78 results on '"Kashiba, S"'
Search Results
2. Immunogenicity of transfer RNA isolated from a two-heptose rough mutant of <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> LT2 in mouse typhoid infection.
- Author
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Kita, E. and Kashiba, S.
- Subjects
- *
TRANSFER RNA , *SALMONELLA typhimurium , *IMMUNITY , *T cells , *PROTEOLYTIC enzymes , *IMMUNOLOGY - Abstract
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) was isolated from a two-heptose mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 (strain SL1004) and was found to afford 100% mouse protection against challenge with 1000 LD50 of strain LT2. The intraperitoneal minimum effective dose of tRNA was 5μg RNA per mouse and this dose was significantly lower than that of ribosomal RNA for ddY mouse strain. The protective immunity was independent of the presence of antibodies to cell-surface antigens, and was transferred mainly by T cells. The protective moiety of tRNA was sensitive to ribonuclease digestion which resulted in 85% reduction in the mouse survival rate, but was completely resistant to protease digestion. The present study demonstrates that the immunogenic activity of salmonella RNA is present in both ribosomal RNA and tRNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1983
3. Suppressive effect of a mouse testicular extract on lymphocyte activation.
- Author
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EMOTO, M., NISHIKAWA, F., OKU, D., HAMURO, A., KITA, E., and KASHIBA, S.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Biological functions of the water-insoluble fraction of mouse seminal vesicle fluid. I. Suppression of the blastogenic response of lymphocytes.
- Author
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EMOTO, M., NISHIKAWA, F., HAMURO, A., OKU, D., KITA, E., and KASHIBA, S.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Conversion of <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> to L-forms contributes to the maintenance of acquired immunity against murine typhoid.
- Author
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Kita, E., Emoto, M., Nishikawa, F., Yoshikai, Y., and Kashiba, S.
- Subjects
SALMONELLA typhimurium ,LYMPHOCYTES ,T cells ,BILIARY tract ,TUMOR necrosis factors ,IMMUNIZATION - Abstract
Conversion of Salmonella typhimurium to L-forms, both in vitro and in vivo, resulted in the expression of proteins cross-reacting to the mycobacterial 65000 MW heat-shock protein (hsp). Immunization of C3H/HeJ mice with a protective dose of stable L-form S. typhimurium induced γδ T cells in the liver, in accordance with the multiplication of L-form Salmonella in Kupffer cells. The number of γδ T cells decreased after the intracellular growth of L-form Salmonella plateaued. Persistance of the L-forms in Kupffer cells, however, allowed hepatic γδ T cells to increase within 48 hr of infection with virulent S. typhimurium. Thus, the intrahepatic colonization of L-form Salmonella seems to keep γδ T cells on standby, but the emergence of these T cells does not correlate with the expression of L-form hsp. In addition, Kupffer cells colonized by L-forms constitutively synthesized mRNA for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These results suggest that conversion of S. typhimurium to L-forms in phagocytic cells builds up and maintains acquired resistance, conferred by live-cell vaccines of S. typhimurium, against murine typhoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1995
6. Analysis of immunity to infection with <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> in outbred mice II. ISOLATION AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF THE PROTECTIVE NON-O ANTIGENIC COMPONENT FROM RIBOSOMAL VACCINE.
- Author
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Kita, E., Emoto, M., Katsui, N., Nishi, K., Yasui, K., and Kashiba, S.
- Subjects
IMMUNITY ,IMMUNOLOGY ,INFECTION ,SALMONELLA typhimurium ,RIBOSOMES ,VACCINES - Abstract
The active component in crude ribosomal fraction (CRF) of Salmonella typhimurium, capable of inducing protective antibody, was partially purified by two series of chromatography (Sephadex 0-150 and DEAF-Sepharose CL6B) after sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-treated CRF was precipitated with ammonium sulphate. The major active component was eluted by 0.4-045 M NaCl from DEAE-Sepharose CL6B, and its molecular weight was 43,000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunization with the fraction containing 43,000 component alone did not always confer protection on CFI mice, but its administration together with either the purified transfer RNA (tRNA) or Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) was much more effective against infection with S. typhimurium. Antibody to the fraction containing 43,000 component was not only free in serum but also associated with peritoneal cells. Macrophages that had been exposed to the antibody had enhanced anti-bacterial activity. Western blot analysis showed that 43,000 component did not react to antiserum to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but to antiserum to CRF. The antibody elicited by non-O antigenic component and the cell-mediated resistance stimulated by the adjuvant effect of RNA together confer effective protection on CFI mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1987
7. Analysis of immunity to infection with <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> in outbred mice I. REQUIREMENT OF THE ANTIBODY TO NON-O ANTIGEN FOR PROTECTION IN MICE THAT ARE NOT PROTECTED BY THE RNA RICH VACCINE.
- Author
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Kita, E., Nishi, K., Emoto, M., Katsui, N., Yasui, K., and Kashiba, S.
- Subjects
SALMONELLA ,FOOD poisoning ,ANTIGENS ,VACCINES ,RNA ,ALLERGIES ,LYMPHOCYTES ,T cells - Abstract
Two outbred mouse strains, ddY and CF1, were tested for their ability to be protected against infection with Salmonella typhimurium by several types of salmonella vaccines. These strains have the same levels of innate susceptibility to S. typhimurium, and also have the same capacity to develop delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to salmonella antigens. Both the crude ribosomal fraction (CRF) and live-cell vaccines conferred acquired resistance on both strains, characterized by greater responses of T cells to salmonella antigens. Mice of the ddY strain were also protected by the purified transfer RNA (tRNA) vaccine, which was free of O antigens, but CF1 mice were not, despite the presence of T-cell reactivity with salmonella antigens. Neither strain was protected by the phenol--water-extracted lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The tRNA-immunized CF1 mice were protected by transfer of antiserum to CRF, but not by transfer of anti-LPS antibody. This antiserum to CRF. however, did not transfer acquired resistance into non-immune mice of either strain. These observations suggest that CF1 mice may require an antibody to another non-O antigen existing in CRF to develop acquired resistance, and that stimulation of the defence system by tRNA may be essential to the development of acquired resistance in CF1 mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1987
8. Cellular aspects of the longer-lasting immunity against mouse typhoid infection afforded by live-cell and ribosomal vaccines.
- Author
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Kita, E., Emoto, M., Yasui, K., Katsui, N., Nishi, K., and Kashiba, S.
- Subjects
PREVENTIVE medicine ,VACCINES ,FOOD poisoning ,IMMUNOGLOBULINS ,ACETONE ,VACCINATION - Abstract
In order to compare the potential of salmonella vaccines prepared from Salmonella zyphimurium to provide the longer-lasting protection from the aspects of cell-mediated immunity, groups of mice were immunized with optimal doses of the following preparations: live cells, ribosome-rich extract, acetone-killed cells, and heat-killed cells. At various intervals post-immunization, mouse peritoneal macrophages and splenic I cells were tested for biological activities. The capacity of each vaccine to confer mouse protection against a lethal challenge with S. typhimurium correlated with the degree of macrophage activation engendered by each of them in the early stage of immunization. In the late stage of immunization, the level of mouse protection conferred by each vaccine was found to be based on the capacity of T cells to respond to salmonella antigens, which correlated with the degree of adoptive immunity by T cells. The live-cell and ribosomal vaccines were superior to killed-cell vaccines in inducing the cell-mediated protection. Thus, the longer-lasting immunity provided by the live-cell and ribosomal vaccines can be accounted for by the fact that T cells of mice immunized with both vaccines have the persistent reactivity to salmonella antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1986
9. A mouse model for the study of gonococcal genital infection.
- Author
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Kita, Eiji, Matsuura, Hiroshi, Kashiba, Shuzo, Kita, E, Matsuura, H, and Kashiba, S
- Abstract
Intravaginal inoculation of approximately 10(6) piliated gonococci into female mice at different stages of the estrous cycle without any antibiotic pretreatment resulted in gonococcal endometritis. The percentage of mice with positive cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae one week after challenge was at least 80%, regardless of at which estrous stage the mice were inoculated. Recovery of gonococci from the uterus continued for more than one month, and the recovery rate appeared to depend on the estrous stage at inoculation. Serum levels of antibodies to crude outer membrane complex began rising one week after inoculation with gonococci and reached a maximum three week after challenge. This animal model is proposed for the study of gonococcal genital infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1981
