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the issue of rising electricity demand in the building sector is one of the major challenges. Therefore, the Building Management System (BMS) inside the building. Since the PV, national grid, and diesel generators supplies building electrical power, so the Energy Management System (EMS) technologies are necessary to study the priority of PV to supply building power to save energy. This paper proposes a Smart Building Management System (SBMS) used with Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) in addition lighting systems. HVAC is controlled with occupancy sensors, temperature control, and load control. Lighting systems are controlled through occupancy sensors and daylight sensors to make them operate to minimize electricity consumption. Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) control of the EMS in this work, SBMS and EMS are created and simulated using two case studies to supply public buildings. The first situation is SBMS without EMS and the second situation is SBMS with EMS. Finally, the results showed the impact of SBMS on the reduction of energy consumption for HVAC systems and lighting (20% on summer day and 11% on winter day), as the energy consumption was reduced for both HVAC and lighting by about (54% on a summer day and 44% on a winter day) because we added the scenario of case two to the one scenario case in a public building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 21st century people are habituated with using all kind of smart devices. Many researchers have been done in last decade to make the human life more comfortable and convenient. Smart devices play a vital role to ensure the comfort to our daily life and simultaneously it makes the system more energy efficient and accurate. In this paper the smart IoT based washing machine source of the supply comprises with three different segments: 1. Conventional power source, 2. Solar power, 3. Battery back-up that's why the prototype is named as Tribrid. The washing machine can consume electrical power for all the time whenever it requires. So, this prototype can easily solve the problem of interruption in power supply. Now, to make the motor more energy efficient brushless dc motor (BLDC) is used instead of using the conventional motor, this reduces the power consumption of the device when it is connected to the supply main. Application of Internet of Thing (IoT) makes the device smart. That means this prototype can be controlled or monitor from the remote location. The prototype is light in weight so it is portable too; this helps the consumer to move the device from any end of the house to anywhere. It is expected that this prototype will helps to reduce both the water and electrical energy consumption easily and the smartness will add some extra comfort to the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main problems related to power quality are harmonics, flicker, swells, sags and voltage interruption, etc. Due to this electrical power quality has become a more concerning issue. The voltage and current quality play an important role in the power quality and if some deviation occurs in these two quantities, then power quality issues occurred. The power conditioning devices which are based on power electronics can be the best solution. One such custom device is UPQC. A system that compensates for current and voltage distortions at a time. This paper focuses on the combined operation of UPQC and distributed generation (DG). This paper shows the result of the integration of the design system with the wind energy system which can mitigate voltage sag and voltage swell and also able to minimize the load current unbalance. This model will be simulated using MATLAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's power scenario, the increasing power demand is a prevailing concern. The electrical power generated by non-renewable energy sources falls short in meeting this escalating demand. Utilizing renewable sources in conjunction with non-renewable energy becomes imperative. Among various renewable energy sources like wind, tidal, biomass, and solar, the latter is especially advantageous due to its widespread availability and environmentally friendly nature. However, the power generated by solar cells is influenced by atmospheric conditions, and its delivery hinges on connected loads. Achieving maximum solar cell power output is challenging due to atmospheric variations, necessitating the use of various Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods. This paper introduces the application of the Incremental Conductance (INC) method for MPPT, which, in comparison to the Perturb and Observe (P & O) method, is better suited for tackling oscillations arising from diverse atmospheric conditions. The selection of a DC-DC CUK converter holds significance for maximizing power, offering low ripple levels at both input and output stages. The paper comprehensively covers converter design, simulation outcomes for a battery-connected standalone PV system employing the INC MPPT method [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to contribute to ending the electricity crisis in Iraq, as it is country rich in solar energy due to its location close to the equator. Electric power stations, which use traditional fuels, are unable to provide the population's electricity needs throughout the day. Moreover, electricity distribution lines sometimes malfunction due to high temperatures. This paper recommends solar energy as an optimal solution to the electricity problem in Iraq. Because it is renewable and environmentally friendly. The paper also focused on techniques that would improve the efficiency of the solar power system. This was achieved by designing and building a solar tracking system to absorb the largest possible amount of solar energy and increase electrical energy production, in addition to building a cooling system consisting of a small pump and nozzles that pump water in the form of a volatile mist to get rid of excess heat from the solar panels at the temperature It rises to extreme levels. The system is also equipped with a cleaning mechanism to rinse the solar panel once, which is harmful to getting dirt and dust because dust is the negative factor that affects the generation capacity of the solar panels. The solar tracking system and the cleaning system are operated by a control unit made in the local markets that work with the Internet of Things (LOT) system and is programmed in the Python language and depends on data completely on the Internet. As for the cooling system, it supplies energy during the day directly