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The article discusses the papers of labour journalist Henry Boote which are held in the Australian National Library and the Mitchell Library of New South Wales. A selection of newspaper clippings, photographs, and letters are discussed. It notes that some of the letters touch on political issues including conscription as well as personal correspondence. Drafts of speeches on security, socialism, and war are also discussed. The article includes biographical information concerning Boote's career as a journalist.

The article presents the second part of an exploration into the legal history of the Australian colonies before 1900 regarding evidence of political interest in labor organization and legal protection. In this segment focus is given to the laws of New South Wales. Multiple lists of citations and primary sources are given, including immigration data, formal censuses from 1856 to 1894, and publications of annual statistics concerning railway, public services, and working class conditions. Additional surveys of specific legislative acts are also given.

Analyzes the overseas investment situation in Australian economy. Role of capital inflow in the economy; Relationship of capital inflow with the domestic monetary management; Correlation of capital inflow with the exchange rate.

Presents ways of improving the allocation of land between speculators and users in Australia. Influence of land speculation on the operation of the land market; Efficiency using land resources; Consideration of capital gains as taxable income.

The article presents news briefs concerning the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. The report of the fourth general meeting of the society, a response by E. W. Peters, president of the Victorian Branch of the Australian Labour Party, to the article "Australian Labour and Foreign Policy," by E. Andrews in an issue of the journal "Labour History," and the preservation of the personal papers of Australian labour figure Doctor H. I. Jensen are discussed.

This paper estimates the incidence of total Australian taxation in 1966-67, the incidence of taxation at the Federal, State and local government levels and of some individual direct and indirect taxes. It constitutes the first of a series of studies concerned with the problems of estimating the incidence of taxes and of government expenditures. The aim of the present paper is to provide estimates of Australian tax incidence together with a brief discussion of the nature and reasonableness of the incidence assumptions necessarily adopted in a study of this nature. Consideration of the more fundamental theoretical incidence problems and the formulation of a tax model for tax incidence will be presented in a later paper. There are five sections. The first deals with the data sources and their limitations. The second outlines the methodology decisions made. This is followed by a discussion of the incidence assumptions adopted and a description of the techniques by which each type of tax was allocated to household income classes. In the fourth section the results are presented, and the final section consists of a brief discussion of some policy implications arising from the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the concept of the ‘age-profile’, which represents the proportions of cohort populations surviving from birth to a given year. Life tables for Australia and three-dimensional diagrams based on these data are used to illustrate the difference between the ‘age-profile’ values for a given year and the transverse survival values for the same year. The last part of the paper describes areas in which the ‘age-profile’ might be used with reference to its value in representing the experience of cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents abstracts of articles on economics published in the January-March 1965 issue of The Indian Economic Journal. In the paper An Activity Analysis Approach to Measure Productive Efficiency in Agriculture: A Case Study of Ahmednagar and Nasik Districts, by K. R. Bharadwaj and R. Bharadwaj, the authors have made an attempt to employ the activity analysis technique to measure productive efficiency of agriculture in India. This technique enables the authors to handle more efficiently multiple inputs without varying the usual index number problems. The approach requires only the more general convexity condition on the production set and the non-positivity of the slope of the isoquant. In the first two sections the methodological issues and the empirical procedure have been discussed. In the final section the results of an empirical enquiry using the farm management data pertaining to the Ahmednagar and Nasik districts have been presented. Furthermore, the article Central Banking in Developing Countries: Some Lessons of Australian Experience, by H. W. Arndt considers each of the major central banking functions such as foreign exchange policy, control of money supply, selective control of credit and development of capital market in order to show how they have come to be exercised by Australia's Central Bank, what problems have arisen and what lessons the Australian experience may hold for central banking in the developing countries. Moreover, the purpose of the paper Production Function for Indian Steel Industry, by A. K. Sarkar is to study the functional relationship of output in the Indian steel industry with that of different inputs. The modified Cobb-Douglas type regression equation has been fitted to the time-series data by the method of least squares in the multiple regression equation with a linear relationship.

