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This article presents the information on the valorization of waste generated during the production of tissue paper. The possibility of bioconversion of the polysaccharide part of paper sludge into simple sugars has been evaluated. The options for processing the paper sludge before enzymic hydrolysis to achieve the maximum yield of monosaccharides have been considered. Pretreatment with acids has been found to be a key step before the biocatalytic cleavage of waste polysaccharides. An additional yield of enzymic hydrolysis products after pretreatment with acids has been obtained by pre-extraction of the paper sludge with spirit or acetone. It has been established that the most intense enzymic hydrolysis of readily available fractions of the paper sludge takes place in the first 10–12 hours. Further, the process slows down, probably due to the action of the remaining components of the fillers, as well as an increase in the proportion of the difficult-to-hydrolyze polysaccharide part. In all cases, the proportion of absolutely dry non-hydrolyzed residue has been about 43±2 % of the dry matter of the paper sludge. The main products of enzymic hydrolysis have been glucose and xylose. The resulting sugars have been used for mixotrophic cultivation of the Tetradesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris algae. Yeast strains have been selected for the conversion of monosaccharides from the paper sludge. In a series of experiments on non-sterile yeast cultivation, the Candida utilis PAL D and Debaryomyces hansenii SWING R cultures have turned out to be the most productive (within 2.10±0.14 g of air-dry yeast weight/dm3 per 24 hours). The degree of conversion of hydrolysate sugars has been 70±2 %. Most of the remaining sugars (about 80 %) have been represented by xylose. Complete utilization of the sugars has taken place on the 2nd day when having added an extra nitrogen source to the medium. On the other hand, the spent nutrient medium after yeast separation has been suitable for mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae. It has been revealed that the economic costs of pre-treatment of the paper sludge with nitric acid can be leveled by using the resulting salts as a nitrogen source for cultivating yeast. In doing so, the yield of yeast biomass increases by almost 2 times.

The article considers insufficiently studied problem of preservation underwater archaeology paper objects. The author shares good practical experience conservation and restoration of unique artefacts found by archaeologists on the merchant ship « Die Engiel Raphael » (Archangel Raphael) sanked almost 300 years ago. The main attention is focused on an integrated approach and consolidation of the efforts of restorers, underwater archaeologists and divers, researchers to determine the conservation method. In constant close collaboration with specialists from the workshop for graphics, books and documents conservation of the Grabar Art Conservation Center and of the Center for Underwater Research of the Russian Geographical Society has been developed a method for the conservation of four underwater archaeology paper objects. The article presents the results of research and restoration. Various techniques for drying, separating of cemented book-pages and ultrasonic cleaning for removing sandy-clay pieces, deeply embedded from the paper structure, are described. In developing main guidelines emphasized of conservation work for underwater artifacts, highlights the need for a special approach to each object and creation an individual program for restoration activities, taking into account its specifics. In forming the general basic principles of conservation of underwater artefacts, the necessity of a special approach to each object and drawing up an individual program of restoration measures, taking into account its specifics, is noted.

The process of recycled pulp refining is usually associated with a significant change in the morphological characteristics of the secondary fiber and the formation of additional amounts of fines. It is well known that fines have a great impact on the pulp properties, the papermaking process and the quality of the resulting paper. At the same time, the effect of fines both on the paper properties and on the papermaking process depends on the morphological characteristics of the fines. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in the morphological characteristics of the fines during gentle low-consistency refining of the recycled pulp. The recycled pulp was obtained from commercial wet-strength tissue paper, consisting of 100 % bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) made from pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The repulping of wet-strength paper was performed at 60 °C in three ways, namely, repulping with sodium hydroxide (indicated as RP (NaOH)), repulping with sodium hydroxide and sodium persulfate (RP (NaOH + Na2S2O8)), and finally repulping with sodium hydroxide and potassium monopersulfate (RP (NaOH + KHSO5)). Using an optical fiber analyzer, L&W Fiber Tester, it was found that accelerated persulfate and monopersulfate repulping of the wet-strength paper led to an increase in fines content after pulp refining by 0.20…0.28 % on length and by 0.9…1.5 % on number of particles. In addition, some fines were not detected due to the limited resolution of the measuring device. The morphological characteristics of the recycled pulps showed that the studied fines were relatively straight particles (Sl = 93.5...94.0 %) with low length polydispersity ((Ll/Ln) = 1.08...1.09). Fines had a mean slenderness ratio (L/W)l and (L/W)w of about 7, which in some length classes reached 8...9. Taking into account the experimental data on fines length (Ll = 132…134 µm) and fiber width (Wl = 29.7…30.0 µm), as well as SEM images of recycled paper, we can conclude that these particles can form fines-assisted bridges between several close deposited fibers in the fiber network, thus strengthening the paper web. For citation: Penkin A.A., Kazakov Y.V. Changes in the Morphological Characteristics of Secondary Fiber Obtained from Wet-Strength Paper During Gentle Refining of the Recycled Pulp. Part 2. Fines Characteristics. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 4, pp. 169–179. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-4-169-179

The article introduces attraction marketing methods employed by Russian monthly popular science magazine Diletant. The authors compared the printed version and the website. The paper magazine attracts the reader mainly by the topic name printed on its cover as a unique creolized text. The further semantics of the front media text includes various aspects of the main topic. Color highlights both topical issue and regular features. The comparative analysis with the online version revealed some significant differences. The website has a muted color scheme and minimal animation; it contains neither video nor audio materials. Like in the printed version, the function of attraction belongs mainly to illustrations and subtitles. Online Diletant is interactive in navigation, tests, and surveys, which are, however, the only form of interactivity: the site does not provide comments, forums, “likes”, etc. Such limited use of attention-seeking tools makes the digital version of Diletant uncompetitive and inferior to its paper issue.