10. The anti-inflammatory effect of erythromycin in zymosan-induced peritonitis of mice.
- Author
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Mikasa, Keiichi, Kita, Eiji, Sawaki, Masayoshi, Kunimatsu, Mikikazu, Hamada, Kaoru, Konishi, Mitsuru, Kashiba, Shuzo, Narita, Nobuhiro, Mikasa, K, Kita, E, Sawaki, M, Kunimatsu, M, Hamada, K, Konishi, M, Kashiba, S, and Narita, N
- Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effect of erythromycin was investigated using zymosan-induced peritonitis in mice. When mice were given erythromycin 10 mg/kg/day po for 28 days, a marked suppression of inflammatory responses, including the reduced influx of leucocytes, plasma exudation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis, was observed. However, neither a 7-day treatment with erythromycin nor a 28-day treatment with clindamycin suppressed the response. The anti-inflammatory activity induced after a 28-day treatment with erythromycin was comparable to the anti-inflammatory effect conferred by a 2-day treatment with dexamethasone 40 microgram/mouse/day. Thus, these data confirm previous studies which show that erythromycin can exert an anti-inflammatory effect when used over long periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1992
11. Suppression of virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by erythromycin.
- Author
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Kita, Eiji, Sawaki, Masayoshi, Oku, Daisuke, Hamuro, Akiko, Mikasa, Keiichi, Konishi, Mitsuru, Emoto, Masashi, Takeuchi, Shoji, Narita, Nobuhiro, Kashiba, Shuzo, Kita, E, Sawaki, M, Oku, D, Hamuro, A, Mikasa, K, Konishi, M, Emoto, M, Takeuchi, S, Narita, N, and Kashiba, S
- Subjects
BACTERIAL proteins ,ERYTHROMYCIN ,GENES ,PROTEOLYTIC enzymes ,PSEUDOMONAS ,MICROBIAL virulence ,CYTOTOXINS ,PHARMACODYNAMICS - Abstract
The effects of erythromycin stearate over a concentration range of 0.1-10 mg/l on production of elastase, protease and leucocidin by clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated. Growth of P. aeruginosa N42 in broth was not affected significantly during 24 h culture with erythromycin (0.1-10 mg/l), although extracellular protein contents were reduced by erythromycin at concentrations of 0.1-1.0 mg/l. Production of elastase and protease by strain N42 was significantly suppressed by erythromycin with a maximum inhibition at 0.5 mg/l, but the complete inhibition of enzyme production was not achieved. In contrast, leucocidin production by strain N42 was completely impaired by erythromycin at concentrations of 0.1-5.0 mg/l. Although the leucotoxic activity, as determined by vital staining, was not detected, the leucocidin fraction prepared from the autolysate of strain N42 cultured with 10 mg/l of erythromycin induced morphological changes in human leucocytes, resulting in release of elastase. Erythromycin exerted similar effects on other clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. These findings indicate that erythromycin might have a role in P. aeruginosa infection, although it has no direct antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1991
12. Biological Functions of Mouse Seminal Vesicle Fluid II. Role of Water-Soluble Fraction of Seminal Vesicle Fluid as a Nonspecific Immunomodulator.
- Author
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Emoto, M., Kita, E., Nishikawa, F., Katsui, N., Hamuro, A., Oku, D., and Kashiba, S.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
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13. Biological Functions of Mouse Seminal Vesicle Fluid I. Suppression of Blastogenic Responses of Lymphocytes.
- Author
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Emoto, M., Kita, E., Nishikawa, F., Katsui, N., Yagyu, Y., and Kashiba, S.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Analysis of immune responses in genital tracts of mice immunised with purified ribosomal fractions of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- Author
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Kita, E and Kashiba, S
- Abstract
Immunisation of ddY mice with the purified ribosomal fraction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was found to protect against intravaginal challenge with homologous organisms. This protection correlated with the presence of bactericidal antibody to purified ribosomal fraction in serum as well as in vaginal secretions. Analysis of the vaginal fluids from control mice and those immunised with purified ribosomal fraction showed that the enhanced elimination of gonococci in immune mice might be because of an early response of leucocytes generated by the reaction mediated by antibody and complement. Absorption studies showed that there was at least one major protective antigen in purified ribosomal fraction, other than cell surface substances such as lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane proteins, and pili. Bactericidal assays mediated by antibody and complement showed that matched samples of serum and vaginal fluid from immune mice had comparable gonococcidal activity, which was augmented by the effect of progesterone. Although delayed hypersensitivity was produced in immune mice that were resistant to N gonorrhoeae, the exact role of cellular immunity could not be clarified in this study. These results suggest that antibody to purified ribosomal fraction plays a major part in protection against gonococcal infection in the genital tract, and that such protection may entail both cellular immunity and hormonal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Crystal field and Kondo effect in Ce compounds
- Author
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Maekawa, S., Kashiba, S., Takahashi, S., and Tachiki, M.
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- 1985
- Full Text
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16. Magnetic and transport properties in Ce compounds: Kondo effect and crystal field
- Author
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Maekawa, S., Kashiba, S., Takahashi, S., and Tachiki, M.
- Published
- 1986
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Conversion of Salmonella typhimurium to L-forms contributes to the maintenance of acquired immunity against murine typhoid.
- Author
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Kita E, Emoto M, Nishikawa F, Yoshikai Y, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Blotting, Western, Chaperonin 60, Chaperonins immunology, Female, Immunization, Kinetics, Kupffer Cells immunology, Liver immunology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta, T-Lymphocyte Subsets immunology, Antigens, Bacterial immunology, Bacterial Proteins, L Forms immunology, Salmonella typhimurium immunology, Typhoid Fever immunology
- Abstract
Conversion of Salmonella typhimurium to L-forms, both in vitro and in vivo, resulted in the expression of proteins cross-reacting to the mycobacterial 65,000 MW heat-shock protein (hsp). Immunization of C3H/HeJ mice with a protective dose of stable L-form S. typhimurium induced gamma delta T cells in the liver, in accordance with the multiplication of L-form Salmonella in Kupffer cells. The number of gamma delta T cells decreased after the intracellular growth of L-form Salmonella plateaued. Persistance of the L-forms in Kupffer cells, however, allowed hepatic gamma delta T cells to increase within 48 hr of infection with virulent S. typhimurium. Thus, the intrahepatic colonization of L-form Salmonella seems to keep gamma delta T cells on standby, but the emergence of these T cells does not correlate with the expression of L-form hsp. In addition, Kupffer cells colonized by L-forms constitutively synthesized mRNA for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). These results suggest that conversion of S. typhimurium to L-forms in phagocytic cells builds up and maintains acquired resistance, conferred by live-cell vaccines of S. typhimurium, against murine typhoid.
- Published
- 1995
18. Different sensitivity of complement to Salmonella typhimurium accounts for the difference in natural resistance to murine typhoid between A/J and C57BL/6 mice.
- Author
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Nakano A, Kita E, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Complement Activation immunology, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic immunology, Female, Immunity, Innate, Interferon-gamma blood, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages immunology, Mice, Mice, Inbred A, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Phagocytosis immunology, Salmonella typhimurium growth & development, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Spleen immunology, Spleen microbiology, Complement C3b immunology, Salmonella Infections, Animal immunology, Salmonella typhimurium immunology, Typhoid Fever immunology
- Abstract
The difference in natural resistance to Salmonella typhimurium between S. typhimurium-resistant A/J mice and S. typhimurium-susceptible C57BL/6 mice was analyzed. In both strains, the growth of S. typhimurium was controlled in the spleen until 48 hr of infection, while serum C3b levels were increased in A/J mice immediately after infection but not in C57BL/6 mice. Incubation of A/J mouse serum with S. typhimurium or its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) generated sufficient amounts of C3b, but that of C57BL/6 mouse serum with them did not. A/J macrophages had higher intracellular killing activity in vitro than did C57BL/6 cells against S. typhimurium pre-opsonized with each corresponding fresh serum. However, the cells from both mice exhibited a similar level of killing activity against S. typhimurium pre-opsonized with fresh A/J serum or rabbit complement. The resistance of C57BL/6 mice was significantly increased by opsonizing S. typhimurium with fresh A/J serum or rabbit complement before inoculation. The serum level of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in A/J mice was 2.7 times as high as in C57BL/6 mice at 48 hr post-infection. Recombinant murine IFN-gamma enhanced the intracellular killing activity of macrophages from both mice when S. typhimurium was pre-opsonized with fresh A/J serum but not with fresh C57BL/6 serum. These findings suggest that A/J macrophages exhibit maximal killing activity against A/J serum-opsonized S. typhimurium in vivo when the cells are activated with IFN-gamma. Therefore, the rapid and sufficient activation of complement by Salmonella LPS may render A/J mice more resistant against murine typhoid.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
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19. Protective capacity of L-form Salmonella typhimurium against murine typhoid in C3H/HeJ mice.