from the solar panel, depending on the temperature sensor. The results reveal that the solar tracking, cooling, and cleaning system has significantly improved the production capacity of the solar system and can achieve an energy gain of 39.68%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the available buses used for public transport require large quantity of fossil fuel which creates a demand for fossil fuel, where in fossil fuels are exhaustible in nature. The main disadvantage of using fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel is air pollution, which significantly contributes for global warming. In most of the developing countries buses are large in numbers, constitutes primary mode of public transport. To make the mass transport pollution free, it is time to upgrade the existing buses to run on alternate green fuel. As air is abundant in nature which is available everywhere and sunlight is available at most of the daytime our work is focused on extracting energy from both the solar and wind, which will charge the battery of the bus running on alternate green fuel i.e., electrical energy. This bus is more efficient and carbon free as compared to buses running on fossil fuels, as it uses alternate sources to drive the bus. During daytime solar energy charges, the battery at standstill or in movement. Even during movement, the wind energy extracted is used to charge the battery. The wind energy output depends on speed of bus. The other advantage of this bus is, when any one of the requirements is not met, we can charge the battery through EV charging station in case of emergency. The bus battery charging can be managed or controlled by android system, in addition to this feature, there are other built-in features such as battery management system and battery update system, details of battery update will be shown to bus operators, based on battery update details, the operator can act based on battery condition. This paper contains the design of the solar wind powered electric bus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies for solving problems in electrical power have been published. Many of these studies are related to the development of technology to solve the problem of electrical power alone or to solve the problem of electrical power and consider the environmental impact, often referred to as green technology. This paper discusses government policy support in encouraging technology development to have an economic impact and specific constraints in technological development in electrical power concerning the economic impact compared to the technology in communication and information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Without the use of conductive wires, wireless power transfer (WPT). An important part of IPT are the magnetic charging pads, i.e., the wireless connections that are responsible for transmitting the required electrical power from the source-side to the components of the electric vehicles (EVs). Any misalignment of the receiver (RX) and transmitter (TX) coupling coils must be tolerated by the magnetic coupler. This paper introduces a modern charging pad called "DD-CC" that combines traditional "DD" and circular "CC" pads. In regards of coupling parameters and the misalignment impact, a comparison is made between the suggested pad and the double "DD" pad. The system is designed and evaluated utilizing finite element analysis (FEA) using "ANSYS_MAXWELL" program. The results demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed "DD-CC" pad, which offers a strong coupling coefficient of (K) = 0.300 when compare with the DD pad. MATLAB-Simulink is used to simulate a WPT system to transmit power in the range of up to 11.1 KVA over (Z2) distance class. A good efficiency of 99.24% was achieved for the designed charging pad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hybrid power supply of solar batteries is essential for the plug-in, green and smart construction of electric cars (PEV). This paper provides a framework for optimization for green power testing and PEV nutrients, balanced home batteries, and photovoltaic arrays (PVAt the same time as fulfilling domestic power and PEV demand, we are seeking to extend the domestic financing structure. The formulation of convex (CP) programming is achieved easily, based on clever domestic nano grid and computer structure. The different battery energy storage device (BESS) parameters are designed and chosen precisely. With the unequivocal optimism period viewpoint, the home BESS and electrical value criteria, such as the home BESS frequency, form and effect style of PEVs, are routinely discussed. At some point in the height time of the electricity charge that depends on the Convex programming control law in (h2V) mode and (v2H) mode BESS no longer supplied electricity from the electric power grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is at present a major global concern. Internal combustion engines toxic emissions are one of the primary air pollutants. To reduce the effects of fossil fuel emissions and address environmental issues, electric vehicles (EVs) are being aggressively promoted around the world. To estimate electric mobility as a good solution, almost 31% of India's population lives in cities. This number is projected to increase to 40% in 2030 and 50% in 2050. Electric-powered trains can help reduce urban air pollution, reduce emissions and improve fuel safety. In this paper, the impact of electric vehicles on grid and battery requirements in India's potential EV adoption scenario is analyzed. The government is motivating people to adopt electric vehicles. Studies suggest that high cost of electric cars, unavailability of charging infrastructure, myths related to electrical vehicles may serve as barriers to customer acceptance. On road EVs by 2030 has been called by Government of India. In this paper, the estimation has been done for number of EVs that will be sold in 2030 and the requirements of battery pack for EVs accordingly, and the electrical power required from grid for charging EVs. EV sales and other relevant details has been estimated to promote EVs. The future forecast evaluation predicted shows that by 2030, 5 to 7 percent of total electricity demand will be used to charge EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grid tied operation is a working scheme of photovoltaic power system operating together with utility power grid to supply electric power to the load. In a grid connected photovoltaic system, the energy management can be applied to optimize energy utilization of photovoltaic system while keeping high reliability of power