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Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a common endocrine tumor. This study found that different iodine concentrations affected the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of PTC. For this study, we collected clinical information from PTC patients and monitored the levels of urinary iodine, LC3-II, and caspase-3 in cancer tissue, and BRAF kinase in peripheral blood from PTC patients. We also monitored the proliferation, apoptosis and migration ability of human papillary-thyroid carcinoma (BCPAP) cells at different iodine concentrations and their association with changes in autophagy and BRAF kinase activity of BCPAP cells at high iodine levels (10 -3 mol/l). We found that the proportion of tumor diameters ≥ 1 cm in the iodine excess group were lower than that in the iodine non-excess group. The proportion of PTC patients with infiltration in the iodine excess group was higher than that in the iodine non-excess group. Levels of the autophagy-related protein LC3-II and the apoptosis-related protein caspase-3 in cancer tissues, and activity of BRAF kinase in peripheral blood, were positively correlated with urinary iodine concentrations from PTC patients. At high iodine levels, the proliferation rate decreased, and apoptosis percentage and migration rates increased compared with the no-iodine group. At high iodine levels, the frequencies of autophagosomes (Aph) and autophagosome-lysosomes (Apl) in BCPAP cells increased significantly, and activities of LC3-II and BRAF kinase increased, respectively. The activity of LC3-II decreased when BRAF kinase was inhibited. The activity of LC3-II and the proliferation and migration rates of BCPAP cells decreased, and the apoptosis percentage increased when autophagy was inhibited at high iodine concentrations. Our results demonstrated that, in the presence of excessive iodine, the mean tumor size of PTC patients was smaller and easier to invade than tumors in patients not supplied with excessive iodine. The levels of autophagy and apoptosis in PTC cancer tissues, and activities of BRAF kinase in peripheral blood increased with increasing urinary iodine concentrations. High iodine levels inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis and migration of PTC cells. Autophagy induced by BRAF kinase in PTC cells was involved in anti-apoptosis, and promoted proliferation and migration at high iodine concentrations. This study provides a rationale for iodine supplementation in PTC patients., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To establish a method for the preparation of zoledronate liposome and to observe its effect on inducing the apoptosis of rat liver Kupffer cells., Methods: Zoledronate was encapsulated in liposomes, and then the entrapment rate was detected on a spectrophotometer. The prepared Zoledronate liposome (0.01 mg/mL) was injected into the tail vein of SD rats. Three days later, the number of Kupffer cells (CD68 positive) in rat liver tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of the isolated liver Kupffer cell cultured in vitro., Results: The entrapment rate of Zoledronate was 43.4±7.8%. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of Kupffer cells was 19.3±2.1 in PBS group and 5.5±1.7 in Zoledronate liposome group, with a significant difference (P<0.05). The apoptosis rate of Kupffer cells was 4.1±0.8% in PBS group, while it was 9±2.2% and 23.3±5.9% in Zoledronate liposomes groups with different concentrations of Zoledronate liposome (P<0.05)., Conclusions: Zoledronate liposomes can effectively induce the apoptosis of Kupffer cells in vivo and in vitro, and the apoptosis rate is related to the concentration of Zoledronate liposome. To establish a rat liver Kupffer cell apoptosis model can provide a new means for further study on Kupffer cell function.

BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to observe the effect of the apoptosis of Kupffer cells (KCs) selectively induced by zoledronate liposomes following the hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in the rat liver transplantation model and to explore its mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS The rat liver transplantation model was established using the improved Kamada method. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: no liver transplantation or drug treatment (Group A); donor rats were injected with 1 mL normal saline through the tail vein for 3 continuous days before transplantation, and the donor liver was preserved in cold for 2 hours (Group B); donor rats were injected with 1 mL zoledronate liposomes (0.001 mg/mL) through the tail vein for 3 continuous days before transplantation, and the donor liver was preserved in cold for 2 hours (Group C). At 24 hours after transplantation, the receiving rats were sacrificed for sampling. RESULTS Compared with Group C and Group A, the bile secretion flow was dramatically decreased in Group B, whereas the serum liver function index [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamate aminotransferase (AST), and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT)] was significantly increased (P<0.01), and the pathological injury area was obviously increased. Compared with Group B, the levels of serum interleukin1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the apoptotic index in Group C were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and Suzuki scores of congestion, vacuolar degeneration, and necrosis were all reduced (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The apoptosis of KCs selectively induced by zoledronate liposomes inhibited the inflammatory cascade reaction induced by KC activation and reduced the release of cytokines and decreased the extent of IRI in the liver transplantation in animal model.

BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib fails to eradicate leukemia stem cells (LSCs), the underlying mechanisms maintaining CML LSCs remain poorly understood. Here, we showed that transient inhibition of miR-21 by antagomiR-21 markedly increased imatinib-induced apoptosis in CML, but not normal CD34+ stem/progenitor cells. Furthermore, PI3K inhibitors also significantly sensitized CML CD34+ cells to imatinib-induced apoptosis. MiR-21 or PI3K inhibitor in combination with imatinib treatment significantly decreased AKT phosphorylation and c-Myc expression than either agent did alone, but did not affect Bim and Bcl-6 expresssion. These findings indicate that miR-21 is required for maintaining the imatinib-resistant phenotype of CML CD34+ cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thus providing the basis for a promising therapeutic approach to eliminate CML LSCs., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Selenium is an essential element with antioxidant roles in immune regulation, but there is little understanding of how Se acts in apoptosis in the immune organs of birds. The aim of study was to evaluate the influence of Se deficiency on oxygen free radicals, NO and apoptosis in immune organ of chickens. 160 1-day-old chickens were randomly assigned to two groups of 80 each and were fed on a low-Se diet (0.032 mg/kg Se) or a control diet (0.282 mg/kg Se), respectively. OFR production in blood was determined on days 30, 45, 60 and 75, respectively. The iNOS-NO system activity in immune organ (thymus, spleen, bursa of fabricius) was identified by NO content and NOS activity assay on days 30, 45, 60 and 75, respectively. Apoptosis was measured by DNA ladder analysis, ultrastructural observations, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling TUNEL assay and flow cytometric analysis of apoptotic DNA. The transcription of factor-associated suicide, caspase-3 mRNA was tested by fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that OFR production, NO and inducible NO synthases (iNOS) activity in the low-Se group were significantly increased (p < 0.05) than in the control group. In addition, apoptosis was observed in chicken immune organ in the low-Se group. The degree and the number of apoptotic cells rose in a time-dependent manner. The expression of Fas and caspase-3 mRNA increased (p < 0.05) than in the control group. It indicated that the oxidative stress and NO played a causative role in the apoptosis of immune tissues induced by selenium deficiency.

Aim: The aim of this study is to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of curcumin-induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Huh7 cells., Main Methods: Fas and FasL mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcription PCR. Western blot was applied to detect the protein expression of Bcl-2 family members, MAPK family members, c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, caspase-3, PARP, TNF receptor family members and the respective ligands. Apoptotic cells were assayed with annexin V/PI double staining and flow cytometry., Key Findings: Curcumin treatment resulted in a fast and significant increase of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) along with activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP in Huh7 cells. Inhibition of caspase-3 activity by the specific inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK rescued Huh7 cells from curcumin-induced apoptosis. Neutralization of FasL significantly protected the cells from curcumin-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, p38 was rapidly activated in response to curcumin, and inactivation of p38 by pharmacologic inhibitor SB203580 dramatically suppressed curcumin-induced FasL expression and apoptosis., Significance: Our results demonstrated that curcumin induces apoptosis through p38-denpendent up-regulation of FasL in Huh7 cells., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Survivin is a new member of the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) family. It is upregulated in various malignancies including human cervical carcinomas. Reduction of this molecule has resulted in chemosensitization, but it is uncertain whether it can lead to radiosensitization. We observed the effect of survivin gene RNA interference (RNAi) on the proliferation, apoptosis, and radiosensitivity of the human cervical carcinoma cells HeLa., Study Design: Human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) were transfected with the specific siRNA expression vector (pSilencer2.1-s2) designed to target survivin mRNA. A corresponding site-mutated vector was constructed as a negative control (pSilencer2.1-NC). The expression of survivin mRNA and its protein among the stable transfected cells and the untransfected ones was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively. The cell growth was examined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry. The changes in cell radiosensitivity were observed by clonogenic survival assay., Results: Three stable transfected cell lines: HeLa-s2 (with pSilencer2.1-s2), HeLa-NC (with pSilencer2.1-NC), and HeLa-U6 neo (with empty vector pSilencer2.1-U6 neo) were established. The expression levels of survivin gene mRNA and protein in HeLa-s2 were significantly lower than in HeLa-NC, HeLa-U6 neo, and those untransfected HeLa cells. The expression inhibitory rates were 62.8% and 60.1%. The cell proliferation of HeLa-s2 was inhibited, and the highest inhibitory rate was 57.8+/-2.1%. The changes in cell cycle distribution in HeLa-s2 compared with the other three cell lines were obvious, many cells were blocked in the G(0)/G(1) phase 72.7+/-3.1% (P<0.05), reduced sharply in the G(2)/M phase (5.1+/-2.9)% (P<0.05), and also the apoptotic rate was 29.2+/-1.4%, obviously increasing (P<0.05). At the same dose of radiation, the cloning efficiency of HeLa-s2 declined notably (P<0.05); the cell survival curve showed a significant decrease in D(0) and D(q), which were 3.15 and 1.21, respectively (P<0.05), and the radiation enhancement ratios were 2.01 (a ratio of D(0)) and 1.77 (a ratio of D(q))., Conclusions: Survivin gene RNAi not only could inhibit the proliferation of human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa), but also could significantly enhance the radiosensitivity of those cells through the reduction of its mRNA and protein. Therefore, an RNAi-targeted survivin gene strategy would be a potential approach to radiosensitization therapy in human cervical carcinomas.