- Author
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Nishikawa F, Kita E, Yamada H, Nakano A, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial biosynthesis, Antigens, Bacterial, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Hypersensitivity, Delayed, Immunization, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Salmonella typhimurium growth & development, Spleen immunology, Spleen microbiology, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Time Factors, Typhoid Fever immunology, Typhoid Fever microbiology, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines pharmacology, Salmonella typhimurium immunology, Typhoid Fever prevention & control
- Abstract
L forms of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 conferred strong protection to a lethal challenge with its parental bacterium on innately hypersusceptible C3H/HeJ mice, and its minimal protective dose was approximately 150 L-forming units. Although L-form S. typhimurium was avirulent for C3H/HeJ mice, it multiplied slowly in both the liver and spleen with the maximal growth 2-3 weeks after immunization and thereafter it persisted in the liver until 24 weeks. Protective immunity began to work between 4 and 6 weeks after immunization, and it remained active as long as the L forms colonized the liver (until 24 weeks after immunization). Vaccination with the L form induced a population of T cells responding to L-form whole-cell lysate (WCL), while delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the extract of S. typhimurium was induced after the establishment of solid immunity. Moreover, neither T-cell responses nor DTH to heat-killed S. typhimurium was generated. In addition, antibody responses were elicited to WCL but not to heat-killed S. typhimurium. These results indicate that protection conferred by the L forms is attributable to the persistent colonization of the L forms rather than the presence of DTH, and also that Salmonella cytoplasmic antigens are involved in induction of immunological responses by vaccination with the L forms.
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Transfer of protection to murine typhoid conferred by L-form Salmonella typhimurium in dependence of cooperation between L form-adopted macrophages and L form-induced Lyt-2+ T cells.
- Author
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Nishikawa F, Kita E, Matsui N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Complement System Proteins, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic immunology, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Immunity, Kupffer Cells, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred C57BL, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic immunology, Antigens, Ly immunology, Immunotherapy, Adoptive, Macrophages immunology, Salmonella typhimurium immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Typhoid Fever immunology
- Abstract
The effector cells responsible for protection to Salmonella typhimurium in C3H/HeJ mice, conferred by L-form S. typhimurium, were determined by cell transfer test. Nonfractionated spleen cells from 6-week immune mice but not from 24-week immune animals transferred anti-S. typhimurium immunity. Treatment with anti-macrophage antiserum and complement most effectively abolished protective capacity in 6-week immune cells, while anti-T cell monoclonal antibody plus complement reduced it to a lesser extent. However, adoptive protection was achieved only by transfer of immune macrophages along with Lyt-2+ T cells selected from 6-week immune spleen cells. These Lyt-2+ T cells were cytotoxic to Kupffer cells from C3H/HeJ mice which had been infected 48 hr previously and from the mice which had been immunized 1 week previously, but not to the cells from 6-week immune mice and from normal animals. Moreover, protective capacity in immune macrophages seemed to be correlated to the degree of colonization by the L forms, and the inability to transfer immunity of 24-week immune spleen cells may be due to the decrease in the L form-colonization. These results suggest that cooperation between the L form-colonized macrophages and L form-induced cytotoxic Lyt-2+ T cells contributes to anti-S. typhimurium immunity, and might imply the immunological difference between the 6-week immune phagocytes and the cells at an early stage of infection or immunization.
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Induction of hypersensitivity to endotoxin in C3H/HeJ mice by immunization with L-form Salmonella typhimurium.
- Author
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Nakano A, Kita E, Yamada H, Kamikaidou N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Female, Macrophages, Peritoneal immunology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, RNA, Bacterial analysis, RNA, Messenger analysis, Survival Rate, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins immunology, Endotoxins immunology, Hypersensitivity immunology, Salmonella Infections, Animal immunology, Salmonella typhimurium immunology
- Abstract
When endotoxin low-responder C3H/HeJ mice were immunized with L-form Salmonella typhimurium, the mice were more susceptible to a lethal challenge with S. typhimurium 1 week after immunization (1-week mice) than were the unimmunized controls. One-week immune mice produced overwhelming amounts of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the blood after infection, while 4-week immune mice produced lesser amounts of this cytokine with a 75% survival rate at 60 days postinfection. Pretreatment with anti-TNF-alpha antibody prevented 1-week immune mice from succumbing to acute illness. Endotoxin-stimulated peritoneal macrophages from 1-week immune mice produced higher amounts of TNF-alpha in vitro than did those from 4-week immune mice and they expressed larger amounts of TNF-alpha mRNA on Northern blot. The capacity of macrophages to produce TNF-alpha in vitro was correlated with the degree of colonization by the L form in the cells. These results suggest that the colonization by L-form S. typhimurium in macrophages alters the susceptibility to S. typhimurium of C3H/HeJ mice and that TNF-alpha might play a major role in this alteration of host resistance.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Proliferation of erythromycin-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages in the absence of exogenous growth factors.
- Author
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Kita E, Sawaki M, Mikasa K, Oku D, Hamada K, Maeda K, Narita N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Division drug effects, Cell Separation, Cells, Cultured, Culture Techniques methods, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Peritoneal cytology, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred ICR, Mice, Nude, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Thioglycolates pharmacology, Erythromycin pharmacology, Growth Substances deficiency, Macrophages, Peritoneal drug effects
- Abstract
Erythromycin (0.2-20 micrograms/ml) induced the proliferation of macrophages of mouse peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in a liquid medium without exogenous growth factors. The proliferating macrophages formed giant colonies between days 22 and 26 of culture; these colonies continued to proliferate even after subculture. The erythromycin-induced cell proliferation was independent of fibroblasts, T cells, B cells, or endotoxins. This activity seemed to be specific to erythromycin since other antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, penicillin G, and josamycin did not induce the proliferation of macrophages. Any known cytokines, including IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, and GM-CSF, were not detectable by ELISA tests in any of the culture supernatants sampled from day 7 through day 28. The culture supernatants, however, had the capability of inducing the growth of macrophages, only in the presence of bioactive erythromycin at concentrations higher than 1.6 micrograms/l. Moreover, the culture supernatants, sampled after giant colonies had been formed, were capable of inducing giant colonies in the culture of adherent PEC. Thus, the erythromycin-induced macrophage proliferation might be due to the direct effect of this antibiotic, whereas the formation of giant colonies might be due to the production of some unidentified soluble factor produced by the proliferating macrophages. These data indicate that mouse PEC contain a subset of peritoneal macrophages capable of responding to erythromycin by forming proliferating colonies without exogenous growth factors.