supply to the power load. Compared to voltage source inverter system, the grid connected photovoltaic system using current source inverter offers some merits such as higher quality of AC current, higher reliability of inverter, and high power factor operation. This paper discusses and analyzes characteristics of DC current component injection in a grid tied photovoltaic system using H-bridge current source inverter and transformer. Some data were presented and discussed to explore the characteristics of DC current injection of a grid connected H-bridge CSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are considered one of the most significant applications of solar energy. It converts some of the solar radiation falling on it into electrical power, and the remaining part of the solar energy is absorbed in the form of heat. Due to the high operating temperature of PV modules, their performance and efficiency decrease. There are also many disadvantages of increasing the temperature of PV like degradation of the power and reducing working life. This review summarises the literature related to cooling PV modules, decreasing the working temperature of the PV module, and air was used as a coolant to improve performance. The air is used to extract heat from the PV module. In this paper, the up-to-date published works related to the various active cooling techniques used for the ambient air and exhausted air from the central air conditioning systems are reviewed. It can be concluded that the active air method is a significant method to reduce the temperature of the PV module, especially the use of the exhausted air from the central air condition system because this exhausted air has a low temperature compared with the ambient air, especially during the summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage stability stands as a fundamental priority in ensuring the dependability and security of power system networks. Instability presents a substantial threat of extensive power outages, equipment damage, and power loss in load areas. Electrical power systems encounter various challenges that can jeopardize voltage stability, leading to system failure to maintain a stable voltage under specific conditions. Factors contributing to voltage collapse include increased distance between the load and power source, mismatch between power source capacity and load in a particular area, and other factors explored in this research. In recent years, strategies have emerged to improve voltage stability by monitoring it using various mechanisms. This monitoring is essential for implementing necessary measures to prevent electrical power system collapse. This paper extensively reviews prior studies on monitoring voltage stability, employing a range of methods, including traditional and artificial intelligence approaches. It also discusses most of the issues encountered in the conducted previous studies. This review can deduce the correct approach to monitoring voltage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault detection is a critical stage in power systems, requiring swift and accurate identification. This paper introduces an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) tailored for fault identification, utilizing a deep learning approach. The proposed model marks a pioneering effort, employing ANN for fault identification using raw and sampled data from three-phase current and voltage signals collected through simulation from a 14-bus system across various fault and no-fault classes. Performance evaluation metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1 score are employed to assess the model's efficacy. Results demonstrate that the ANN model achieves exceptional accuracy and efficiency in fault detection, showcasing its potential as a pivotal tool for enhancing the reliability and performance of electrical power systems. Notably, the suggested model attains a remarkable 99% accuracy across all tested fault scenarios, F1Score 0.99 for fault and non-fault detection with closely matched testing and training loss curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an Arduino Uno-based electrical energy theft detection system is designed to detect energy thefts that occur in residential, commercial, and industrial areas. This system is designed to detect unauthorized theft of electrical power from distribution lines and determine the location of the theft in precise detail. The problem of electrical energy theft occurs due to increased demand for electrical energy or the exploitation of weak points in the energy meter, which causes an increase in energy theft. This project aims to reduce unauthorized energy use and ensure the energy meter is not tampered with. This system measures the current values using a current sensor and compares them using the Arduino Uno. In the event of a difference in the values of the currents or opening the power box and tampering with the meter, the system sends a theft alert message with the location using GSM and Zigbee communication technologies to the electrical energy distribution sector for the specialized engineer to carry out or take action regarding theft. The designed system has proven advanced results in automatic theft detection in terms of accuracy and time. It differs from other detection methods in which consumer data is collected to determine theft, which takes longer to collect and detect. The innovative system provides control over theft and reduces interference in detecting it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in nanofluids, emphasizing their unique thermophysical characteristics and utilization in heat transfer. The discussion covers unification techniques, thermophysical properties, advantages, and disadvantages of nanofluids, focusing on hybrid nanofluids' superior thermal performance in heat exchangers. An experimental study explores the impact of ternary-doped magnetic nanoparticles on nanofluids, revealing enhanced thermal conductivity. The inadequacy of conventional fluids in industrial processes prompts the investigation of trihybrid nanofluids, with an analysis of entropy generation in electromagnetic trihybrid nanofluids. Furthermore, a photovoltaic thermal system's energy and exergy efficiency using different nanofluids are examined, demonstrating temperature reduction, increased electrical power, and improved efficiencies. In the realm of concentrated Solar Power technology, the study explores nanofluids' potential in addressing corrosion challenges in molten salts. Overall, this paper is a valuable reference for engineers and scientists interested in the diverse applications of nanofluids in heat