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Glavna tema ovog rada je proučavanje utjecaja emisijskih plinova s plovnih objekata sa ekološkog aspekta. Prikazani su negativni utjecaji emisije plinova kroz utjecaj staklenika. Detaljno su obuhvaćene količine emisije plovnih objekata i uspoređene sa drugim prijevoznim sredstvima . Opisane su metode za sprječavanje i smanjene emisije plinova plovnih objekata, te sustavi za pročišćivanje brodskih sustava. Uz analizu dostupnih podatak i konvecija IMO (Međunarodna pomorska organizacija) obrađeni su trenutni stavovi društva i politike, kao i moguće posljedice., The main topic of this paper is the study of the impact of emission gases from vessels from an ecological point of view. The negative impacts of gas emissions through the greenhouse effect are presented. The amount of emissions from vessels is covered in detail and compared with other means of transport. Methods for preventing and reducing gas emissions from vessels are described, as well as systems for purifying ship systems. Along with the analysis of available data and IMO (International Maritime Organization) conventions, the current attitudes of society and politics, as well as the possible consequences, were discussed.

Tema ovog završnog rada je potonuće broda RMS Titanic te posljedično unaprjeđenje procesa pomorskog poduhvata. Rad se sastoji od pet poglavlja u kojima je opisan životni put i ostavština broda RMS Titanic, od ideje za njegovu izgradnju, preko njegova tragičnog kraja na svom prvom putovanju, do poboljšanja sigurnosti i ostalih aspekata plovidbe. Rad se nastavlja sa opisom dviju istraga o potonuću te zaključcima i preporukama za poboljšanje koje su istrage iznjedrile. U narednom dijelu rada je objašnjeno na koji su način preporuke istražnih odbora postale međunarodna pravna regulativa. U konačnici je izložena usporedba pravila koja su vrijedila za Titanic te danas važećih pravila triju međunarodnih konvencija koje uređuju obuku posade, izbjegavanje sudara na moru i nadoknadu štete. Ovom usporedbom je zorno prikazano poboljšanje raznih aspekata pomorstva čije korijene možemo pronaći u poukama izvučenima nakon potonuća RMS Titanic., Topic of this undergraduate thesis is how did sinking of RMS Titanic improve various aspects of maritime endeavor. Five chapters that form this thesis, describe the life and the legacy of RMS Titanic, from the very idea of building such a ship, over her tragic end on her maiden voyage all the way to the improvements on safety and other aspects of navigation. Furthermore, thesis describes the two investigations which followed the sinking and gives conclusions and recommendations which were brought about. Thesis continues with explanations how those recommendations became to be maritime legislation. Conclusion of the thesis is a comparison of maritime legislation in the time of Titanic and the legislation in present time given by three conventions which cover topics of crew training, collision regulations and liability claims. This comparison clearly shows the improvements of various aspects of navigation, whose roots can be found in the lessons learnt after the sinking of RMS Titanic.

U međunarodne radne standarde ulazi sadržaj Konvencije MOR-a br. 190 (2019) o iskorjenjivanju nasilja i uznemiravanja u svijetu rada i sadržaj Preporuke MOR-a br. 206 (2019) o iskorjenjivanju nasilja i uznemiravanja u svijetu rada. Okvirni sadržaj ovih dokumenata odnosi se na ljudska prava, dostojanstveni rad, suzbijanje diskriminacije (jednakost između muškarca i žene) te sigurne uvjete rada. Kada se Konvencija ratificira ona postaje dio pravnog sustava Republike Hrvatske i po pravnoj je snazi iznad zakona. Pored neposredne primjene, nužno je usklađivanje postojećeg i donošenje novoga zakonodavstva o sprječavanju nasilja i uznemiravanju u svijetu rada, kako bi se što cjelovitije uredila specifična i primjenjiva pitanja, odnosi i poslovi ili viši standardi za suzbijanje nasilja i uznemiravanja u svijetu rada te odredile mjere za ostvarivanje i zaštitu reguliranih prava. Hrvatski sabor treba donijeti zakon o ratifikaciji Konvencije i prihvaćanju Preporuke i tako potvrditi opredjeljenje Republike Hrvatske za „nultu toleranciju na nasilje i uznemiravanje“., International labor standards include the content of the ILO Convention no. 190 (2019) on the eradication of violence and harassment in the world of work and the content of ILO Recommendation no. 206 (2019) on the eradication of violence and harassment in the world of work. The framework content of these documents refers to human rights, dignified work, suppression of discrimination (equality between men and women) and safe working conditions. When the Convention is ratified, it becomes part of the legal system of the Republic of Croatia and has legal force above the law. In addition to immediate application, it is necessary to harmonize the existing and adopt new legislation on the prevention of violence and harassment in the world of work, in order to regulate as comprehensively as possible specific and applicable issues, relationships and jobs or higher standards for combating violence and harassment in the world of work, and to determine measures for exercise and protection of regulated rights. The Croatian Parliament should pass a law on the ratification of the Convention and the acceptance of the Recommendation and thus confirm the determination of the Republic of Croatia for “zero tolerance to violence and harassment”.