This paper makes use of a half-yearly series for planned and actual new capital expenditures in the Australian manufacturing sector to examine two investment relationships. Section I of the paper tests a modified form of the acceleration principle in which unfulfilled investment plans of the previous period enter as an explanatory variable. Section II examines reasons for the non-fulfilment of plans, introducing a new hypothesis involving capacity constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The balance of payments in an open economy plays an important role in determining changes in the stock of domestic money. International reserve inflows, for example, will increase the domestic stock of money if they are added directly to the money balances of residents, or if they are exchanged for domestic currency at the central bank. In Australia, reserve flows are an important factor, and occasionally a dominant one, in determining changes in the domestic stock of money. This observation raises the question, what are the major determinants of Australian reserve flows and what role, if any, do policy actions play in affecting reserve flows? In this paper the latter, and simpler, approach is taken. Reserve flows are related to factors determining growth in demand for money, and to policy and other domestically determined factors that contribute to growth in the stock of money. This money-market approach to the balance of payments is a slightly modified version of a model developed by H. G. Johnson (1972). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a discussion on immigration into Australia after the Second World War. Between 1947 and 1956, over one million immigrants arrived in Australia. This represents an average annual increase of about 1.1 per cent in the total population of the continent. With the exception of Israel, the rate at which these immigrants poured in was the highest of any country. Sustained immigration, plus the equally fast natural growth of about 1.3 per cent annually, should result in a total population of 10 million in about 1960. In 1946, similar to Great Britain's White Paper on full employment, the Commonwealth government of Australia issued its White Paper on Employment. This paper established high and stable employment as the principal objective of economic policy. The original immigration policy has hardly at all been considered in relation to the full employment goal of the Welfare State. In fact, economic motivation became prominent only after humanitarian and national defense reasons of the early post-war Operation Welcome more or less ran out.

The simplest measure of the mortality experienced by children during the first year of life, for any one calendar year, is obtained by calculating the ratio of the number of infantile deaths in that calendar year to the number of births in the same calendar year. This ratio is called a crude death rate and is published annually for Australia by the Commonwealth Statistician index of infantile mortality. An alternative method for calculation of this index has been put forward by V. G. Valaoras in a paper in Population Studies, December 1950. Dr Valaoras properly points out that the simple method described above is defective, mainly because it fails to refer the infant deaths to the appropriate group of births from which the deaths arose. The first defect is not important when births are being maintained at a fairly constant level. It is, in such circumstances, not unreasonable to assume that births are evenly distributed throughout each calendar year. Recently, however, birth rates have been subject to severe variations and the distribution of births during each calendar year has been very uneven.

The article discusses various papers related to cases of animal and human dermatomycoses in Australia. It says that first recorded paper was appeared 1891with Finch Noyes discussing his experiments of cultivating trichophyton fungus. Moreover, a review of Australian literature published in 1961 reported animal dermatomycoses from isolating Trichophyton equinum from horses and the first survey on mycological research was published in 1956 with awakening interests in animal and human mycology.

The article focuses on an ecological study regarding the coastal zonation of Southern Australian coasts in relation to a generalized scheme of classification put forward by ecologist T. A. Stephenson. It mentions that the generalized scheme is not satisfactorily applicable to Southern Australian coasts and a modified scheme is being proposed. It states that the new scheme is an integration of terms and zones which appear most applicable to Australian conditions. It informs that the general applicability of the new scheme of intertidal zonation to coasts other than Southern Australia must be critically examined on the basis of their topography and habitat conditions.

The article presents abstracts of several research papers related to economic history and development and national economics. The first research paper "The Late Victorian Economy," by W. Ashworth, seeks fresh grounds of discussion on the basis of agreement about the contrast in growth rates between the mid-nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries in Great Britain. The second article "Australian Economic Developments," by H.P. Brown, states that final use of Australian economic resources has moved strongly towards fixed capital formation, defense and education in the four years from the top of the last boom to the present full capacity level. The third paper "Investment in the Public Sector of South Africa," by G.W.G. Browne, analyses investment in the public sector in relation to economic growth in South Africa. The fourth paper "Investment and the Balance of Payments of South Africa," by J.C. du Plessis, examines the limiting effects of the balance of payments on the cyclical expansion and economic growth of South Africa for the years 1956 to 1964, and analyses the import content of fixed investment over this period.