Most paper mills in the Russian Federation consume around 40 % more electrical power than they actually require. The reasons are a low level of technical, scientific, and proficient assistance. Moreover, the produced goods have non-competitive consumption characteristics. The urgent current measures in this matter contain constructional and technological optimization, including drying temperature modes. The drying section of a paper machine is the most energy-consuming, while it significantly affects the mechanical strength and supplementary properties of the resulting paper goods with their structural and dimensional characteristics. Drying the paper web takes 72–77 % of the total energy of the paper machine. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the temperatures of the drying process on the strength and structural-dimensional properties of the paper, with the perspective for further application of the results in the practice of industrial companies and additional scientific investigation. The presented results show the influence of pulp type, beating degree, mass of 1 m2, and drying temperature on the strength and structural-dimensional properties of laboratory samples. Within the investigational process, laboratory samples from sulphate-bleached softwood and hardwood pulp were created and tested. The weights of the samples varied from 60 to 120 g/m2, and the beating degrees ranged from 20 to 50 °SR. The drying temperature extended from 80 to 140 °C. The analysis of the acquired paper samples revealed that the drying temperatures had a considerable impact on the strength, structure, and dimensional qualities of the material. Namely, while sulfate-bleached softwood and hardwood pulp types were used as a raw material, increasing the drying temperature from 80 to 140 °C had the greatest effect on the structural-dimensional properties of the paper made from a pulp with a higher beating degree and the greatest effect on the strength properties of the paper made from a pulp with a lower beating degree. For citation: Prokhorov D.A., Dubovy V.K. Influence of Drying Temperature on Paper Properties Made of Sulfate-Bleached Softwood and Hardwood Pulps. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 3, pp. 173–184. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-3-173-184

In 1921 Mellin published a Comptes Rendu paper computing the principal solution of a polynomial using generalized hypergeometric functions of its coefficients. He used an integral transform nowadays bearing his name. Slightly over three pages, the paper is written in French in a terse style befitting the language. This article makes Mellin’s landmark result accessible to people who are not experts in hypergeometric functions and complex analysis by deriving detailed proofs that were omitted in Mellin’s paper.

Printing companies play a central role in the exercise of general elections. However, there have been some issues in the number of printed ballot papers not relevant to the quantity requested by the General Election Commission, and this situation is considered election crime. Article 529 of Election Law implies that the printing company concerned may be subject to imprisonment or fines, but the legislation declares that a jail sentence cannot be imposed on the company. Departing from this issue, this research aims to analyze and find the ratio legis of criminalization of a printing company responsible for producing ballot papers for general elections. With a normative method and statutory, conceptual, and historical approaches, the research discovers that a lack of inaccuracy of drafters in the making of an academic draft on elections, where the drafters ruled out the notions of experts of criminal law and Supreme Court as delivered in a legislation-making session, seemingly gives Article 529 impunity. That is, the criminal sanction that should be imposed on a printing company following ballot paper manufacturing issues governed in Article 529 of Election Law does not guarantee any legal certainty and democratic general elections with integrity. The sanctions imposed on the company concerned should only be restricted to administrative measures like fines and no incarceration should be involved.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. Activated sludge is one of thepulp-and-paper industry waste types. Within the framework of the rational natural resources’ utilizationand the waste recycling, due to its composition, activated sludge could be subjected to certain technological solutions for the production of nanofertilizers, since it has been previously the basis for making of various soils and biological products. However,occasionally the composition of activated sludge may contain different toxic compounds, heavy metals, and their impact on soil fertility and plants vital state is profound. Thus, the purpose of our research is to study the effect of the activated sludge introductionas a basis for nanofertilizers on the heavy metals contentin podzolic soils of various granulometric composition in agricultural exploitation. Methods and materials. Research was conducted under the conditions of dummy experimentin vegetation vessels. We have used podzolic soils of various granulometric composition (clayey, loamy, sandy) and pulp-and-paper industry waste – activated sludge in concentrations of 1; 2.5; 5 and 10% of the dried soil weight. Determination of the heavy metals gross content has been carried out by the atomic absorption method with measurement on the AA-7000 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan); mobile fraction of heavy metalsdetermination (подвижныеформы) – utilizing acetate-ammonium buffer solution by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methodology. Results and discussion. The paper presents the results of the research on mobileand gross forms of heavy metals in podzolic soil of various granulometric composition when applying activated sludge as the basis of organic nanofertilizer under the dummyexperiment. Conclusion. It was shown that the content of mobile and gross forms of the studied metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti, Al, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd and Mo) were within the health-based exposure limits, with the exception of Cd gross form, where the maximum excess was 2.5 MAC (maximum allowable concentration).

