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Elaborates on the factors affecting the process of publishing a research paper. Quality and importance of the data, analysis, implications and writing; Marketing; Costs of publishing.

The article presents abstracts of geographical research papers. In the research paper "A Geographical Study of Nova Scotia," researcher R.H. Whitebeek discusses the geographic conditions of Nova Scotia. Lying nearer Europe and possessing many excellent harbors and peopled by immigrants from the best European stocks, the province of Nova Scotia in Canada has now, after 300 years, fewer people than the city of Boston, Massachusetts. Its total manufacturing output is less than that of single companies in New England, and the province has shared but slightly in Canada's economic growth.

The article presents comments of the author on the article, "Regional Differences in the World Atmospheric Circulation," by John R. Borchert, published recently in a issue of "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." Nonetheless there is considerable question concerning the significance of the five maps that are the core of Borcherts presentation. These remarks are directed to a brief consideration of the significance and interpretation of his maps. It is only proper to think that in the body and foothotes of his paper professor Borchert indicated some of the limitations of his study, that the scale of the maps did not permit the delineation of zones and regions in detail.

The article presents titles and abstracts of various research articles, related to geography. "A Canoe Journey in Southeastern Labrador," by Henry G. Bryant is about Labrador, which with its large unexplored areas and comparative accessibility, presents an attractive field for the pioneer explorer. The Atlantic seaboard is desolate owing to climatic conditions produced by the Labrador current. In addition to that, the article presents information on various other abstracts related to geography.

Copyright of International Journal of Production Research is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the various studies conducted on arms control in the U.S. Study of the available literature gains a general impression that the problem is very difficult. This applies particularly to the physical methods of inspection. To get a fair estimate of the difficulties of physical inspection, an individual must read the papers of the proponents of nonphysical inspection. However, there are two points in studying nonphysical inspection which contains hidden assumptions. The first assumption is that there is no real temptation to conceal armaments while the second is a probability of detection that would deter nations from violations of the disarmament agreements.

The article presents information on the experimental measurement of a social hierarchy in Gallus Domesticus. The experiment is related to the identification and inferential measurement of social reflexes by the means of social discrimination. The first paper in this preliminary series of experiments narrates the general story of the method of attack on the time and space measurement of social phenomena. The article also presents a brief abstract of the findings of that paper. In the experiment, six young roosters were arranged in a hierarchy of dominance, the order being determined by the number of individuals in the group that each rooster is able to defeat in physical combat. This was followed by the application of the simple measurements of time and space. It was pointed out that this method of measurement and analysis was initiated as a result of reflecting on the discussion of conditions in the social sciences by other psychologists. Social discrimination in Gallus domesticus is identified as it is measured in the social discrimination cage. When the discriminations are plotted against mass, there is no indication that the discriminations are any more than chance.

Wilson A. G. (1969) Research for regional planning, Reg. Studies 3, 3–14. Research helps us to understand patterns and processes associated with cities and regions, and includes research into the planning process itself. Thus, this paper concerns itself with the analysis of cities and regions on the one hand, and the process of planning on the other. It is argued that greater analytic capability can only be obtained by an extensive programme of research in many disciplines, and especially in multi-disciplinary teams. The present state of the art is described by reference to available models of city-regional systems. In the process it is shown that a number of concepts, such as those of systems analysis, which facilitate model development, cut across disciplinary boundaries. The planning process itself is concerned with policy and design and particular attention is paid in the paper to the combinatorial problems facing the designer. It is emphasized that the “gap” between researchers and planners will narrow as the increasing analytical capability and studies of the theory of design on the research side are focused on important planning problems, and as the new skills developing within the planning profession become more extensive. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents a reply to the commentary of John W. Pawling regarding the author's paper "Early Perception of a High Plain in Michigan." Summary of the main points of the paper; Examination of the reviewer's comments; Contentions on Pawling's claims.

