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Evading apoptosis fuels the aggressive nature of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study explored the potential roles of TNF-α, a pro-apoptotic cytokine, and TGF-β, a pro-proliferative factor, in the risk of developing ALL in Egyptian children. We investigated the TNF-α rs1800629 polymorphism and serum TGF-β levels in 100 ALL patients and 100 healthy controls. Notably, specific variations in TNF-α (GA, AA genotypes, and dominant model) were associated with an increased risk of ALL, suggesting impaired apoptosis. Conversely, ALL patients exhibited significantly lower TGF-β levels, potentially promoting uncontrolled proliferation. Our findings suggest that lower TGF-β and the TNF-α (-308) dominant model are associated with an increased risk of ALL. Additionally, TGF-β demonstrated exceptional accuracy (AUC 0.995) as a potential marker, with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity. These findings suggest that TNF-α and TGF-β may be associated with ALL susceptibility, though further research with larger and more diverse populations is necessary to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a leading cause of childhood cancer, targets immune system B and T cells. While understanding its causes is crucial, predicting susceptibility holds immense power for early diagnosis and intervention. This study explored the potential of interleukin 10 (IL-10), a key immune regulator, as a predictive tool in Egyptian children. Investigating 100 ALL patients and 100 healthy controls, we analyzed the IL10 gene polymorphism (-1082 A/G) and serum levels. Strikingly, both the G allele and higher serum IL-10 levels were significantly associated with increased ALL risk (p 1). Moreover, IL-10 emerged as a remarkably accurate predictor, boasting an AUC of 0.995, with a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 96%. These findings unveil the potential of IL-10 as a powerful predictive tool for pediatric ALL in the studied Egyptian population. Identifying individuals with the GG/AG haplotype and elevated IL-10 levels could enable early intervention and potentially improve outcomes. While further validation in larger and more diverse populations is needed, this study paves the way for personalized risk assessment and potentially revolutionizes how we combat this childhood killer.

Alginate (ALG) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Mechanical weakness is one of the main problems for the alginate‐based scaffolds. Various plasticizer additives or modifications tested to improve the mechanical properties. In the presented study, ALG plasticized with triacetin (TA), and tributyl citrate (TBC) than tested on bone healing. In the presented study, the alginate modified with triacetin or tributyl citrate. In‐vitro, and in‐vivo efficiency of the scaffolds tested on bone tissue regeneration. Scaffolds fabricated by solvent casting, and physicochemical characterizations performed. Monocytes (THP‐1) cultured with scaffolds, and macrophage‐released cytokines was determined. In‐vivo efficacy of the scaffolds was tested in the rat drill hole model. Alginate and tributyl citrate‐modified scaffolds have no cytotoxic effect on osteoblastic cells (MC‐3T3). Tributyl citrate modification increased tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐alpha) level but did not increase interleukin ‐1 beta (IL‐1 beta) level. In vivo studies showed that osteoblastic growth was significant in alginate and triacetin‐modified scaffolds. However, the best values for osteoclastic activity and osteoid tissue formation seen in the triacetin modification. The results demonstrated that the modified alginate scaffolds were more successful than non‐modified alginate scaffolds and can used as long‐term bone repairing treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Household contacts of APTB patients have higher risk to TB, needs to be monitored. • Study reveals invitro recombinant cytokines effect on proliferative responses and cytokine levels • TNF-α and TGF-β provides immune mechanisms involved in TB progression and control. • ROC suggests TNF-α might be used as a potential marker for predicting TB risk in household contacts. • Further studies in larger sample size needed to further explore TB pathogenesis in host. Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tb) and about one-third of the world's population is infected with TB. The household contacts of TB patients are at higher risk towards TB than general population. During the initial stages of infection, pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines are induced by innate immune cells, and the course of infection is influenced by general cytokine environment. These cytokines play an important role in the regulation of host immune responses against M tb. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the cytokines role in the immune mechanism to evaluate the correlation between the disease and the immune responses involved in TB. Our current study has focused on recombinant cytokines to understand their effects on cell proliferation and cytokine levels in culture supernatants. We observed that the mean proliferative responses to recombinant rhTNF-α were high and TNF-α levels were significantly low in APTB patients compared to their HHC and HC with p < 0.0375 and p < 0.0051 respectively. The mean proliferative responses to recombinant rhTGF-β were significantly low in APTB when compared to HHC and HC with p < 0.0376, p < 0.0247 respectively, and TGF-β levels were also significantly low in APTB and HHC compared to HC with p < 0.0468 and p < 0.0001 respectively. The lower cytokine secretions in culture supernatants might be due the autocrine signaling by recombinant cytokines towards the inflammatory response. Further, to validate these recombinant cytokines, a larger sample size could aid in identifying individuals at high risk for TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Red rose extract is known to have anti-inflammatory and immune-modulation effects. In this study, the red rose extract was tested on CD4+T lymphocytes in vitro, and cytokine response was evaluated. Materials and Methods. The red rose (Rosa Rosaceae - Pierre de Ronsard) extract used in this study was prepared and stored at -20° C until use. CD4+T-cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 313,500 cells/well in 100μ l cell culture medium in duplicate. One-half of the wells were used for biomarker screening in the culture medium, and the other half was used for cytotoxicity assay. Twenty-four hours after plating, the cells were treated in duplicate with 100μ l of the red rose extract diluted at 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01% and 0.005% (v/v) in the cell culture medium or with culture medium only as control for 72 hours. Some other wells were allocated for untreated cells, and cells treated with the rose extract at 0.005% for 48-h incubation time. Results. Several cytokines (GRO; IFN-γ; IL-1α, 6, 10; MCP-1; RANTES; TGF-β1; TIMP 1, 2; Ang1, Ang2; G-CSF; MMP-9; and VEGF R2) were elevated. Except for MMP-9, which had fold changes > 2, other cytokines were minimally elevated at various concentrations and timing of rose extract treatment. None of the mentioned cytokines were less than 0.8-fold after treatment with the rose extract. Cytotoxicity assay revealed insignificant changes in the viability of T-cells. Conclusions. There was a mild elevation in few inflammatory markers by CD4+ T-lymphocytes after in vitro treatment with the red rose extract (Rosa Rosacea - Pierre De Ronsard). Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to evaluate the benefits of the red rose extract in immune regulation.