tranᵴfer processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the gasification of blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) biomass is carried out in a 10 kW downdraft gasifier system (power plant) to generate electric power. Further, the potential capability of different biomass for energy production and the trend of electricity demand in India are highlighted in order to frame the significance of biomass resources to fulfill the energy demand, especially in developing countries. The main portion of the work includes an economic analysis of biomass gasification-based power generation plants for various capacities (10 kW, 500 kW, and 1000 kW) under the present scenario of India. It has been revealed that the capital cost per kW diminishes as we increase the capacity of the plant. The electricity production costs of 10 kW, 500 kW, and 1000 kW are estimated as Rs.9.57/kWh (0.120 USD/kWh), Rs.4.65/kWh (0.058 USD/kWh) and Rs.4.34/kWh (0.055 USD/kWh), respectively. Although the electricity production cost for small capacity power plants is high with respect to the current grid supply, it is economically sustainable compared to the diesel power plant that has an electricity production cost of Rs.14.44/kWh (0.181 USD/kWh). The minimum payback period is found as 3.12 years for 1000 kW capacity power. The outcomes of this research will be helpful in conveying the viability, selection, and installation of a biomass-based power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material and geometric characteristics of planar MEMS membranes designed for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting play a critical role in achieving desirable mechanical vibration properties, including natural frequency and displacement, essential for efficient mechanical vibration capture. These mechanical vibrations induce a magnetic field within an electromagnetic coil, ultimately generating electrical power. In this paper, we present an analysis of a vibrating membrane designed with a planar spring arms model and discuss its mechanical properties. The material properties of the designed membrane are determined through vibration tests conducted on a fabricated membrane made of thermoplastic polyurethane, created using 3D printing technology. The membrane has dimensions of 40 x 40 mm², featuring a small core area measuring 1 mm² and a 3 mm long planar sleeve. The study used mobile phone vibrations, with the vibration response of the fabricated membrane observed at four specific points using an FFT analyzer CF360. The resulting data is acquired and analyzed using MatLab 2020, indicating the frequencies of 0-1000 Hz. The arm planar design like the size, determines the vibration, which was brought to finite element analysis for simulation. It shows that the designed membrane can oscillate vertically and horizontally. It brings crucial information about the mechanical properties of the planar spring arm, that is effective in capturing power from vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectualization of electric power facilities involves their modernization using information and communication technologies. One of the most important tasks in this case is the collection and processing of information to improve its efficiency. In addition, the accelerated development of information and telecommunications technologies, the current vector for the digitalization of the economy leads to an additional increase in the relevance of information support for energy conservation and energy efficiency policies. The paper presents an information and analytical system that allows implementing a closed control cycle and benchmarking the efficiency of electric grid organizations as a key facility in the electric power industry. The greatest attention in the study is paid to the data analysis and processing system, which allows implementing a convenient interface for an expert analyst based on questionnaires created in Google Forms to collect expert opinions. The analysis of hierarchies in a fuzzy setting is at the heart of the examination data processing. Using the algorithm of this method, the weight coefficients of the performance indicators of organizations are calculated. It is shown that a comprehensive assessment for making managerial decisions is an integral indicator of efficiency. In the decision support system, an algorithm is proposed that provides the formation of integral indicators using linguistic variables. The presented information-analytical system allows the decision maker not only to make a comprehensive assessment of energy efficiency using a linguistic description, but also to solve benchmarking problems using the example of an electric grid organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores one important issue related to the operation of particle-based concentrating solar power (PBCSP) systems which is the heat that might be lost through the main components comprising such systems. Tests conducted at the PBCSP test facility at King Saud University (KSU) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia reveal significant heat loss in several components, including the thermal energy storage (TES) bin, the particle-to-working-fluid heat exchanger (PWFHX), the particle lift system, and the air piping. On-sun tests results show that only a small portion (16%) of the net thermal energy captured in the particle heating receiver (PHR) was transferred to the turbine's air, which was then converted into electrical power. The remaining amount of energy was either leaked or consumed to heat up the thermal mass of facility's components. The air entrained with particles flowing to the TES bin resulted in a heat loss across the bin amounted to 24% of the collected energy. The large thermal mass of the PWFHX consumed more than half of the collected energy to be heated up, although some heat might had leaked to the concrete platform on which the PWFHX is placed. The reasons for this enormous loss are explained, and recommendations for ensuring efficient construction and operation of such systems are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault location observability is an essential procedure among smart monitoring and outage management system issues used to realize self-healing networks, one of the most important characteristics of modern power systems. Further, the determination of the location of a faulty transmission line in a power grid is a vital topic to facilitate the self-healing network and to maintain the continuity of power supply. The self-healing procedure is to constantly keep the energy supplies to the customers in case of a power system