The article presents information on the papers that were submitted by researchers Earney and Mason on iron ore pellets published by the "Annals," in September 1969. Both papers contain some questionable statements and data. The paper by Mason contains a number of factual errors, and the statistical data used for analysis are inaccurate and, in some cases, practically meaningless. Some of the points that were noticed in the papers are presented in the article. The modest increase from fourteen to seventeen million tons between 1955 and 1960 was dramatically outstripped by pellet production in 1965 as output more than doubled from seventeen to thirty-eight million tons. These figures apparently are not from any publication of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, contrary to the implication given by Mason.

Presents a paper on war-time research related to speech training. Efforts to increase the effectiveness of interphone and radio communication concerned with aircraft; Advantages of applying experimental methods to training programs; Treatment of intelligibility and aesthetics of voice; Guidance given by the organization of National Defense Research Committee projects to the program.

The article presents a discussion about developmental and operational functions of the international agency. It offers several pages from the six working papers prepared by the Control Committee of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. It gives the detailed elaboration of a control plan. However, the Russian representatives assumed the role of interested observers rather than partners in the work. The papers are the product of collective thinking in which the Russians have participated unwillingly and without attempting to influence specific conclusions.

Presents several research papers submitted to the Research Committee of the National Association for 'The Quarterly Journal of Speech Education,' as of February 1924. Outline of 'Studies of the Appeal in Representative Public Addresses of Various Ages and Civilizations,' by W. Arthur Cable; Objective of the paper 'Objective Values of Speech Sounds,' by Clarence Simon; Papers submitted on the topic of dramatics.

Considerable attention has been given recently to the perplexing problem of the relationship between attitudes and behavior (Ehrlich, 1969; Deutscher, 1969; Warner and DeFleur, 1969; Ajzen et al., 1970; Lastrucci, 1970; Tarter, 1970). Methodological issues have been debated, the lack of congruence between attitudes and behavior has been examined, and a variety of solutions have been offered. We are told, for example, that the continuing poor correlation between measured attitudes and overt behavior requires us to search for the intervening variable or variables which apparently obtain (Ehrlich, 1969); or to employ the "direct observation" of the phenomenon under investigation rather than try to extrapolate from paper-and-pencil tests to behavior (Deutscher, 1969); or to develop theories that, in turn, enable us to find indicators that are more valid than the paper-and-pencil type (Lastrueci, 1970); or to simply admit that attitudes as "presently conceptualized play no real role in behavior" (Tarter, 1970). A number of important aspects of attitude research, however, have been obscured or omitted in these discussions. For the surprising aspect of the situation is not, as has often been implied, the lack of congruence between attitudes and behavior, but the persistent use of research designs that are inappropriate for the complexity of the subject under investigation. Further, it is surprising that researchers have failed to draw out other important implications of their research. That is, the fact that an attitude does not lead directly to a behavior does not justify the assertion that attitudes play no role in behavior, or that attitude research lacks significant implications for social life. The basis for this latter statement will be shown below in a discussion of the values of attitude research. It may be that inadequate research designs, valued for their simplicity rather than their appropriateness, are a manifestation of the "publish or perish" syndrome. In any ease, this paper attempts to outline the problems and the values of attitude research, and to demonstrate thereby that such research is of great significance for the understanding of social phenomena. If that significance seems minimized by those studies that have found poor correlation between attitudes and behavior, the fault lies both in the failure to create research designs that reflect the complexity of the problem and in the tendency to exalt the importance of the proximate causes of overt behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent publication of a seminal paper analyzing variation in upward and downward mobility rates should alert social scientists to the possibilities for quantitative research in this intricate field. Like most trail-blazing papers, the analysis is subject to evaluation and a critical analysis at this point may stimulate further profitable research. The comments on the cover five problems. Although it is said that the upward and downward mobility rates used in the paper now under discussion classify farmers as manual workers, this rule is not easily followed. The top panel groups those nations in which the original data, reported farm sons and fathers separately from urban workers. Four studies did not separate farm from urban workers, but placed farmers in a low prestige category. It was decided to use all available nations by including farmers and grouping them with non farm workers. However it is difficult to use the same data and compute mobility rates identical to those obtained especially broken out in the original data. The efforts to reconstruct the identical data resulted in six different upward and six different downward rates.

