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Within some of the earliest textual and material evidence for the history of Islam, pilgrimage appears as an important ritual of devotion, identity, and community. Yet modern scholarship has given little attention to early Muslims' sensory experiences of pilgrimage sites and what they physically encountered while there. This article examines the importance of smell within Islamic pilgrimage practices of the first/seventh and second/eighth centuries. Drawing upon literary and material evidence, I reconstruct several olfactory components of pilgrimage in this period, including intensive usage of perfume and incense at pilgrimage destinations such as the Kaʿba and the Dome of the Rock, as well as pilgrims' collection and ingestion of scented materials from these locations. I then argue that the prominence of pleasing aromas at these sacred spaces is connecting to early Islamic ideas about the proximity of paradise to these pilgrimage sites. Résumé: Dans certaines des premières sources textuelles et matérielles de l'histoire de l'islam, le pèlerinage apparaît comme un rituel important de dévotion, d'identité et de communauté. Néanmoins, dans la recherche contemporaine, les expériences sensorielles sur les sites du pèlerinage des musulmans ont fait l'objet de peu d'études. Cet article examine l'importance de l'odorat dans les pratiques islamiques du pèlerinage des Ier/VIIe et IIe/VIIIe siècles. En m'appuyant sur des sources littéraires et matérielles, je reconstruis de nombreuses composantes de l'olfaction dans le pèlerinage à cette époque, y compris l'importante utilisation de parfums et d'encens dans les lieux de pèlerinage tels que la Kaʿba et le Dôme du Rocher, ainsi que la collecte et l'ingestion de matériaux parfumés par les pèlerins à partir de ces emplacements. Je soutiens ensuite que l'importance des aromates dans ces espaces sacrés est liée aux premières représentations islamiques sur la proximité du paradis avec ces sites de pèlerinage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steels are used extensively in many industries due to their excellent balance of mechanical strength, manufacturability, costs, and acceptable corrosion resistance. Steels are being considered for structural components that are exposed to particularly challenging environments in advanced nuclear reactors. In this context, force-field molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on austenitic steel surrogates with Fe 40 Cr 25 Ni 35 and Fe 50 Cr 20 Ni 30 compositions to compute the lattice parameter, elastic constants, bulk modulus, Poisson ratio, the dislocation velocity as a function of shear stress, and the phonon drag coefficient for use in discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) simulations. The accurate computation of these parameters is essential to obtain correct results by the evolution of the dislocation network of the materials using DDD simulations. The dislocation velocity was extracted from the MD calculations for both steel compositions at 30 different values of stress. Because no significant migration of dislocations was observed at stresses below 200 MPa, the dislocation velocity and mobility were calculated at stresses of 200 MPa and higher. Subsequently, the dislocation density and strain–stress relationship were then computed using the DDD approach. The elastic and plastic deformations in the Fe 40 Cr 25 Ni 35 system were found to be considerably larger than those of the Fe 50 Cr 20 Ni 30 system. Our study illustrates the ability of atomistic and dislocation dynamics simulations to elucidate qualitative descriptions of the elasticity and plasticity in steel materials, and thus can assist experimental efforts to evaluate the impact of deformation in austenitic steels. • An extensive computational study has been performed on austenitic steel surrogates with Fe 40 Cr 25 Ni 35 and Fe 50 Cr 20 Ni 30 compositions to investigate the mechanical and dislocation behaviors. • The dislocation density and strain-stress relationship were computed to access the information about the elastic and plastic regions in the steel compositions. • Based on the information obtained from the elastic and plastic regions, it was found that deformations in the Fe 40 Cr 25 Ni 35 system were larger than those of the Fe 50 Cr 20 Ni 30 system. • Our results indicate that the austenitic steel with the lower concentration of Fe atoms should be more ductile. This study illustrates the ability of computational modeling to elucidate qualitative descriptions of the elasticity and plasticity in steel materials and thus can assist experimental efforts to qualify the impact of deformation in austenitic steels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El present article analiza la concepció sobre alguns temes del més enllà en la obra de Ramon Llull, a partir d’alguns dels temes recurrrents de l’escatologia del segle XIII. Com la certesa del paradís i de la seva descripció, les característiques dels àngels o la salvació de l’ànima. This paper analyzes the conception of some questions of the afterlife in the work of Ramon Llull, from some of the themes of thirteenth century eschatology, as the certainty of paradise and its description, the characteristics of angels or the salvation of the soul.

Aquest assaig es proposa reflexionar sobre diverses formes de concebre la funció dels jardins botànics, prestant especial atenció al seu particularitat que, tot i ser llocs que hi ha per disseny humà, es presenten com dipòsits del natural (representat per les plantes que els constitueixen ). S'inicia la discussió amb una anàlisi del que és un jardí, segueix un repàs de les diferències entre els jardins botànics i altres tipus de jardí, i de l'origen històric d'aquest tipus de jardí en particular. Després es contrasten tres formes de concebre en la nostra època els jardins botànics: com ara llocs de recreació, de conservació, i de trobada amb la naturalesa, respectivament. A partir d'aquesta discussió es conclou que els jardins botànics poden servir de arquetip d'una col · laboració, i, al principi, poden fer de model de noves formes creatives de relació entre els éssers humans i la natura.