332 results on '"DEVELOPMENT economics"'
Search Results
2. Boosters in Petticoats: California Women and the Chamber of Commerce, 1880–1930.
- Author
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Simpson, Lee M. A.
- Subjects
- *
WOMEN in economic development , *URBAN growth , *COMMUNITY development , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *BOARDS of trade , *TRADE associations - Abstract
Explores the role of women as city boosters in California. Reference to urban development related activities of California women; Implications of the increasing membership of women in chambers of commerce throughout the state in the 1910s and the 1920s; Reevaluation of interpretations of women's public work away from models stressing gender identity, moral and social reform, and political activism; Assertion that urban growth and development offered unlimited potential for economic prosperity that could be realized through the careful marketing of California.
- Published
- 2003
3. Boosterism and Townsite Development Along the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad in South Dakota.
- Author
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Hofsommer, Don L.
- Subjects
- *
URBAN growth , *COMMUNITY development , *URBAN economics , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *RAILROADS , *TRANSPORTATION - Abstract
Explores the concept of boosterism and townsite development along the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad in South Dakota. Impact of the so-called “great Dakota bust” on railroad expansion plans; Inception of an impressive townsite development and booster program as an important corollary of the management of Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad (M&Stl); Construction of a collection of secondary main lines and branches to dominate the eastern part of the state; Role of M&Stl townsite agent Thomas A. Way in the establishment of communities along the M&Stl lines.
- Published
- 2003
4. Iowa's Last Urban Frontier: The Chicago Great Western Railroad and the Iowa Townsite Company.
- Author
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Roger Grant, H.
- Subjects
- *
URBAN growth , *COMMUNITY development , *URBAN economics , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *RAILROADS , *TRANSPORTATION - Abstract
Explores the important role played by the Chicago Western Railroad and Iowa Townsite Co. in the urban development of Iowa. Extent of Chicago Western Railroad's participation in townmaking; Discussion on the strategy of townbuilding in the region; Benefits of the development and promotion of Iowa's townsites; Factors that contributed to the failure in Iowa Townsite Co.'s scientific planning.
- Published
- 2003
5. African Americans and Boosterism.
- Author
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Leiker, James N.
- Subjects
- *
EMIGRATION & immigration , *AFRICAN Americans , *URBAN growth , *COMMUNITY development , *DEVELOPMENT economics - Abstract
Explores the influence of boosterism on the migration of African Americans in the West. Contribution of overzealous boosterism to the Kansas exodus; Adjustment of promotional efforts by boosters in the surrounding states in order to discourage overflow from the exodus; Publicity over the exodus that alerted some speculators to the profit potential of the black settler market; Conclusions implying that boosters regardless of color employed a common national assumption to which both blacks and white could relate.
- Published
- 2003
6. Spatiotemporal downscaling of global population and income scenarios for the United States.
- Author
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Wear, David N. and Prestemon, Jeffrey P.
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMICS , *NATURAL resources , *DOWNSCALING (Climatology) , *INCOME , *POPULATION forecasting , *PER capita - Abstract
Downscaled climate projections need to be linked to downscaled projections of population and economic growth to fully develop implications for land, natural resources, and ecosystems for future scenarios. We develop an empirical spatiotemporal approach for jointly projecting population and income at the county scale in the United States that is consistent with neoclassical economic growth theory and overlapping labor markets and that accounts for labor migration and spatial spillovers. Downscaled projections generated for the five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways used to support global scenario analysis generally show growth focused around relatively few centers especially in the southeast and western regions, with some areas in the Midwest and northeast experiencing population declines. Results are consistent with economic growth theory and with historical trends in population change and convergence of per capita personal income across US counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The Economist's Corner.
- Author
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Freund, William C.
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC policy ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,INDUSTRIAL policy ,INDUSTRIAL revolution ,INDUSTRIALISM ,LABOR productivity - Abstract
The article questions the advocacy for industrial planning or reindustrialization as a means of restoring the productivity leadership to the U.S. The author believes that advocates of the concept simply mean that government should perform more effectively the functions that people expect it to perform. The advocates stress the need for government to maintain and enhance the network of roads and bridges and to upgrade the education and skills of the work force. The elements of reindustrialization is presented and the author questions whether it is likely to help or hinder in the task of lifting the economy up.
- Published
- 1983
8. AN ENGLISHMAN LOOKS AT AMERICAN MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION POLICIES.
- Author
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Waterhouse, Stuart G.