On January 7, 1952, one of America's leading geographers, W.L.G. Joerg and chief archivist of the Cartographic Records Branch of the National Archives at Washington D.C., died suddenly of cerebral hemorrhage at the age of sixty-six. Until the day before his death lie retained his customary mental and physical vigor and during the week was busily engaged in research and in making plans for summer field work in one of his favorite regions, the northeastern Appalachian Uplands. In addition to that, the article presents information on various other developments of his life.

The article presents a discussion on the different aspects of insect research. It cites the establishment of the International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), a center of research in tropical insect biology, in Nairobi, Kenya which one main goal is the development of fundamental knowledge aimed in the structural analysis and synthesis of insect hormones, anti-hormones, and pheromones. It also cites the chemical and biological methods in insect control. It also cites the studies conducted for the genetical engineering of mosquitoes.

The article presents a reply to David I. Blumenstock for his comments on the author's article, "Regional Differences in the World Atmospheric Circulation," which was published in the March 1953, issue of "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." According to him Blumenstock's remarks correctly note some of the weak points of the paper. They deserve attention and discussion. For example, some of the percentage figures which are indicative rather than conclusive, were obtained through counting the air mass frequencies as shown on the Northern Hemisphere Surface Maps issued by the U.S. Weather Bureau for the years 1919, 20, 21, 24, 25, 35. 36, 37, 38, and 1939.

Examines the speaking practices, oratory methods and rhetorical philosophy of American legislator, politician and Senator from Idaho, William E. Borah, with particular focus on his basic ideas for preparing for a public speaking. Borah's emphasis on the speaker's complete mastery of the subject. Preparations undertaken by Borah for his debate on the League of Nations between 1918 to 1920. Borah's methodical approach to gathering materials and conducting research. Borah's efforts towards crystallizing his ideas. Borah's view that speakers should be guided by the occasion and the audience instead of a script. Borah's use of an outline as preparatory to a speech.

This paper proposes an approach to data analysis that assists the investigator in discriminating among specific relations corresponding to alternative scientific predictions about qualitative variates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A description is given of a quick and simple technique for checking, by means of the usual χ² and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, the goodness of fit of Weibull's distribution to data relating to the fatigue of textile materials tested for abrasion, repeated extension, repeated bending, etc., or subjected to any type of action susceptible of being treated by means of such a distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was designed to reappraise a series of studies that have shown that people differentiate more among persons whom they dislike than they like. The issue raised in this paper is that the results reported in previous research may not necessarily support the hypotheses formulated to account for these results. Such hypotheses (in particular the Miller and Bieri vigilance hypothesis) have traditionally implied a certain type and direction of causality in the data. The present study reveals that perceived complexity can be manipulated by having subjects justify their choice of liked and disliked objects. This finding would seem to require a reinterpretation of previous data, and an alternative hypothesis is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reported experiment is based on a few assumptions. First that people perceive each other in the two dimensions of tower as the ability to satisfy needs, and acceptance defined as the willingness to do so. A new research tool, based on these assumptions, the statogram, has been introduced. The second assumption (tested in other experiments) is that human groups should be divided into Instrumental, Mutual Acceptance, and Vectorial ones according to the objectives of their members. The experimental group reported here was an Instrumental one. Leadership in an Instrumental group has been studied experimentally in the reported experiment. Leadership has been defined as a relationship between two parts of a group in which one part, the leader (s), initiates, stimulates, and sometimes even determines the activities of the other part called follower (s). This study emphasizes the situational factors in leadership. Leadership is a function of the specific situation in a group. Specific hypothesis has been brought forward that in an Instrumental group, leadership is rather a function of power than of acceptance. A group of six subjects was assembled, two of them especially instructed, one of them had to behave like a strong but unfriendly person while the other had to be very friendly and weak. The results of statogram and of observers, mutually highly correlated, did prove what has been anticipated. A series of experiments are being conducted to develop the new research tool applied in this study and to corroborate further and on larger samples the hypothesis proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the thesis of this paper that the theoretical trend within the sociology of science during the past three decades has increasingly embraced an implicit organic model of science and this is an incorrect model of science. It is further hypothesized that a mechanical model is more appropriate, and many of the empirical "facts" which have supported the organic approach are equally valid for the mechanical. This paper presents an argument to support these hypotheses composed of the following parts. First, the organic and mechanical models are described and discussed as a composite of the famous typologies of Durkheim and Toennies. In addition, those aspects of these models which have undergone conceptual transformation since their early formulation will be discussed insofar as they have a bearing upon the application of the models to the scientific community. Second, the theoretical history of the sociology of science will be presented and critically examined to illustrate exactly how components of the organic model entered this history at various times and in various guises. Third, the social characteristics of science will be compared to the organic and mechanical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a reprint of the paper "Vers une nouvelle theorie de la decision?," that was published in the October-December 1969 issue of the periodical "Sociologie du Travail." In this paper, the author discusses the theoretical approaches for the analysis of decision-making processes in organizations. It is rather at the sociological level of policy decisions that the junction will occur between the new theoretical roads opened by neo-rationalist sociologists and empirical research. It is works of this nature that one would now like to examine. One cannot speak, with regard to recent studies, of a new theoretical trend. However, whatever the point of departure of the authors, one cannot fail to observe a series of common preoccupations. Their conception of decision as a subject for research is extremely close to that of the preceding authors, since it too starts from a view of the decision as a temporal process and not as a static choice, and draws particular attention to its collective character. In addition, if it adopts the various phases distinguished by the research on organizational decision, it is with an empirical concern much more pronounced that it studies concretely, especially through a large number of monographs, the processes of developing alternatives and of negotiation among the actors, and the conditions of the final choice.