- Published
- 1993
23. Isolation of a cytotoxin from L-form Salmonella typhimurium.
- Author
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Kita E, Kamikaidou N, Nakano A, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacterial Toxins toxicity, Chromatography, Gel, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Cytotoxins toxicity, Endotoxins toxicity, Isoelectric Focusing, Macrophages immunology, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha biosynthesis, Bacterial Toxins isolation & purification, Cytotoxins isolation & purification, Endotoxins isolation & purification, Salmonella typhimurium chemistry
- Abstract
A cytotoxic protein was isolated from the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-solubilized extract of the stable L forms of Salmonella typhimurium by ion-retardation chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. The purified toxin, with a molecular mass of 32 kDa and with isoelectric point of 6.4, was thermolabile and trypsin-sensitive. Against mouse macrophages, its cytolytic effect was detectable in vitro at concentrations higher than 0.7 micrograms/ml, with a complete lysis obtained at 5 micrograms/ml. In contrast, it stimulated C3H/HeJ macrophages in the dose range of 0.1-0.5 micrograms/ml to allow the cell to respond to endotoxin, resulting in the significant production of tumor necrosis factor alpha. By Northern blot analysis, this effect was detectable at a dose as low as 0.01 micrograms/ml. These findings suggest that the transformation of bacillary S. typhimurium into L forms in vivo may induce alterations in host resistance against murine typhoid.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Restoration of the acute phase response after infection in cyclophosphamide-treated mice by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
- Author
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Sawaki M, Kita E, Mikasa K, Konishi M, Kumimatsu M, Kashiba S, and Narita N
- Subjects
- Acute-Phase Reaction immunology, Animals, Ascitic Fluid metabolism, Female, Injections, Intramuscular, Leukocyte Count drug effects, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred ICR, Pseudomonas Infections immunology, Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, Recombinant Proteins pharmacology, Serum Amyloid P-Component biosynthesis, Serum Amyloid P-Component drug effects, Spleen metabolism, Acute-Phase Reaction therapy, Cyclophosphamide pharmacology, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor pharmacology, Pseudomonas Infections therapy
- Abstract
The therapeutic effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) against intramuscular infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated mice was analyzed by measuring plasma levels of amyloid P-component (APC) and proinflammatory cytokine levels. CY (100 mg/kg) treatment of mice significantly suppressed plasma concentrations of APC and tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) following infection with P. aeruginosa, in associated with enhanced susceptibility of the treated mice to this bacterium. A 4-day treatment of CY-treated mice with recombinant human G-CSF (rhG-CSF) increased resistance of CY-treated mice, together with the marked restoration of APC and TNF-alpha productions. The capacity to produce interleukin 1-beta and TNF-alpha of peritoneal macrophages and also that to produce IL-6 of spleen cells were significantly enhanced by the in vivo administration of rhG-CSF in CY-treated mice. These results indicate that G-CSF may increase the functions of monocytes/macrophages directly or indirectly in vivo. Therefore, the therapeutic effect of rhG-CSF seems to consist of not only increases in the number and functions of neutrophils but also enhancement of monocyte/macrophage functions.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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25. Mononuclear cell response in the liver of mice infected with hepatotoxigenic Campylobacter jejuni.
- Author
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Kita E, Nishikawa F, Kamikaidou N, Nakano A, Katsui N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacterial Toxins toxicity, Female, Humans, Lethal Dose 50, Liver drug effects, Liver physiopathology, Liver Function Tests, Mice, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Virulence, Bacterial Toxins biosynthesis, Campylobacter Infections pathology, Campylobacter jejuni pathogenicity, Leukocytes, Mononuclear pathology, Liver pathology
- Abstract
Intragastric inoculation with hepatotoxigenic strains of Campylobacter jejuni led to the death of mice during the late phase of infection. Histological study disclosed a massive infiltration of mononuclear cells in the liver, mimicking intrahepatic hypersensitivity. Neither enterotoxigenic nor enteroinvasive Escherichia coli induced such a lesion. However, the same histopathological change was induced by injecting the hepatotoxic factor of hepatotoxigenic C. jejuni intravenously on two occasions separated by 14 days. Neither a single injection of an increased dose of the hepatotoxic factor nor two injections, the second of which was heat-inactivated, induced this change. Pre-treatment with rabbit antibody to the hepatotoxic factor inhibited the development of the hepatic lesion. These results suggest that C. jejuni-induced hepatic lesions in mice may be caused, at least in part, by the active moiety of the hepatotoxic factor. The possible mechanisms by which the toxic factor induces hepatitis as a consequence of hypersensitivity are discussed in relation to Guillain-Barré syndrome and Reiter's syndrome associated with C. jejuni enteritis.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Mechanism of the protective immunity against murine typhoid: persistence of Salmonella L forms in the liver after immunization with live-cell vaccines.
- Author
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Kita E, Nishikawa F, Kamikaidou N, Oku D, Yasui K, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, L Forms growth & development, Mice, Salmonella paratyphi B growth & development, Salmonella paratyphi B immunology, Salmonella paratyphi B isolation & purification, Salmonella typhi growth & development, Salmonella typhi isolation & purification, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Vaccination, L Forms immunology, Liver microbiology, Salmonella typhi immunology, Typhoid Fever prevention & control, Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines immunology
- Abstract
Live-cell vaccines of Salmonella typhimurium, either a sub-lethal dose of a wild-type (strain LT2) or a high dose of its two-heptose Rd1 mutant (strain SL1004), induced acquired resistance to murine typhoid, which remained 180 days after immunization. Growth of S. typhimurium as a bacillary form ceased between days 30 and 60 of immunization, but L forms of this bacterium colonized the liver (the mean number of L forms in the liver: 600 L-forming units) even at 180 days post-immunization. In contrast, a high inoculum of either a Ra mutant (strain TV148) of strain LT2 or S. schottmülleri 8006 sharing the same O antigenic components with those of S. typhimurium induced only a short-lived protection in proportion to the number of L forms in the liver, and the protective immunity was lost before day 180. However, there was no significant difference in the salmonella-specific T-cell responses among groups of immunized mice on day 180 of immunization. A lethal infection with strain LT2 in mice which had been immunized 75 days previously with living cells of strain SL1004 resulted in a rapid clearance of the challenge inoculum, together with a rapid elevation of anti-S. typhimurium antibody responses. Thus, the present data suggest that the long-lived immunity conferred upon live S. typhimurium vaccines is attributable to the colonization of this bacterium in the liver as L forms and the ability to colonize the liver as L forms is independent of the chain length of salmonella O-antigens.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Contribution of interferon gamma and membrane-associated interleukin 1 to the resistance to murine typhoid of Ityr mice.
- Author
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Kita E, Emoto M, Oku D, Nishikawa F, Hamuro A, Kamikaidou N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Cytokines metabolism, Female, Immunity, Innate drug effects, Interleukin-2 metabolism, Kupffer Cells metabolism, Kupffer Cells microbiology, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred DBA, Salmonella typhimurium immunology, Spleen cytology, Spleen microbiology, Interferon-gamma pharmacology, Interleukin-1 pharmacology, Typhoid Fever immunology
- Abstract
Resistance of mice to Salmonella typhimurium in the early phase of infection is known to be controlled by the expression of chromosome 1 locus Ity. To clarify the mechanism by which the genetically resistant (Ityr) mice can overcome the first phase of salmonellosis, the early response in DBA/2 (Ityr) and BALB/c (Itys) mice was compared after a subcutaneous injection of S. typhimurium. In both strains, the growth of S. typhimurium was controlled in livers and Kupffer cells until day 3, but thereafter the bacteria multiplied rapidly in BALB/c mice. Over the first 2 days nonspecific responses (changes in levels of blood leukocytes, plasma iron, and alpha 1-antitrypsin) were not significantly different between the strains, and the capacity of Kupffer cells isolated from infected mice of both strains to produce interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was of the same degree. Thereafter, only DBA/2 Kupffer cells were able to produce membrane-associated IL-1 (ma IL-1) as well as TNF-alpha. Moreover, only DBA/2 splenocytes were able to produce interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) upon stimulation with Salmonella antigens, although concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes of both strains produced the same level of interleukin 2. Furthermore, administration of recombinant murine IFN-gamma and DBA/2 Kupffer cells of day 6 to BALB/c mice 3 days after infection resulted in a significant level of protection, whereas neither of these materials alone induced protection. Injection of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies did not affect the resistance of DBA/2 mice. Thus, these findings suggest that the early resistance of Ityr mice is partly attributable to their capacity to produce IFN-gamma and ma IL-1 after infection.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Nonspecific stimulation of host defense by Corynebacterium kutscheri. III. Enhanced cytokine induction by the active moiety of C. kutscheri.
- Author
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Kita E, Kamikaidou N, Oku D, Nakano A, Katsui N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Line, Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic, Female, Interferon-gamma biosynthesis, Interleukin-1 biosynthesis, Interleukin-2 biosynthesis, Interleukin-4 biosynthesis, Interleukin-6 biosynthesis, Macrophages metabolism, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, T-Lymphocytes metabolism, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha biosynthesis, Adjuvants, Immunologic pharmacology, Corynebacterium immunology, Cytokines biosynthesis, Immunity, Active
- Abstract
The present study was carried out to ascertain whether the active component of Corynebacterium kutscheri (CK-M) could stimulate host cells of mice to produce several cytokines. CK-M stimulated thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages to produce interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) at concentrations of 1-100 ng/ml, and it also induced IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) as well as IL-6 production by splenocytes. Maximum production of each cytokine induced by CK-M was obtained at the following doses: IL-1 at 5 ng/ml, TNF-alpha at 50 ng/ml, IL-2 at 1 microgram/ml, IL-6 at 500 ng/ml and IFN-gamma at 750 ng/ml. In contrast, IL-4 was not produced to a significant extent by CK-M-stimulated splenocytes. Furthermore, when mice were intravenously injected with 20 micrograms of CK-M, IL-2 and IFN-gamma production by splenocytes, upon stimulation with either formalin-killed C. kutscheri or mitogens, was significantly higher on day 10 of treatment than on day 2. Additionally, the cytotoxicity to L929 cells of this serum from CK-M-treated mice increased with time, and the activity in the serum of day 10 was not abrogated by the antibody to TNF-alpha. Data obtained here indicate that CK-M may preferentially stimulate type-1 helper T cells to produce IL-2 and IFN-gamma, and that the enhanced cytokine production could contribute to the nonspecific resistance induced by C. kutscheri.