- Subjects
CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,MARKETING ,DISTRIBUTION (Economic theory) ,ECONOMIC expansion ,NATURAL resources ,MARKETING strategy ,CONSUMER preferences ,CONSUMER attitudes ,MASS markets ,ECONOMIC activity ,ECONOMIC demand - Abstract
The article reports on the marketing and distribution differences between the United States and Great Britain. The author puts forth the idea that American marketing calls for products to become obsolete very quickly due to newer models being marketed. An example of refrigerator models is presented to illustrate this point. The United States' market is described as more energetic and experimental than Britain's. Technological innovation, natural resources and a growing domestic market are the primary factors which aid the U.S. market. The British consumer is noted for a distrust of novelty, innate conservatism and preference for that which is familiar.
- Published
- 1948
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Some Problems of State Enterprises in Underdeveloped Nations.
- Author
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Doyle, Leonard A.
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT business enterprises ,GOVERNMENT corporations ,ECONOMIC development ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,CORPORATION law ,ECONOMIC indicators ,DEVELOPING countries ,OVERHEAD costs ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,IMPERIALISM ,PRICE inflation - Abstract
The article focuses on state-owned business enterprises in underdeveloped nations. It comments on the use of foreign assistance programs to enable developing nations to become self-sufficient. It states that private foreign enterprise is often viewed as akin to colonialism and mentions that many developing countries are former colonies. It suggests that state-owned business enterprises do not need to represent a commitment to socialism. It states that the U.S. is in a position through financing state enterprises to improve the country's performance, possibly through a combination of education and conditions stipulated with loans and grants used for state enterprises.
- Published
- 1963
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Comparing the cost effectiveness of nature-based and coastal adaptation: A case study from the Gulf Coast of the United States.
- Author
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Reguero, Borja G., Beck, Michael W., Bresch, David N., Calil, Juliano, and Meliane, Imen
- Subjects
- *
COASTS , *CLIMATE change , *PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation , *WETLANDS , *RESTORATION ecology , *COST effectiveness - Abstract
Coastal risks are increasing from both development and climate change. Interest is growing in the protective role that coastal nature-based measures (or green infrastructure), such as reefs and wetlands, can play in adapting to these risks. However, a lack of quantitative information on their relative costs and benefits is one principal factor limiting their use more broadly. Here, we apply a quantitative risk assessment framework to assess coastal flood risk (from climate change and economic exposure growth) across the United States Gulf of Mexico coast to compare the cost effectiveness of different adaptation measures. These include nature-based (e.g. oyster reef restoration), structural or grey (e.g., seawalls) and policy measures (e.g. home elevation). We first find that coastal development will be a critical driver of risk, particularly for major disasters, but climate change will cause more recurrent losses through changes in storms and relative sea level rise. By 2030, flooding will cost $134–176.6 billion (for different economic growth scenarios), but as the effects of climate change, land subsidence and concentration of assets in the coastal zone increase, annualized risk will more than double by 2050 with respect to 2030. However, from the portfolio we studied, the set of cost-effective adaptation measures (with benefit to cost ratios above 1) could prevent up to $57–101 billion in losses, which represents 42.8–57.2% of the total risk. Nature-based adaptation options could avert more than $50 billion of these costs, and do so cost effectively with average benefit to cost ratios above 3.5. Wetland and oyster reef restoration are found to be particularly cost-effective. This study demonstrates that the cost effectiveness of nature-based, grey and policy measures can be compared quantitatively with one another, and that the cost effectiveness of adaptation becomes more attractive as climate change and coastal development intensifies in the future. It also shows that investments in nature-based adaptation could meet multiple objectives for environmental restoration, adaptation and flood risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Global migration of clinical research during the era of trial registration.
- Author
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Drain, Paul K., Parker, Robert A., Robine, Marion, and Holmes, King K.
- Subjects
- *
CLINICAL trials , *ECONOMIC development , *EMERGING markets , *PUBLIC health , *POOR people - Abstract
Background: Since the site of human subjects research has public health, regulatory, ethical, economic, and social implications, we sought to determine the global distribution and migration of clinical research using an open-access trial registry. Methods: We obtained individual clinical trial data including location of trial sites, dates of operation, funding source (United States government, pharmaceutical industry, or organization), and clinical study phase (1, 1/2, 2, 2/3, or 3) from ClinicalTrials.gov. We used the World Bank's classification of each country's economic development status ["High Income and a Member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)", "High Income and Non-Member of the OECD", "Upper-Middle Income", "Lower-Middle Income", or "Low Income"] and United Nations Populations Division data for country-specific population estimates. We analyzed data from calendar year 2006 through 2012 by number of clinical trial sites, cumulative trial site-years, trial density (trial site-years/106 population), and annual growth rate (%) for each country, and by development category, funding source, and clinical study phase. Results: Over a 7-year period, 89,647 clinical trials operated 784,585 trial sites in 175 countries, contributing 2,443,850 trial site-years. Among those, 652,200 trial sites (83%) were in 25 high-income OECD countries, while 37,195 sites (5%) were in 91 lower-middle or low-income countries. Trial density (trial site-years/106 population) was 540 in the United States, 202 among other high-income OECD countries (excluding the United States), 81 among high-income non-OECD countries, 41 among upper-middle income countries, 5 among lower-middle income countries, and 2 among low-income countries. Annual compound growth rate was positive (ranging from 0.8% among low-income countries to 14.7% among lower-middle income countries) among all economic groups, except the United States (-0.5%). Overall, 29,191 trials (33%) were funded by industry, 4,059 (5%) were funded by the United States government, and 56,397 (63%) were funded by organizations. Countries with emerging economies (low- and middle-income) operated 19% of phase 3 trial sites, as compared to only 6% of phase 1 trial sites. Conclusion: Human clinical research remains concentrated in high-income countries, but operational clinical trial sites, particularly for phase 3 trials, may be migrating to low- and middle-income countries with emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Is the public sector of your country a diffusion borrower? Empirical evidence from Brazil.