Identifies reasons for the existence of the problems in attitude research and points up some implications of the problems for attitude research. Views of several researchers on problems in attitude research; Steps that should be taken to eliminate, or at least to reduce the shortcomings of attitude research using paper and pencil.

The article focuses on the paper issued by the U.S. National Science Foundation which deals with the problem on economy and the federal research and development budget. In a kind of "white paper" issued on February 28, 1953, NSF noted that almost two billion dollars, of which some 1.2 billion goes to development is being spent on research and development in United States. According to the foundation, research and development costs can be reduced through basic research which can minimize expensive false starts in development.

Comments on the paper "Early Perception of a High Plain in Michigan," by Bernard C. Peters that was previously published in the 1972 issue of "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." Inappropriateness of the paper's title; Ambiguity of the topic under discussion; Failure of Peters to document the reality of the interior plateau.

Presents the reply of the researchers to the commentary of Wolf Roder on their paper about the settlement of Sosúa, Dominican Republic. Inadequacy of Roder's analysis and reasoning on the situation described in Soú Inaccuracy of the critic's definition of symbiosis; Appreciation of the researchers for the interest of Roder in liberation movement.

The article reports on the research functions of the Atomic Development Authority(ADA). The papers presented by Australia, Britain, U.S., Canada, Poland and France suggest that research concerned with bombs or radioactive poisons should be confined to the laboratories of the ADA. Sir Charles Darwin proposes the construction of two laboratories in North America, two in Western Europe, one in the southern hemisphere, and one in the U.S.S.R. Each laboratory should have a staff of 100 scientists with $10,000 salary.

The article presents information about coexistence of scientists and philosophers in physical education related to research on human movement. The researcher Thomson embraces the scientific and philosophical approaches in understanding the human movement in physical education. He says that scientific research is more focused on getting into a meaningful act. He says meaning and structure could be possible in sport activities where more than one skills are involved. He argues that despite of claiming integration of mind and body in skills and experience, the traditional researchers have divided the major courses in twp parts. The first one is theory and the other one is skills. The article author says that the scientific and philosophic theories don't require the students to perform sporting and dance movements. The author says that students and teacher would not have any on common ground either in the humanities or sciences without the experimental vocabulary and movement skills. The author says that there could be a legitimate arguments against those philosophers who include scientific research in their physical educational theories.