The effective phagocytotic clearance of apoptotic debris is fundamental to the maintenance of neural tissues during apoptosis. Retinal photoreceptors undergo apoptosis after retinal detachment. Although their induction phase of apoptosis has been well discussed, their phagocytotic process remains quite unclear. We herein demonstrate that apoptotic photoreceptors are selectively eliminated from their physiological localization, the outer nuclear layer, to the subretinal space, and then phagocytosed by monocyte-derived macrophages. This could be shown by an ultrastructural and immunophenotypic analysis. Moreover, in chimera mice expressing transgenic green fluorescent protein in bone marrow-derived cells, the local infiltration of macrophages could be detected after retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. The local injection of an antibody blocking the phosphatidylserine receptor (PSR) or a peptide (GRGDSP)-blocking integrin alphavbeta3 revealed that phagocytotic clearance involves the PSR as well as integrin alphavbeta3 in vivo. Importantly, the level of blockade obtained with these reagents was different. Although anti-PSR increased the frequency of apoptotic cells that fail to bind to macrophages, GRGDSP prevented the engulfment (but not the recognition) of apoptotic photoreceptor cells by macrophages. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the mechanisms through which apoptotic photoreceptors are selectively eliminated via a directional process in the subretinal space.

A series of multi-substituted isatin derivatives were synthesized using the powerful Sandmeyer reaction. The structures of these derivatives were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HR-MS. Inhibition of proliferation activities of these derivatives against human leukemia cells (K562), human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29) were evaluated in vitro using the MTT assay. Among the series, compound 4l exhibited strong antiproliferatory activities against K562, HepG2 and HT-29 cells with IC50 values of 1.75, 3.20, and 4.17 μM, respectively. The morphological, growth inhibitory and apoptosic effects of compound 4l in K562 cells, wound healing effect in HepG2 cells, and tube formating effect in matrix gel of HUVEC cells were evaluated consequently. All results indicated that compound 4l could be used as a potential antitumor agent in further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Curcumin is known for its anticancer and migrastatic activity in various cancers, including breast cancer. Newer curcumin derivatives are being explored to overcome limitations of curcumin like low bioavailability, stability, and side effects due to its higher dose. In this study, the synthesis of ST09, a novel curcumin derivative, and its antiproliferative, cytotoxic, and migrastatic properties have been explored both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: After ST09 synthesis, anticancer activity was studied by performing standard cytotoxicity assays namely, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2–5-diphenyletrazolium bromide (MTT), and trypan blue exclusion assay. Annexin-FITC, cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry, and Western blotting were performed to elucidate cell death mechanisms. The effect on the inhibition of cell migration was studied by transwell migration assay. An EAC (Ehrlich Ascites carcinoma) induced mouse tumor model was used to study the effect of ST09 on tumor regression. Drug toxicity was measured using aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and flow-cytometry based lymphocyte count. Histological analysis was performed for assessment of any tissue injury post ST09 treatment. Results: ST09 shows an approximate 100-fold higher potency than curcumin, its parent compound, on breast tumor cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB231. ST09 arrests the cell cycle in a cell type-specific manner and induces an intrinsic apoptotic pathway both in vitro and in vivo. ST09 inhibits migration by downregulating matrix metalloprotease 1,2 (MMP1,2) and Vimentin. In vivo, ST09 administration led to decreased tumor volume in a mouse allograft model by boosting immunity with no significant drug toxicity. Conclusion: ST09 exhibits antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity at nanomolar concentrations. It induces cell death by activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. It also inhibits migration and invasion. This study provides evidence that ST09 can potentially be developed as a novel antitumor drug candidate for highly metastatic and aggressive breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New chrysin-De-allyl-Pac-1 hybrid analogues, tethered with variable heterocyclic systems (4a–4o), were rationally designed and synthesized. The target compounds were screened for in vitro antiproliferative efficacy in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, and normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Two compounds, 4g and 4i, had the highest efficacy and selectivity towards MDA-MB-231 cells, and thus, were further evaluated by mechanistic experiments. The results indicated that both compounds 4g and 4i