- Published
- 1992
29. Requirement of the conformational stability of a Salmonella ribosomal vaccine for its mouse protection.
- Author
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Kita E, Oku D, Nishikawa F, Emoto M, Yasui K, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Immunization, Lymphocyte Activation, Mice, Mice, Inbred Strains, Protein Conformation, Ribonucleases pharmacology, Bacterial Vaccines immunology, Ribosomes immunology, Salmonella typhimurium immunology
- Abstract
The 43-kDa non-O antigenic component isolated from the crude ribosomal fraction of Salmonella typhimurium [9] was further purified by affinity chromatography (43-kDa protein: 43-kDp). Immunization with 43-kDp did not induce complete mouse protection in CF1 mice to 500 LD50 of S. typhimurium, although it elicited a substantial IgG antibody response. The 43-kDp exhibited the mitogenicity to splenocytes (CF1 and C3H/HeJ) and B cell-rich populations (CF1). Complexing 43-kDp with the compact ribosomes of Streptococcus pyogenes by formaldehyde (complex vaccine: CV) elicited both IgM and IgG antibodies to 43-kDp. CV induced a boosting effect to enhance IgG antibody response. Moreover, CV generated delayed-type hypersensitivity to salmonella antigens and also conferred complete protection against 500 LD50 challenge of S. typhimurium to CF1 mice. These abilities of CV were reduced or impaired by RNase digestion. CV was able to induce partial or complete protection in inbred mouse strains (C3H/HeN, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2 and A/J). These data, in addition to other reports, suggest that conformational stability between ribosomes and contaminating substances such as 43-kDp or O-antigens might be required for the overall effects of the ribosomal vaccine.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Virulence of transparent and opaque colony types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae for the genital tract of mice.
- Author
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Kita E, Katsui N, Emoto M, Sawaki M, Oku D, Nishikawa F, Hamuro A, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Annexin A4, Calcium-Binding Proteins physiology, Cytoskeletal Proteins physiology, Estrus, Female, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Leukorrhea microbiology, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Uterus pathology, Vagina pathology, Genitalia, Female microbiology, Neisseria gonorrhoeae pathogenicity
- Abstract
The virulence of transparent (Tr) and opaque (Op) colony types of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the genital tract of female mice was evaluated at two stages of oestrous. Isogenic pairs of Tr and Op variants were isolated from N. gonorrhoeae strain 57-120. Both variants exhibited a T2 morphology, but only the Op variant possessed protein II (P.II) in outer-membrane fractions. When administered by intravaginal inoculation Op gonococci were highly infective only for mice in late pro-oestrous, whereas Tr gonococci were virulent for mice at both late pro-oestrous and dioestrous. Gonococci recovered from the uterus were of both Tr and Op phenotypes in equal proportions when mice were infected at dioestrous with Tr cells. In contrast, greater than 90% of recovered colonies were of Op phenotype when mice were infected at late pro-oestrous with either Op or Tr cells. These results indicate that the virulence of gonococci for the genital tract of female mice differs from that for the chicken embryo. Furthermore, gonococcal survival in the female genital tract might be attributable to phase variation from Tr to Op phenotypes.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
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31. Expression of clumping and fibrinogen-binding activities of Staphylococcus aureus at various growth stages.
- Author
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Yonemasu K, Sasaki T, Ohmae R, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staphylococcus aureus growth & development, Staphylococcus aureus metabolism, Carrier Proteins physiology, Cell Aggregation physiology, Coagulase physiology, Fibrinogen metabolism
- Abstract
Clumping and fibrinogen-binding activities of 4 Staphylococcus aureus strains (Cowan I, Newman D2C, Wood 46 and NCTC 5655) were assayed with a semiquantitative clumping test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Distinct positive clumping was detected with whole cells of the 3 strains except Wood 46. Amounts of fibrinogen required for a definite clumping depended greatly on strains as well as on their growth phases. On the other hand, fibrinogen-binding activities were detected both in culture supernatants and in cell lysates of all the 4 strains, and the levels were rather comparable with one another and relatively steady through their growth cycles. No significant correlation was thus found among expression behavior of clumping and fibrinogen-binding activities.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
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32. Hepatotoxic activity of Campylobacter jejuni.
- Author
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Kita E, Oku D, Hamuro A, Nishikawa F, Emoto M, Yagyu Y, Katsui N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Albumins biosynthesis, Animals, Aspartate Aminotransferases metabolism, Cell Survival, Chromatography, Agarose, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enterotoxins pharmacology, In Vitro Techniques, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase metabolism, Liver metabolism, Liver pathology, Liver Function Tests, Mice, Neutralization Tests, Campylobacter jejuni pathogenicity, Liver microbiology
- Abstract
Hepatotoxic factor(s) were isolated from whole-cell lysates of Campylobacter jejuni GIFU 8734 and purified by chromatography. A single intravenous injection of 10 micrograms of this factor reproducibly produced hepatitis in mice, as determined by histology and liver function tests. The hepatic lesions were very similar to those evoked by C. jejuni infection. Tissue-culture studies with mouse hepatocytes demonstrated that low concentrations of the factor caused release of hepatic enzymes into the medium without appreciable cytolysis. High concentrations of the factor induced cytolysis. These effects were neutralised by antiserum to the factor, but not by antisera to the lipopolysaccharide of C. jejuni or to the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. Among 20 clinical isolates of C. jejuni, only four evoked hepatitis in mice and produced the hepatotoxic factor.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Hormonal regulation of soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS): a possible role of SIRS in the maintenance of pregnancy.
- Author
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Kita E, Hamuro A, Oku D, Nishikawa F, Yasui K, Emoto M, Katsui N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Chromatography, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic, Female, Immune Tolerance, Immunity, Cellular, Immunologic Factors isolation & purification, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed, Mice, Mice, Inbred Strains, Pregnancy, Solubility, Spleen physiology, Suppressor Factors, Immunologic genetics, Suppressor Factors, Immunologic isolation & purification, T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic immunology, Estrogens pharmacology, Immunologic Factors physiology, Pregnancy, Animal immunology, Progesterone pharmacology, Suppressor Factors, Immunologic physiology
- Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sex hormones upon the nature of soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) produced by concanavalin A-stimulated Lyt-2+ T cells. Conventional SIRS affected IgM PFC only. However, SIRS made with progesterone (20-400 ng/ml or Prog-SIRS) suppressed IgM PFC, one-way MLR, and generation CTL; and SIRS made with estrogen (0.2-50 ng/ml or Est-SIRS) enhanced these responses. The factor(s) (MW 40,000-55,000) to stimulate macrophages to produce the second soluble factor (M phi-SF) was isolated from all preparations by gel filtration. Furthermore, Est-SIRS contained a factor(s) (MW 10,000-30,000) to enhance IgM PFC, MLR, and mitogen-induced blastogenesis of both T and B cells; and Prog-SIRS possessed the suppressive factor(s) to IgM PFC, MLR, and mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation. These activities were not impaired by 2-mercaptoethanol. Moreover, the suppressive activity of Prog-SIRS was completely absorbed by T cells only, but the enhancing activity of Est-SIRS was not completely absorbed by a single-cell population. These data suggest that progesterone can contribute to the suppression of allograft rejection through soluble factors, and estrogen can enhance host responses which may be affected by several soluble factors during pregnancy.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Enhanced interleukin production after long-term administration of erythromycin stearate.