- Author
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Rocha, Leno S., Rocha, Frederico S. A., and Souza, Thársis T. P.
- Subjects
- *
PUBLIC sector , *DIFFUSION processes , *ECONOMIC development , *PUBLIC finance , *COGNITIVE psychology - Abstract
We propose a diffusion process to describe the global dynamic evolution of credit operations at a national level given observed operations at a subnational level in a sovereign country. Empirical analysis with a unique dataset from Brazilian federate constituents supports the conclusions. Despite the heterogeneity observed in credit operations at a subnational level, the aggregated dynamics at a national level were accurately described by the proposed model. Results may guide management of public finances, particularly debt manager authorities in charge of reaching surplus targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The Prospect in Asia.
- Author
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Isaacs, Harold R.
- Subjects
DEVELOPING countries ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC indicators ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
This article focuses on the impact of peace between Russia and the U.S. on the socio-economic development of the Asian countries. The question here, therefore, is not what kind of "negotiated settlement" between Russia and America can produce peace in Asia. It is rather what kind of world organization can be created in which these issues can be resolved in the most rational possible way. It is not a matter of what Russians and Americans can agree on, but of what the Asian peoples themselves need and of what they need to do. From the Asian point of view, the Russian-American power struggle is a major obstacle in the path of everything Asia needs and everything Asia needs to do. Nationhood, as such, is a blind alley for everyone, but more particularly for the new nations emerging so tardily in Asia.
- Published
- 1950
14. THE ATTEMPTED STABILIZATION OF THE BITUMINOUS COAL INDUSTRY.
- Author
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Smith, Frank G.
- Subjects
BITUMINOUS coal industry ,ECONOMIC stabilization ,PRICE regulation ,RATE setting ,ENERGY development ,BITUMINOUS coal ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,BITUMINOUS coal mines & mining ,UNITED States economic policy, 1933-1945 - Abstract
The article discusses the difficulty of stabilizing the bituminous coal industry in the U.S. The article outlines the difficulties faced by the industry that are not a factor in other energy industries, such as unchangeable operating conditions, wages and collective bargaining agreements, and freight rates. The article addresses the efforts to exert control over the industry with the result being the passage of the Guffey-Vinson Act and formation of the National Bituminous Coal Commission within the Department of the Interior. The article outlines the provisions of the Guffey-Vinson Act, which established minimum and maximum prices and establishes a procedure for determining price. Further discussion of current problems of control and the effect of price regulation are considered.
- Published
- 1939
15. Classifying patents based on their semantic content.
- Author
-
Bergeaud, Antonin, Potiron, Yoann, and Raimbault, Juste
- Subjects
- *
PATENTS , *DATA mining , *BIG data , *SEMANTIC networks (Information theory) , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
In this paper, we extend some usual techniques of classification resulting from a large-scale data-mining and network approach. This new technology, which in particular is designed to be suitable to big data, is used to construct an open consolidated database from raw data on 4 million patents taken from the US patent office from 1976 onward. To build the pattern network, not only do we look at each patent title, but we also examine their full abstract and extract the relevant keywords accordingly. We refer to this classification as semantic approach in contrast with the more common technological approach which consists in taking the topology when considering US Patent office technological classes. Moreover, we document that both approaches have highly different topological measures and strong statistical evidence that they feature a different model. This suggests that our method is a useful tool to extract endogenous information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. The Human Side of Trade: In a dynamic economy, short-term pain is real. But over the longer term? Free trade leads to better, richer lives.