The paper proposes a method of infrared spectroscopy for objective control of the adhesive composition in the production of paper. For sizing paper, in order to increase mechanical strength and reduce water absorption, water-repellent materials are used. One of the most effective and used water-repellent material is ordinary pine resin rosin which is in short supply for the Republic of Uzbekistan. The paper investigates the properties of a new adhesive based on rosin from cherry resin for use in mass sizing in order to expand the range of sizing agents and reduce the share of imported components in the structure of local paper production. Infrared spectroscopy was used to identify the rosin-based glue from the resin of the cherry tree. The built-in device with a diamond crystal of the universal and compact Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 IR Fourier spectrometer made it possible to register spectra in the mid and far IR ranges up to 100 cm–1. The efficiency of sizing paper samples was studied by standard methods and evaluated by the following properties: density, tensile strength at stretching on a tensile machine, surface absorbency with one-sided wetting. Infrared spectra revealed the identity of the sizing agent from the resin of the cherry tree to the glue from the pine resin, taken for comparison, because their chemical composition is the same. A comparative analysis of the mechanical and surface properties of paper samples confirmed the possibility of using the studied sizing agent, since the obtained values are close to each other, while it is advisable to add in the range from 1 to 1.5 g per 100 g of dry cellulose raw materials. The use of infrared spectroscopy for express analysis of the composition of the sizing agent is promising, since it becomes possible to control the technological process and create glued types of paper products with desired properties that ensure print quality without loss of fine image details.

Background. The process of establishing the first federal state and its propagandistic design is of both theoretical and practical interest. Moreover, the Federalist papers is not an individual, but a collective work of major ideologists of the late 18th century. The purpose of the study is to trace not only the logic of the authors, but also random deviations from it in the heat of controversy and the implementation of the plan, as well as the most interesting fragments of the popularizers of the federalist idea – A. Hamilton, J. Madison, J. Jay. Materials and methods. The article uses the minimum necessary biographical data of American publicists, allowing them to give some socio-psychological assessments, as well as materials from all 85 articles. Methods of socio-political analysis and comparison are used. Results. The conducted study shows a more complex structure of articles than is commonly believed, going beyond the textbook important publications No. 10, 39, 51. The first articles clearly play the role of some kind of exposition – they show the geopolitical opportunities and dangers for the emerging country in its former, non-federal state. At the same time, Articles 18–20 outline the negative experience of past confederations. Starting with publication No. 23, a positive program is given: the possibilities of a common defense for all states, a tax system, and separation of powers are considered. There is a demand for the weakening of the legislative and strengthening of the executive power, the independence of the judiciary. The final articles reveal the details of the functioning of the future mechanism of the state. Conclusions. It is impossible to make an absolutely verified conclusion about the degree of impact on contemporaries of 85 articles published in New York newspapers in late 1787 – the first half of 1788, but given the high intensity and drama of the ratification campaigns in the country and the complexity of the situation in New York itself, it does not could be insignificant. Moreover, about three dozen newspapers of that time from different states were inclined to reprint each other's materials, that is, we are dealing with the effect of a propagandistic echo.

Background. In modern realities, the issue of import substitution and modernization of existing domestic equipment and control systems in all branches of production and industry of the Russian Federation is becoming more acute. The purpose of this work is to find ways to modernize and improve the automated control system of paper production on the example of the current paper-making machine of the Penza paper mill of JSC "MAYAK". Materials and methods. The paper uses methods of modern theory of automatic control and automation of technological processes, methods of digital image processing, computer modeling. Results. A computer model of an automated process control system has been created that regulates the weight of a paper web on a paper machine. Conclusions. The considered ways of improving the automated process control system of paper production have proved their viability. The use of an automated process control system with a speed ratio regulator allowed to improve the quality of process control, reducing the effect of time lag on the system.

Subject and Purpose. Results are presented of the solar corona investigations performed with the world famous Ukrainian radio telescopes. The work has been aimed at offering a consistent review of recent achievements in observations of a variety of low-frequency radio emissions from the Sun. Methods and Methodology. The studies of the quiet (thermal) and sporadic (burst-like) radio emissions from the Sun have been carried out with the decameter-wavelength radio telescopes UTR-2, GURT and URAN-2. Specific features of the low-frequency solar radio emissions from a variety of sources are presented, with characterization of the optimized techniques that were applied in each case for evaluating physical parameters of the corona in the areas of decameter-wavelength radio wave generation. Results. The analysis of temporal, frequency and spatial characteristics of solar radio emissions has allowed suggesting a number of models for the coronal electron density distribution, and evaluating magnetic field strengths in the corona. Also, our experimental results have proven to be consistent with the observational data obtained in different frequency ranges and with the use of both ground based and space-borne instruments. Conclusions. The radio observations performed with Ukrainian radio telescopes have permitted studying, with high temporal, frequency and spatial resolutions, solar radio frequency emissions from various localized sources. Along with the large effective area and high sensitivity of the antennas, this permits application of a wide range of methods and tools aimed at detecting and analyzing solar bursts, of both strong and weak intensity, against the background of terrestrial interference of natural or artificial origin.