induced apoptosis by (1) inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase in MDA-MB-231 cells, and (2) activating the intrinsic apoptotic pathways in a concentration-dependent manner. Physicochemical characterizations of these compounds suggested that they can be further optimized as potential anticancer compounds for TNBC cells. Overall, our results suggest that 4g and 4i could be suitable leads for developing novel compounds to treat TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bivalent and polyvalent inhibitors can be used as antitumor agents. In this experiment, eight ligustrazine dimers and seven ligustrazine tetramers linked by alkane diamine with different lengths of carbon chain lengths were synthesized. After screening their antiproliferation activities against five cancer cell lines, most ligustrazine derivatives showed better cytotoxicity than the ligustrazine monomer. In particular, ligustrazine dimer 8e linked with decane-1,10-diamine exhibited the highest cytotoxicity in FaDu cells with an IC50 (50% inhibiting concentration) value of 1.36 nM. Further mechanism studies suggested that 8e could induce apoptosis of FaDu cells through the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and S-phase cell cycle arrest. Inspired by these results, twenty-seven additional small molecule heterocyclic dimers linked with decane-1,10-diamine and nine cinnamic acid dimers bearing ether chain were synthesized and screened. Most monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic systems showed highly selective anti-proliferation activity to FaDu cells and low toxicity to normal MCF 10A cells. The structure-activity relationship revealed that the two terminal amide bonds and the alkyl linker with a chain length of 8–12 carbon were two important factors to maintain its antitumor activity. In addition, the ADMET calculation predicted that most of the potent compounds had good oral bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-seven L-shaped ortho-quinone analogs were designed and synthesized using a one pot double-radical synthetic strategy followed by removing methyl at C-3 of the furan ring and introducing a diverse side chain at C-2 of the furan ring. The synthetic derivatives were investigated for their cytotoxicity activities against human leukemia cells K562, prostate cancer cells PC3, and melanoma cells WM9. Compounds TB1, TB3, TB4, TB6, TC1, TC3, TC5, TC9, TC11, TC12, TC14, TC15, TC16, and TC17 exhibited a better broad-spectrum cytotoxicity on three cancer cells. TB7 and TC7 selectively displayed potent inhibitory activities on leukemia cells K562 and prostate cancer cells PC3, respectively. Further studies indicated that TB3, TC1, TC3, TC7, and TC17 could significantly induce the apoptosis of PC3 cells. TC1 and TC17 significantly induced apoptosis of K562 cells. TC1, TC11, and TC14 induced significant apoptosis of WM9 cells. The structure-activity relationships evaluation showed that removing methyl at C-3 of the furan ring and introducing diverse side chains at C-2 of the furan ring is an effective strategy for improving the anticancer activity of L-shaped ortho-quinone analogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is considered the most common and deadly cancer among women worldwide. Nanomedicine has become extremely attractive in the field of cancer treatment. Due to the high surface to volume ratio and other unique properties, nanomaterials can be specifically targeted to certain cells and tissues to interact with the living systems. The strategic planning of this study is based on using the nanoprecipitation method to prepare nanoparticles BZP-NPs (3.8–5.7 nm) of the previously prepared benzofuran–pyrazole compound (IV) BZP which showed promising cytotoxic activity. The capacity of BZP and BZP-NPs to suppress the growth of human breast tumor MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was evaluated using MTT assay. The IC50 doses of BZP and BZP-NPs targeting normal breast cells MCF-12A exceeded those targeting the cancer cells by >1000-fold, demonstrating their reasonable safety profiles in normal cells. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis induction detection, assessment of p53, Bcl-2, caspase-3, and PARP-1 levels of BZP and its nano-sized-BZP-NPs particles were also evaluated. Although the obtained results were in the favor of compound IV in its normal-sized particles, BZP-NPs appeared as a hit compound which showed improved cytotoxicity against the tested human breast cancer cells associated with the induction of pre-G1 apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. The increase in caspase-3 level, upregulation of p53, and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression levels confirmed apoptosis. Furthermore, ELISA results exhibited that BZP-NPs produced a more favorable impact as a PARP-1 enzyme inhibitor than the parent BZP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To discover new antiproliferative agents with high efficacy and selectivity, a new series of 1-aryl-3-{4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)thio]phenyl}urea derivatives (7a–7t) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against A549, HCT-116 and PC-3 cancer