- Author
-
Roberts, Russell
- Subjects
- *
FREE trade , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *ECONOMIC development , *COMMERCIAL policy ,UNITED States economic policy, 2017-2021 - Published
- 2017
17. Steady and Rising: The American economy, going from strength to strength.
- Author
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Lazear, Edward Paul
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC development , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *ECONOMIC activity , *ECONOMIC recovery ,UNITED States economic policy, 2017-2021 - Published
- 2017
18. Securing Our Nation's Economic Future: A Sensible, Nonpartisan Agenda to Increase Long-Term Investment and Job Creation in the United States.
- Author
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Strine, Jr., Leo E.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,UNITED States economic policy ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC reform ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations - Abstract
The article proposes a realistic agenda that would promote a sustainable, long-term commitment to economic growth in the U.S. Topics discusses include fundamental elements of this strategy to promote long-term American competitiveness; incentives to offshore jobs; and fiduciary accountability of institutional investors.
- Published
- 2016
19. Sherlock of Trade.
- Author
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Edwards, Bruce
- Subjects
ECONOMISTS ,COMMERCE ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
The article profiles economist and Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor David Donaldson. He considers trading between two people as the basic source of economic development, which won him the 2017 John Bates Clark Medal. Economists and trade experts, like Douglas Irwin, cite the significant impact of Donaldson on development economics.
- Published
- 2018
20. POSTWAR INDUSTRIAL PLANNING ON THE PACIFIC COAST.
- Author
-
Ormsby, Herbert F.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conversion of defense industries ,ECONOMIC stabilization ,CENTRAL economic planning ,ECONOMIC policy ,DEFENSE industries ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,LABOR supply ,INDUSTRIES ,WORLD War II & economics ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
The article discusses the methods of planning for a post-war economy on the Pacific Coast of the United States. This area of the nation has been more intensely affected by wartime distortions than any other area of the nation. Because this area serves as an embarcation points for many military personnel, it has boomed in the defense industry business, as well as represents a potential combat zone. Thus, planning in this region is important to avoid a heavy displacement of workers as the country adjusts to a peacetime economy. The area has received assistance from national organizations such as the Committee for Economic Development as well as state and local governments.
- Published
- 1943
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Modernizing Federal Economic Statistics†.
- Author
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Bostic, William G., Jarmin, Ron S., and Moyer, Brian
- Subjects
ECONOMIC statistics ,UNITED States economy ,ECONOMETRICS ,ECONOMIC development ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,DEVELOPMENT economics - Abstract
Official statistical data on the structure, evolution and performance of the U.S. economy are produced by a variety federal, state and local agencies. Much of the methodology, policy frameworks and infrastructure for U.S. economic measurement have been in place for decades. There are growing concerns that the economy is evolving more rapidly than are the economic statistics we use to monitor it. We discuss both the challenges and opportunities to modernizing federal economic statistics. We describe an incremental approach that federal statistics agencies can follow to build a 21st century economic measurement system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. THE PRODUCTIVITY PARADOX.
- Author
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Pennar, Karen
- Subjects
PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,LAYOFFS ,EXECUTIVES - Abstract
The article focuses about an issue of the paradox on company production in the U.S. It is stated that the rising productivity is due to the economic development and growth. Lawrence Chimerine, president of the WEFA Group, stated that the closing plants and laying off workers are actions could make the level of productivity higher, however, it does not contribute any improvement for its growth rate.
- Published
- 1988
23. A SLOWER BUT STEADIER EXPANSION.
- Author
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Cooper, James C.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC indicators ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
The article reports on the developments surrounding the economy of the U.S. The country's economy has shown a very strong start in the beginning of 1985. Prospects are in a positive mark for the continued growth through the whole year. Furthermore, it has been noted by the consensus that the economic growth of the country will be averaging at 3.7% during the year.
- Published
- 1985
24. Correspondence.
- Author
-
Pogliano, Felix, Strauss, Alexander, Samorodin, Nina, Bostwick, Arthur E., Teller, Chester Jacob, Myers, Denys P., Gookin, Frederick W., Custis, George, Manson, Philip, and Neutra, Richard
- Subjects
LETTERS to the editor ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC policy ,REPRESENTATIVE government ,SUBSIDIES - Abstract
Presents letters to the editor related to socio-economic development in different parts of the world. Industrial Representation plan in Colorado; Harvard Student Opinion on the Jewish Question; Referendum on the ship-subsidy bill.
- Published
- 1922
25. The Haiti-United States Treaty.
- Subjects
PEACE treaties ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,CONTRACT proposals ,DEVELOPMENT economics - Abstract
The article presents a brief history of the framing and passage of the U.S. treaty with Haiti. It is complicated by the numerous proposals and counter-proposals that were submitted and rejected. The preamble of the treaty read that the U.S. and the Republic of Haiti, desiring to confirm and strengthen the amity existing between them by the most cordial cooperation in measures for their common advantage, and the Republic of Haiti, desiring to remedy the present condition of its revenues and finances, to maintain the tranquility of the Republic, to carry out plans for the economic development and prosperity of the Republic and its people and the U.S. being in full sympathy with all of these aims and objects and desiring to contribute in all proper ways to their accomplishment.