Every enterprise seeks to determine as accurately as possible the cost of the products or services it produces. The allocation of indirect costs causes considerable difficulties in this process. In the search for the most accurate alternatives for allocating indirect costs, the Activity Based Costing (ABC) method has become more popular in recent decades and is increasingly used by companies. The ABC method has many advantages, but it also has disadvantages, which have led to further development of the method by proposing newer versions. These include Fuzzy Activity Based Costing (FABC), which reduces the risk of uncertainty in data collection conditions and inaccurate cost allocation. However, while the literature provides a theoretical model of the FABC approach, there is very little research focused on sector-specific companies. Given that the issue of indirect cost allocation is particularly relevant for manufacturing companies, this paper explores the possibilities of applying the FABC method in manufacturing companies, using the example of a paper and cardboard manufacturing company. The aim of the research: after revealing the principles of ABC and FABC implementation, to improve the indirect cost allocation process in a paper and cardboard manufacturing company using the FABC method. The methods used for the study were document analysis, observation, conversation, interview, and fuzzy set analysis. The results showed that the FABC method has lower cost drivers for some activities and higher cost drivers for others than the ABC method. The improvement path developed for the allocation of indirect costs using the FABC approach could serve as a good model for its implementation in other manufacturing sectors.

In this work, four waste paper composites were studied in terms of several photon interaction parameters over the energy region from 0.015 to 15.0 MeV. The waste paper and natural rubber (WP/NR) composites of different densities ranging from ρ = 0.894 to 1.16 gm⋅cm-3 were used for shielding radioactive rubble at different time period stages. Some additives were also used including high-abrasion furnace black, paraffin wax, B4C, as well as magnetite. The deduced parameters of photon interaction: equivalent atomic number Zeq, exposure buildup factor and energy absorption buildup factor have been studied as a function of incident photon energy, WP/NR elemental composition, and for penetration depths, up to 40 mean free path. The Zeq numbers have shown slight variation over the selected incident energy range and buildup factors were found to be modest at low and high photon energy meanwhile their values increase widely over the intermediate energy region. In addition, kerma relative to air for photon energies from 1 to 20 MeV were computed and show dependence upon equivalent atomic numbers. In this work, it was clear that filled samples offer better shielding capabilities than unfilled ones. The obtained data could be useful for radiation physicists and scientists in estimating the γ-irradiation received after applying such shields.

The insulation of an oil-filled transformer is based on materials of organic origin - oil and wood pulp. The state of insulation is a key factor in the reliable operation of a power equipment, and much attention is paid to the insulation state assessment by researchers. To assess the cellulose insulation state, indicators such as the degree of polymerization and paper moisture are deter-mined. The existing methods for determining the moisture content and the degree of polymeriza-tion of a paper insulation have disadvantages, as they require a complex process of sampling the insulation, which is a time-consuming operation. The purpose of the work is to develop new methods for determining the moisture content and the degree of polymerization of the paper in-sulation of a power transformer. This goal is achieved by obtaining the reflection spectra of the paper insulation samples and constructing two correlation lines to determine the degree of polymerization and humidity. The most significant result of the article is the establishment of the dependence of the reflection coefficient of the paper on the concentration of water exceeding 4% and the position of the minimum in the reflection spectrum of paper insulation on the degree of polymerization. The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that the optical method for determining the moisture content and the degree of polymerization of paper insulation using the constructed correlation lines is highly accurate and does not require the use of additional re-agents and complex calculations.

The redundancy, intensity and formalization of paperwork in education have become its painful feature: educational bureaucracy and evaluation mania ignore the social mission of education, paper pressure and paper genocide are barriers to its progress and manageability. The article presents the results of an interregional study of managerial information flows in the Russian education system: it analyzes data of representative surveys and timing of the workloads of the main personnel groups, expert assessments, document flows in the education system in the perspective of the theory of bureaucracy and institutional functions of education. Thus, the redundancy of information flows in the school system exceeds the functional needs of management by more than 20 times. The number of the types of documents written by the teacher reaches 95 on average, and their labor intensity is comparable to teaching. Most of the collected information is not reliable and is not used for educational purposes; it is rather a means to ensure the managerial omnipotence and excess personnel. The key source of paper pressure and paper genocide in the education system is the management strategy that ignores the social mission of education and its social efficiency. This strategy expresses bureaucratic distrust to educators and to the possibilities of public-private administration. Practices based on this strategy lead to irrelevant, unreliable and ineffective information flows, deformed social relations and professional culture of teachers, their widespread burnout and outflow from education. The identified management strategy is a dead end for the Russian education system and an obstacle for preserving its potential and development under the growing global competition.

