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This work was the first investigation of the essential oil composition of Goniothalamus tortilipetalus M.R.Hend. The aim of this study is to investigate the essential oil composition extracted from different parts of Goniothalamus tortilipetalus M.R.Hend., including flowers, leaves, and twigs, and to evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The Clevenger apparatus was used for hydrodistillation to prepare the essential oils. The essential oils were investigated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The three major compounds of the flowers were bicyclogermacrene (15.81%), selin-11-en-4-α-ol (14.68%), and E-caryophyllene (7.02%), whereas the leaves were p-cymene (39.57%), ascaridole (9.39%), and α-copaene (9.12%). In the case of the twigs, α-copaene (10.34%), selin-11-en-4-α-ol (8.85%), and p-cymene (7.76%) were the major compounds. The flower essential oil showed antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 725.21 µg/mL and 123.06 µg/mL for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The flower essential oil also displayed antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri, with the same MIC value of 640 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new geranylated xanthone, nigrolineaxanthone AA (1) together with 18 known compounds (2–19) were isolated from latex and twig extracts of Garcinia nigrolineata Planch. ex T. Anderson. Some of the isolated compounds were assessed for their antidiabetic activities and cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines. Of these, compounds 12 (IC50 value of 25.8 ± 0.2 µM), 16 (IC50 value of 124.8 ± 0.7 µM), and 17 (IC50 value of 44.4 ± 1.1 µM) exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory, α-amylase inhibitory, and glycation inhibition activities, respectively. Compound 11 showed glucose consumption and glucose uptake with IC50 values of 14.2 ± 0.8 µM and 3.1-fold. Compound 10 displayed cytotoxic activity against colon cancer (SW480) with an IC50 value of 4.3 ± 0.1 µM), while compound 2 showed cytotoxicity against leukemic cancer (K562) with IC50 value of 4.4 ± 0.3 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gonioridleylactam (1), a new compound, is a unique dimeric aristolactam isolated from the EtOAc extract of the twigs of Goniothalamus ridleyi King. The structure of gonioridleylactam (1) consists of two different aristolactams linked together with two methylenedioxy bridges at C–3/C–3′ and C–4/C–4′, generating a ten-membered ring of [1,3,6,8]tetraoxecine. A new natural product, gonioridleyindole (3-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-1H-benz[f]indole-4,9-dione, 2), together with eight known compounds (3–10) were also isolated from this plant. Their structures were extensively characterized by spectroscopic methods and comparisons were made with the literature. Compounds 1–4, 7, and 9 were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Of these, 3,5-demethoxypiperolide (7) displayed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 1.25 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sixteen compounds were isolated from the EtOAc extract of C. excavata fruits. • Nine compounds (1, 3, 5, 6, 8 – 10, 15 , and 16) were isolated from C. excavata for the first time. • The absolute configuration of the bioactive limonoids 15 and 16 were confirmed by the X-ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation. • Compounds 7 (auraptene) and 14 (safrole) showed a moderate glucose uptake with ratios of 1.38-fold and 1.41-fold, respectively. • The cytotoxicity of auraptene 7, 8 , and 10 against lung cancer A549, RAW 264.7 cells, and colorectal cancer SW480 are reported for the first time in this study. Phytochemical investigation of the fruit extract of Clausena excavata Burm. f. resulted in the isolation and identification of 16 compounds, including seven coumarins (1 – 7), four phenylpropanoids (8 – 10 and 14), two benzaldehyde derivatives (11 and 12), one carbazole alkaloid (13), and two limonoids (15 and 16). Of these, nine compounds (1, 3, 5, 6, 8 – 10, 15 , and 16) were isolated from C. excavata for the first time. The absolute configuration of limonoids 15 and 16 was established by X-ray diffraction analysis using Cu Kα radiation. Some isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines, namely lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, leukemic K562 cells as well as glucose uptake, glucose consumption, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Compounds 7 (auraptene) and 14 (safrole) showed moderate glucose uptake with ratios of 1.38-fold and 1.41-fold compared to the positive control (metformin, 2.25-fold). Compound 7 (auraptene) also exhibited weak cytotoxicity against lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, and leukemic K562 cells with IC 50 values of 77.2, 157.3, and 105.3 µM, respectively, while compounds 8 ((E)-piperonylprop-2-enal) and 10 (ethyl p -coumarate) exhibited weak cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells and colorectal cancer SW480 cells with IC 50 values of 234.9 and 219.5 μM, respectively. Compounds 1, 3, 7 , and 14 – 16 showed a MIC of >512 µg/mL revealing them to be inactive. : [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new C-benzylated flavone, uvariaruflavone (1), along with 13 known compounds (2–14) were isolated from the twig and leaf extracts of Uvaria rufa Blume. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic methods. Flavones (5–8) and cyclohexene (10) were isolated from U. rufa for the first time. Most of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Of these, uvariaruflavone (1) showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 44.3 µM, while ferrudiol (12) displayed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 73.5 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic fungus. It is well-known as a rich source of bioactive compounds called cordycepins and adenosines, which are useful in medicinal applications. The effects of medium components on cordycepin and adenosine production by C. militaris, obtained by adding different conditions of corncob biochar in solid media, were investigated in this study. The medium components, which mixed 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 g of biochar with rice berries, were optimized to improve the yield of biomasses, cordycepins, and adenosines. The results showed that 10 g of biochar mixed with a rice berry medium was the optimal medium condition for the highest dry fruiting body weight (DFW) and cordycepin yield (CY) at 3.6 kg/bottle and 20.5 mg/g, respectively, but the adenosine yield (AY) was similar to that in other conditions. Moreover, the SEM showed that the mycelia of C. militaris attached to the biochar surface (pores) and used it as the resident. EDS analysis from the basal medium indicated that C and O were present in the mycelia of C. militaris with the average values of 25.6% and 71.4%, respectively. This study provides an effective cultivation method by using agricultural residue, and biochar corncob as a high concentration of carbon for increasing the biomass, cordycepin, and adenosine yield of C. militaris. The information obtained in this study is fundamental and useful to the development of a C. militaris cultivation process for the efficient production of cordycepin on a large scale. The findings suggest that the system design of the cultivation medium is crucial for growth and cordycepin production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaempferia parviflora (Black ginger) is used widely in medical fields as an anti-microorganism and anti-inflammation. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-acne efficacy of black ginger extract. The results indicate that the methanol and ethanol extracts showed the highest total phenolic contents, without a significant difference, whereas the n-hexane extract showed the highest total flavonoid content. Nine flavones were detected using UPLC−QTOF−MS, and the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest amount of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (DMF) according to HPLC. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Cutibacterium acnes was observed. All the extracts showed antimicrobial activity against C. acnes, revealing MICs in the range of 0.015 to 0.030 mg/mL, whereas the ethyl acetate extract inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis with a MIC of 3.84 mg/mL. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity regarding nitric oxide inhibition (IC50 = 12.59 ± 0.35 µg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract was shown to be safe regarding cell viability at 0.1 mg/mL. The anti-acne efficacy was evaluated on volunteers. The volunteers were treated in two groups: one administered a 0.02% ethyl acetate extract gel-cream (n = 9) and one administered a placebo (n = 9) for 6 weeks. The group treated with the gel-cream containing the extract showed 36.52 and 52.20% decreases in acne severity index (ASI) after 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, and 18.19 and 18.54% decreases in erythema, respectively. The results suggest that K. parviflora could be a potent active ingredient in anti-inflammatory and anti-acne products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new clerodane diterpene, 2β-methoxyhardwickiic acid (1), and four known compounds (2–5) were isolated from the twigs of Monoon membranifolium. The structure of the new compound was determined by extensive spectroscopic methods and ESITOFMS data. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by a comparison of its ECD spectrum and specific rotation with those of related previously reported compounds. All compounds were evaluated for their nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activities in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Compounds 3 and 5 inhibited NO production with IC50 values of 16.1 and 28.9 μM, respectively, which were better than that of standard compound, indomethacin (IC50 = 32.2 μM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special Thai oolong tea is oolong tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) steamed with selected Thai botanical drugs. Oolong tea steamed with ginger (Zingiber officinale), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and celery (Anathallis graveolens L.) is called eternity tea (EN), whereas peaceful rest (PR) tea is made of oolong tea leaves steamed with Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), Turkey berry (Solanum torvum), and wild betel leaf bush leaves (Piper sarmentosum). Oolong tea is known for its numerous biological activities including antidiabetic properties. However, the effect of the additional botanical drugs on the biological activities of special oolong teas has not yet been explored. From the results, the PR extract exhibited the best activity in the in vitro assays relevant to antidiabetic properties such as chemical antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-adipogenesis, enzyme inhibition, and glucose uptake and