- Published
- 1921
26. Planning Wins.
- Author
-
Soule, George
- Subjects
CENTRAL economic planning ,ECONOMIC development ,WAR ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC policy ,PLANNING ,BIG business - Abstract
Focuses on the news of post-war economic planning in the U.S. Reports on the centers of strongest opposition to planning; Abolition of the National Resources Planning Board; Existence and work of the Committee for Economic Development; Claims that industrial concentration has been immensely increased during the war; Reports that another planning agency whose star seems to be rising is the National Planning Association; Comments on economic planning which is full of technical perplexities and political hazards.
- Published
- 1943
27. when three equals one.
- Author
-
Hammer, Janet
- Subjects
- *
SUSTAINABLE development , *ECONOMIC development , *INVESTMENTS , *DEVELOPMENT economics - Abstract
This article discusses the concept of triple bottom line (TBL) and its relevance to economic development. It tackles the focus of the concept on the economic, environmental and social value of an investment, motivations for addressing triple bottom line performance, ways that development investment can yield triple bottom line impact, and examples of the use of TBL approaches in rural, urban and sub-urban communities in the U.S.
- Published
- 2015
28. Quantifying the Impact of Financial Development on Economic Development.
- Author
-
Greenwood, Jeremy, Sanchez, Juan M., and Wang, Cheng
- Subjects
DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC history ,GROSS domestic product ,ARITHMETIC mean ,INCOME - Abstract
How important is financial development for economic development? A costly state verification model of financial intermediation is presented to address this question. The model is calibrated to match facts about the U. S. economy, such as intermediation spreads and the firm-size distribution for the years 1974 and 2004. It is then used to study the international data, using cross-country interest-rate spreads and per-capita GDP. The analysis suggests a country like Uganda could increase its output by 140 to 180 percent if it could adopt the world's best practice in the financial sector. Still, this amounts to only 34 to 40 percent of the gap between Uganda's potential and actual output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
29. Relative Virtue: Comparing 'Local Food' in the United States and France.
- Author
-
DeSoucey, Michaela and Téchoueyres, Isabelle
- Subjects
LOCAL foods ,INTERNATIONAL markets ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,SOCIAL problems - Abstract
Throughout the Western world, a cross section of the population has been presented in recent years with the concept of "local food." The cachet of "local food" generally rests on its implied relationship between consumer and producer and its designation as special, good, or virtuous in a way that appeals to an individual's sense of moral and political duty to consume it in response to problems cause by the industrialization and globalization of food markets. Its popularity has been mutually reinforced by the growth of farmers' markets in urban and suburban areas, the promotion of "local food" by restaurants and cookbook authors, and by its linkage to tourism activities. We question how "local food" is represented within different national contexts and cultures where their qualities would not be considered equally virtuous and demonstrate how its characteristics vary across national-cultural context, using the cases of the United States and France. We examine the rhetoric, beliefs, and strategies of producers and advocates in these two countries to discuss how "local foods" are identified, assigned measures of quality and authenticity, and promoted as solutions to perceived social problems stemming from agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
30. Chapter 12: MATURE CAPITALISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL ECONOMICS.
- Subjects
- *
CAPITALIZATION (Writing) , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *RECESSIONS , *POLITICAL participation , *EXECUTIVE advisory bodies ,UNITED States economy, 1918-1945 - Abstract
Chapter 12 of the book "Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery" is presented. It explores the capitalization and developmental economics in the U.S. It highlights the end of the political participation of the National Resources Planning Board that emanated from the 1937-1938 recession.
- Published
- 2005
31. CHAPTER SIX: The New Deal Court.
- Subjects
LIBERTY ,WORLD War II ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
Chapter 6 of the book "The Supreme Court: A Concise History" is presented. It focuses on the U.S. Supreme Court during the New Deal Era. President Franklin Roosevelt's program to get the U.S. out of the Depression was called the New Deal. Initially, the Supreme Court broke up most of the elements of the New Deal. In 1937, the Court's position changed and it began to support the New Deal. World War II broke out with a renewed emphasis on civil liberties, a concern which has since unceasingly occupied the Court.
- Published
- 2004
32. Albert O. Hirschman: A 'Beamish' Social Scientist for Our Grandchildren.
- Author
-
Özçelik, Emre
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMISTS , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *ECONOMICS education in universities & colleges , *EDUCATION , *BIOGRAPHY (Literary form) ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The article explores the life and career of economist Albert Otto Hirschman. It offers information his educational background and his service in the U.S. Army during World War II. Emphasis is given to aspects of his academic career and scholarly legacy in development economics and the study of developing countries.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. How to Ignite Growth (It's Not a Mystery).