Purpose. To substantiate the breakdown mechanism of capacitor paper on the basis of numerical-field models with segmented cross-sections of cylindrical volumes of air and water, and also use the proposed models to determine the breakdown strength of air in micron-sized gaps under normal conditions. Methodology. The model bases on a finite element solution to an electrostatic problem in a volume of capacitor paper consisting of cellulose and pores with air and water. First, the possible scenarios for the growth of breakdown in capacitor paper are analyzed and to the conclusion is made, that complete breakdown developed from a partial breakdown in the air cavity. A brand of capacitor paper is chosen in such a way that when its thickness changed, the breakdown strength of the electric field changed over a wide range. Then, for the paper with the lowest average electric field intensity the possibility of explaining the complete breakdown by the breakdown of air segments on the basis of the Paschen dependence is checked. Further points of the obtained dependence by constructing models of papers of the same brand and a different thickness under the assumption of the similarity of electrostatic fields are determined. As such a criterion, the constancy of the equivalent effective permittivity are taken. Results. The dependence of the breakdown strength of the air in the range of 1.36...5.54 μm under normal conditions is determined. The obtained relationship is between the Peschot and Taev curves. Originality. For the first time, the possibility of indirectly estimation the breakdown strength of an insulating material using an electrostatic field model is indicated. Practical value. The proposed method for the numerical calculation of the breakdown voltage of air inclusions in the presence of water inclusions in the thickness of solid insulation can be applied to other types of solid thin-layer insulation.

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

The paper considers the issues of high-precision parameter control of the produced paper products with secondary raw materials as a component. A method of atomic force microscopy is proposed for paper roughness study. Visualization of the obtained topographic images of each type of paper surface under study was performed with the use of a Solver HV scanning probe microscope; the average roughness of the height differences for each type of paper was determined. The results were compared with the state standard requirements and international recommendations. It is shown that applying of scanning probe microscopy makes it possible to carry out parameter express control of the cellulose paper products during their production. With the roughness express analysis by atomic force microscopy it might become possible to control purposefully the technological process and create the new types of paper products with specified properties that provide graphic printing accuracy without loss of small image details.

The paper offers insights into transformation processes in the content and structure of Russian research paper abstracts that are motivated and driven by standards of the English academic discourse and database indexing requirements. The major objective of the study was to ascertain the significance of linguocultural academic conventions in writing research paper abstracts and assess to which extent Russian abstracts follow the best international academic practices by undertaking a comparative analysis of Russian and English research paper abstracts published in top-rated journals. Empirical data for this study was a bilingual corpus of original research paper abstracts drawn by the authors from top-rated academic journals. The methodological approach used in the data analysis is a mixed methodology based on quantification of text arrays, comparative and content analysis, along with automated semantic and morphological analysis tools. The research follows a multi-parameter case-study design worked out by the authors, with in-depth analysis of structural and content features of research paper abstracts that relies on common contensive criteria and relevant structural characteristics. Each subcorpus unit was processed in accordance with the developed algorithm. The findings suggest that Russian research paper abstracts published in top-rated academic journals over the 2018-2020 period aim to comply with international benchmarks both structurally and contensively, which confirms the authors’ hypothesis regarding internationally prompted transformation processes affecting the contemporary Russian academic discourse and reflects general trends in Russia’s academic community seeking to integrate into global academia.

The author analyses the collection of scientific articles of the 14th International Scientific Conference “The Current Problems of Parliamentarism: History and Modernity (2020 Tauride Readings),” held in St Petersburg in December 2020. The review examines the problems and topics of the articles included in the collection as well as the issues tackled during the discussions and the round table. The analysis of various aspects of the activities of the State Duma of the early 20th century plays the lead role in most of the studies presented in the collection.

Background. The development of technologies for obtaining materials from plant raw materials, the use of which improves the consumer properties of cardboard and paper products and does not pollute the environment with harmful substances from synthetic polymers, is an urgent problem of our time. Objective. The purpose of the paper is to obtain pulp and nanocellulose from reed stalks by environmentally friendly methods and apply nanocellulose to improve the quality parameters of paper for packaging food products on automatic machines. Methods. To obtain pulp from reed stalks with a minimum residual content of lignin and minerals, two processing stages were used: alkaline extraction and organosolv cooking at a temperature of 97 ± 2 °C. Nanocellulose was obtained by the oxidation of organosolv reed pulp with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) in the TEMPO / NaBr / NaClO system, which is more environmentally friendly than acid hydrolysis. The resulting nanocellulose was applied to paper samples from waste paper and sulphate unbleached pulp at a consumption from 1 to 3 g/m2. Results. Organosolv pulp was obtained from reed stalks with a residual lignin content of 0.53 % and an ash content of 0.045 %, which was used to obtain nanocellulose. The resulting nanocellulose particles have a transverse size in the range of 5–20 nm, a length of up to several micrometers, and the tensile strength of nanocellulose films is up to 60 MPa. It is shown that the application of nanocellulose to the surface of the samples increases the breaking strength and breaking length, and reduces the surface absorbency of paper. It was determined that with a nanocellulose consumption of up to 3 g/m2, paper samples have indicators that meet the requirements of the standard for paper for packaging food products on automatic machines. Conclusions. The use of nanocellulose from reed stalks as a hardening substance for paper production will allow replacing environmentally harmful polymer additives and up to 50 % of more expensive softwood pulp with waste paper, while maintaining paper quality indicators at the level of standard requirements.

The energy efficiency of the drying section of paper machine is determined by the technology of heat flows arrangements in it. Paper drying is the most energy-consuming stage of paper production. The thermal mode of the drying section is provided by the steam condensate system which is a part of it. Analysis of exergy increments shows that almost all elements of the drying thermal process are characterized by low exergy efficiency. The main ways for increasing the degree of thermodynamic perfection of the processes occurring in the drying section of the paper machine are identified based on the exergy analysis. It is assumed that the deep internal heat recovery of the steam-air mixture for heating the source air will increase the exergy efficiency of the heat recovery plant and reduce heat removal to the environment. The effectiveness of development and implementation of a closed cycle use of steam-air mixture in the drying section was examined. Building a closed cycle provides that the air mainly has a process duty, that is, it is a transport agent for the transfer of moisture and heat along a closed circuit. The calculations show that the exergy efficiency of the processes in the recovery unit of the drying section of the paper machine of the existing production is 28.6% against 66.29% for the proposed method.