- Author
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Kita E, Sawaki M, Nishikawa F, Mikasa K, Yagyu Y, Takeuchi S, Yasui K, Narita N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Clindamycin pharmacology, Erythromycin pharmacology, Exudates and Transudates immunology, Female, Macrophages drug effects, Macrophages metabolism, Mice, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred Strains, Spleen cytology, Spleen drug effects, Spleen metabolism, T-Lymphocytes drug effects, T-Lymphocytes metabolism, Erythromycin analogs & derivatives, Interleukin-1 biosynthesis, Interleukin-2 biosynthesis
- Abstract
The effects of erythromycin stearate (10 mg/kg/day) were studied on productions of interleukin (IL)-1 and -2 in mice after a long-term treatment. A 28-day treatment resulted in higher levels of IL-1 production by macrophages and of IL-2 production by splenocytes, while a 7-day treatment did not increase them. T-cell growth factor activity of IL-2 preparation prepared on day 28 of treatment as determined by HT-2 cell proliferation was reduced by about 40% in the presence of anti-murine IL-4 monoclonal antibodies, while control IL-2 activity was not reduced. Furthermore, a 28-day treatment with erythromycin stearate increased concanavalin A-induced blastogenesis of splenocytes significantly. These results suggest that long-term treatment with erythromycin stearate can stimulate host defense by increasing interleukin production.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Nonspecific stimulation of host defense by Corynebacterium kutscheri. II. Isolation of the active moiety.
- Author
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Kita E, Emoto M, Oku D, Hamuro A, Nishikawa F, Tanikawa I, Yasui K, Katsui N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Antineoplastic Agents immunology, Corynebacterium analysis, Female, Glycoproteins immunology, Glycoproteins isolation & purification, Immunity, Innate, Mice, Mitogens isolation & purification, Molecular Weight, Subcellular Fractions chemistry, Subcellular Fractions immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Antineoplastic Agents isolation & purification, Corynebacterium immunology
- Abstract
The isolation and determination of biological activities of the active component of Corynebacterium kutscheri were attempted in the present investigation. The antitumor effect was confined to the subcellular particle fraction of this bacterium and was associated with a molecule of glycoprotein nature (40,000-38,000 Daltons) isolated from this fraction by affinity chromatography with concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B. This substance exerted mitogenic activity on C3H/HeJ splenocytes and T cells, stimulatory activity on macrophages, and further exhibited antitumor effect on P388 leukemia in CDF1 mice. The Winn assay disclosed that the antitumor effect induced by this substance was dependent on L3T4+ T cells. Furthermore, both the mitogenic and antitumor activity of this moiety were resistant to heating at 100 degrees C for 30 min or RNase digestion, but sensitive to trypsin digestion, or low or high pH. These results indicate that the antitumor effect of C. kutscheri is attributable to the heat-stable glycoprotein moiety which can directly stimulate T cells and macrophages.
- Published
- 1990
36. The role of interleukin 1 and 2 in generation of acquired resistance against mouse typhoid infection afforded by dialyzable factor from Salmonella typhimurium.
- Author
-
Kita E, Emoto M, Nishi K, Katsui N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, In Vitro Techniques, Kinetics, Lymphocyte Activation, Macrophage Activation, Mice, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Interleukin-1 biosynthesis, Interleukin-2 biosynthesis, Salmonella typhimurium immunology, Typhoid Fever immunology
- Abstract
Dialyzable factor (DF) prepared from a ribosomal fraction of Salmonella typhimurium was tested for its ability to induce interleukin 1 (IL 1) and 2 (IL 2) production, in relation to acquired resistance, after an intraperitoneal injection of DF. IL 1 production in vitro by peritoneal macrophages of DF-treated mice reached the maximum 4 days after injection, at the time when the nonspecific local resistance via macrophages directly activated with DF became apparent (Kita et al, Microbiol. Immunol. 28:807, 1984). Concanavalin A-induced IL 2 production by splenocytes of DF-treated mice reached the maximal level between days 6 and 8, and it could be enhanced even on day 14. Antigen-induced blastogenic responses of splenocytes from DF-treated mice reached the maximal level 14 days after treatment. Although DF did not show the mitogenic activity to normal splenocytes, T cells of DF-treated mice could respond to S. typhimurium. On the contrary, T cells of normal mice could respond to heat-killed cells of S. typhimurium when they were cultured with macrophages which had been directly stimulated in vitro with DF. Furthermore, T cells from DF-treated mice could respond to antigens of different species of bacteria, and especially to Listeria monocytogenes. These results suggest that T cells of DF-treated mice, being at the intermediate stage of activation via monokines including IL 1 which is produced by macrophages stimulated with DF, are able to proliferate immediately after the administration of challenging organisms as a second signal, and also that the specificity of the response may be defined by the challenging organisms.
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
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37. Passive hemagglutination test for detection of antibody to gonococcal ribosomal antigen in sera from patients with asymptomatic gonorrhea.
- Author
-
Kita E and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Antigens, Bacterial isolation & purification, Cell Fractionation, Female, Hemagglutination Tests, Humans, Male, Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolation & purification, Neisseria gonorrhoeae ultrastructure, Antibodies, Bacterial analysis, Gonorrhea immunology, Neisseria gonorrhoeae immunology, Ribosomes immunology
- Abstract
Ribosomal fractions were obtained from a culture of type 2 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain P-17 which was isolated from a patient with an acute gonococcal infection; these fractions were purified to eliminate the components of the outer membrane complex by affinity chromatography (Sepharose-anti-outer membrane complex antibody conjugates were used as the solid immunosorbent), and the resulting preparation was designated the purified ribosomal fraction, The purified ribosomal fraction was used to detect antibody activity in sera obtained from culture-positive asymptomatic carriers and healthy controls by a passive hemagglutination test. This passive hemagglutination test had a specificity of 100% for both sexes and sensitivities of 99.4 and 88.2% for female and male carriers, respectively, when an antibody titer of more than 1:3 was defined as abnormal. Absorption of the sera with nongonococcal organisms did not affect the antibody activity, and no significant difference in antigenicity among various N. gonorrhoeae strains was observed in ribosomal fractions. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was also used to measure the relative amounts of specific antibodies to the purified ribosomal fraction, and this assay revealed that the anti-purified ribosomal fraction antibodies were immunoglobulin G.
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Immunogenicity of transfer RNA isolated from a two-heptose rough mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 in mouse typhoid infection.
- Author
-
Kita E and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Chromatography, Agarose, Female, Hydrolases pharmacology, Hypersensitivity, Delayed, Immunity drug effects, Immunization, Passive, Immunoglobulins biosynthesis, Mice, Mice, Inbred Strains, Salmonella Infections, Animal mortality, Immunization, RNA, Bacterial immunology, RNA, Transfer immunology, Salmonella Infections, Animal immunology, Salmonella typhimurium immunology
- Abstract
Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) was isolated from a two-heptose mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 (strain SL1004) and was found to afford 100% mouse protection against challenge with 1000 LD50 of strain LT2. The intraperitoneal minimum effective dose of tRNA was 5 micrograms RNA per mouse and this dose was significantly lower than that of ribosomal RNA for ddY mouse strain. The protective immunity was independent of the presence of antibodies to cell-surface antigens, and was transferred mainly by T cells. The protective moiety of tRNA was sensitive to ribonuclease digestion which resulted in 85% reduction in the mouse survival rate, but was completely resistant to protease digestion. The present study demonstrates that the immunogenic activity of salmonella RNA is present in both ribosomal RNA and tRNA.
- Published
- 1983
39. Analysis of immunity to infection with Salmonella typhimurium in outbred mice. I. Requirement of the antibody to non-O antigen for protection in mice that are not protected by the RNA-rich vaccine.
- Author
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Kita E, Nishi K, Emoto M, Katsui N, Yasui K, Yasui K, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Bacterial immunology, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Hypersensitivity, Delayed immunology, Immunity, Macrophages immunology, Mice, O Antigens, RNA, Bacterial immunology, RNA, Transfer immunology, Antibodies, Bacterial immunology, Bacterial Vaccines immunology, Salmonella Infections, Animal immunology, Salmonella typhimurium immunology
- Abstract
Two outbred mouse strains, ddY and CF1, were tested for their ability to be protected against infection with Salmonella typhimurium by several types of salmonella vaccines. These strains have the same levels of innate susceptibility to S. typhimurium, and also have the same capacity to develop delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to salmonella antigens. Both the crude ribosomal fraction (CRF) and live-cell vaccines conferred acquired resistance on both strains, characterized by greater responses of T cells to salmonella antigens. Mice of the ddY strain were also protected by the purified transfer RNA (tRNA) vaccine, which was free of O antigens, but CF1 mice were not, despite the presence of T-cell reactivity with salmonella antigens. Neither strain was protected by the phenol-water-extracted lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The tRNA-immunized CF1 mice were protected by transfer of antiserum to CRF, but not by transfer of anti-LPS antibody. This antiserum to CRF, however, did not transfer acquired resistance into non-immune mice of either strain. These observations suggest that CF1 mice may require an antibody to another non-O antigen existing in CRF to develop acquired resistance, and that stimulation of the defence system by tRNA may be essential to the development of acquired resistance in CF1 mice.