- Author
-
Shult, George P., Becker, Gary S., Boskin, Michael J., Cogan, John F., Meltzer, Allan H., and Taylor, John B.
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC development , *EMPLOYMENT , *POLITICAL leadership , *ECONOMIC policy , *DEVELOPMENT economics - Abstract
The article presents a reprint of the article "Start with a sound budget, then challenge everything that's holding the economy back," by George P. Shultz and his coworkers published in the "Wall Street Journal." It mentions that the U.S. needs to develop a long term strategy which must be based on principles of the free-enterprise system. It focuses on strategic economic thinking which can establish policies that help in economic growth, employment, and American geopolitical leadership.
- Published
- 2013
34. ON THE EVOLUTION OF TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN LATIN AMERICA.
- Author
-
FERREIRA, PEDRO CAVALCANTI, PESSÔA, SAMUEL DE ABREU, and VELOSO, FERNANDO A.
- Subjects
- *
INDUSTRIAL productivity , *CAPITAL stock , *NATURAL resources , *HUMAN capital , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *LABOR supply , *LABOR economics , *ECONOMIC policy ,UNITED States economy, 1945- - Abstract
Because of several policy distortions, including import-substitution industrialization, widespread government intervention, and both domestic and international competitive barriers, there has been a general presumption that Latin America has been much less productive than the leading economies in the last decades. In this paper we show, however, that until the late 1970s Latin American countries had high productivity levels relative to the United States. It is only after the late 1970s that we observe a fast decrease of relative total factor productivity (TFP) in Latin America. We also show that the inclusion of human capital in the production function makes a crucial difference in the TFP calculations for Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. European émigrés and the ‘Americanization’ of economics.
- Author
-
Hagemann, Harald
- Subjects
- *
HISTORY of economics , *INFLUENCE (Literary, artistic, etc.) , *PHILOSOPHY of economics , *AMERICANIZATION , *IMMIGRANTS , *ECONOMISTS , *GERMAN Americans , *GAME theory , *PUBLIC finance , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *TWENTIETH century ,20TH century - Abstract
The development of economics since 1945 was marked by an increasing internationalization that was simultaneously in large part a process of Americanization. This article focuses on the role refugee economists from Continental Europe played in the rise of American economics. It focuses on the emigration of German-speaking economists after 1933; and then deals with the special case of Jacob Marschak who emigrated twice, first from the Soviet Union in 1919 and then from Nazi Germany, and exerted a greater influence in Britain and in the USA. Finally important contributions by émigré economists to game theory, public finance and development economics are reflected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. No Country Left Behind? Performance Standards and Accountability in US Foreign Assistance.
- Author
-
Goldsmith, Arthur A.
- Subjects
- *
FOREIGN aid (American) , *GOVERNMENT policy , *POVERTY , *NATIONAL income , *ECONOMIC development , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *INCOME inequality , *GOVERNMENT accountability , *GOVERNMENT liability , *ECONOMIC policy ,DEVELOPING countries ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
The accountability movement in public policy hails a new programme for US foreign assistance - the Millennium Challenge Account established in 2004 with the aim of 'picking winners' for grants among developing countries based on their demonstrated quality of governance. This article uses the MCA's own rating system to dispute its claim to know in advance which countries are best positioned to meet major development goals. High governance scores alone bear little or no relationship to growth in national income or decline in poverty. Attempting to measure public-policy performance limits the range of choice available to policy-makers, and may inadvertently limit true performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Chapter 4: The social pattern of health and disease.
- Author
-
Marmot, Michael
- Subjects
PUBLIC health ,SOCIOECONOMICS ,SOCIAL problems ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ETHNIC groups - Abstract
This article presents a social view on health and disease. Conceptions of the causes of ill health show marked historical changes. With the recognition of the social problems attendant on industrialization, investigators in England and France studied the influence on health of poverty, occupation, housing and other factors. The increase in understanding of the molecular basis of biology can, without hyperbole, be described as a scientific revolution. Allied to this, is the belief of many clinicians that the most important determinant of life expectancy has been chosen for their patients, namely by who their parents were. Departures from this genetic model of disease causation usually only go so far as to emphasize the importance of bad behavior such as smoking, drinking and unsafe sex. There has been much debate as to the extent to which ethnic differences in disease can be attributed to socioeconomic factors. In the U.S., for example, it appears that the bulk of the black/white differences in health can indeed be accounted for by social and economic factors. Comparing ethnic groups is not the same as comparing migrants and non-migrants. The position of blacks in the U.S. may indeed be largely determined by socioeconomic circumstances.
- Published
- 1996
38. 14: The United States III: The Austin Project.