The article presents the results of a study on the role of Japanese industry and, in particular, the pulp and paper mills of the Karafuto period on settlement plans on the island of Sakhalin. An analysis is made of the development of Japanese industry and transport infrastructure on the island. The city-making and city-forming role of the pulp and paper mills has been studied. The spatial planning and design characteristics of the pulp and paper mills are identified.

In recent years, concrete in the construction industry has rapidly increased worldwide, including developing countries like India. The raw materials required to produce such a quantity require huge depletion of natural resources. On the other hand, disposal of paper waste, fly ash, and plastic waste is one of the biggest problems faced by many countries, including India, the amount of waste collected and recycled is less compared to disposal quantity. The use of these wastes in concrete reduces the disposal of waste in nature. In this experiment work, the use of these wastes in the concrete has been studied. Preliminary tests like specific gravity, fineness modulus, and water absorption have been carried out on the materials. Various mix designs are prepared by partial replacement of cement with fly ash and paper pulp, and sand is completely replaced with the quarry dust, and coarse aggregate is replaced with shredded plastic waste to create sustainable concrete. A comparative study on the properties like slump cone, the weight of the cubes, compressive strength and split tensile strength, and feasibility of such concrete has been carried out. Results indicated that the weight of cubes started to decrease with the addition of waste. Compressive strength and split tensile strength show that the strength started to fall with the addition of plastic. The cost of concrete decreased with the addition of waste. 5 % of plastic waste in concrete and 3 % of paper pulp, and 5 % of fly ash is considered the optimal replacement percentage.

The paper deals with the problems of banknote production of the Imperial Russian State Papers Manufactory (hereinafter — Manufactory) during the First World War. The purpose of the work is to provide information about the project of cooperation between Manufactory and the Partnership of Typography «A. A. Levenson» that arose in wartime circumstances. The relevance of the work is seen from the fact that the issues not reflected in historiography. The study will provide more complete and clear picture of the Russian banknote production during the First World War; the solutions to the crisis of the industry and the role of prominent printer S. S. Ermolaev in this process. Unpublished sources from the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg (hereinafter — CSHA St. P) served as the basis for preparing the work

The present paper is an introduction to and analysis of the article “Literary criticism must be scientific”, presented here for the first time in English translation. The original was published by Lotman in 1967 in the journal Voprosy Literatury. The article by Lotman is a part of a wider debate, started in 1963, that saw structuralists and their opponents dispute the validity and heuristic value of structuralist methodology in literary criticism. The aim of the introduction is to explore Lotman’s engagements with his intellectual context as they emerge in his 1967 article. The first part of the paper discusses the wider context of the debate, and explores the positions of the opponents of structuralism and the ways in which Lotman relates to them. The second part of the paper analyses how Lotman and his structuralist colleagues related to the official Soviet ideology, the diamat. In both cases, it will be seen how Lotman engaged certain aspects of his opponents’ ideas, as well as the official ideology, in order to further his goal of reconciling structuralism and historicism.

Phenomena such as migration, flight, integration, conversion and multilingualism play a major role in the multi-ethnic societies of Eurasia, whether in Germany and Austria or in Turkey and Tatarstan. In Germany, a model was developed on how to deal with these phenomena with young people in an emphatic, empowering and multilingual manner. This "Pasha method" ties in with the genealogy, language and religion of the participating children. The inspiration for the method came from Alabuga in Tatarstan in 2011 . This text attempts to discuss further possibilities of utilizing the Pasha method in the light of interreligious relations and comparative biographical analysis, since the biographies between the Ottoman Empire and Germany in the 19th century were often colorful and multifaceted, like those of the Ottoman Pasha named Mehmed Ali from Magdeburg.

The article aims to find out how the census of 1701–1703 took place in the Kolomna diocese and to establish who took part in the practical conduct of the census events organized by the Monastery Order during the initial stage of the church reform of Peter I. The main attention is paid to the study of entries on the sheets of the census books of the Kolomna Episcopal House and monasteries of the Kolomna diocese.

During the industrialization in the late 1920s - early 1940s, Soviet Union constructed large pulp and paper mills, mainly in the European North and North-West, the Volga-Vyatka district, and the Urals. These were combines built using advanced industrial construction technologies and equipped with advanced equipment and processes. The planning and architectural appearance of these mills are poorly studied, though presenting undeniable interest in terms of pulp-and-paper industry history, operation of industrial buildings in the late 1920s - early 1940s, and prospects for their use at present. The examples chosen are Arkhangelsk Mill (in the north of the European part of Russia) and Solikamsk Mill (Western Urals), which were built in the second half of the 1930s - early 1940s and put into operation on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. Both were built following the same design but had differences in layout and architectural appearance. The study revealed that a key role in the planning of the mills belonged to the mutual position of the river and the railway line to the nearest station. Most of the production buildings built in the late 1930s and early 1940s operated for a long time, underwent reconstruction or, if dilapidated, were subjected to conservation or dismantled. The buildings formed the architectural appearance of these pulp-and-paper mills and continue to be its integral parts at the present time.