Objectives: Both, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and malnutrition are major challenges in pregnancy and postpartum in low-resource settings and the respective cytokine levels remain poorly described. The main objectives of this study were to find immune markers that are associated with HIV infection and malnutrition in pregnant women and to determine how these would change at 14 weeks postpartum. Method: Pregnant women of at least 20 weeks gestational age were enrolled into this longitudinal observational single centre pilot study at 4 primary health clinics in high-density areas around Harare, Zimbabwe. Socio-demographic and clinical data including plasma samples were collected in pregnancy and 14 weeks postpartum (PP). Mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) ≤23 cm was used as an indicator for malnourishment. Fifty-six cytokines and chemokines were assayed in plasma using the Mesoscale multiplex assay. We determined cytokine/chemokine levels including markers for vascular injury in HIV-infection and malnutrition. Associations remaining significant after multiple test correction were confirmed in multivariable analyses after controlling for confounders. Results: Ninety-seven pregnant women were recruited for this study and from these, 44 were randomly selected for cytokine assaying of which 20 HIV infected, 15 malnourished, and 9 well-nourished HIV uninfected participants. HIV infection was associated with significantly higher interleukin (IL)-4 (q < 0.05) and IL-10 (q < 0.001) in pregnancy. Longitudinally, IL-4 (q < 0.01) and IL-10 (q < 0.001) significantly increased in HIV uninfected women whilst in the HIV-infected both were non-significantly decreased. IL-8 (q < 0.05) levels significantly increased in HIV-infected women from pregnancy to 14 weeks PP. Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) (q < 0.05) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) (q < 0.05) were significantly lower in malnourished women in pregnancy and 14 weeks PP, respectively. Conclusions: IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, and VCAM-1 are potential biomarkers for monitoring immune functioning in HIV-infected pregnant women and malnutrition. However, studies with larger sample size are warranted to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is largely impacted by the level of virus exposure and status of the host immunity. The nature of protection shown by direct asymptomatic contacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-positive patients is quite intriguing. In this study, we have characterized the antibody titer, SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization, cytokine levels, single-cell T-cell receptor (TCR), and B-cell receptor (BCR) profiling in asymptomatic direct contacts, infected cases, and controls. We observed significant increase in antibodies with neutralizing amplitude in asymptomatic contacts along with cytokines such as Eotaxin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin 7 (IL-7), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α). Upon single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing, we explored the dynamics of the adaptive immune response in few representative asymptomatic close contacts and COVID-19-infected patients. We reported direct asymptomatic contacts to have decreased CD4+ naive T cells with concomitant increase in CD4+ memory and CD8+ Temra cells along with expanded clonotypes compared to infected patients. Noticeable proportions of class switched memory B cells were also observed in them. Overall, these findings gave an insight into the nature of protection in asymptomatic contacts.

The response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS - CoV - 2) is largely impacted by the level of virus exposure and status of the host immunity. The nature of protection shown by direct asymptomatic contacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-positive patients is quite intriguing. In this study, we have characterized the antibody titer, SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization, cytokine levels, single-cell T-cell receptor (TCR), and B-cell receptor (BCR) profiling in asymptomatic direct contacts, infected cases, and controls. We observed significant increase in antibodies with neutralizing amplitude in asymptomatic contacts along with cytokines such as Eotaxin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin 7 (IL-7), migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α). Upon single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing, we explored the dynamics of the adaptive immune response in few representative asymptomatic close contacts and COVID-19-infected patients. We reported direct asymptomatic contacts to have decreased CD4+ naive T cells with concomitant increase in CD4+ memory and CD8+ Temra cells along with expanded clonotypes compared to infected patients. Noticeable proportions of class switched memory B cells were also observed in them. Overall, these findings gave an insight into the nature of protection in asymptomatic contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is increasing, with evidence suggesting that PAE is linked to an increased risk of infections. PAE is hypothesized to affect the innate immune system, which identifies pathogens through pattern recognition receptors, of which toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components. We hypothesized that light-to-moderate PAE would impair immune responses, as measured by a heightened response in cytokine levels following TLR stimulation. Umbilical cord samples (10 controls and 8 PAE) from a subset of the Ethanol, Neurodevelopment, Infant and Child Health Study-2 cohort were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) were stimulated with one agonist (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, or TLR9). TLR2 agonist stimulation significantly increased pro-inflammatory interleukin-1-beta in the PAE group after 24 h. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were increased following stimulation with the TLR2 agonists. Stimulation with TLR3 or TLR9 agonists displayed minimal impact overall, but there were significant increases in the percent change of the control compared to PAE after 24 h. The results of this pilot investigation support further work into the impact on TLR2 and TLR4 response following PAE to delineate if alterations in levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have clinical significance that could be used in patient management and/or attention to follow-up.

Background: Bioengineering products can help bone tissue regeneration.Objective: There is an ongoing research for more effective biomaterials in bone regeneration. Chitosan (Ch) grafted stearic acid (Ch-g-Sa) polymer was synthesized and its usability as a putty was evaluated in this study.Methods: The chemical structure of Ch-g-Sa polymer was investigated using Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). Thermal properties of Ch-g-Sa polymer were determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Putties containing nano-hydroxyapatite were prepared and in-vitro degradation properties and viscosity of the putties were determined.Results: The cytotoxicity, oxidation effect and osteogenic potential of the putties were investigated on MC3T3 cells while the inflammatory effect of the putties was studied on THP-1 cells. For the determination of the osteogenic effect of the putties, ALP and RUNX2 gene expression of MC3T3 cells were studied.Conclusion: Ch-g-Sa/HA putties are promising biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Degenerative spine disorders (DSD) are the most frequent reason of morbidity in adults. Commonly DSD includes degenerative disorders of intervertebral discs (IVDs), spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis (SL). There is increasing evidence about significant role of cytokines in DSD pathogenesis, symptomathology and progression, but their protective levels remain still unknown.

Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a complicated reproductive disorder with underlying genetic and immunological causes. RPL may be influenced by hereditary thrombophilia, a class of blood clotting-related genetic abnormalities, via the vascular and immune systems. This study examines the immunological characteristics that hereditary thrombophilia patients have in common with RPL., Methods: A prospective cohort study included 300 patients split into two groups: a control group without hereditary thrombophilia and a group with the condition. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels were measured, along with demographic specifics, antiphospholipid antibodies, natural killer (NK) cell counts, and other cytokines. Group differences were found using statistical analysis., Results: Antiphospholipid antibodies were significantly more common in the thrombophilia group (42% testing positive, p=0.001) compared to the control group (12% testing positive), despite demographic factors being similar between groups (p=0.372 and p=0.093). When body mass index (BMI) was taken into account, the study found a statistically significant difference (p=0.046), with the thrombophilia group having a higher mean BMI (26.3 kg/m 2 , standard deviation (SD): 2.8) than the control group (24.7 kg/m 2 , SD: 3.1). IL-6 (14.8 pg/mL, SD: 3.2, p=0.029) were higher than the control group (12.4 pg/mL, SD: 2.1), and TNF-α levels were higher in the thrombophilia group (10.5 pg/mL, SD: 2.0, p=0.012) compared to the control group (8.9 pg/mL, SD: 1.5), but NK cell counts did not differ significantly (p=0.213)., Conclusion: This study emphasizes the role of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and antiphospholipid antibodies in RPL among people with hereditary thrombophilia. In this population, early detection and immunomodulatory interventions may improve pregnancy outcomes. To fully comprehend these mechanisms and create customized treatments, collaborative research is required., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Kirovakov et al.)

• Investigation of systemic inflammatory response after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). • Poor outcomes associated with elevated levels of IL6 and IL10. • Poor outcomes associated with lower PDGFAA and RANTES. • Pathways that drive patient outcome require further investigation. The inflammatory processes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) have not been fully characterized. We hypothesize that differences in systemic cytokine/chemokine (CC) levels are associated with TBI clinical outcomes. To test this hypothesis, we examined systemic levels of CCs and their relationship with patient outcomes. Plasma from acute TBI subjects was collected at 24–48 h, and the CC levels were measured using a multiplex 41-plex-kit. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) with good outcomes defined as mRS ≤ 3 and poor outcome as mRS ≥ 4. The differences in CC concentrations between groups were then compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Seventy-six acute TBI subjects were included in this study. In the mRS ≥ 4 group, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were elevated, indicating early activation of immune reaction and modulation. Simultaneously, PDGFAA and RANTES were lower in the mRS ≥ 4 group. Poor outcomes after TBI were associated with elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-10 and lower levels of PDGFAA and RANTES within 24–48 h after injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of Nigella Sativa (NS) hydro-alcoholic extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced learning and memory impairments, hippocampal cytokine levels, and brain tissues oxidative damage were investigated in rats. The rats were grouped and treated: (1) control (saline), (2) LPS (1 mg/ kg i.p.), and (3-5) 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg NS hydro-alcoholic extract 30 min before LPS injection. The treatment was started since 6 days before the behavioral experiments and continued during the behavioral tests (LPS injection 2 h before each behavioral experiment). Finally, the brains were removed for biochemical assessments. In Morris water maze (MWM) test, LPS increased the escape latency and traveled path compared to control group, whereas all doses of NS hydro-alcoholic extract decreased them compared to LPS group. In passive avoidance (PA) test, the latency to enter the dark compartment in LPS group was shorter than control group while in all treated groups it was longer than LPS group. LPS increased tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, and decreased thiol content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the hippocampal tissues compared to control group while NS hydro-alcoholic extract decreased MDA and NO metabolites and increased thiol content, SOD, and CAT compared to LPS group. Findings of the current study indicated that the hydro-alcoholic extract of NS improved the LPS-induced learning and memory impairments induced by LPS in rats by improving hippocampal cytokine levels and brain tissues oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational and environmental exposures to metal and metalloids can result in neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. Selenium (Se) is essential for the proper functioning of neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, T-lymphocytes and other immune mechanisms, while zinc (Zn) is a trace element essential for basic cell activities, including cell growth and differentiation. Arsenic (As) may lead to different types of immunosuppressive effects. This study consisted of 62 male workers, who had been exposed to arsenic for different durations and 73 non-exposed male workers (control group) with no history of occupational toxic metal exposure. Whole blood and serum samples were taken from each participant for immunological, toxicological and routine analysis during their annual periodical examination. Arsenic, selenium and zinc levels were determined by the ICP-MS and cytokines, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, sE-selectin and VCAM-1, were measured by ELISA. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) between control and As-exposed group in As (1.37 ± 0.42 vs. 4.27 ± 1.54 µg/L) and Se levels (106.37 ± 48.04 vs. 74.70 ± 30.45 µg/L). The changing levels of As, Zn and Se seems to affect the severity of inflammatory reactions based on IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels (r = 0.755, r = 0.679 and r = 0.617, respectively, for all p < 0.01). Selenium was found to have a suppressive effect on cytokines, as evidenced by Pearson correlations and regression analysis. These findings support the need to closely monitor Se levels in individuals exposed to arsenic and benefits for Se supplementation in the case of arsenic exposure, occupationally or environmentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venom-derived peptides are important sources for the development of new therapeutic molecules, especially due to their broad pharmacological activity. Previously, our research group identified a novel natural peptide, named fraternine, with promising effects for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the present paper, we synthesized three peptides bioinspired in fraternine: fra-10, fra-14, and fra-24. They were tested in the 6-OHDA-induced model of parkinsonism, quantifying motor coordination, levels of TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN), and inflammation mediators TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß in the cortex. Peptides fra-14 and fra-10 improved the motor coordination in relation to 6-OHDA lesioned animals. However, most of the peptides were toxic in the doses applied. All three peptides reduced the intensity of the lesion induced rotations in the apomorphine test. Fra-24 higher dose increased the number of TH+ neurons in SN and reduced the concentration of TNF-α in the cortex of 6-OHDA lesioned mice. Overall, only the peptide fra-24 presented a neuroprotection effect on dopaminergic neurons of SN and a reduction of cytokine TNF-α levels, making it worthy of consideration for the treatment of PD. • Fraternine is a wasp venom peptide that presented antiparkinsonian activity in a parkinsonian model. • Three analogues of fraternine were synthetizedaiming to enhance availability in the body while maintaining its activity • Only one peptide, fra-24, maintained viability of TH+ neurons but did not improve motor coordination in mice as fraternine. • Most doses of the three peptide caused some motor incoordination in the animals indicating some neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Immune system dysfunction is a hypothesis in the psychopathology of schizophrenia, but the impact of antipsychotic treatment within this system is not clear. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the impact of antipsychotic treatment on cytokine levels in in vivo studies on schizophrenia. Methods After a systematic database search, original data were extracted with the help of certain authors. Means and SDs were extracted to calculate standardized mean differences. Cytokine levels were compared in vivo in schizophrenia patients, before and after antipsychotic treatment. Meta-regressions were performed to explore the influence of demographic and clinical variables on cytokine level standardized mean differences. Stratifications by treatment and diagnosis were also performed. Results Forty-seven studies were included in this meta-analysis. Proinflammatory cytokine level decreases were found for interleukin-1 β levels (P <.0001) and interferon-γ (P =.01) and a statistical trend towards a decrease in interleukin-6 (P =.08) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P =.07) levels. An antiinflammatory cytokine level increase was found for soluble tumor necrosis factor-R2 (P <.001) and soluble interleukin 2-R (P =.03) levels. A meta-regression analysis found a correlation between interleukin-6 level standardized mean differences and positive schizophrenia symptom score standardized mean differences before and after treatment (P =.01). Stratification by diagnosis or treatment found a possible impact of the kinetics of cytokine levels. Conclusions The present meta-analysis provides evidence that antipsychotic treatment has an antiinflammatory effect and could normalize immune balance dysfunction in schizophrenia. Interleukin-6 level normalization could be a marker of illness equilibration and thus used in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Integrative genomics may help in the identification of novel biological pathways in the pathogenesis of CAD. Objectives: To find out the association of 5 Cytokine SNPs and 13 CAD SNPs gene risk scores with serum cytokine levels in Premature Coronary Artery Disease (PCAD). To identify the direct and indirect protein interactions of the 13 CAD risk genes and the 5 cytokine genes in PCAD. Study Design: Case-control study. Setting: Army Medical College, in association with University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom (UK). Materials and Methods: 340 PCAD patients and 310 age and sex matched controls were recruited. Serum IL18, TNFA, IL6 and IL10 levels were measured using ELISA (Invitrogen). The SNPs were genotyped using TAQMAN and KASPar assays. Data analysis was done using standard SPSS software version-21 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). The proteinprotein interaction (PPI) network was generated using STRING version 9.0, Genemania and I-Tessar web. Results: The patients of PCAD had mean ± SD age of 42 ± 3.80 years consisting of 329 males and 11 females. The 5 SNP cytokine gene risk score correlated significantly with the serum IL-18, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-18: IL-10 and TNF-alpha: IL-10 ratios (p<0.01). The 13 CAD SNP gene risk score also correlated significantly with the serum IL-18, TNF-alpha, IL-18: IL-10 and TNF-alpha: IL-10 ratios but not with serum IL-6 levels. IL-6 works in close interaction with IL-6R, STAT3 and NFKB1. While MRAS, MIA3 and SORT1 interact with each other CXCL-12 mediates its actions by interacting with IL-18, JAK-2 and CCR4. LPA interacts closely with APOB and LPL acts via interaction with APOA4 and APOA5. Conclusion: The correlation between gene risk scores and serum cytokine levels can aid in the analysis of complex networks to understand the pathogenesis of PCAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Cytokine composition of bone marrow microenvironment in comparison to blood is poorly explored. The goal of this study was to investigate the levels of cytokines present in peripheral blood and bone marrow of healthy hematopoietic stem cells donors. The data obtained on this subject with addition to cytometric analysis can provide new insight into the hematopoietic stem cells microenvironment. Methodology Study consisted of cytokine concentration analysis performed by ELISA tests of peripheral blood of healthy peripheral blood stem cells donors and bone marrow of healthy bone marrow donors. Additionally we have tested the expression of CD47 and CD274 proteins on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells by the flow cytometry analysis. Results The results has shown different composition of analyzed cytokines (IL-1 β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TGF-β1, IFN-γ and TNF-α) present in bone marrow and blood of stem cells donors. The hematopoietic stem cells in peripheral blood are subjected to higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines whilst the lower level of those cytokines in bone marrow with a very high level of TGF-β1 which possibly creates a more immunosuppressive environment. The IL-10 level was significantly higher in peripheral blood of PBSC donors after the administration of mobilizing factor (G-CSF). The percentage of CD47+HSCs was significantly higher in bone marrow compared to peripheral blood of mobilized donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of lithium administration on behavior, oxidative stress parameters and cytokine levels in the periphery and brain of mice subjected to an animal model of mania induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation ( PSD). Methods Male C57 mice were treated with saline or lithium for 7 days. The sleep deprivation protocol started on the 5th day during for the last 36 hours of the treatment period. Immediately after the sleep deprivation protocol, animals locomotor activity was evaluated and serum and brain samples was extracted to evaluation of corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone circulating levels, oxidative stress parameters and citokynes levels. Results The results showed that PSD induced hyperactivity in mice, which is considered a mania-like behavior. PSD increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to DNA, as well as causing alterations to antioxidant enzymes in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and serum of mice. In addition, PSD increased the levels of cytokines in the brains of mice. Treatment with lithium prevented the mania-like behavior, oxidative damage and cytokine alterations induced by PSD. Conclusions Improving our understanding of oxidative damage in biomolecules, antioxidant mechanisms and the inflammatory system − alterations presented in the animal models of mania - is important in helping us to improve our knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of BD, and the mechanisms of action employed by mood stabilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of eight 5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-carboxyamidepyrazoles (TFDPs) on rat body temperature and baker’s yeast-induced fever. TFDPs or vehicle (5% Tween 80 in 0.9% NaCl, 5 mL/kg) were injected subcutaneously and rectal temperature was measured as a function of time in 28-day-old male Wistar rats (N = 5-12 per group). Antipyretic activity was determined in feverish animals injected with baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspension, 0.135 mg/kg, 10 mL/kg, ip). 3-Ethyl- and 3-propyl-TFDP (140 and 200 μmol/kg, respectively, 4 h after yeast injection) attenuated baker’s yeast-induced fever by 61 and 82%, respectively. These two effective antipyretics were selected for subsequent analysis of putative mechanisms of action. We then determined the effects on cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2) activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) oxidation in vitro, on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels and on leukocyte counts in the washes of peritoneal cavities of rats injected with baker’s yeast. While 3-ethyl- and 3-propyl-TFDP did not reduce baker’s yeast-induced increases of IL-1β or TNF-α levels, 3-ethyl-TFDP caused a 42% reduction in peritoneal leukocyte count. 3-Ethyl- and 3-propyl-TFDP did not alter COX-1 or COX-2 activities in vitro, but presented antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay with an IC50 of 39 mM (25-62) and 163 mM (136-196), respectively. The data indicate that mechanisms of action of these two novel antipyretic pyrazole derivatives do not involve the classic inhibition of the COX pathway or pyrogenic cytokine release.