- Published
- 1987
40. Activation of therminal components of human complement by a trypsin-activated complex of human factor B and cobra venom factor.
- Author
-
Miyama A, Kato T, Minoda I, Ueda T, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Complement C3 metabolism, Complement C5 metabolism, Complement C6 metabolism, Complement C7 metabolism, Complement C9 metabolism, Guinea Pigs, Humans, Immune Sera, In Vitro Techniques, Complement System Proteins metabolism, Hemolysis drug effects, Snake Venoms pharmacology, Trypsin pharmacology
- Abstract
Cleavage of C3 by CVF-B was demonstrated by hemolytic, immunoelectrophoretic and immune adherence reactions. No cleavage of C5 was detected by immunoelectrophoresis, but C5 hemolytic activity, assayed with EAC1423, decreased although less than C3 hemolytic activity. The co-existence of C3 with limiting amounts of C5 did not reduce the final degree of hemolysis of guinea pig erythrocytes (GPE) induced by late-acting components C6 through C9 and CVF-B. Thus, a CVF-B hemolytic system composed of GPE, C5 through C9 and CVF-B provided a method for titration of terminal components of human complement. CVF-B was able to generate hemolytically active sites of C567 on GPE by activation of C5, C6 and C7. The complex C567 in the fluid-phase decayed within 1 min but C567 on GPE was quite stable. Originally insensitive sheep erythrocytes became sensitive to the CVF-B hemolytic system if C3b sites were present, suggesting that cell-bound C3b played a role in orienting the positions of C567 to be fixed. CVF-B could be recovered quantitatively from the supernatant of the reaction mixture in which the hemolytically active intermediate GPEC-5678 had been formed through the interaction between C5 to C8 and CVF-B.
- Published
- 1976
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Nonspecific stimulation of host defense by Corynebacterium kutscheri. I. Antitumor effect.
- Author
-
Kita E, Nishikawa F, Yagyu Y, Hamuro A, Oku D, Emoto M, Katsui N, Tanikawa I, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Cytotoxicity, Immunologic immunology, Immunity, Innate immunology, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred DBA, Peritoneal Cavity cytology, Spleen cytology, Spleen immunology, Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor immunology, Corynebacterium immunology, Leukemia P388 immunology, Leukemia, Experimental immunology
- Abstract
The effect of local injection of formalin-killed Corynebacterium kutscheri (FK.CK) on mouse survival after the intraperitoneal inoculation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in outbred ddY mice or P388 leukemia cells in inbred CDF1 mice was investigated. Treatment of mice in the dose range of greater than 10(6) organisms per mouse conferred the substantial protection on both mice. The initial phase of antitumor effect consisted of the marked increase in the number of peritoneal exudate cells and the enhanced cytotoxicity of peritoneal exudate cells. The Winn assay disclosed that antitumor effect by which tumor-burden mice could survive was attributable to nonadherent splenocytes whose activity was impaired by treatment with anti-T cell serum and complement. A single injection of FK.CK induced the cytotoxicity to three different murine tumor cells in serum of treated mice without a boosting injection of endotoxin. Furthermore, the generation of effector cells and serum cytotoxicity seemed to be paralleled by that of the delayed-type hypersensitivity to this organism. Thus, the antitumor resistance induced by C. kutscheri is considered to be in part T cell mediated.
- Published
- 1989
42. Effects of mouse testicular extract on immunocompetent cells.
- Author
-
Emoto M, Yagyu Y, Nishikawa F, Katsui N, Kita E, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic isolation & purification, Animals, Immunocompetence, In Vitro Techniques, Lymphocyte Activation, Macrophage Activation, Male, Mice, Reproduction immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Testis immunology
- Abstract
We investigated mouse testicular extract (TE) to clarify its biological functions in reproductive immunity. TE, at concentrations of 50-300 micrograms/ml, enhanced macrophage activities of spreading, glucose consumption, and cytostasis against a susceptible tumor cell line. On the other hand, TE inhibited concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T-cell blastogenesis in the dose range of 10-600 micrograms/ml. To elucidate the origin of TE, W/Wv mice, which genetically lack germ cells, were used. TE obtained from W/Wv mice enhanced the spreadability of macrophages and inhibited Con A-induced blastogenesis of T cells. The enhancement of macrophage spreading was only achieved by the interstitial fluid (IF), while the suppression of Con A-induced T-cell responses was detected in seminiferous tubule fluid (STF) as well as in IF. TE did not affect listerial antigen-specific responses of lymphocytes in vitro. These results suggest that TE has the capacity to regulate the biological responses associated with reproduction.
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Hepatic lesions in experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection of mice.
- Author
-
Kita E, Katsui N, Nishi K, Emoto M, Yanagase Y, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Campylobacter pathogenicity, Campylobacter Infections complications, Liver Diseases etiology, Liver Function Tests, Mice, Virulence, Campylobacter Infections pathology, Liver Diseases pathology
- Abstract
Mice orally infected with Campylobacter jejuni developed focal infiltrative necrotic lesions in the liver, as determined by both histology and liver function tests. The initial histopathological feature was a focal infiltrative lesion in the parenchyma and portal triads. Foci of infiltrative lesions became necrotic between days 30 and 60 post-inoculation (p.i.). During this period, portal infiltrates increased in severity. From month 4 p.i., focal areas of infiltrative necrosis in the liver parenchyma became extensive. Study of liver function demonstrated mild elevations of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and lactic dehydrogenase, and also the presence of hypoalbuminaemia. Although histopathological changes of the liver became gradually more marked after day 30 p.i., liver functions of infected mice were most affected at 2 months p.i. The capacity of C. jejuni to induce hepatic lesions seemed to be related to that of organisms to persist in the gall bladder; there was no correlation between biliary carriage in infected mice and positive faecal culture.
- Published
- 1986
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Alterations of host resistance to mouse typhoid infection by sex hormones.
- Author
-
Kita E, Yagyu Y, Nishikawa F, Hamuro A, Oku D, Emoto M, Katsui N, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Ascitic Fluid immunology, Blood Bactericidal Activity, Estrogens blood, Female, Immunity, Cellular, Liver immunology, Liver microbiology, Mice, Mice, Inbred Strains, Pregnancy, Progesterone blood, Salmonella typhimurium immunology, Salmonella typhimurium pathogenicity, Spleen immunology, Spleen microbiology, Survival Analysis, Gonadal Steroid Hormones physiology, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious immunology, Typhoid Fever immunology
- Abstract
The effect on mouse typhoid infection of a 3-day treatment of female virgin mice with 1 mg/day of female sex hormones (estrogen or progesterone), maintaining the same hormonal levels observed in pregnant mice for 30 days, was investigated in order to clarify the mechanisms of altered resistance during pregnancy. Estrogen-exposed mice were more susceptible to the intraperitoneal challenge with Salmonella typhimurium as compared with the vehicle control mice, while progesterone treatment increased the survival times of mice. Estrogen exposure increased the number of peritoneal cells after treatment, but the inflammatory cellular response after infection was significantly suppressed. Although the estrogen-treated and vehicle control mice had the same degrees of peritoneal cellular responses after infection, the death rates in the estrogen-treated mice were higher than those in the vehicle control mice against challenge with 1 LD50 of S. typhimurium. On the other hand, progesterone treatment resulted in the marked influx of peritoneal cells after treatment was terminated, and also it induced a significant increase in the number of peritoneal cells after infection. Although survival times in the progesterone group were higher than those in other groups, all progesterone-treated mice died after a challenge with 1,000 LD50 of S. typhimurium. These results suggest that progesterone enhances nonspecific resistance by increasing the influx of peritoneal cells after infection, while estrogen affects the acute inflammatory responses.
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Effect of estrogen (17 beta-estradiol) on the susceptibility of mice to disseminated gonococcal infection.