Traditionally, the human factors evaluation of displays is focused on input aspects (e.g. ratio of line width to height, use of colour, visibility, etc.). Acquisition measures (e.g. reaction-time, reading speed, etc.) have typically been chosen as dependent variables. However, many displays of interest (e.g. those for Command and Control) require the observer not only to acquire information but also to manipulate the displayed data and derive a decision that is judicious as well as timely. This paper will summarize a series of studies in which a decision adequacy metric was applied to the evaluation of displays. It will be shown that several of the relationships previously found (using acquisition variables) are either modified or reversed when we focus on the goodness of display based decisions. A programme of research expanding on these studies will also be described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A previous investigation proposed general definitions of some screw thread elements. Further study of one of these elements (the effective diameter equivalent of flank angle errors) has shown that certain ambiguity was left unexplained. This paper gives clarification and the choice already made is justified.
The new method for the determination of the effective diameter equivalent of flank angle errors for triangular parallel screw threads has been generalized to the complex case of taper screw threads.
When the results obtained are applied to some standard threads, certain appreciable divergences are noticed.
It is expected that the results of this study will lead to more rational use of the effective diameter tolerances and may be exploited towards more accurate procedure of measurement of taper threaded elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is somewhat different from most of those appearing in this journal. Usually the papers printed here describe the result of an investigation into some aspect of production engineering, or at the least they describe work in progress. The present article will do neither of these things, but is intended to introduce some of the problems which would repay scientific study in one particular industry. The problems discussed and the manner of describing them are purely personal and, hence, I shall be writing in the first person singular and not in the third person normally adopted by scientists writing reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on a research paper about the settlement at Sosúa, Dominican Republic by Richard Symanski and Nancy Burley that describes a phenomena which has led to major violent crises in the world. Inappropriateness of the authors' adoption of the viewpoint of the settler minority and description of an exploitative situation as one of symbiosis; Failure of the authors to place their case study in a broader context of hypotheses; Exhibition of ethnocentric blinders in the paper.

One of the major gaps in research in TST measured self-conception is data relevant to the assumption that self-conception is a stable structure of meanings attached to self. This paper indicates the inconsistency between current theoretical and empirical orientations in the area of self-conception and outlines three basic models of the processual characteristics of self-conception found in the literature. Using a ten wave panel design in which self-conception is measured repeatedly throughout the subjects' daily interactional routines, specific hypotheses derived from the models are tested. Results suggest which model is most appropriate for the description of the processual characteristics of various aspects of self-conception and the possible errors involved in the continued use of current self-conception research designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good possibility exists that in the foreseeable future law of the sea negotiations will consider specific treaty arrangements affecting the conduct of scientific research at sea. This paper discusses some general policies relevant for such consideration as well as some particular issues including area, vessel, and object coverage, the nature of rights and obligations, a proposed basic principle of non-interference, definition of research, and access to the various ocean regions subject to varying degrees of coastal authority and those beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents research papers in speech education which are in process or finished as of April 1925. Speech correction and voice science; Speech composition; Reading and dramatics.