Aim Renin-angiotensin system has a role in inflammation and also involves in learning and memory. In the present study, the effects of captopril on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced learning and memory impairments, hippocampal cytokine levels and brain tissues oxidative damage was investigated. Materials and methods The rats were divided and treated : [1] saline (Control), [2] LPS (1 mg/kg), [3‐5] 10, 50 or 100 mg/kg captopril 30 min before LPS. The treatment was started since six days before the behavioral experiments and continued during the behavioral tests (LPS injection two h before each behavioral experiment). Results Administration of LPS prolonged the escape latency and traveled path to find the platform in Morris water maze (MWM) test ( P < 0.01– P < 0.001) while, shortened the latency to enter the dark compartment in passive avoidance (PA) test ( P < 0.001). Pretreatment by all doses of captopril improved performances of the rats in MWM ( P < 0.05– P < 0.001) and also prolonged the latency to enter the dark in PA test ( P < 0.001). LPS also increased IL-6, TNF-α, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide(NO) metabolites in the hippocampal tissues ( P < 0.05– P < 0.001) which were prevented by captopril ( P < 0.05– P < 0.001). The thiol, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) in the hippocampus of LPS group were lower than the control ( P < 0.001) while, they were enhanced when the aniamls were pretraeted by captopril ( P < 0.01– P < 0.001). Conclusion The results of present study showed that captopril improved the LPS-induced learning and memory impairments in rats which were accompanied with attenuating hippocampal cytokine levels and improving the brain tissues oxidative damage criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: The concentration-time profile of the long-acting local anesthetic ropivacaine after epidural (EP) administration at fixed time intervals or continuous subcutaneous (SC) infusion has not been fully evaluated. The objective of this work was to determine total plasma concentrations of ropivacaine and changes in cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels during EP and SC. Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, 18 patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy or myomectomy were randomly selected to receive ropivacaine either every 6 h via an EP catheter or by continuous wound infusion along the skin incision, after a bolus dose, for 48 h. Total plasma ropivacaine concentrations were measured before the bolus and 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 50 h after the bolus using high-performance liquid chromatography-UV and IL-6 and TNF-α levels were measured at 0, 8 and 24 h with ELISA and analyzed statistically. Results: During EP, mean ± SD ropivacaine concentrations were relatively stable up to 50 h postoperatively, that is, 239 ± 89 ng/ml, while during SC, initial concentrations between 2 and 8 h were comparatively lower (101.5 ± 42.9 ng/ml) than 24-50 h concentrations (437.1 ± 206 ng/ml). An increase in IL-6 levels was noted between 0 and 24 h during EP and SC, but TNF-α levels increased slightly, between 0 and 24 h, only during EP. Conclusion: Ropivacaine plasma concentrations with both EP and SC were found to be safe throughout the administration time interval. IL-6 levels increased during the same time interval, while TNF levels varied only slightly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conjugate 8 was obtained as a result of condensation of 3-hydroxyiminooleanolic acid morfolide (7) and aspirin in dioxane. Analgesic effect of OAO-ASA (8) for the range of doses 0.3-300.0 mg/kg (p.o.) was performed in mice using a hot-plate test. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats for the same range of doses. The conjugate OAO-ASA (8) did not significantly change locomotor activity of mice, therefore sedative properties of the compound should be excluded. The compound 8 proved a simple, proportional, dose-dependent analgesic action and expressed strong anti-inflammatory activity showing a reversed U-shaped, dose-dependent relation with its maximum at 30.0 mg/kg. After its combined administration with morphine (MF, 5.0 mg/kg, s.c.) the lowering of antinociceptive activity was found; however, the interaction with naloxone (NL, 3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) did not affect the antinociceptive effect of OAO-ASA (8), therefore its opioid mechanism of action should be rather excluded. After combined administration with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 300.0 mg/kg, p.o.) in hot-plate test, the examined compound 8 enhanced the antinociceptive activity in significant way. It also shows that rather the whole molecule is responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of the tested compound 8, however, it cannot be excluded that the summarizing effect is produced by ASA released from the compound 8 and the rest of triterpene derivative. The occurrence of tolerance for triterpenic derivative 8 was not observed, since the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects after chronic administration of the conjugate OAO-ASA (8) was on the same level as after its single treatment. It seemed that the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of OAO-ASA (8) is not simple, even its chronic administration lowered both blood concentration of IL-6 and mRNA IL-6 expression. However, the effects of the conjugate OAO-ASA (8) on TNF-a level and mRNA expression were opposite. Moreover, compound 8 did not change unequivocally mRNA TLR1, and TLR3 expression. Concluding, the obtained results regarding the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of new conjugate of oleanolic acid oxime and acetylsalicylic acid (OAO-ASA 8) are very interesting, but for explanation of its mechanism of action, more detailed studies are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors determining the development or not of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have not been completely identified, but a Leishmania-specific cellular immune response seems to play a fundamental role in the final control of infection. Few studies are available regarding the production of cytokines in the subclinical form of VL, with only the production of IFN-g and TNF-a known. The aim of the present study was to identify immunological markers for the oligosymptomatic or subclinical form of VL. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 784 children aged 0 to 5 years from an endemic area in the State of Maranhão, Brazil, between January 1998 and December 2001. During 30 consecutive months of follow-up, 33 children developed the oligosymptomatic form of the disease and 12 the acute form. During the clinical manifestations, serum cytokine levels were determined in 27 oligosymptomatic children and in nine patients with the acute form using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay. In the subclinical form of VL, variable levels of IL-2 were detected in 52.3% of the children, IL-12 in 85.2%, IFN-g in 48.1%, IL-10 in 88.9%, and TNF-a in 100.0%, with the last two cytokines showing significantly lower levels than in the acute form. IL-4 was not detected in oligosymptomatic individuals. Multiple discriminant analysis used to determine the profile or combination of cytokines predominating in the subclinical form revealed both a Leishmania resistance (Th1) and susceptibility (Th2) profile. The detection of both Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles explains the self-limited evolution accompanied by the discrete alterations observed for the subclinical form of VL.