cell lines in vitro. Most of the target compounds demonstrated significant antiproliferative effects on all the selective cancer cell lines. Among them, the target compound, 1-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-{4-{{[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}thio}phenyl}urea (7i) was identified to be the most active one against three cell lines, which was more potent than the positive control with an IC50 value of 1.53 ± 0.46, 1.11 ± 0.34 and 1.98 ± 1.27 μM, respectively. Further cellular mechanism studies confirmed that compound 7i could induce the apoptosis of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner and elucidated compound 7i arrests cell cycle at G1 phase by flow cytometry analysis. Herein, the studies suggested that the 1-aryl-3-{4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)thio]phenyl}urea skeleton might be regarded as new chemotypes for designing effective antiproliferative agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of our ongoing silybin project, this study aims to introduce a basic nitrogen-containing group to 7-OH of 3,5,20-O-trimethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin or 3-OH of 5,7,20-O-trimethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin via an appropriate linker for in vitro evaluation as potential anti-prostate cancer agents. The synthetic approaches to 7-O-substituted-3,5,20-O-trimethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins through a five-step procedure and to 3-O-substituted-5,7,20-O-trimethyl-2,3- dehydrosilybins via a four-step transformation have been developed. Thirty-two nitrogen-containing derivatives of silybin have been achieved through these synthetic methods for the evaluation of their antiproliferative activities towards both androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU145) using the WST-1 cell proliferation assay. These derivatives exhibited greater in vitro antiproliferative potency than silibinin. Among them, 11, 29, 31, 37, and 40 were identified as five optimal derivatives with IC50 values in the range of 1.40–3.06 µM, representing a 17- to 52-fold improvement in potency compared to silibinin. All these five optimal derivatives can arrest the PC-3 cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and promote PC-3 cell apoptosis. Derivatives 11, 37, and 40 are more effective than 29 and 31 in activating PC-3 cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our earlier studies indicate that (1 E ,4 E )-1,5-bis(1-alkyl-1 H -imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-ones and (1 E ,4 E )-1,5-bis(1-alkyl-1 H -benzo[ d ]imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-ones exhibit up to 121-fold greater antiproliferative potency than curcumin in human prostate cancer cell models, but only 2–10 fold increase in mouse plasma concentrations. The present study aims to further optimize them as anti-prostate cancer agents with both good potency and bioavailability. (1 E ,4 E )-1,5-Bis(1 H -imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-one, the potential metabolic product of (1 E ,4 E )-1,5-bis(1-alkyl-1 H -imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-ones, was synthesized and evaluated for its anti-proliferative activity. The promising potency of 1,5-bis(1-alkyl-1 H -imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-diene-3-ones was completely abolished by removing the 1-alkyl group, suggesting the critical role of an appropriate group on the N1 position. We then envisioned that N -aryl substitution to exclude the C–H bond on the carbon adjacent to the N 1 position ( α -H) may increase the metabolic stability. Consequently, seven (1 E ,4 E )-1,5-bis(1-aryl-1 H -imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-ones and three (1 E ,4 E )-1,5-bis(1-aryl-1 H -benzo[ d ]imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-ones, as well as three (1 E ,4 E )-1,5-bis(1-aryl-1 H -pyrrolo[3,2- b ]pyridine-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-ones, were synthesized through a three-step transformation, including N -arylation via Ullmann condensation, formylation, and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. Six optimal (1 E ,4 E )-1,5-bis(1-aryl-1 H -imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-ones exhibit 24- to 375-fold improved potency as compared with curcumin. Replacement of the imidazole with bulkier benzoimidazole and 4-azaindole results in a substantial decrease in the potency. (1 E ,4 E )-1,5-Bis(1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1 H -imidazol-2-yl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one ( 17d ) was established as an optimal compound with both superior potency and good bioavailability that is sufficient to provide the therapeutic efficacy necessary to suppress in vivo tumor growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells are insensitive to BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that imatinib treatment induced significant upregulation of miR-21 and downregulation of PTEN in Ph+ ALL cell line Sup-b15. Transient inhibition of miR-21 resulted in increased apoptosis, PTEN upregulation and AKT dephosphorylation, whereas ectopic overexpression of miR-21 