configuration change such as a fault event happening on an electrical power transmission network. Self-healing is an operational aspect of electrical power networks for real-time identification and localization of faulty transmission lines for the whole power network. The implementation of PMUs as an accurate measurement device is a promising key entry for fault location and clearing utilizations. This paper proposes algorithmic models that determine the optimal number of PMUs and their placement sites to achieve a fault observable system whereas the state-estimation issue is examined. The optimization models discussed herein find a configuration of PMU locations with a least number of devices that locates any fault occurring in a transmission power network. An optimization process is presented within a nonlinear programming model coupling a synchronized phasor as well as conventional measurements. As a comparative optimization tool, a zero-one integer constraint linear program is implemented that satisfies global optimality with sufficient precision. Evolutionary algorithms such as a binary-particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms have been adopted to characterize a fault observable power system. The algorithmic models are illustrated with an IEEE-14 bus system. Simulation results are tested on different size power systems to verify the efficacy of the proposed algorithmic approach without taking into account the fault classification, pre-fault loading conditions or considering the fault resistance. We present that this wide-area measuring implementation and its numerical results is an outstanding approach that improves the state-of-the-art in measurement driven methods regarding the finding of an optimal PMU set solution to pinpoint a fault event occurring anywhere in the power transmission grid. As proved via the numerical optimization, the mathematical and evolutionary algorithms are efficient and robust in finding some new benchmark optimal results for faulty conditions occurring in a modern power grid for any IEEE power system and case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By augmenting silicon PV cells with close to 50% efficient multi-junction cells, there is the potential to approximately double overall conversion efficiency of solar PV modules. In this paper we describe the design of a hybrid module built onto a commercial 1 m x 2 m bifacial PV module. This serves not only to harvest the energy of diffuse light, but also to carry and cool an array of small multijunction PV cells to harvest direct sunlight. The single-junction silicon PV cells of the bifacial are sealed between 2 mm thick glass windows, front and back. In our design, the MJ cells are attached to the bifacial module's front window via 5 mm square copper/ceramic substrates. Attached in front of the module is a glass sheet formed into an array of 34 mm square lenses which focus sunlight to the cells while also transmitting diffuse light to the module's silicon cells. An 8 mm diameter secondary ball lens is bonded in front of each 2 mm square MJ cell, yielding 290 x concentration, maintained at >95% geometric throughput for solar mis-pointing as far as 1° off-axis. To ensure good cooling of the MJ cell, despite its being mounted on glass, the copper wires used to carry electrical power to the sides of the bifacial module are configured to also carry heat away from the cells. The wires have 1 mm square cross section and are bonded along their full length to the glass, with thermally conductive adhesive. Thermal modeling shows that for DNI solar illumination of 1 kW/m2, the temperature drop between the MJ cells and the back convecting surface of the bifacial module is limited to 10°C. The lens array is imprinted into a full-size (1 m x 2 m), 6 mm thick sheet of glass, by a process in which the sheet is first heated to 850°C, then pressed between relatively cold molds. The focal length of these lenses is chosen to be 125 mm, slow enough at f/3.5 to limit total internal reflection losses of the diffuse light to ∼10%. To minimize shipping costs, the glass sheets and modified bifacial modules will be packed and shipped separately, for assembly on-site as complete hybrid modules, using reflective side walls. We envisage that dual axis tracking will be provided by augmentation of single axis E-W tracking now used for standard utility scale PV plants, with the addition of cross-axes to turn the modules also in the N-S direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the causes and harms of the current electric locomotive electrical system harmonics are firstly studied and analyzed. Based on the characteristics of the harmonics in the electrical system, the Hilbert-Huang transform method is introduced. Based on the in-depth analysis of the empirical mode decomposition method and the Hilbert transform method, the reasons and solutions to the endpoint effect and modal aliasing problem in the HHT method are explored. For the endpoint effect of HHT, this paper uses point-symmetric extension method to extend the collected data; In allusion to the modal aliasing problem, this paper uses the high frequency harmonic assistant method to preprocess the signal and gives the empirical formula of high frequency auxiliary harmonic. Finally, combining the suppression of HHT endpoint effect and modal aliasing problem, an improved HHT method is proposed and simulated by matlab. The simulation results show that the improved HHT is effective for the electric locomotive power supply system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the excess use of air conditioning systems led to significantly increase the demand for electric power in the household sector. Therefore, to decrease energy consumption, it can use an Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE); it has been demonstrated to be promising method for heating and cooling applications. In this paper, simulation study was performed using ANSYS FLUENT 19.0 (CFD) program as a numerical analysis on the impact of different pipe shape and air velocity on the performance according to the climatic conditions of Baghdad-Iraq in the summer and winter seasons. The pipes shapes in EAHE system that were used are spiral, wave and straight at the same length and diameter, and it has been studied their impact on performance at different speeds (5, 10 and 15 m / s). The results of numerical analysis showed that the shape of pipes and velocity of inlet air have an effect for the temperature of outlet air and performance of EAHE. Through the results obtained, it was found that the shape of straight tube presents the best performance compared to the other two shapes of spiral and wave. Therefore, the better performance for EAHE can be achieved on operating the system at low air velocity together with straight shape for the exchanger pipe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper conductor has been extensively used in several application due to its high conductivity and hardness. However, copper corrosion which occurs in electrical power equipment results in corrosion-related failures. The demand for increased corrosion resistance of the impregnated electrical equipment is increasingly emerging from manufacturers. This paper presents corrosion protection for electrical power equipment using Cocos Nucifera leaf powder. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is computed to observe chemical properties of inhibitor and the inhibitor efficiency was calculated using electrochemical measurement. The abilities of carbonyl compound in to adsorb on the surface of metal was the main reason Cocos Nucifera leaves powder to be good corrosion inhibitor. Electrochemical measurement shows that the presence of Cocos Nucifera leaves powder has ability to decreases the corrosion rates as the concentration of Cocos Nucifera leaf powder increases. Furthermore, inhibitor able to provide the best protective ability of copper from corrosion process due to the increments of polarization resistance. The results show that the efficiency of inhibitor was directly dependent on the concentration of inhibitor proved that Cocos Nucifera Leave is a good corrosion inhibitor. By further research, in future work, coating element of Cocos Nucifera leave to electrical equipment and the application of Cocos Nucifera leaves powder as green inhibitor to other metal can be accomplished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) during energy audits of electrical networks of 0.4 - 10 kV consumers. The NILM method allows you to remotely determine the individual parameters of electrical networks and installations of consumers (industrial, municipal, agricultural, etc.). Measurements do not require access to individual installations, which provides a convenient way to collect parameter data compared to placing meters or sensors on each installation. Everything happens similarly to the "black box" method, and the subject of analysis is the total parameters of electricity at the input of the enterprise. Unlike the classic "black box", the structure and internal electrical circuit of the enterprise, passport data and possible operating modes of equipment and electrical networks are known here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and implementation of automatic cooling and cleaning system (ACCS) for PV modules to optimize the performance of the PV module based on electrical efficiency drop resulting from increased cell temperature at loading and dust accumulation on PV module s surfaces. An increase in PV module temperature causes a linear reduction in its performance, affecting electrical power generation. Pressurized water jets by nozzles are used to cool and clean the front surface of the PV module. The theoretical model of the PV module is verified by MATLAB/Simulink software. The operational performance of ACCS was recorded and analyzed. The experimental results showed before cooling, the maximum power produced by the PV module was 65.31W, while after cooling increased by 73.24W. Also, electrical efficiency yield of before cooling the rate of decreasing efficiency 0.052% per 1℃ while after cooling the efficiency increased by 0.13% for each decrease 1℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, some renewable energy researchers have their attention directed toward the possibilities of harnessing the tornado energy concept by creating an artificial vortex utilizing solar energy for electrical power generation. Given this concept trend, a new Solar Vortex Engine (SVE) was proposed, designed, and simulate at the University of Technology – Iraq (UOT). In this paper, a computational simulation was used in the ANSYS 2020 R1 program to simulate the influence of solar intensity on the vortex updraft velocity generated. Initial boundary parameters have been included for SVE geometry, intake velocity, and different solar radiation (400, 700, and 1000) W/m2, while the outlet parameter is listed as a vortex updraft velocity. The CFD results and validation showed the direct effects of radiation concentration on the air velocity of the ascending vortex, which increased by 37% when the solar intensity went from 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small hydropower is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally benign energy technologies for production of electrical power worldwide. In India, the available potential of small hydro is at about 15,000MW and small hydro can provide electricity to 120,000 unelectrified rural villages. Hence, this paper focuses the status of small hydro development in India and discusses the barriers/obstacles to the development of small hydro in India by taking government policy, economical aspects and environmental benefits of few countries into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For researchers working for electric utilities, using renewable energy sources to lessen the impact of various uncertainties on electric power networks is a hot topic. The usage of Photovoltaic (PV) systems for electricity generation would become widely accessible in the future due to a number of anticipated cost savings. Enhancing Power Quality (PQ) becomes imperative for utility-grid connected systems. In this study, the Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) architecture, which is based on solar photovoltaic (SPV) as a DC (Direct Current) source, is used to examine the performance of a grid-connected system. Simulink/MATLAB software is used for the imitation model. Imitation models are carried out for SPV connected to CHB multilevel inverter (MLI) system. The paper analyzes various parameters including solar, grid and MLI output such voltage, current and power. In this study, a comparison of 7-level, 9-level and 11-level CHB MLI is presented. Different results are analyzed and based on a comparative analysis; the imitation model results are shown to be accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A persistent, interminable, and affordable energy generation is an important precondition for boosting viable growth in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The profuse availability of renewable energy also includes waste-to-energy, and sewage. This paper proposes a workable model of the Pico-hydropower plant based on industrial/domestic wastewater by