It is now well known that Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis), an important early-life colonizer of the gut, provides immune-related benefits to infants. The aim of the work is to explore the intraspecific resistance to Salmonella infection of B. lactis isolated from neonatal feces, and to learn more insights into how B. lactis mediates beneficial roles in early-life infection resistance. Five strains of B. lactis (NFBAL11/NFBAL23/NFBAL44/NFBAL63/NFBAL92) were screened from fecal samples of neonates born within fifteen days and pretreated neonatal rats prior to infection with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) SL1344. The survival rate, fecal occult blood, diarrhea and hepatosplenomegaly were detected to assess the ability of B. lactis to prevent S. typhimurium infection. Furthermore, the structure of mucus layer, gene expression, cytokine levels, antioxidant levels and intestinal microflora composition were detected to explore the mechanism. All strains showed activity against S. typhimurium , with B. lactis NFBAL23 being the most active, followed by NFBAL63 and NFBAL92. And these advantages weren't attained by enhancing physical growth and development. Mechanistically, the neonatal rats treated with B. lactis (NFBAL23/NFBAL63/NFBAL92) had improved intestinal barrier function involving physical, chemical, immune and biological barriers in the face of challenges posed by S. typhimurium. These findings revealed the intraspecific difference, beneficial roles and mechanisms of action of B. lactis against Salmonella infection early in life, which highlighted the necessity of supplementing appropriate B. lactis , and provided several potential B. lactis candidates for Salmonella infection treatment. • Strains of B. lactis isolated from neonates' feces were resistant to early-life Salmonella infection in significantly varying degrees. • B. lactis isolates enhanced resistance against Salmonella by overall improving intestinal barriers. • B. lactis NFBAL23 gained great potential as a neonatal anti- Salmonella agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interferon regulatory factor 9 ( IRF9) gene is a member of the IRF family and has been shown to play functionally diverse roles in the regulation of the immune system. Previous study revealed the IRF9 gene resides within the reported quantitative trait locus (QTLs) for cytokine levels. The aims of this study were to identify genomic variants in IRF9 and to test the association between the variants and cytokine levels in pig. A synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism ( c.459A > G) was identified in exon 4 of the IRF9 gene. Association analysis in 300 piglets (Landrace, n = 68; large white, n = 158; and Songliao black, n = 74) showed that this variant was significantly associated with the level of interferon (IFN)-γ and the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-10 in serum ( P < 0.05). Relative quantification of messenger RNA (mRNA) revealed that spleen had the highest expression level and individuals with genotype AA had higher expression than those with genotype AG. Transfection-based mRNA stability assay analysis further showed that the mutant allele G could reduce the RNA stability of IRF9. These findings suggest that the SNP ( c.459A > G) could be a causative mutation for the association between IRF9 and the serum cytokine levels in swine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Preeclampsia (PE) is a multi-system disorder of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Healthy pregnancy is associated with a controlled inflammatory process, which is exacerbated in PE in response to excessive placental stimuli. Gene expression levels can affect inflammation and immune regulation. It is known that differences in cytokine allele frequencies amongst populations may contribute to difference in the incidence of several diseases. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes polymorphisms and their relationship with the cytokines plasma levels in PE. Methods A total of 281 women were included in this study; 116 with severe PE, 107 normotensive pregnant and 58 non-pregnant women. Cytokine genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction. The analyzed polymorphisms were: TNF-α (−308 G → A), IL-10 (−1082 G → A), IL-6 (−174 G → C), and IFN-γ (+874 A → T). Cytokine plasma levels were measured by Cytometric Bead Array method. Results A higher frequency of the IFN-γ (+874) T/T genotype in severe PE comparing to normotensive pregnant women was found ( P < 0.001). TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ plasma levels were higher in PE women compared to non-pregnant women ( P < 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.004). IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were also higher in PE women compared to normotensive pregnant ( P < 0.001; P = 0.010). IL-10 levels were higher in normotensive pregnant women compared to PE ( P < 0.001). IFN-γ and IL-6 genes polymorphisms influenced the genic expression in PE and normotensive pregnant women, respectively. Conclusions These results suggest that IFN-γ seems to play a role in PE occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Several studies on lactobacilli have demonstrated they are effective against atopic dermatitis (AD) in children, but there are very few reports of their effects in adults. We investigated the changes in AD symptoms in adults after the ingestion of the Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-92 (L-92), which has been shown to have a curative effect on AD in children. Methods: A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled comparison was performed on 49 AD patients aged ≥16 years using heat-killed L-92. Skin lesions were assessed using the SCORing AD (SCORAD) index before the start of L-92 ingestion and 4 and 8 weeks after ingestion. Serum cytokine and blood marker levels were measured 8 weeks after the start of L-92 ingestion. Results: The group that ingested L-92 had lower SCORAD scores than the controls (p = 0.002). The L-92 group also had decreased ratios of change for eosinophil count (p = 0.03) and increased ratios of change for serum TGF-β (p = 0.03). Ratios of change for serum TGF-β rose significantly (p = 0.04) in patients showing mitigated symptoms with L-92 administration. Conclusions: Administration of heat-killed L-92 was effective for AD symptoms in adults. L-92 may contribute to the suppression of Th2-dominant inflammation. Our preliminary trial is the first to report the effects of L-92 on adult AD. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) with an Adacolumn has been reported to be effective as induction therapy in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the effects of GMA on serial changes in cytokine levels have not been well characterized. We therefore, investigated cytokine levels in UC patients before and after treatment with GMA. A total of 16 patients with active UC, 10 men, and six women, mean age, 42.6years were included. Fourteen patients had total colitis and two patients had left-sided colitis. The study included nine patients with a chronic intermittent course, six with a chronic continuous course and one with a single episode. The duration of each GMA session was 60min at a flow rate of 30mL/min as per study protocol. Serum levels of 17 cytokines were determined simultaneously using a Bio-Plex suspension array system before and after treatment with GMA. Serum interleukin (IL)-10 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β levels were increased significantly in UC patients after GMA treatment compared to pre-treatment levels (P <0.05). In particular, GMA treatment caused a significant increase in serum IL-10 levels compared to pre-treatment in patients with total colitis or with a chronic intermittent UC course. In conclusion, this investigation showed that GMA was associated with a marked increase in serum level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. The rise in circulating IL-10 is interesting, and potentially a significant factor in the efficacy of GMA in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVES Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been used to control post-thoracotomy pain with contrasting results. We aimed to assess the efficacy of TENS on post-thoracotomy pain in relation of four criterion measurements as: (i) cytokines; (ii) pain; (iii) respiratory function and (iv) intake of narcotic medication. METHODS Between January 2008 and October 2010, 58 patients underwent standard posterolateral thoracotomy for resectable lung cancer. Fifty patients were enrolled in the present study and randomized in two groups: TENS group (25 patients) who received postoperatively TENS for 5 days and placebo group (25 patients) without TENS. In both groups (i) serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) were measured by ELISA before surgery and at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 postoperative hours (POHs); (ii) at the same POHs, the pain score was measured using visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 0 to 10 levels; (iii) respiratory function (FEV 1% and FVC % of predicted value) were valuated on 72, 96 and 120 POHs; (iv) the total intake of narcotic medication given during postoperative period of 5 days was recorded. Repeated measures of analysis of variance assess the difference between two study groups. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Of the 50 patients enrolled, two patients of TENS group and two patients of the placebo group were lost to follow-up. (i) Serum IL-6 (P = 0.001), IL-10 (P = 0.001) and TNF-α (P = 0.001) levels in TENS group were significantly lower than in the control group; (ii) VAS score in TENS group was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.001); (iii) recovery of FEV 1 (P = 0.02) and of FVC (P = 0.02) was statistically better in the TENS group than in control group; (iv) morphine requirement was lower in the TENS group with respect to placebo TENS (P = 0.004). After 48 POHs, no patient required supplementary dose of morphine. TENS group compared with placebo-group presented a significant reduction of non-opioid consumption (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS TENS is a valuable strategy to alleviate post-thoracotomy pain with reduction of cytokine production and of analgesic consumption, and with positive effects on pulmonary ventilation function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study investigating the association between the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism and the laboratory characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism in 79 obese children and adolescents. It reports that Ala allele carriers showed lower plasma glucose and insulin values than homozygous Pro allele carriers at the post-challenge (120 minutes) stage. It therefore suggests that the Ala allele may protect against the development of abnormal glucose homeostasis in childhood obesity.

Abstract: Methotrexate is a cytostatic drug applied in adjuvant chemotherapy and associated with cognitive impairment in part of the cancer patients. In this paper we studied in rats whether a reduction in blood supply to the brain or neuroinflammation are possible mediators of this cognitive dysfunctionality. Methotrexate reduced hippocampal blood vessel density 1 week and 3 weeks after treatment as measured immunohistochemically with an endothelial barrier antigen. Since reduced brain vascularization may relate to lowered central glucose metabolism [18F]FDG PET was performed. Methotrexate reduced tracer uptake in the hippocampal region 1 week after treatment, which was not seen 3 weeks after treatment. Neuroinflammatory processes were explored via a number of methods: a microglia immunohistochemical marker was applied to hippocampal sections, [11C]PK11195 PET was performed, and cytokine levels in plasma and homogenized hippocampal tissue were measured. Methotrexate activated microglia in the hippocampus 1 week and 3 weeks after treatment. PET analysis, however, did not show an increase in hippocampal tracer uptake and the multiplex analysis of various cytokines showed that hippocampal cytokine levels were not increased after methotrexate administration. Methotrexate did reduce plasma cytokine levels indicating a suppression of peripheral immune functioning. Methotrexate reduces hippocampal blood vessel density, indicative of a reduced brain glucose metabolism, which may contribute to the cognitive impairment following methotrexate administration. Although methotrexate activates microglia activation in the hippocampus, no effects were seen in [11C]PK11195 tracer uptake or hippocampal cytokine levels. This suggests that the microglial activation in this study is not a marker for neuroinflammation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Study Objective: To compare the effects of an intravenous infusion of propofol and the alpha-2 adrenoceptor, dexmedetomidine, on inflammatory responses and intraabdominal pressure (IAP) in severe sepsis after abdominal surgery, specifically, serum cytokine levels (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and IAP. Design: Prospective, single-center study. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 40 adult ICU patients who had undergone ileus surgery and who were expected to require postoperative sedation and ventilation. Interventions: Patients received either a loading dose infusion of propofol (Group P; n = 20) one mg/kg over 15 minutes followed by a maintenance dose of one to three mg/kg/hr (n = 20, Group P) or a loading dose of dexmedetomidine of one μg/kg over 10 minutes followed by a maintenance dose of 0.2-2.5 μg/kg/h (n = 20, Group D) at the 24th hour. Measurements: Biochemical and hemodynamic parameters, cytokine levels, and IAP were recorded before the start of the study and at the 24th and 48th hours. Main Results: TNF-α levels were significantly lower at the 24th hour (14.66 ± 4.40 pg/mL vs. 21.21 ± 11.37 pg/mL, respectively) and at the 48th hour (21.25 ± 15.85 pg/mL vs. 46.55 ± 35.99 pg/mL, respectively) in Group D. IL-1 levels were significantly lower at the 24th hour (5.03 ± 0.15 pg/mL vs. 6.23 ± 2.09 pg/mL, respectively) and the 48th hour (5.01 ± 0.37 pg/mL vs. 6.42 ± 2.76 pg/mL, respectively) in Group D. IL-6 levels were significantly lower at the 24th hour (253.1 ± 303.6 pg/mL and 511.3 ± 374.8 pg/mL, respectively) and at the 48th hour (343.5 ± 393.4 pg/mL and 503.7 ± 306.4 pg/mL, respectively) in Group D. Intraabdominal pressure also was significantly lower at the 24th hour (12.35 ± 5.84 mmHg vs. 18.1 ± 2.84 mmHg, respectively) and the 48th hour (13.9 ± 6.15 mmHg vs. 18.7 ± 3.46 mmHg, respectively) in Group D. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine infusion decreases TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-6 levels and IAP more than a propofol infusion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We have examined the association between cervical cytokine, chemokine and growth factor concentrations with bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnant white and black women. A nested case–control analysis was performed to examine 28 cervical cytokine, chemokine and growth factor concentrations in 83 white women (55 with normal flora and 28 with BV) and 81 black women (39 with normal flora and 42 with BV). White women with BV had significantly lower IP10 (P =0.001) and MCP1 (P =0.006) concentrations compared to women with normal flora. Black women with BV had higher IL-1α (P <0.001) concentrations than those with normal flora. In women with normal flora, whites had significantly higher levels of IL-1α (P =0.047), IL-6 (P =0.010), IL-10 (P =0.016) and PDGF-BB (P =0.010) than blacks. There were no significant concentration differences between white and black women with BV. These results demonstrate significant differences in cytokine and chemokine concentrations between women with and without BV. Ethnic differences in cytokine concentrations were also observed in women with normal flora, indicating that white and black women with normal flora have different cytokine levels, but respond to BV in a similar manner. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To establish whether cytokine release is implicated in thyroid hormone changes during surgical stress we studied 36 adult patients (20 men; mean age ± SD: 68.5 ± 10.5 years) undergoing elective major abdominal operations. We measured tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 and thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine (T3) before scheduled non-emergency surgery, immediately postoperatively, on the 1st postoperative day (post-1) and on the 2nd postoperative day (post-2). TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 peaked on day post-1 whereas IL-10 peaked immediately postoperatively. Fourteen of 36 patients had low T3 levels after surgery, indicating non-thyroidal illness (NTI). Significant negative correlations were noted among TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 against T3 and FT4. Cytokines are responsible, at least in part, for NTI following major operations. Copyright © 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cytokines are important immune-modulators and improper T-cell activation can lead to cytokine storms which are believed to result in endothelial permeability and leakage, a typical feature of Dengue disease progressing into a more severe stage. Many cytokines have been implied in causing severe Dengue manifestations among which IL-10 poses to be an important one. Inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IFN γ can be pointed out in Dengue pathogenesis and prognosis. Therefore, we sought to investigate the T cell activation of Dengue infected patients via these three markers and asses their levels and correlate cytokine levels with disease severity and clinical outcomes., Methods: Samples using standard blood collection techniques were obtained from patients with clinical signs suggestive of dengue. A haematological was obtained subsequently. Serological markers including IgM and NS1 were assessed using ELISA following which ELISA will be done for immunological markers including TNFα, IFN γ (markers of pro-inflammatory response and IL-10 (marker for regulatory response)., Results: There was a significant correlation between IL10 and clinical features. There was no significant correlation between TNF alpha and clinical features. IFN gamma had a positive correlation with the clinical features. There was a positive cumulative correlation between clinical features, platelet counts, IL10 and TNF alpha but not with IFN gamma contrary to its correlation as a separate entity with just the clinical features., Conclusions: The present study clearly indicates that IL10 is a highly sensitive marker of Severe Dengue and can be used as a screening tool in Secondary Dengue patients or those with warning signs. TNF alpha as it correlates strongly with patients with warning signs can be used for prognosis is patients presenting with symptoms. However, interferon gamma correlates strongly with low platelet counts and can be a measure to screen patients presenting with fever with thrombocytopenia., (Copyright © 2022 Indian Association of Medical Microbiologists. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The present study aims to develop a bioluminescence Cronobacter muytjensii (C. muytjensii) infection animal model for use to evaluate the spatiotemporal acetylation and cytokine levels of brain. Frist, we cultured a luciferase expressing C. muytjensii that could be used for real-time monitoring in BALB/c mice. Then we performed a comparative acetylation analysis and cytokine levels analysis of the host's brain tissue. Further bioinformatic analysis studies have revealed that that some key acetylation proteins and inflammatory mediators involve in C. muytjensii infection. In this paper, the integration of bioluminescence imaging with Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) based proteomics and quantitative analysis cytokine levels provide a systems-level understanding of infected brain response caused by C. muytjensii. [Display omitted] • The integration of proteomics with an accurate and dynamic bioluminescence model. • A system-level understanding of protein acetylation and cytokine levels in the Cronobacter muytjensii infection. • The brain images involving the colonization and clearance dynamics of Cronobacter muytjensii infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Both serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and blood lactate levels in patients with septic shock have been shown to correlate with prognosis. The aim of the study was to define the relative predictive value of these measures.Patients: 38 hospitalized patients with septic shock, including 18 survivors and 20 non-survivors.Intervention: Blood TNF alpha (immunoradiometric assay), IL-6 (bioassay) and lactate (enzymatic method) levels were serially measured at the onset of septic shock and after 24 and 48 h.Results: TNF alpha levels tended to be higher in the non-survivors than in the survivors at the onset of shock (204 +/- 392 vs 129 +/- 195 pg/ml, p = NS) but decreased similarly in both groups with time (p = 0.03). IL-6 levels at admission were highly variable (9656 +/- 19851 U/ml in the non-survivors and 69,222 +/- 248,804 U/ml in the survivors). Log IL-6 decreased similarly in both groups with time (p = 0.004). Admission blood lactate levels were higher in the non-survivors than in the survivors (6.11 +/- 4.78 mEq/l vs 3.49 +/- 2.00 mEq/l, p < 0.05) and decreased significantly with time in all patients (p = 0.024). However, this decrease was greater in the survivors than in the non-survivors (p = 0.003).Conclusion: These data indicate that the large variability in TNF alpha and IL-6 levels limit their prognostic significance in patients with septic shock. The predictive value of the trend in cytokine levels over time is not superior to that of trends in blood lactate levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]