- Author
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Kita E, Takahashi S, Yasui K, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Blood Bactericidal Activity drug effects, Female, Gonorrhea microbiology, Kinetics, Macrophages immunology, Mice, Neisseria gonorrhoeae growth & development, Neutrophils immunology, Peroxidase metabolism, Progesterone pharmacology, Sepsis etiology, Sepsis microbiology, Superoxides metabolism, Estradiol pharmacology, Gonorrhea etiology
- Abstract
Studies of the effect of sex hormones on the susceptibility of mice to the disseminated gonococcal infection demonstrated significantly enhanced susceptibility of mice injected with estrogen (17 beta-estradiol). In mice treated with estradiol, bacteremia progressively developed within 12 h postinoculation and mice died within the next 6 h, whereas bacteremia in mice treated with progesterone was completely cleared within 3 h postinoculation. The administration of estradiol affected the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) responsible for eliminating gonococci, but the administration of progesterone did not. The bactericidal activity of PMN mediated by myeloperoxidase was affected by estradiol, but the capacity of PMN to release superoxide anion was not. Furthermore, peritoneal cell analysis demonstrated that the infiltration of PMN in the peritoneal cavity of estradiol-treated mice significantly decreased when mice were injected intraperitoneally with gonococci. These effects on PMN by estradiol may play an important role in the enhanced susceptibility of estradiol-treated mice to gonococcal infection.
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Immunogenicity of the ribosomal fraction of Salmonella typhimurium: analysis of humoral immunity.
- Author
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Kita E and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Blood Bactericidal Activity, Chemical Fractionation, Female, Immunity, Cellular, Immunoglobulin A analysis, Immunoglobulin G analysis, Mice, Ribosomal Proteins immunology, Ribosomal Proteins isolation & purification, Salmonella typhimurium ultrastructure, Transfer Factor immunology, Antibody Formation, Bacterial Proteins immunology, Ribosomes immunology, Salmonella typhimurium immunology
- Abstract
The ribosomal fraction prepared from Salmonella typhimurium LT2 was further purified by gel filtration of Sepharose 4B and afforded excellent protection against homologous challenge. The highly effective immunogens were composed of several fractions which could give different types of protection to mice. The first type of protection was heat-labile antigens which could induce humoral immunity, and the second type of protection was heat-stable antigens capable of evoking cellular resistance in mice. The former were different from O-antigens and the latter were free of endotoxin and rich in ribonucleic acid. The third type of protection was heat-resistant substances of cell wall components, which were mainly composed of O-antigens. The high immunogenicity observed in this study could be obtained only by the heat-stable antigens rich in ribonucleic acid, and the immunity conferred by this kind of antigen was due to the cellular type of protection.
- Published
- 1980
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Stimulation of locomotion of peripheral blood monocytes by human plasma fibronectin.
- Author
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Yonemasu K, Nakanishi A, Sasaki T, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte drug effects, Colchicine pharmacology, Humans, Fibronectins pharmacology, Monocytes drug effects
- Abstract
The motility of human peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes in response to human plasma fibronectin was quantified by an in vitro assay using blind-well chemotaxis chambers. Purified fibronectin under nondenaturing conditions produced increased migration of granulocytes only at concentrations higher than 100 nM, and induced increased chemotactic and random locomotion of monocytes at concentrations higher than 0.1 nM. The monocyte migration-inducing activity of fibronectin was concentration dependent, and was strongly inhibited by low concentrations of colchicine (100 nM-100 microM). These findings suggest the possibility that plasma fibronectin serves as a chemotactic stimulus for monocytes in vivo and attracts these cells to sites of microscopic tissue injury where plasma fibronectin is deposited.
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Opsonic effect of fibronectin on staphylococcal phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: its relative inefficiency in post-phagocytic metabolic activities and in intracellular killing.
- Author
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Yonemasu K, Sasaki T, Hashimoto H, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Agglutination, Bacterial Adhesion drug effects, Blood Bactericidal Activity drug effects, Fibronectins metabolism, Humans, In Vitro Techniques, Kinetics, Neutrophils immunology, Neutrophils metabolism, Opsonin Proteins, Protein Binding, Staphylococcus aureus metabolism, Superoxides metabolism, Trypsin pharmacology, Fibronectins pharmacology, Neutrophils drug effects, Phagocytosis drug effects, Staphylococcus aureus immunology
- Abstract
The binding of 125I-labeled human plasma fibronectin (FN) to two strains of live Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (a coagulase-positive Cowan I and a coagulase-negative Newman D2C) and the opsonic effect of FN on phagocytosis of these bacteria by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) have been studied. 125I-FN bound to a similar extent in both staphylococcal strains. The 125I-FN-binding was significantly inhibited by human fibrinogen as well as unlabeled FN. The FN-binding was also reduced markedly by trypsinization of these bacteria, but the extent of its decrease did not correlate with their tryptic susceptibility of protein A and clumping factor. FN enhanced the uptake of these bacteria by PMN. However, its binding had no effect on superoxide anion (O2-) generation. The FN-binding definitely stimulated staphylococcal ingestion and intracellular killing by PMN, but the extent of such promotion was dissimilar between these two strains of bacteria. These results suggest that post-phagocytic metabolic activities as well as intracellular killing of these Staphylococci may also be greatly influenced by FN-unrelated factors as are other bacteria having no FN-receptors.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Immunogenic dialyzable factor derived from a ribosomal fraction of Salmonella typhimurium III. Analysis of resistance induced by dialyzable factors.
- Author
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Kita E, Yasui K, Yasui K, Matsuda Y, Matsuda K, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial immunology, Cross Reactions, Dialysis, Female, Hypersensitivity, Delayed, Immunization, Listeria monocytogenes immunology, Macrophage Activation, Mice, Ribosomes immunology, Salmonella Infections prevention & control, Antigens, Bacterial isolation & purification, Salmonella typhimurium immunology
- Abstract
Dialyzable factors (DF) were prepared from ribosomal fractions of several organisms including rough mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2, salmonella species of different serogroups, other enteric bacteria and gram-positive organisms, and tested for their immunogenicity against S. typhimurium infection in mice. All of them conferred local resistance on mice challenged intramuscularly with S. typhimurium LT2 in the early stage of immunization before the establishment of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to salmonella antigens. Although DFs of enteric bacteria including rough mutants of S. typhimurium induced DTH to salmonella antigens, only DF of a two-heptose mutant of S. typhimurium LT2 afforded significant mouse protection but others only prolonged the mean time to death. DF of Listeria monocytogenes induced the cross-reacting immunity which afforded the low level of mouse protection as well as an increase in mean time to death without inducing DTH. Passive transfer of anti-O antibody did not enhance the mouse protection provided by each DF. Resistance conferred by DF of S. typhimurium LT2 consisted of two phases: (i) nonspecific macrophage activation resulting in reduction of organisms at the infected site, which became active in the early stage of immunization and (ii) salmonella-specific immunity capable of preventing systemic infection, which became active in the late stage of immunization.
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Separate transfer of mouse protection and delayed-type hypersensitivity with Salmonella typhimurium transfer factor.
- Author
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Kita E, Matsuda Y, Matsuda K, and Kashiba S
- Subjects
- Animals, Antigens, Bacterial immunology, Bacterial Vaccines immunology, Female, Mice, Mice, Inbred ICR, Peptide Hydrolases, Ribosomes immunology, Spleen immunology, Hypersensitivity, Delayed immunology, Immunity, Cellular, Salmonella typhimurium immunology, Transfer Factor immunology
- Abstract
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) induced with Salmonella typhimurium transfer factor (TF) contributed to an increase in mean survival days of mice challenged with homologous organisms and afforded only a low level of host protection as determined by survival rate, compared with that obtained by active immunization. TF of other enteric bacteria could transfer DTH which is cross-reactive to salmonella antigen but did not afford host protection. Although TF of Listeria monocytogenes did not transfer the cross-reactive DTH, it could confer the significant increase in mean survival days against the lethal challenge with S. typhimurium. Listerial ribosomal vaccine conferred the high level of mouse protection without inducing DTH to salmonella antigen. The resistance generated upon active immunization with listerial ribosomal vaccine could be enhanced by the injection of S. typhimurium TF to the same level as that obtained after immunization with homologous ribosomal vaccine. Among salmonella TF, there could be no cross-reactive immunity between S. typhimurium and S. choleraesuis, although the cross-reactive DTH was observed. The DTH transfer ability of TF was sensitive to Pronase which could not affect the ability to transfer host immunity, but RNase could abolish the ability to transfer host immunity without impairing DTH transfer activity. These results suggest that in mouse typhoid infection, DTH is not associated with host protection as determined by survival rate.
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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