Impelled by the slight amount of consideration that has been given to the problem of sex differences in aesthetic preferences, this paper has surveyed data on this subject provided by research projects conducted by the authors, These data consist of systematic comparisons of the preferences of groups of men and women of similar backgrounds for a range of art objects within an art field, as well as the art styles revealed within a medium by statistical analysis. By a further comparison of the preferences of two sets of groups of men and women, the size of differences in preferences by sex has been compared directly to the amount of difference due to other variables such as age, social class, special art training and vocation. These results, though obtained from groups necessarily limited in size and range, combine with the evidence from other studies to permit these conclusions: 1. Men and women do differ significantly in their preferences for art of all types. 2. These differences in preference tend to be small in absolute terms when the total range of an art field is considered, but sex differences are greater in terms of specific styles within a medium of art. 3. These sex differences are generally considerably less than the differences in preference caused by such variation among groups as age, social class, special training and vocation. 4. Even the differences in pfeference due to the latter variables, with the possible exception of special training, are not of as great magnitude as is found in a comparison of the interests and attitudes of similar groups. 5. A study of the specific art objects within art fields which are differentially preferred by men and women supplements our knowledge of the differences between men and women in their individual and social roles and provides the basis for a special approach to the psychology of the aesthetic response. This last conclusion (#5 above) may be expanded into a few generalizations based on the art objects and styles specifically mentioned in this study. The following three examples may be kept in mind as illustrative of the generalizations. From "verbal imagery," men see themselves as an "electric generator," women as "a humming teakettle"; from abstract art, men prefer Leger's Composition, 1919, glorifying the machine in bright color, and women prefer Morris' Mon tank, subdued in tone and possessing an unobstrusive structure; in music men prefer the solemn and resounding Sunken Cathedral and women prefer the rapid and troubled Collines of Anacapri. It may be suggested that in terms of content women tend to prefer the personal rather than the impersonal, the intimate rather than the grand, the sensuous rather than the abstract. Within the area of form in terms of dynamics, women prefer the less powerful, the bounded, and the controlled in the phases of intensity and contrast. In tone and color women tend to prefer the softer, the more modulated, the controlled, rather than the expressive. In degree of tension (variation from the norms of form as in dissonance, deviancy in color harmony, innovation in language style) women prefer the more conventional canons of art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the major results of two questionnaire studies. One employed a dimensional analysis of an attitude and examined the value of the customary trait-list procedure for assessing a group stereotype of an attitude object. The other focused on a possible explanation for the Ss' choice of attributes under the trait-list procedure of the preceding study. In the first research, the attitudes toward Negroes of 65 students at Boston University were examined by means of a trait-list procedure and a variety of opinion-type questions that were designed to assess three conceived dimensions of attitude: C-opinions about characteristics of Negroes; OMP-allegations concerning the Ss' behavior toward Negroes; and SMP-opinions concerning how others should behave toward Negroes. Affect toward Negroes was assessed primarily by one opinion-type question. In the second study, 84 different students selected from the same trait list used in Experiment 1 the 10 attributes that were most important to them in interpersonal relations. They also indicated how they would regard a person who exhibited each of the 10 to a greater, equal, or lesser extent than most people. Then, the Ss gave their general impressions of an unidentified person characterized by eight attributes sometimes associated with Negroes and stated their personal regard for such an individual. Some of the findings were: 1. The conceived dimensions of attitude were markedly interrelated. But strength of feeling about one's opinions varied with the dimensions for the more favorable Ss: C > SMP > OMP. Although the less favorable Ss exhibited a similar ordinal trend of intensity, the differences among the dimensions were not reliable. The more favorable Ss exhibited significantly higher intensities than did the less favorable Ss on the C and SMP dimensions but not on the OMP one. 2. The Ss exhibited wide individual differences in their selections of five traits to characterize Negroes or