- Author
-
Higgins, Benjamin and Savoie, Donald J.
- Subjects
ECONOMICS ,REGIONAL planning ,COMMUNITY development ,REGIONAL economics ,KEYNESIAN economics ,WELFARE economics ,DEVELOPMENT economics - Abstract
This chapter focuses on the economic policy of the United States from the context of the Austin Project, which is a concept of urban and regional planning. The concept originated by economist Walt W. Rostow. Among the interesting features of the project is that its organization involves practically everyone but the federal government. The board of directors includes representatives of the local governments, persons with education, health, welfare and public safety, political leaders and many others. The Austin Project tackled problems such as education, race relations, and the urban poor. Unemployment problem is among the primary areas that concern the Austin Project.
- Published
- 1995
39. 13. The United States II: The EDA and the Appalachian Regional Commission.
- Author
-
Higgins, Benjamin and Savoie, Donald J.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC policy ,ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMICS ,KEYNESIAN economics ,DEVELOPMENT economics - Abstract
This chapter discussion the economic policy of the United States from the context of the establishment of the Economic Development Administration (EDA), the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) and a number of multi-state regional development commission as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society program. The ARC is the oldest surviving institution created by the federal government and devoted exclusively to development of one region. On the other hand the EDA survives within the U.S. Department of Commerce.
- Published
- 1995
40. 12. The United States I: The TVA.
- Author
-
Higgins, Benjamin and Savoie, Donald J.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC policy ,KEYNESIAN economics ,MACROECONOMICS ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,WELFARE economics - Abstract
This chapter deals with the economic policy of the United States. It contends that the country's economic policy is the outcome of two rival paradigms. The rival paradigms are laissez-faire and faute de mieux. These two systems of thought have existed side by side for at least a century. Sometimes one, sometimes the other has been predominant. Sometimes they are evenly balanced. The economic policies that emerge in any period, including regional development policy, are the result of the balance between these two ideological forces.
- Published
- 1995
41. 2. Geography, Culture, and Regional Development.
- Author
-
Higgins, Benjamin and Savoie, Donald J.
- Subjects
DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC development ,GEOGRAPHY ,POVERTY ,WEALTH - Abstract
This chapter discusses geography and culture as they impact on regional development or economic development of countries. Ever since the publication of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" in 1776, there have been attempts to explain the wealth or poverty of nations in terms of soil, climate, and abundance or paucity of natural resources. Japan and Switzerland have high gross national product per capita, despite lack of natural resources or good climate. In these two countries quality and quantity of human resources can explain their economic development. The United States is another country in which the geography and climate can be tested for its validity in explaining the wealth and poverty of nations.
- Published
- 1995
42. Reminiscing the PIDE.
- Author
-
KHAN, A. R.
- Subjects
ECONOMISTS ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,RESEARCH institutes ,SCHOLARSHIPS - Abstract
The author reflects on the kind acts extended by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) and its members to the author which he thinks have enabled him to have a meaningful career as an economist. He relates how PIDE became his refuge after his graduation from the Dhaka University at the end of 1959. He shares his selection for graduate studies in the U.S. by the Institute under the Ford Foundation scholarship.
- Published
- 2010
43. COMPLEMENTS VERSUS SUBSTITUTES AND TRENDS IN FERTILITY CHOICE IN DYNASTIC MODELS.
- Author
-
Jones, Larry E. and Schoonbroodt, Alice
- Subjects
DEMOGRAPHY ,ECONOMIC trends ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC history ,ECONOMIC development ,MORTALITY ,FERTILITY - Abstract
Demographers emphasize decreased mortality and “economic development” as the main contributors generating the demographic transition. Contrary to previous findings, we show that simple dynastic models à la Barro–Becker can reproduce observed changes in fertility in response to decreased mortality and increased productivity growth if the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is low enough. We show that this is largely due to number and welfare of children being substitutes in the utility of parents in this case. We find that with an IES of one-third, model predictions of changes in fertility amount to two-thirds of those observed in U.S. data since 1800. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A Perspective on Fifty Years of U.S. Africa Policy: The Nixon Legacy.
- Author
-
Cohen, HermanJ.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONALISM , *DEVELOPMENT economics ,AFRICA-United States relations - Abstract
The article surveys a half century of American policy toward African countries, tracing its origins to the policy advocated in the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration by then Vice President Richard Nixon that the United States should both acknowledge that African nationalism was a positive force and accept that the newly independent countries of the continent would need to focus on economic development. Tracing the evolution of U.S.-Africa interaction over the course of the succeeding ten presidencies, the author discerns a considerable continuity in Washington's adherence to the twin Nixonian principles that economic development should be the core policy and that respect for African independence and “nationalism” constitutes the foundation of diplomatic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Shadows in Asia: John Foster Dulles and the Perpetual Failure of U. S. Development Policies.
