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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The term “aboriginal forestry” is used increasingly to describe the evolving role of First Nations peoples in Canadian forestry over the last 30 years. This paper reviews a diversity of experiences and identifies issues that have important implications for governments, forest planners, and First Nations: a forestry regime that reflects the interests of governments and industry rather than those of First Nations; variable implementation of aboriginal rights in forestry practice; benefits and problems of economic partnerships; limitations on consultation, traditional knowledge, and comanagement in forestry; and finally, different forestry paradigms. Among these experiences and issues, we recognise different visions for the participation of First Nations peoples in Canadian forestry. At one end of the spectrum, “forestry excluding First Nations” is no longer accepted. The most common form may be “forestry by First Nations,” representing a role for First Nations within existing forestry regimes. Other options include “forestry for First Nations,” in which forest managers seek to incorporate aboriginal values and knowledge in management activities and “forestry with First Nations,” in which aboriginal peoples are equal partners in forest management. However, aboriginal forestry is better understood as a potential new form of forestry that uses knowledge and techniques drawn from both traditions and conventional forestry and is based on aboriginal rights, values, and institutions. Au Canada, le terme « foresterie autochtone »gagne en popularité pour décrire le rôle grandissant des Premières nations en foresterie au cours des trente dernières années. Cet article passe en revue de nombreuses expériences et identifie des enjeux aux conséquences importantes pour les gouvernements, les gestionnaires forestiers et les Premières nations. Un régime forestier qui reflète les intérêts des gouvernements et des industriels plutôt que ceux des Premières nations, la reconnaissance inégale des droits autochtones dans les pratiques forestières, les bénéfices et les problèmes associés aux partenariats d’affaires, les limites propres à la consultation, la place des savoirs traditionnels et de la cogestion en foresterie et enfin, la variété des paradigmes forestiers composent ces enjeux. Parmi ces expériences et enjeux, nous reconnaissons l’expression de différentes façons de concevoir la participation autochtone à la foresterie canadienne. À un bout du spectre, « une foresterie qui exclut les Premières nations »n’est plus une option acceptable. La vision la plus répandue est probablement celle d’« une foresterie par les Premières nations »signifiant que celles-ci ont un rôle à jouer dans les régimes forestiers existants. Une autre conception est celle de « la foresterie pour les Premières nations »lorsque les gestionnaires forestiers tentent d’intégrer des valeurs et des savoirs autochtones à leurs activités d’aménagement. Enfin, les situations où les autochtones sont partenaires à part entière dans l’aménagement de la forêt s’inscrivent sous la rubrique « la foresterie avec les Premières nations ». Cependant, la foresterie autochtone est mieux comprise lorsqu’elle implique la possibilité d’une nouvelle foresterie qui a recours à des savoirs et des techniques inspirés à la fois des traditions et de la foresterie conventionnelle et qui est fondée sur des droits, des valeurs et des institutions autochtones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The economic decision model serving as an objective function in forest economics was conceived originally by Faustmann at the stand level. Nevertheless, the tree level seems to be an appropriate scale for analysis, especially for harvesting decisions and certain estimations both at tree and stand levels. However, the Faustmann formula cannot be directly applied to the tree level. The present research has provided certain tree-level formulations of the Faustmann formula, including, in particular, tree expectation value (TEV) and land expectation value (LEV). TEV and tree-level LEV formulas were developed by analyzing the Faustmann formula under deterministic conditions. Unlike previous tree-level decision models presented in the forest economics literature, TEV and tree-level LEV formulas incorporate the expectation value of the land occupied by trees and its variability over time as well as the interaction between trees and their trajectories (cutting age). The proposed formulas were then compared with the Faustmann formula using the first-order condition of optimal harvest age. The TEV and tree-level LEV formulas appeared to be absolutely compatible with the Faustmann formula. The utility of the proposed formulas was then illustrated with application examples, including target diameter, stand expectation value, TEV, LEV, and the value of damage to beech trees or stands in northeastern France. Le modèle de décision économique qui sert de fonction objective en économie forestière a initialement été conçu par Faustmann à l’échelle du peuplement. Néanmoins, l’arbre semble être un niveau d’analyse approprié, spécialement pour les décisions relatives à la récolte et pour certaines estimations, tant à l’échelle de l’arbre que du peuplement. Cependant, la formule de Faustmann ne peut pas être directement appliquée à l’échelle de l’arbre. La présente recherche a fourni certaines formulations de la formule de Faustmann à l’échelle de l’arbre, incluant plus particulièrement la valeur d’attente de l’arbre (VAA) et la valeur d’attente du fond (VAF). Les formules de la VAA et de la VAF à l’échelle de l’arbre ont été développées en analysant la formule de Faustmann sous des conditions déterministes. Contrairement aux différents modèles de décisions à l’échelle de l’arbre décrits dans la littérature, les formules de la VAA et de la VAF à l’échelle de l’arbre incluent la valeur d’attente du fond occupé par les arbres et sa variabilité au fil du temps, de même que l’interaction entre les arbres et leur évolution (âge de récolte). Les formules proposées ont ensuite été comparées à la formule de Faustmann en utilisant la condition de premier ordre de l’âge optimal de la récolte. Les formules de la VAA et de la VAF à l’échelle de l’arbre semblent tout à fait compatibles avec la formule de Faustmann. L’utilité des formules proposées a ensuite été démontrée par des exemples d’application incluant le diamètre cible, la valeur d’attente du peuplement (VAP), la VAA, la VAF et la valeur des dommages aux arbres et aux peuplements de hêtre du nord-est de la France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Forest Research is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although headwater streams constitute a significant portion of stream length within watersheds, their aquatic fauna, contributions to regional biodiversity, and responses to forest management