This article presents abstracts of several papers about economics published in the March 1965 issue of the journal Economic Record. In the article Synthetic Fibres and Australia's Economic Future, M. Polasek summarizes the main results of an extensive statistical inquiry into technological displacement of virgin wool by non-cellulosic man-man fibres during the last decade. While the objective of the paper Price Determination in Models of the Inflationary Process is to see which of the four views about the determination of commodity prices is the most appropriate for the Australian economy.

The article focuses on the accounting education in Australia. Upto the year 1954, only the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, had a well established curriculum of accountancy. A full-time student normally takes four subjects a year. The honors course is a four-year one in which the compulsory subjects are covered in the first two years, after which the student enters the final division, comprising special honors lectures and seminars, with examination at the end of the fourth year of his studies. During this last year he is also required to submit a thesis on a subject within a specialized field of his own choice. The first of these courses is regarded as an introduction to accounting method, with students required to maintain a small set of double-entry records. It covers the theory of accounting and interpretation of transactions, ledger, journal and its subdivisions, trial balance, control accounts and subsidiary ledgers, preparation of reports, balance day adjustments, unsystematized records, non-trading enterprises, partnerships, joint stock companies, closing accounts of vendor, funds statement, departmental accounts, branch accounts, consignments, joint ventures, columnar accounting, analyzed journals and auditing.

This paper presents some revisions to estimates made initially by Wilson and more recently revised by Butlin of the balance of payments and capital imports for the period of the First World War and five subsequent years. The acceptance of the existing residual estimate of net private capital inflow for the post First World War period 1919-20 to 1923-24, based on the Wilson-Butlin balance of payments statistics, would immediately raise a paradox, for it suggests that negligible foreign investment took place in Australia during a boom period of rapid industrial development and at a time when British and American investors were once again looking for profitable investment opportunities. This paradox can be resolved only if it is realized that the impression of negligible private capital inflow in the post-war period is a statistical illusion due to the failure of the previously available estimates to take into account the fact that payments for Australia's major exported commodities were made a number of years prior to their ultimate shipment overseas. The revised estimates suggest that private foreign investment in Australia during the nineteen twenties is more important than has previously been thought—the new estimate of its magnitude being fifty percent higher than the previous estimate. Sections II and III respectively place wool and wheat exports for the period, on a "payments basis" rather than the existing "shipments basis". Payments for many millions of pounds worth of these two commodities were made a number of years prior to actual shipment. Export data in the Overseas Trade Bulletins are based on the time of shipment rather than the time of payments for exports. For most purposes, including analysis of the balance of payments, capital imports, the banking system and the level of economic activity within Australia, the actual value at the time of payment rather than the "declared value" of an export commodity at the time of shipment is the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about the biological control of Chondrilla juncea is presented. It presents the results of the detailed ecological study being made on C. juncea and the organisms attacking it in Mediterranean Europe, as a prelude to biological control introductions into Australia. Using a line transect method at the dense Chondrilla sites between Barcelona, Spain and Nice, France, observations have shown that the plant populations decline to a greater or lesser extent according to conditions.