- Author
-
Pruessen, Ronald W.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in Asia, 1945- ,ECONOMIC development ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,DEVELOPING countries ,GOVERNMENT policy ,ECONOMIC policy ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,MODERNIZATION (Social science) - Abstract
The article discusses the economic development and modernization policies of the United States with respect to developing countries in Asia, beginning with the activities of U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles in the 1950's. The author examines attitudes toward development and development policy stemming from the reformist impulses of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and going forward the utility of development policy in the context of the Cold War. The discrepancy between the rhetoric and political behavior of the U.S. in its development policy is also discussed.
- Published
- 2009
46. The Limits of Modernization: American Development Assistance and Southeast Asian Resistance During the 1950s.
- Author
-
Frey, Marc
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMIC policy ,MODERNIZATION (Social science) - Abstract
The article discusses American economic development cooperation policy toward nations in Southeast Asia during the 1950's. Initially reviewed are the ideals and institutional bases of that American development policy. The regional application and outcomes of those American stances are specifically examined with respect to the modernization and attempts to transform the economies of Indonesia and South Vietnam. The limitations of these efforts are outlined in what the author says are new interpretations based on the efforts' occurring in the context of local resistance and the Cold War.
- Published
- 2009
47. Constructing Neoliberal Urban Democracy in the American Inner-city.
- Author
-
Addie, Jean-Paul D.
- Subjects
NEOLIBERALISM ,DEMOCRACY ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,INDUSTRIAL development bonds - Abstract
The neoliberalization of urban governance has profoundly problematized issues of 'local' and 'urban' democracy on both sides of the Atlantic. This paper explores the changing modalities of urban democracy under neoliberalism through a case study of Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati. A historically maligned inner-city neighbourhood, Over-the-Rhine is the locus for a concerted neoliberalizing gentrification drive and site of a coordinated resistance to market-oriented redevelopment. Three key processes of neoliberal restructuring are analyzed to highlight the centrality of contestations over local democracy for local economic development. Governance restructuring and the implementation of key spatial imaginaries are argued to produce a neoliberal articulation of urban democracy that discursively legitimizes development from above via an understanding of the neighbourhood as a physical environment, usurping pre-existing grassroots organizations conceptualizing Over-the-Rhine as a social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Passports and Economic Development: An Antropometric History of the U.S. Elite in the Nineteenth Century.
- Author
-
Sunder, Marco
- Subjects
- *
PASSPORTS , *ECONOMIC development , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *INDUSTRIALIZATION , *ECONOMIC indicators , *COST of living , *SLAVERY , *ELITE (Social sciences) ,UNITED States economy -- 19th century - Abstract
The article presents the research on passports and economic development during the ninteenth century by the elites in the U.S. It states that the differences of the universal decline in the standard of living in the nonmodern America were authenticated for slaves and the dwellers of separated regions. It mentions that the evidence from the applications of passport at present proposes that even in the structured market in the urban northeast, part of the population was almost resistant against the forces that cause the decline of net-nutritional status that the common man went through.
- Published
- 2009
49. Do Multinational Enterprises Contribute to Convergence or Divergence? A Disaggregated Analysis of US FDI.
- Author
-
Mayer-Foulkes, David and Nunnenkamp, Peter
- Subjects
FOREIGN investments ,ECONOMIC convergence ,PER capita ,ECONOMIC indicators ,ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC policy ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
It is widely held that foreign direct investment (FDI) has a positive effect on economic growth. To test this hypothesis, we perform convergence regressions derived from a theoretical model on the impact of FDI on endogenous technological change in small economies. The model includes FDI externalities that enhance growth, but also shows that FDI can crowd out host country income and reduce local innovation. The empirical analysis employs disaggregated US data for various FDI-related activities—in addition to the conventionally used aggregate FDI stocks and flows. We estimate the net FDI impact on the convergence rate of per-capita income to US levels, controlling for human development, financial development, and trade. We find that FDI accelerates convergence for high-income countries only, otherwise slowing it down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. INTERMEDIATE SCRUTINY FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TAKINGS: PROPOSING A NEW TEST BASED ON JUSTICE KENNEDY'S KELO CONCURRENCE.
- Author
-
Wilt, Michael Paul
- Subjects
- *
EMINENT domain , *PROPERTY rights , *DEVELOPMENT economics , *ECONOMIC expansion - Abstract
The article discusses the government's power in possessing private properties for economic development in the U.S. Under just compensation, the government can transfer property from A to B when it is rationally conceivable that B's use will benefit the public. Meanwhile, governments have made use of eminent domain for the construction of roads and other projects with a clear public use.
- Published
- 2009
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