as putative determiners of their attitudes toward them. Only approximately half of the total group subscribed to the two most popular selections; and much smaller percentages recorded the three, four, or five most frequently chosen ones. Also, the Ss evidenced a distinction between their selections of traits for description and as determiners of their thoughts and feelings about Negroes. Furthermore, attitude toward Negroes was not found to be related to the Ss' selections of traits. These results, as well as the finding that many characteristics not chosen by the Ss were ones on which they considered Negroes to be different from most other people, posed the problem of the basis for the particular selections made. 3. The attributes selected as descriptive of Negroes or as determiners of attitude toward them were rarely chosen as generally important in interpersonal situations; and the converse relationship was also found. 4. Although the characterization of the anonymous person evoked certain aspects of the commonly observed depiction of Negroes, few Ss spontaneously identified the person as a Negro or expressed dislike for him or rejected him from all interpersonal relations with themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review has been presented of methods whereby attitudes can be studied in African communities in various stages of transition from tribal to `Western culture. The techniques of the directed interview, group discussion, TAT, incomplete sentences, and attitudes inventory were discussed. In the measurement of African attitudes the problems of rapport and of validity require particular attention. In addition to the usual validity problem whether verbalised attitudes are consistent with actual behaviour, there is the difficulty, in the case of African informants, of ensuring that the verbalised attitudes reflect their actual beliefs, ideas, and feelings. This is as much a matter of the correct choice of method and its skillful manipulation as of the establishment of proper rapport. Important ingredients of successful rapport are the careful timing of investigations with reference to events of cultural or local political significance; the use of the vernacular; the avoidance of pencil and paper except in the case of well-educated groups; the correct contacts and the employment of carefully selected and trained field-workers, preferably graduates in the social sciences. Validity can be determined in a number of ways, depending on the nature of the investigation and the method employed. Checks on facts implicit in the formation of an attitude; group differences in attitudes related to the particular role and status in society of the members of each group; changes in attitudes consistently related to social circumstances, have all been found useful as validity indicators. In work situations, job attitudes can also be related to assessments of work performance by supervisors, though conflicting role expectations in multi-racial societies may render merit rating criteria suspect. The problem of structuring TAT pictures in such a manner that attitudes relating to specific areas of interest will be evoked was discussed in some detail. Research into the development and functioning of perceptual habits in African cultures is necessary, both as a basis for designing TAT series, and for the interpretation of responses. Details were given of a promising inventory, designed to measure attitudes towards Western customs, ethical and legal concepts, and administration of justice. The inventory presents conversations between Africans who discuss the correct mode of conduct in a variety of situations. Each topic is discussed by five speakers whose reasons for acting or not acting in a particular manner are ranked by the subjects. Statistical treatment yields the relative strength of eight different attitudes in individuals and communities. It was shown that the reliability of the scale is high, .92 for the rank order in which the attitudes were placed, and from .85 to .51 for the internal consistency of six of the eight attitudes. Validity data were also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the problems faced by scientists who contemplate research in prison. According to the author they are beset by a number of special problems, both the homely, practical ones of technique and more formal ones of methodology. The study that this paper presents is based upon experience of researcher both as a working prison psychologist and as a researcher in a prison. The author remarks that the prisoner is beset by overwhelming desires, frustrations, and antagonisms. Compared with him the nonprisoner generally presents a far more neutral psychological field, involving much weaker forces. This is one of the basic reasons which necessitates the development of unique research techniques for the prisoner. The prisoner may simply refuse to comply with the experimenter's request. If forced to do so by autocratic authority his behavior will not be that desired. Many valuable experimental techniques are thus rendered either totally inapplicable or at best more difficult to apply.