have been understudied. Macroinvertebrate communities, physical habitat, and water chemistry were sampled from 40 headwater streams in managed forests in the Oregon Coast Range mountains. We characterized functional and structural attributes of macroinvertebrate communities in relation to physical, chemical, and biological gradients. Substrate composition, specific conductance, and riparian forest age showed the strongest correlations with resultant ordination patterns in macroinvertebrate community composition. Among individual metrics of community structure and composition, total macroinvertebrate density and dominance by three taxa showed the strongest correlations with forest age. No community measures were related to densities of torrent salamanders (Rhyacotriton kezeri) or crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), suggesting these potential predators had little influence on overall macroinvertebrate community structure. Rare taxa were sampled from several reaches, including Rhyacophila probably viquaea for which little information is available, and an Eobrachycentrus sp., previously known to occur only in the Cascade mountains. Headwater streams within these managed forests of northwestern Oregon appear to be taxa rich, continue to support taxa limited to headwater streams, and harbor taxa about which little is known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old-growth forests are those that meet some threshold(s) determined by a scientific and political process. The main issue is what criteria to use to determine these thresholds; they must be practical enough to allow managers to delimit and manage old-growth stands in the field. People value forests with old and (or) big trees and primary forests that have a continuous heritage of natural disturbance and regeneration, even though the latter may include all stages of stand development and succession. We advocate uniting these two and using "primary forest", also called "natural heritage forest", as the criterion for delimiting old growth in regions where primary forest still exists. This criterion recognizes that the stage of development with big, old trees is part of a cycle of development, and it is necessary to have all the parts to continue to produce new examples of the older stages. The best available second-growth stands can be used in regions where primary forests are not available. Alternatively, threshold criteria for delimiting old growth can be based on tree size and age, but arbitrary criteria based on human size and age scales should be avoided in favour of criteria that specify stands dominated by trees relatively large and old for the species and site. Such criteria allow for old growth to occur across a variety of levels of site productivity, with trees of widely varying stature and with varying life-history characteristics, such as longevity, shade tolerance, and successional status. In any case, managers and scientists should work together to make sure that definitions work in the field but also include the ecological processes necessary to maintain the unique biological resources of old growth. The biological resources present in old growth may help to restore the second-growth landscape and allow reconstitution of forests in new places after global warming. Old-growth forests provide a baseline for comparison of effects of logging and natural disturbance, with respect to resilience to climatic change and disturbance, maintenance of species richness, and natural genetic structure of tree populations, which respond to different selective regimes in old growth and harvested forests. The species in old-growth remnants, their interactions and the resilience of the system after disturbance are as important or perhaps more so than the age and size of the trees at a given point in time. Key words: dwarf forest, Minnesota, old-growth processes, tree height.Les vieilles forêts sont celles qui rencontrent un ou des seuils déterminés par un processus scientifique ou politique. Le défi est de déterminer quels critères utiliser pour déterminer ces seuils; ils doivent être assez pratiques pour permettre aux aménagistes de délimiter et d'aménager les vieux peuplements sur le terrain. Le public valorise les forêts avec des arbres âgés ou de fortes dimensions, ainsi que les forêts primaires avec une histoire ininterrompue de perturbations naturelles et de régénérations. Nous proposons d'unir ces deux approches en utilisant le terme « forêt primaire » encore appelée « forêt patrimoniale naturelle », comme critère pour délimiter les vieilles forêts dans les régions où la forêt primaire existe toujours. Ce critère reconnaît que le stade de développement avec de gros arbres anciens constitue une partie du cycle de développement, et qu'il est nécessaire de disposer de toutes les parties du cycle pour continuer à produire de nouveaux exemples des stades les plus âgés. On peut utiliser les meilleures forêts de seconde venue, dans les régions où la forêt primaire n'existe plus. Comme alternative, les critères de seuil pour délimiter les vieilles forêts peuvent être basés sur la dimension et l'âge, mais les critères empiriques déterminés sur la base de dimension et d'âge à l'échelles humaines devraient être évités en faveurs de critères qui visent des peuplements dominés par des arbres relativement gros et âgés pour l'espèce et pour le site. De tels critères permettent de repérer des vieilles forêts pour un ensemble de niveaux de productivité des sites, avec des arbres de statures très variées, avec des caractéristiques variées de cycle de vie, tels que la longévité, la tolérance à l'ombre, et la place dans la succession. En toute éventualité, les aménagistes et les scientifiques devraient travailler ensemble pour s'assurer que les définitions sont utilisables sur le terrain, mais tiennent également compte du processus écologique nécessaire pour maintenir les ressources uniques de la vieille forêt. Les ressources biologiques présentes dans les vieilles forêts pourraient permettre de restaurer le paysage de seconde venue et de reconstituer des forêts en de nouveaux endroits, suite au réchauffement global. Les vieilles forêts fournissent une ligne de base pour comparer les effets à long terme de la récolte et des perturbations naturelles, en tenant compte de la résilience au changements de climat et de la perturbation, du maintient de la richesse en espèces, et de la richesse de la structure génétique des populations d'arbres, en réaction aux différents régimes sélectifs appliqués aux forêts âgées ou récoltées. Les espèces des vieilles forêts vestigiales, leurs interactions, et la résilience du système après perturbation sont aussi importantes, et peut-être plus importantes, que l'âge et la dimension des arbres, à un moment donné dans le temps. Mots clés : forêt naine, Minnesota, processus de vieillissement forestier, hauteur des arbres.[Traduit par la rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]