In the mid 1920s, Virginia Woolf was engaged in a dispute with the American critic Logan Pearsall Smith on “the ethics of writing articles at high rates for fashion papers”. Harper’s Bazaar, a commercial magazine to which Woolf contributed four short stories between 1930 and 1939, was a feminine periodical that exploited modernism’s distinction and high cultural capital to captivate a sophisticated, but essentially middle-class, readership by selling the illusion of upward cultural mobility. Although Woolf referred to her high-quality contributions to Harper’s Bazaar as “pot boiling stories for America” written “to make money”, it seems clear that her own engagement with a middlebrow publishing venue did not in the least affect her reputation as a highbrow intellectual and was indeed typical of the multifaceted, reciprocal relationship between the magazine and high modernism in a context in which mobility also meant redrawing the boundaries between intellectual and popular culture. The publication of modernist content within the glossy pages of Harper’s Bazaar was advantageous to both modernists seeking to maintain their celebrity status and the periodical itself, which attempted to cultivate and sustain a refined audience. Much in line with her work of the 1930s, Woolf’s short stories engaged with social and ethical issues such as the righteousness of penetrating other people’s lives and innermost truths (“In the Looking Glass”), violence and decay (“The Shooting Party”), capitalism and antisemitism (“The Duchess and the Jeweler”), human and non-human worlds (“Lappin and Lapinova”). Though often considered as non-canonical in terms of both their rather prosaic plot as well as characterisation, and the commercial venue in which they appeared, the stories Woolf wrote for Harper’s Bazaar reflect the preoccupations of the last decade of her career and are indicative of the tensions between high and low in modernist culture.

SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS ON PUBLISHED DIALECT MATERIAL

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

The effect of paper thermal destruction on its luminescence spectra and luminescence excitation spectra in the spectral ranges of 400-550 nm and 250-450 nm, respectively, was studied. It is proposed to use the characteristic changes in the intensity and shape of the luminescence spectra as a criterion for the state of paper insulation of power transformers. On the basis of the analysis performed, it was concluded that when luminescence is excited at a wavelength of 360 nm, none of the main components of the paper can contribute to the recorded luminescence spectra. It is assumed that the resulting luminescence spectra are due to the emission of various impurities that enter the paper during its production.

The paper presents the results of research and analysis of literature data on the paper insulation's thermal aging. An exponential decrease in the degree of polymerization of paper insulation from the aging time is established, at the starting time of transformers’ operation the aging rate of paper insulation is maximal and after that its slowing down. It was found out that the degree of polymerization at the starting time of the transformer's operation can be in the range of 900 units, this is due to its drying during the manufacturing process.

The article shows the key role that academic paper titles play in presenting paper contents and burden, and demonstrates cultural and linguistic differences between the academic style in Russian and in English. The author explains the way the academic style is connected with language's grammatical structure and its culturespecific communicative patterns, and illustrates that the prevailing paper titles' patterns are predetermined by academic style dominants in a particular language. The fundamental difference in paper titles organization in Russian and English academic style is that in Russian the prevailing pattern in naming a paper has traditionally been an extended single noun group with several prepositional and postpositional subordinates, predominantly in Genitive. In English, on the contrary, the title in most cases consists in two parts connected by a column, full stop, conjunction or a preposition. That is why there is a communicative asymmetry in academic paper titles' verbalization principles in Russian and in English, as these principles are mostly language specific and have their own dominating linguistic patterns. It is also explicated that there is an asymmetry between academic paper titles in Russian and in English not only in their structure and organization, but in lexicon as well. That is why paper titles translated word-for-word from Russian into English often fail to map standard stylistic patterns characteristic to academic English. There are some comments as well on a rather new pattern in titling academic papers across languages. It has to do with using various expressive stylistic means, which never fail to attract peers' attention. There are also some comments on using "translator's false friends" in rendering academic paper titles from Russian into English, particularly by native Russian speakers. The research is based on extensive linguistic corpus data (10 000 paper titles authored by native Russian and English speakers), has practical implications and guidelines, as well as proposes some topical theoretical interpretations concerning its subject matter.

The EU Member States are characterised by long and varied institutional history, with different trajectories in their evolution. There is a complex system of relations between the institutions of the European Union and the authorities of the Member States, which are called as the European Administrative Space. This is a multidimensional concept, and it promotes intensive cooperation between administrative actors, and their activities from each level. The European Administrative Space is the area, in which increasingly integrated administrations jointly exercise power delegated to the EU in a system of shared sovereignty. This article explores the reasons for and the consequences of this development.

The article presents a historiographic review of "Siberia: XX Century". This interuniversity collection of research papers was published in Kemerovo in 1997–2007. Based on standard research methods and special historical and historiographic principles, the authors analyzed the periodical as a complex historiographic source. The quantitative analysis made it possible to calculate the ratio of the special issues, to assess the editorial board and authors, to describe the research subjects, etc. The semantic analysis was based on the content analysis, which also revealed to what degree the authors of the journal participated in the historical discourse. The paper features retrospective and prospective analyzes of the main research works of the leading Siberian scientists published in "Siberia: XX Century". The research objective was to identify the patterns of the current historiographic situation based on the state of knowledge of the key historical processes in Siberia.