consumption. The UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS profiles of PR and EN extracts indicated chemical profiles different from oolong tea. For instance, gingerdiol and gingerol were detected in EN, whereas piperettine I was detected in PR. Therefore, it was inferred that among the three tea extracts, the additional compounds in PR contributed to good activities compared to oolong and EN. It is also important to highlight that the PR extract inhibited glucose uptake and consumption by adipocytes and skeletal muscles at concentrations of 500 and 100 μg/ml, respectively, as well as metformin activity (p < 0.05). Findings from this study support the antidiabetic potential of PR tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical investigation of the mycelia of the pathogenic fungus Curvularia sp. which was isolated from a leaf of Dactyloctenium aegyptium (crowfoot grass), resulted in the isolation of a new compound, curvulariahawadride (5), along with five known compounds (1–4, and 6). Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. The absolute configuration of 5 was established from experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Compounds 1, 3, and 5 showed nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 53.7, 32.8, and 12.8 µM, respectively. Compounds 2 and 4 showed significant cytotoxicity against lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, and leukemic K562 cells with an IC50 ranging value of 11.73 to 17.59 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first phytochemical investigation of the twig extract of Uvaria leptopoda resulted in the isolation and identification of three new tetrahydroxanthene-1,3(2 H )-diones, uvarialeptones A-C, two new oxidized hexadiene derivatives, uvarialeptols A and B, together with ten known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometry. Uvarialeptones A and B were unprecedented tetrahydroxanthene-1,3(2 H )-dione dimers which exhibited a cyclobutane ring via [2 + 2] cycloaddition from uvarialeptone C and 9a- O -methyloxymitrone, respectively. The structure of uvarialeptone A was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis using Mo Kα radiation. Compound 3 inhibited NO production at an IC 50 value of 6.7 ± 0.1 μM.

Two new styryl lactone derivatives, goniothapic acids A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), and 18 known compounds, were isolated from the twig and leaf extracts of Goniothalamus tapis Miq. The structures of new compounds were characterised by spectroscopic methods and HRESITOFMS. Their absolute configuration was established by comparing the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Eleven compounds were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Of these, (-)-goniothalamin ( 5 ) and oldhamactam ( 16 ) showed the best α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 values of 54.8 and 57.9 µM, respectively.

A phytochemical investigation of the root and leaf extracts of Millettia pachycarpa Benth resulted in the isolation and identification of 16 compounds, including six rotenoids ( 1 - 6 ) and 10 prenylated isoflavonoids ( 7 - 16 ). Compound 4 was isolated as a scalemic mixture, which was resolved by chiral HPLC to afford (-)-(6a S ,12a S )-12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol ( 4 ) and (+)-(6a R ,12a R )-12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol ( 4 ). (+)-(6a R ,12a R )-Millettiapachycarpin ( 3 ) and (-)-(6a S ,12a S )-12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol ( 4 ) were isolated as new compounds. The absolute configuration of (-)-(6 R )-pachycarotenoid ( 2 ), (+)-(6a R ,12a R )-millettiapachycarpin ( 3 ), (-)-(6a S ,12a S )- 4 and (+)-(6a R ,12a R )-12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol ( 4 ), (+)-(6a S ,12a S )-( 5 ), and (-)-(6a S ,12a S ,2″ R )-sumatrol ( 6 ) were identified by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. (-)-(6a S ,12a S ,2″ R )-Sumatrol ( 6 ) was also confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis using Cu-Kα radiation. Antidiabetic activities, including α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities, and cytotoxicities against lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, and leukemic K562 cells of some isolated compounds were evaluated. Of these, isolupalbigenin ( 11 ) exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC 50 value of 11.3 ± 0.2 μM, whereas the scalemic mixture of 12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol ( 4 ) displayed the best α-amylase inhibitory activity, with an IC 50 value of 106.9 ± 0.2 μM. Euchrenone b10 ( 15 ) exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against lung cancer A549, colorectal cancer SW480, and leukemic K562 cells, with IC 50 values of 40.3, 39.1, and 15.1 μM, respectively. In addition, molecular docking simulations of α-glucosidase inhibition of the active compounds were studied., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Daldiniaeschsone A ( 1 ), a rare tricyclic polyketide having a chromone unit fused to a δ -lactone and its symmetrical 6,6'-biphenyl dimer, daldiniaeschsone B ( 2 ), together with three known compounds ( 3 - 5 ), were isolated from a plant-derived endophytic fungus, Daldinia eschscholtzii SDBR-CMUNKC745. Their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and HRESIMS. All compounds showed α -glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC 50 values ranging from 0.16-0.85 mM and compound 1 was the best α -glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 0.16 mM).