investigating the feasibility of power generation from sewage flow system. The sewage flow system should be a closed loop to prevent debris. However, in Karachi, as few of the main holes are open, the sludge with solid waste can affect the flow rate, which has an ultimate impact on generated power. An indigenous, low-cost, portable Pico-hydropower electro-mechanical model is tailored to the variable flow which does not require debris guard and slope of steam flow. This innovative, COTS designed model is used to generate electrical power from the velocity of sewage flow at different times by installing it at the sewage channel in Karachi city. The average power of 507 Watts is generated through the practical implementation of this innovative mechanical design without debris guard at the depth of 4′ on the average 0.0351 m3/s of flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, electric power generation (active and reactive power) is usually transmitted over long distances to consumers. The losses of power in transmission lines are always present due to the impedance of lines. The correction of the power factor (pf) has become a necessity to regulate both the flowing of reactive power and voltage levels of the electric power system. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) are modern controller instruments, used to improve work performance and reduce losses in the network. In this paper, the use of a shunt static VAR Compensator (SVC) was studied to improve the power flow, which means the improvement of the power factor of the grid lines. A MATLAB model was simulated to calculate the amount of capacitive or inductive reactive power that is required for compensating. Also, the correction has been taken under various loads and different locations of the SVC along the AC line. The obtained results of compensation methods were analyzed and showed a high correction for power factor by a percentage of ninety-eight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new improvements in low force gadgets and remote framework has prompted a solid interest in the field of energy harvesting which is most important concepts in power electronics, most reliable and energy efficient method. Energy Harvesting is the cycle where energy is put away from different fuel sources and changed over into usable electric power. In this paper, a cantilever beam is modeled which comprises of two piezoelectric layers. The modeling and simulation of the cantilever has been performed with the help of COMSOL Multiphysics software. In the investigations, the yield power as a capacity vibration recurrence, having fixed electrical load is assessed as a component of recurrence, load impedance and acceleration operating at a resonant frequency 70.5Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical energy has become a basic need of modern society, but the provision of electrical energy is still not able to meet the needs of the community. Many potential energy sources can be converted into electrical energy. One of the potential energy sources is the flow of water that can be used for micro-hydro power plants in remote areas. This paper describes the results of research on micro hydro power plants using Archimedes screw turbines. The aim of the research was to study the effect of variations of the turbine gearbox and generator on the characteristics and performance of the Archimedes screw turbine micro hydro generator. The novelty and uniqueness of the research is that the turbine and generator are analyzed as a single system. As a single combined turbine and generator system, there will be two kinds of system characteristics, namely mechanical characteristics and electrical characteristics. There were five variations of the gearbox ratio used in the study, namely 1, 1.4, 1.56, 2.33 and 2.56. The water discharge used to drive the turbine was 2.64 l/m and the elevation angle of the turbine slope was 30°. In the 2.56 gear ratio variation, the highest rpm, voltage, current and electric power were obtained. While the largest average torque was obtained at gear ratio 1. From the results of the study obtained a relationship that the greater the gearbox ratio, the rpm, voltage, current and electric power increase, otherwise the torque produced decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emphases current sharing in Luo converters which are linked in parallel manner with solar input. The photovoltaic system supplies electric power which depends on the solar radiation and temperature. The suggested scheme comprises of dual parts, the first part is PV system followed by converters joined in a parallel manner at output to produce more current. For segmenting the current at output equally between two converters, the control structure has two control loops, a current loop and a voltage loop. P, PI and PID Controllers are designed for current and voltage loops and compared through MATLAB based simulation and PI is found to be satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building fires have become a major growing concern over time. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is commonly used for cooking and heating, which is considered a fast flammable gas. The most important damage to LPG lies in its large quantities of leakage inside halls and closed rooms in particular. Gas fires are rapid and spread into very large areas. In this paper, early detection of the LPG leakage is addressed by relying on the technology of the internet of things (IoT). MQ-2 is used to detect gas emissions with a Node-MCU micro-controller supported by Wi-Fi service. The project is characterized by the proposal to turn off the main electrical current supply of the building, aeration of the work-site and it is sending a warning message to the owner via the IoT server. Free server approved to monitor gas leakage cases, where other preventive procedures are taken automatically. The results showed a good response from the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers characteristic signs of electromagnetic processes at loss of control of rectifier-inverter converter arms used in AC locomotives with collector motors. Evaluation of the power converter serviceability is based on the analysis of energy indicators of the processes and values of harmonic components of the rectified voltage. To study the electromagnetic processes in the power circuit of electric locomotives, a method based on the calculation of transients using the Duhamel integral was used. An analysis of the effect of the phase angle of voltage control on the degree of energy output into the chain of traction motors is conducted. The boundary