy. They can look at it from the outside as they are expressing their difficulties, from previous or present experiences. Sport must be associated with game, pleasure, self-satisfaction and most of all with the communication with the other. They’re accompanied according to their need and we aim at integrating them progressively in a sports association. Besides, a psychological support often proves itself required and beneficial. Moreover, guilty parents feel like they are being judged. Their inability to encourage their child to do any sport echoes their own fear. So we must take their feelings into account so they don’t feel even less capable and more guilty. Offering to verbalise their problems and respecting everyone''s feelings make them consider they have a choice, and it enables them to realize that sport can be a source of personal achievement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Pratiques Psychologiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pratiques Psychologiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Interethnic communication in Cameroon is sometimes characterized by a derogatory discourse on the ethnicity of others. This discourse generally appears in the form of insults, jokes, teases, etc. built into narrations, songs, fiction and telecasts, and is transported from one generation to the other. This article describes some of the strategies used to denigrate the ethnic identity of others in Cameroon. The analyses, based on data (questionnaires, participant-observations, interviews) collected in Yaoundé and other regions of the country, show how Cameroonians use borrowings, nominal compositions, metaphors, semantic shifts, metonymies, etc. to denigrate, downgrade, dehumanize, or demonize members of certain ethnic groups and/or to erase, minimize or contest the ethnicity of others and their ethnic groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Pratique Medicale et Chirurgicale de l'Animal de Compagnie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The authors take up the question of expression of affect in clinical interview with schizophrenic patient from analysis of interactions; they underline that verbal interaction enable privileged investigation of affect rationality. They propose a reflection about a model of analysis and formalisation; this one may initiate the construction of a model which emphasizes the types of conversational shapes underlying therapeutic strategies of change. The emotive dimension, as it is studied in psychanalytic theories can be questionned by cognitive and conversational theories. Indeed, cognitive and conversational enlightenment are used to bring out marks of affect expression, on the one hand, about syntactic and semantic structure of utterances, on the other hand, about shapes of conversational structures. So, this article presents a method which permits to study structure of conversations as ground of accomplishment of affect expression in interaction. From an illustration, the authors explain how some clinician''s interventions are a prop of exploration of affect in conversation. The studied conversational sequence invite to think that some modalities of interaction organize connection of subject with his own affects, updating it in therapeutic relation. The authors brings out the idea that conversational relation facilitate the creation of a specific psychic space permitting mutual prop between intersubjective ties and intrapsychic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Pratiques Psychologiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The pictures made in the rocky or bony materials began their human invasion of the symbolic universe, just 100 000 years ago then more intensively since 30 000 years. The images, expression and communication in the same time, are organized representations in graphic systems which produce the meaning of the relations between the men and with the world. The ability to symbolise was probably the agent of the cerebral and social evolution since the first manifestations of the genus Homo. The image conducted him to the modernity, i.e. to give, in a symbolic way, the meaning for the beings and to the things. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of the study: Within the framework of the social interactions, various studies grant an important place for the imitation. Several authors consider that the problems of imitation in the autism could play an essential role in the development of the social abnormalities and the difficulties of communication. In this study, we shall approach the concept of imitation in connection with the premature social communication at the autistic children “of low level”. Our objective will be to bring to light and to analyze the links of dependence between the imitation, the social interaction and the joint attention. Patients and method: The population of this research consists of 22 autistic children whose average age is of 16 months. These children were subjected to an evaluation of the social and premature communication by means of the ECSP, and to an evaluation of the imitation from the PEP-R. The results: The comparative analysis does not show significant difference between the social interaction and the imitation, quite as between the joint attention and the imitation. These results create similar results between the imitation, the social interaction and the joint attention. The study of the relations demonstrates a positive correlation not only between the imitation and the social interaction but also between the imitation and the joint attention. Conclusion: This study would show that there is a link of dependence between the skills of imitation and the skills of premature social communication. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The need of plasma derivatives increases in France. The Établissement français du sang (EFS) carries out plans for supplying plasma to the Laboratoire français du fractionnement et des biotechnologies (LFB). Different kinds of actions are taken or will be taken according to the way of plasma processing. For plasma issued from whole blood, the increase is correlated with the increase of whole blood collection for the patients’ need of red cells concentrates and the optimized plasma volume of plasma concentrate. For plasma issued from combined aphaeresis and the production of pooled platelets concentrates, synthetic media is favoured. Plasma aphaeresis is a specific way to satisfy requirements of the LFB. Communication choice of the blood collection''s place, effects of the new law on blood donors selection, the process of aphaeresis collection, blood tests qualification are subjects of study and actions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives of the study: To better understand, firstly, what the physician anticipates in regard to the announcement he is to make to parents whose child suffers from severe-chronic disease: his objectives, his interlocutors, the emotions he will be confronted with, the hurdles he will encounter, the development of the process and, secondly, how the caregivers, who do not attend the announcement, imagine this scene and what their presence could bring. Particular attention is paid to the position allotted to fathers as well as siblings by both populations. Population: Twelve hospital doctors (six men, six women), 12 women caregivers working in 10 wards throughout hospitals in the Paris region and the province (outpatient consultations or hospitalization) for pathologies of various nature at various periods of time. Method: Three-way analysis of the corpus of semidirective interviews that are tape-recorded: specific psychodynamics, automatic screening of discourse, thematic. Results: The physician describes a tragedy, primarily addresses the mother, feels as though speaking to the father – except in neonatology – and to the children puts him in a predicament. He experiences the satisfaction of a deed well-done, despite feelings of solitude, failure and shame that he attempts to conceal behind the mightiness of knowledge that is to be transmitted. Decisions concerning abortion for medical reasons place a burden on him. The caregivers believe they are able to help the doctor by being present during the announcement given their closeness to the parents, whom they readily place in a near future made remediable by speaking of handicap rather than disease. Conclusion: Doctors, in fear of emotional contagion, grant privilege to informative discourse to the detriment of empathetic communication and suffer from a feeling of failure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The law number 2005-370 of April 22, 2005 concerning the patients’ rights at the end of life imposes from now the refusal of futility of care, a shared decision-making in unconscious patients and the duty of a palliative strategy. Our observation underlines the feasibility to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments in prehospital area, in following the different steps of the legal decision-making process. However, this case also shows the major difficulty to decide, because of a lack of traceability. Finally, this case illustrates the current difficulty to identify or to join the consultant, provided by the law. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Communicating one's arguments to the population is not an easy thing. The heterogeneity characterizing citizens' opinions does not facilitate the task. Nevertheless, the possibility offered by mass media, which consists in transmitting the same message to millions of people at the same time, remains a highly interesting alternative. Based on an exploratory survey, this study identifies action strategies established by communication officers of three political parties, two unions, one mutual aid institution, two economic institutions and two nongovernmental organizations in Geneva to present their arguments and communicate them to the public. The results obtained highlight the necessity of improving our knowledge and our understanding of how the media function, and of how journalists work. A programme aimed at communication specialists, as well as an analysis of the humanitarian, political, economical, social and unionistic mass media frames, may be useful for improving and adapting the messages that these specialists supply to journalists. The primary objective is not only to make media talk about specified topics, but also to play an important role in the way those topics are treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a research about alter-globalization organizations. It describes the path that led us to the constitution of a theoretical research framework: the communicational approach of social movement organizations. Organizational sociology, social movements sociology and associations sociology provide us with in-depth knowledge of social movement organizations. Communication theories complement these approaches in order to define organizational communication. This theoretical framework calls for specific analysis methods: observations, interviews and content analysis. This article proposes some interpretations about de alter-globalization movement in Belgium and about three particular organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The law number 2005-370 of April 22, 2005 concerning the patients’ rights at the end of life imposes from now the refusal of futility of care, a shared decision-making in unconscious patients and the duty of a palliative strategy. We describe a case of polytrauma, for which the shared decision-making process led to a palliative strategy after initial aggressive life-support treatments. This case underlines the need for a two-step model of decision-making process, which distinguishes between goals of care and withdrawal or withholding of life support. It suggests that implementation of written procedures could improve the quality of management at the end of life and traceability of decisions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An increasing amount of studies have demonstrated the existence