The review analyzes the collected materials from the 13th International Scientific Conference “The Current Problems of Parliamentarism: History and Modernity” (Tauride Readings 2019). Most of the papers in the collection cover various aspects of the activities of the parliament of the Russian Empire. Some of the materials touch on the issues of the current situation in the people’s representation in the Russian Federation and the CIS countries as well as important aspects of the history of foreign parliamentarism. The review considers the key articles of the collection and notes the role of the published proceedings of the conference discussion platforms. It is concluded that the collection under review is of great relevance for studying history, theory, and practice of Russian and foreign parliamentarism.

One of the most energy-intensive processes is the drying process. Therefore, an important task is to reduce heat consumption for drying. Various ways to improve the drying devices of paper and cardboard machines are identified. The main disadvantages of these improvements are given. The limiting factor of heat transfer from water vapor to paper is established. The dependence of thermal resistance on the thickness of the condensate layer is given. The authors have developed a new design for condensate drainage. The developed design allows installing movable siphons without replacement of steam inlet heads of the old type (for fixed siphons) with their insignificant modernization and cutting of an annular groove inside the drying cylinder. This will ensure a minimum level of condensate and eliminate the possibility of suction of steam into the condensate return system. Additionally, this will reduce thermal resistance, heat loss, and reduce energy consumption for paper drying as a whole.

New Ukrainian and world realities set new tasks for the higher educational establishments, which are related to the search for new, modern methods that allow to increase the effectiveness of training. Currently, topical are the issues of not only professional but also the personal development of the student forming the priority in the implementation of educational activities in universities, preparation for future professional activities, as well as for successful interaction in society. The concept of «individual social competence» is an important factor in creating a system of educational process which takes into account aspects of professional development, and at the same time the peculiarities of the formation of the student personality. The author analyses the concept of «competence», considers the key competences for lifelong learning, identified by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, including social competence, studies the scientific achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, including G. Gedviliene, H. S. Han, K. M. Kemple, U.P. Kanning, M. Horenburg, G.W. Ladd, H. K. Ma, K. Monahan, M. Monnier, O.V. Varetska, N.I. Hlebova, D.V. Hubareva, O.I. Hura, M.O. Doktorovych, I.B. Zarubinska, O.O. Subina, V.M. Shakhrai. They explored different aspects of social competence of different age categories. The author concludes that, despite different interpretations, all scientists agree that social competence is an acquired skill, it can be formed and developed throughout life. It was also determined that the developed social competence determines the status of the individual in society, it affects the success in professional activities. The high level of social competence allows a person not only to be realized in professional activities, but also to influence the processes in society, which in turn determines its stability. The author’s definition of the concept of «individual social competence» is given in the paper; the author concludes that social competence is an integrated ability that contains other competencies: spiritual, civic, communicative, linguistic; the concept of social competence is closely related to professional competence, without the successful interaction of the individual with society it is impossible to acquire the skills and abilities inherent in a qualified specialist. Thus, an important task for modern higher education is the formation and development of social competence of students, which is the key to successful implementation of the future specialist in professional activities. The educational process should be aimed at forming a system of knowledge about interaction in society, understanding the system of social values, ability to cooperate in society, the ability to communicate constructively, because only a socially competent person can.

Maintaining of the proper predetermined paper pulp consistency on the different stages of the paper or cardboard manufacturing process significantly affects on quality and self cost of manufactured articles. The improvement of precision and repeatability of the paper pulp viscosity and consistency measurements is relevant to paper industry. Objective of the work is to improve the industrial-type paper pulp rotational consistometer. A new method for measurement of paper pulp concentration by means of a rotational viscometer was suggested which enables determining the flow consistency index K and flow behavior index n in the Ostwald-de Waele power law. The influence of the following torques on the measurement results is eliminated thanks to the new method: the friction torque in the seal of the sensitive element, the friction torque in the bearings of the shaft and the torque created under the influence of the flow with distorted flow speed profile. This is achieved by measuring the torque which acts on the sensitive element approaching the selected frequencies of sensitive element rotation both from the lower and higher frequencies. The mean torque value is calculated based on the obtained values. The measurements are conducted for two sensitive element rotation frequencies adjusted in advance. The frequency of sensitive element rotation is changed by means of a frequency converter. It is shown that by using two different rotation frequencies of the sensitive element of a rotational viscometer it is possible to define the flow consistency index and the flow behavior index. Paper pulp viscosity and consistency is defined on the basis of these two indexes. It is also suggested to average the results of viscous friction torque measurement approaching the rotation frequency of the viscometer sensitive element to the working frequency chosen for measurement from the lower and higher frequency ranges. By averaging the results of such measurement the friction torques in sealing and bearings supporting the sensitive element shaft are compensated. By changing the rotation direction of the sensitive element and by further averaging the obtained results it is possible to eliminate the influence of the asymmetrical distribution of paper pulp flow speed in the pipeline. This improves accuracy of the paper pulp consistency measurement.