relations of odd harmonic components of voltage, which allow to fix the fact of thyristor arm control pulses skipping, are determined. Calculated values of ratios of certain harmonics of rectified voltage, allowing to identify the particular arm, which did not open according to the normal control algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission towers are vital channels for distributing high-voltage electrical power from power plants to substations. This infrastructure is the backbone of a productive modern society. However, a number of these towers may fail due to earthquakes. This failure may disrupt the electrical network, yield a substantial amount of replacement cost, and, more importantly, interrupt recovery efforts and business operations. This paper presents attempts to analyze the seismic risk of the transmission tower by developing its fragility curve. Fragility is defined as the probability of damage exceeding a certain level, given an extensive range of seismic intensity. A finite element computational model was analyzed under a nonlinear static procedure (pushover) to obtain a nonlinear response, specifically a capacity curve. Then the fragility analysis was performed by determining certain damage states in the capacity curve. The inter-segment drift ratio (ISDR) was employed for the damage states. The result is expressed as a fragility curve that provides fundamental and rational insights into the mechanical and probabilistic performance of transmission towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the most important energy resources used for human comfort. Its generation is very expensive, so it must be carefully managed. Energy management is a key to well-used electrical grid, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, which face significant challenges such as frequent outages. The grid's main feature is good management with integration of renewable energies. Photovoltaic (PV) energy systems are widely used in variety of applications. It provides an alternative solution for energy self-sufficiency, and it is also possible to share the surplus with the grid. However, the PV system is temperature and solar radiation dependent, which is regarded as a disadvantage due to weather changes. At demand response (DR), the energy produced by the PV system may have a surplus or a shortfall of electric power resulting in either loss or no energy use or service interruptions. This problem of intermittency is overcome by hybridization. Thus, if the primary source is unable to meet the entire DR, the secondary source will take over the re-possibility of supporting. In this paper, a PV-Battery-Grid system is designed, tested and modelled by MATLAB program to integrate solar energy, bank of batteries, loads and grid. The proposed system pro-vides and manages generated energy by sharing it to loads and grid. Furthermore, the total harmonics distortion values of output inverter current, ac load current, and grid current were 2.16%, 0.18%, and 0.89% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to have a reliable and efficient system for detecting and classifying multiple faults in the electrical power system in order to ensure continuity of power supply and reduce losses and consumer complaints. The paper presents an approach that uses current and voltage measurement method and MATLAB programming to detect and classify multiple faults in transmission lines or BusBar. The results of the study showed that the current and voltage measurement method is successful in detecting and classifying multiple faults. This approach can be useful in improving the reliability of power systems and ensuring continuity of power supply. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of the approach may depend on the specific characteristics of the power system being analyzed. Therefore, further testing and validation may be necessary before implementing this approach in real-world power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerning the broadband internet access, the 5th generation technology provides the customers of electronic communication services with an excellent media content exchange, very useful applications, new services, that can be needed by any customer. The main requirement to 5G technology is to supply the customer with all desired services (internet access, TV, telephony etc.) despite the time and location. Every Operator of Electronic Communication Network must have and install telecommunication networks with excellent quality, because of the fact that the broadband 5G requires very fast connections that can provide transfer of every content and services to the customers. The 5th generation technology ensure much faster access to the net services, very reliable and very effective data exchange compared to the older stages of the same technology. This paper presents some measurements and evaluation of the parameters of the base station for transmitting 5G signals in the network of Makedonski telekom AD Skopje at one location in the center of the city Skopje with analysis of the results, and the electricity supply with solution of photo voltaic electrical power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active Filtering concept is playing a vital role in the electrical power system to balance harmonics and reactive power in transmission and distribution systems. These filters are utilizing various configurations, different control strategies, different types of components along with economic and technical considerations. To control the operation of active filters, various control strategies are adopted among which pq theory, dq theory, pwm techniques, hysteresis band control etc., are used. In this paper, how the power quality enhancement is achieved by reducing harmonics has been discussed. By using PQ-based current reference generator, shunt active power filter operation is analyzed by simulation circuit using MATLAB software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study outlines a methodological approach to assessing the impact of greenhouse gas emission limits on the innovative development of TPPs. The proposed methodological approach is based on a dynamic optimization territory-specific (with a breakdown into aggregated regions) production model of the country's energy sector. The authors present a list of the tasks that are solved in the electric power and heating module of the energy sector model. The paper also describes the results of the assessment of the impact of limits on CO2 emissions from thermal power plants in Russia on their innovative development in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]