of visual, auditive and motion integration deficit in individuals with autism, especially when movement is rapid. Since visual motion is intrinsically involved in social interactions through movements of the body and face, visual motion processing deficit could therefore account for their verbal and non-verbal comprehension and social interaction disorders. Besides, other studies have revealed the existence of speech integration deficit in this population which could also account for their verbal comprehension deficits. The aim of our study is to test whether slowing down sound flow and facial movement enhance facial recognition and imitation by autistic children compared to normal control children. Results show that a slow dynamic presentation enhances recognition and imitation of facial expressions by autistic children. Our perspective is to elaborate software that could simultaneously slow down facial movements and speech flow, and to assess its impact on the comprehension of words and instructions by autistic children. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article highlights an original side to the history of images: from ancient times until today, detractors and champions have confronted one another on the issue of images. While Plato criticized images for their double illusion, Aristotle saw them as capable of rivalling Nature herself The monotheistic religions eschewed images so as to be free from idolatry, although Christianity quickly lifted the ban. Images were also at issue in the Oriental Roman Empire, between iconoclasts and iconophiles, or between the Reformed tradition and the Catholic church. As of the nineteenth century, images per se are not as criticized as the fact that they may be technically. Even today, television and internet are accused of many sins on account of their iconic dimension. The article concludes that images are the expression of three powers; the power to tell, to convey, and to understand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation may be challenging to anaesthesiologists. It is still associated with morbidity or mortality. Previous difficult intubation is vital information to organize appropriate airway management. Unfortunately, previous studies in the literature have shown that there is poor communication of this information. We propose in this article an airway alert form, following several criteria published in the literature. This is, in our opinion, an important step to improve the efficiency of guidelines on airway management and the overall quality of the anaesthesia process. Its efficacy to decrease morbidity related to difficult tracheal intubation remains to be demonstrated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Here, the visual image is approximate to the image in its ample sense -- poetical, textual and vocal. Traditionally, the image is a product of a creation process; which justifies, in the University and in Social Communication courses, a reflection on aesthetics. Regarding the experience related here, reflection is not the only thing proposed to the students, but also the knowledge and the practice of traditional techniques of image production, along with the constantly renewable technological possibilities. If the production of art does not constitute an objective of immediate concern in the formation of Communication professionals, the transmission of art and aesthetics knowledge is essential. What is its utility? How can the University be a place to learn about image production in the poetic and artistic senses? It seems to us that the knowledge of art and poetry may broaden possibilities of Communication as a field of study and in the professional market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Following cerebral lesions, especially right and frontal cerebral lesions, patients often have difficulties in social cognition. Emotional skills are often impaired. Adults with cerebral lesions have difficulty identifying facial emotional expressions and attributing emotions in situations of communication. However, few studies have involved children and adolescents with cerebral lesions. Our first goal was to determine whether the performance in emotional tasks of young patients with frontal cerebral lesions is as impaired as that of adults, and the second goal was to study the role of emotional cues in pragmatic aspects of language. Method: The study involved 7 children and adolescents with frontal cerebral lesions but no aphasia and 7 control subjects. We used two emotional tasks: one to assess the ability to identify facial emotional expressions, and one to assess the ability to attribute emotions in situations of communication. Results: The control and experimental groups did not differ significantly in identifying and attributing emotions. A further analysis of responses revealed that the patients were more impaired than controls in attributing complex emotions. As well, the patients tended to produce more justifications based on irrelevant elements than the controls. Conclusion: Our first data have shown that the children and adolescents with frontal cerebral lesions retain the ability to analyse emotions in situations of communication but have subtle difficulty in analysing emotional cues in social situations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We propose to question in this work the possibility of the study of autistic children statements in the line of the first remarks of Kanner lit by the contributions of the linguistics and Lacan. By not taking the quoted language communication, but while being centered on an enunciation theory, we look for the possibilities of demonstrations subjective at the autistic child and the conditions of its occurred. We leave the assumption that there is an autistic subject, but that he cannot occupy a subjective position, which would join a speech act, a statement. By taking into account this difficulty, it would be a question then, for the clinician, to associate the subject to an act of statement to be taken care to mean what the child meets. Freud had a clinical approach anchored in the language, which brought advanced on the place of the word in the psychoanalytical private clinic. After Saussure, Benveniste and Chomsky bring us the lighting of the linguistics which missed to Freud. Lacan, by forging its “linguistery”, united these various contributions. In his some remarks on the autism, he supplies us with elements, which cross the contribution of Kanner. The recent translation of unpublished work of Kanner allows us a new approach of the question. We so notice the conditions to an access possible for the language for these children, which does not amount to a simple custom of communication, but allows a subject to join the world. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The following article aims at a better theoretical understanding of the organizational communication concept. By questioning the link between "communication" and "organization", we try to circumscribe the emergence of this concept along with its current and future directions. The first part of the article refers to the history of organizational communication; its role and place as a field of study among Social Sciences is discussed from a North American perspective. The second part reflects on the classical views of organizational communication, mainly through a functionalist approach. Finally, the third part opposes these views through a discussion on "organizing communication" (la communication organisante), where the future of organizational communication lies in the interactionist approach and in code-centred models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sciences of communication can bring much to the necessary critical reflection on current journalistic practices. By adopting the viewpoint of an understanding sociology and by identifying the logic of manufacturing news, we can better understand the practices of journalists that they themselves would not question. We will thus see which lessons ensue from a critical sociology of journalists' practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To determine developmental communication profiles in young autistic children with mental retardation. Methods: A group of 19 autistic children (mean age=43 months) were matched with a group of 11 mentally retarded children (mean age=39 months) on mental age (17,6 months). All of these children were without speech (less than 5 words of vocabulary). Communication skills were assessed with the Guidetti-Tourrette scales (ECSP), French adaptation of the Seibert-Hogan scales. Results: Autistic children displayed a much lower score than mentally retarded children in the 3 functions of early social communication (behavior regulation, social interaction and joint attention). The developmental communication profiles was the same in the 2 groups. Discussion: The results showed evidence of distortion in autistic children development: they displayed important deficits in communication skills, in comparison with cognitive skills. Autistic children mainly displayed requesting gestures: they used adults to help them to reach a goal, instead of regarding them as social partners. However, young children who have mental age less than 18 months mainly use the same functions of communication, with or without autistic trouble. Conclusions: There is a same developmental sequence in communication skills in young children, with or without autistic trouble. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Objective. – In the long term, people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) present with communication disorders impairing their professional and social integration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of group therapy on communication disorders of people with TBI in the post-hospital period. Materials and method. – Four patients were followed in the medico-social department "Auprès-TC" and took part in various day programs. Two speech therapists participated for a 7-month period using group therapy to take into account communication disorders. The patients and families were evaluated at the beginning and end of care, by use of the Lille Communication Test, the Bordeaux Scale of Verbal Communication, the Revised Neurobehavioural Rating Scale, and part of the European document EBIS. Results. – Despite the delay since TBI, patients showed quantitative and qualitative evolution of communicative abilities. Discussion-conclusion. – The influence of group therapy on the improvement of communication in patients with TBI should be reconsidered, because in this study, familial and institutional environment influenced the communication. Group therapy allows for communication care from an ecological point of view, by enhancing interactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Pratiques Psychologiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Through our own experience and that of others authors — surgeons, mathematicians, philosophers — we consider methods, reality ant future of communication and transmission in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Open to criticism, communication is always revocable; registered in the future, transmission is not so easy to challenge. Subjects and means of communication and transmission — language and pictures — are discussed, provided that to allow citicism and to be closed to self-love. A matter of course is that truth must rise above self- vanity. Communication is devoted to all those who take care of patients, but also to patients themselves and their relatives: the best wisdom must be used here and, too, with medias where in communication must follow the simplest morality: don''t act for yourself but for others. We have to teach that we must be impassioned of strictness, and accept to waste needfull time for research as for practice. We communicate with all who wish for it, but we transmit only to those we guess able to follow right and prudent practice. Spirit of surgery must overcome technical tips. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]