Researchers have long been aware that when they become part of the system they are investigating, their own behavior may a.fleet the behavior they wish to study. Little data has been collected on the effect of respondents on the researcher and the consequences of this on tho research process. The problem is described and analyzed in this paper. We contend that respondents who have special qualities may intrude upon the researcher's role and make it difficult for him to collect necessary data. An illustration is presented from the authors' study of stripteasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No research results are any better than the quality of the data. As scientists, survey researchers must share the problems of measuring, understanding, and controlling bias in their data. The potential sources of bias in survey research are many and varied. They may appear at any one or all of the several stages of the data gathering process. For example, they may occur in the selection of the sample, in the development of measuring instruments, in securing the responses of the persons in the sample, in the respondents replies, in the recording of the responses, and in processing the recorded responses. Even beyond the data collection process, bias may occur, as in the misapplication of statistics and in the interpretation of data. Progress has been made toward identifying and controlling sources of bias in some of these stages of the research process. Perhaps most progress has been made in the sampling stage and in the statistical application stage. Much advance has been made also in the reduction of error at the instrumentation stage. However, considerable work remains to be done on the problems of error control, especially biasing error, at all stages of the research between instrumentation and statistical analysis. This includes getting full response from the sample, accurate answers to the questions asked, and accurate recording and processing of responses. The accumulation of bias from these and other possible sources may be referred to as total or aggregate bias. The total bias may then be divided for analytical purposes into the following types: (1) sampling bias, (2) instrumentation bias, (3) non-response bias, (4) respondent bias, (5) interviewer bias, and (6) processing bias. This paper is an effort to deal with the problem of respondent bias in survey research. That respondent bias is a potent force in diminishing the validity and reliability of results from survey research is well recognized. The recognition of this condition has led to an enormous amount of activity aimed at isolating factors which determine this weakness of research results. These studies, by and large, have dealt with the problem of determining the direction of respondent bias, its magnitude, the speearle variables which produce respondent bias, and the effect of such bias on research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to do the following with respect to the symbolic interactionist approach to social psychological phenomena: (1) to add to its relatively meager empirical base; (2) to develop a neglected aspect of the position, namely, the time dimension; and (3) to contribute to both the replication and the extension of the limited systematic research which has used this particular framework to focus on the key concept of self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of questions have been recently raised or re-raised with respect to the status and intended function in sociology of the methodological device known as the "type." Martindale's summary of the historical and contemporary uses to which the typology has been put as well as his formulation of the issues connected with such use permits the economy of moving directly into a specification of the problems considered in this paper, and the proposed solutions. The present effort is directed primarily at providing one solution to the often raised problem of "the relation between the idealization involved in the type and the empirical reality," although less pressing issues are also treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to probe more deeply into the relationship between R and D and industrial growth in Canada. The first part of the paper explores the nature of the simple relationship for several definitions of research intensity and for alternative time periods. The second part of the paper explores the nature of the relationship within a more complete production framework and analyses the interaction of R and D with other efficiency factors. The format of the paper parallels the approach originally adopted by Leonard in the previously cited study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C.S.I.R.O. Division of Textile Physics is engaged in developing apparatus to increase the speed and accuracy of the yield-testing of greasy wool. One objective is to produce an automatic sample washer that will reduce the level of ash contents and alcohol extractables to some low, reproducible range, such as (0.5 ± 0.25%) of the greasy weight. This could lead to simplification of the present residuals-toting procedures. This paper describes the results of ash-content and ethanol-extract determinations on wool washed in experimental models of the new sample washer. It also describes experiments on careful laboratory-scouring of greasy wools and the effect of repeatedly scouring samples in machines. The following are the conclusions of this work. (i) By careful laboratory-scouring and mechanical-opening treatments, the ash content of all the merino and Corriedale wools tested could be reduced to below 0.1%. (ii) Other work, which showed that successive soxhlet treatments with ethanol continued to extract material from wool, has been confirmed. (iii) Successive machine-scouring of wool samples results in the attainment of equilibrium values of ash content and ethanol extractives. Typical values are 0.6% of the fibre weight for ash and 1% for ethanol extractives. (iv) Wool can absorb significant quantities of contaminants from ordinary tap water. (v) Excluding very burry wools, more than 95% of the ash contents and ethanol extracts obtained on a range of wools scoured in experimental models of the new sample washer were in the range (0.5 ± 0.25)% of the greasy weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of scientific work depends on the number of scientific values it brings out and the extent to which allowance is made for each of these values. A perfect paper in social science should, among other things, build on safe data applicable to a representative sample. According to the nature of the research work concerned they have to weigh deliberately the gains obtained in certain respects against the losses incurred in other respects, or at least attempt to proceed as if they have done so. Different research workers easily come to weighing out the elements differently. There may be agreement about the scientific values but not about the weights to be attributed to them in research work. It is easy to acquire a knowledge of scientific values. It is difficult to adapt them. This is, however, a circumstance of which young research students are ignorant. Instead, they revolt at finding that such a large number of investigations turn out to be failures in so many respects. Later on, when they start doing their own investigation, they have to realize that there is a great distance between their aspirations and their results.

This paper is respectfully dedicated to Brian Haywood and André Grenier, of the McGill Sub-Arctic Research Laboratory, who lost their lives on the Korok River in northern Labrador-Ungava while engaged in filed research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]