Apparent learning disability, as measured by European/American tests and exam/nations, may, in fact, represent a false positive and an artifact of the testing, when the subjects are members of an ethnic culture in which traditions of skills and knowledge do not match those of the culture of those who devised the test. For an authentic estimate of abilities, one must have tests that fit the cultural traditions of the subjects being tested. This principle is extremely relevant to the testing of members of minority cultures in the United States, as well as of Aboriginal Australians who provided the raw data for this paper. In nonminority cultures, the same principle may also be relevant to the testing of a child with a learning disability; for a learning disability may, unsuspectedly, be the specific response of a particular child to his family's inchoate, covert, and paradoxical tradition, directive, or taboo against a specific facet of learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this paper is to examine some issues relating to foreign exchange market arrangements and policies which may be significant for the future of trade and other economic relations between Australia and Japan. The issues, for the most part, are not of crucial importance. But some of them have been the subject of rather ill-informed discussion, while others have hardly been considered at all. Such an examination may therefore be informative for both Australians and Japanese concerned with the bilateral economic relationship. The paper will concentrate on the Australian side, but it is hoped that it will stimulate the preparation of a Japanese counterpart, if such is not already on the way. The paper will deal with five main aspects: 1. Foreign exchange market arrangements. 2. Foreign exchange controls. 3. Forward exchange facilities. 4. Transaction currency. 5. International reserves. We will not discuss questions of exchange rate policy which would demand a paper to themselves. We shall merely assume that exchange rates will vary a good deal more frequently than they did before 1971 and that greater uncertainty about exchange rates will be a fact of life from now on. Nor shall we discuss the pros and cons of the new Australian policies on foreign (including Japanese) investment in Australia, though something will need to be said about the nature and consequences of the new system of exchange controls on capital inflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests for certain benefits of foreign direct investment in the manufacturing sectors of two leading host countries---Canada and Australia. A quest for evidence on the effects of the multinational corporation needs little defense at a time when host and source countries alike incline towards restricting its activities. Economic theory tells us that intramarginal[2] gains from foreign investment take diverse forms. An evident and tangible gain to the host government stems from the corporate income tax collected from subsidiaries (net of the incremental cost of public services supplied to them). Other benefits, conjectural and elusive but possibly large, lie in the effects of direct investment on the value productivity of resources owned by the host economy (Macdougall, 1960; Corden, 1967; Caves, 1971). The host nation's private sector does not benefit directly because the foreign subsidiary is efficient, or brings to its shores skilled entrepreneurship or productive knowledge. Rather its gains depend on spill-overs of productivity that occur when the multinational corporation cannot capture all quasi-rents due to its productive activities, or to the removal of distortions by the subsidiary's competitive pressure. These potential benefits can be divided into three classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the size distribution of income of Australian families and to evaluate the inequality measures of the distribution. In addition to the estimation of the degree of inequality from the full sample, the families are subdivided into homogeneous groups on the basis of certain socio-demographic characteristics and the distribution of income within each sub-group is examined. As income does not always represent the actual economic position of the family, it is sometimes replaced or supplemented by the total family expenditure. Again, as families differ in size and composition, inter-family comparison of income is difficult. In order to obtain an idea of the relative economic position of a family, the family income distribution is transformed by deflating the incomes for the differences of family composition, and the inequality measures are then computed. The scope and limitations of the study are discussed in the first section of the paper. Some of the shortcomings of the data are also discussed in the same section. In the second section different inequality measures arc examined for their comparative efficiency. The results are presented and considered in the third section. In the final section an international comparison of the inequality of income distribution is attempted and a few concluding remarks are then made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A perusal of the contents of this paper will undoubtedly show up the virtues and shortcomings of this approach. Those searching for ideas for particular reforms of particular taxes will be sorely disappointed. What this paper suggests is that a look across the whole board of taxation at all levels of government is required; that such a survey will disclose unnecessary taxes which have outlived their usefulness and which can therefore be scrapped; and that only in a general reorganization of the taxation structure can a real solution to the problem of financial independence for the various levels of government be found. This generality of the paper precludes a great deal of immediate practical use, but it is hoped that by concentrating on principles some worthwhile purpose may be served. The Australian tax structure can be discussed in various ways. It can be looked at from the point of view of the taxing body and the level of government with which it is associated--that is, Federal, State and local government taxation--or it can be looked at and classified according to the tax base on which it is levied, that is, whether it is tax on income, a tax on property, or a tax on the outlays of individuals or enterprises. Both approaches are useful, highlighting as they do different features of the taxation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first purpose of the present paper is to examine empirically the importance of intra-industry trade under the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) used by the majority of countries today. In Part II, we examine first Australia's trade, analyzing the magnitude of intra-industry trade as a function of different levels of aggregation from 7-digit to 1-digit SITC classes, and consider whether intra-industry trade is a real phenomenon or an accident of statistical aggregation. Second, we measure the magnitude of intra-industry trade for the major industrial countries of the OECD at the most widely-used 3-digit level of aggregation. The second major objective of this paper is to present some evidence on the causes of the phenomenon of intra-industry trade. This evidence is useful for choosing the level of aggregation for empirical studies and for assessing the significance of intra-industry trade. The phenomenon of intra-industry trade calls for a re-examination of the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin models of international trade. In one way the phenomenon resembles the Leontief paradox, which gave new directions to empirical and theoretical work in international economics without, however, changing the validity of the basic principles of comparative advantage as derived in the Heckscher-Ohlin model. In other papers we have indicated how product differentiation by style, model, and quality can give rise to intra-industry trade [4], [5], [6], but unfortunately the series needed to test these hypotheses are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]