further conferred imatinib resistance. Furthermore, knockdown of PTEN protected the cells from imatinib-induced apoptosis achieved by inhibition of miR-21. Additionally, PI3K inhibitors also notably enhanced the effects of imatinib on Sup-b15 cells and primary Ph+ ALL cells similar to miR-21 inhibitor. Therefore, miR-21 contributes to imatinib resistance in Ph+ ALL cells and antagonizing miR-21 demonstrates therapeutic potential by sensitizing the malignancy to imatinib therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial injury and dysfunction are critical manifestations of sepsis. Previous studies have reported that liver X receptor (LXR) activation is protective during sepsis. However, whether LXR activation protects against septic heart injury and its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study was designed to determine the role of LXR activation in the septic heart with a focus on SIRT1 (silent information regulator 1) signaling. Male cardiac-specific SIRT1 knockout mice (SIRT1-/-) and their wild-type littermates were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in the presence or absence of LXR agonist T0901317. The survival rate of mice was recorded during the 7-day period post CLP. Our results demonstrated that SIRT1-/- mice suffered from exacerbated mortality and myocardial injury in comparison with their wild-type littermates. Meanwhile, T0901317 treatment improved mice survival, accompanied by significant ameliorations of myocardial injury and dysfunction in wild-type mice but not in SIRT1-/- mice. Furthermore, the levels of myocardial inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, MPO and HMGB1), oxidative stress (ROS generation, MDA), endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress (protein levels of CHOP, GRP78, GRP94, IRE1α, and ATF6), and cardiac apoptosis following CLP were inhibited by T0901317 treatment in wild-type mice but not in SIRT1-/- mice. Mechanistically, T0901317 enhanced SIRT1 signaling and the subsequent deacetylation and activation of antioxidative FoxO1 and anti-ER stress HSF1, as well as the deacetylation and inhibition of pro-inflammatory NF-ΚB and pro-apoptotic P53, thereby alleviating sepsis-induced myocardial injury and dysfunction. Our data support the promise of LXR activation as an effective strategy for relieving heart septic injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-two 3- O -substituted-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavonols have been designed and synthesized for their anti-proliferative activity towards three human prostate cancer cell lines. Our results indicate that most of them are significantly more potent than the parent 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavonol in inhibiting the cell proliferation in PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell models. 3- O -Substituted-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavonols have generally higher potency towards PC-3 and LNCaP cell lines than the DU145 cell line. Incorporation of an ethyl group to 3-OH of 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavonol leads to 3- O -ethyl-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavonol as the optimal derivative with up to 36-fold enhanced potency as compared with the corresponding lead compound 3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavonol, but with reversed PC-3 cell apoptotic response. Introduction of a dipentylaminopropyl group to 3-OH increases not only the antiproliferative potency but also the ability in activating PC-3 cell apoptosis. Our findings imply that modification on 3-OH of trimethoxyflavonol can further enhance its in vitro anti-proliferative potency and PC-3 cell apoptosis induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of alkylation at 5-OH and 20-OH of 2,3-dehydrosilybin on prostate cancer cell proliferation, the synthetic approaches to 5- or/and 20- O -alkyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins, through a multi-step sequence from commercially available silybin, have been successfully developed. The first three reactions in the syntheses were completed through a one-pot procedure by managing anaerobic and aerobic conditions. With these synthetic methods in hand, twenty-one 2,3-dehydrosilybins, including seven 20- O -alkyl, seven 5,20- O -dialkyl, and seven 5- O -alkyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins, have been achieved for the evaluation of their biological profiles. Our WST-1 cell proliferation assay data indicate that nineteen out of the twenty-one 2,3-dehydrosilybins possess significantly improved antiproliferative potency as compared with silybin toward both androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU145). 5- O -Alkyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins were identified as the optimal subgroup that can consistently inhibit cell proliferation in three prostate cancer cell models with all IC 50 values lower than 8 µM. Our flow cytometry-based assays also demonstrate that 5- O -heptyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin effectively arrests the cell cycle in the G 0 /G 1 phase and activates PC-3 cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]