Međunarodna organizacija rada (International Labour Organisation) jedna je od najstarijih međunarodnih organizacija. Svojom djelatnošću, ponajviše normativnom, pridonijela je razvoju radnoga i socijalnoga prava i njegovu probijanju iz uskih nacionalnih okvira kao i podizanju radno-pravnih standarda na globalnoj razini. Osnivanje ove organizacije kruna je u nastojanju mnogih radnika, sindikalaca, poslodavaca, znanstvenika za organizacijom koja će nastojati stvarati, unaprjeđivati i usavršavati rad i uvjete na radu među državama, ali i poticati dijalog i rješavanje problema između socijalnih partnera radnika, poslo- davaca i države. MOR je prva specijalizirana agencija organizacije Ujedinjenih naroda koja formulira međunarodne standarde rada u obliku konvencija i preporuka koje postavljaju minimalne standarde radnoga prava: slobodu udruživanja, pravo na organi- ziranje, kolektivno pregovaranje, ukidanje prisilna rada, jednake prilike i jednak tretman te druge standarde kojima se reguliraju uvjeti u cijelome rasponu pitanja u svezi s radom. Također pruža tehničku pomoć u sljedećim područjima: strukovno obrazovanje i strukovna rehabilitacija; politika zapošljavanja; administracija rada; radno pravo i industrijski odnosi; razvijanje menadžmenta; zadruge; socijalna sigurnost; statistika u svezi s radom te sigurnost i zaštita na radu. MOR promiče razvijanje neovisnih poslodavačkih i radničkih organizacija te im osigurava trening i savjetodavne usluge. Unutar sustava Ujedinjenih naroda MOR je jedinstven po svojoj tripartitnoj strukturi u kojoj radnici i poslodavci sudjeluju u radu upravnih organa organizacije kao ravnopravni partneri vladama., The International Labour Organization (ILO) is one of the oldest international organizations. With its activities, and primarily its normative activities, it has contributed to the development of labour and social law and its breakthrough from the narrow national frameworks, as well as to raising global labour law standards. Establishing this organization crowned the efforts of many workers, trade unionists, employers and scientists aimed at an organization which would seek to create, improve and refine labour and labour conditions between States, but also encourage dialogue and solve problems between social partners, i.e. workers, employers and governments. The ILO is the first specialized agency of the United Nations. The ILO formulates international labour standards in the form of conventions and recommendations which lay down the minimum labour law standards: freedom of association, the right to organize, collective bargaining, elimi- nation of forced labour, equality of opportunity and treatment, and other standards regulating the conditions applicable to a whole range of labour-related issues. It provides technical assistance in the following areas: vocational training and vocational rehabilitation; employment policy; labour administration; labour law and industrial relations; development of management; cooperatives; social security; labour statistics, and security and occupational safety. The ILO promotes the deve- lopment of independent employers’ and workers’ organizations and provides them with training and advisory services. Within the United Nations system the tripartite structure of the ILO makes it unique in that workers and employers participate in the activities of the administrative bodies of the organization as equal partners of the governments.

Privremeni uvoz je carinski postupak, u okviru posebnih postupaka, koji predviđa mogućnost da se strana roba privremeno zadržava na području Europske unije uz potpuno ili djelomično oslobođenje od plaćanja uvozne carine i izuzeća od trgovinskih mjera, a koja je namijenjena ponovnom izvozu u nepromijenjenom stanju, osim uobičajenog obezvređenja nastalog korištenjem uvezene robe. Radi pojednostavljenja i usklađivanja formalnosti privremenog uvoza predviđenih raznim propisima primjenjuje se Konvencija o privremenom uvozu, tzv. Istambulska konvencija i njezini Prilozi. Svaki Prilog odobrava privremeni uvoz robe uvezene za određenu svrhu, npr. Prilog B.1. pokriva robu za izlaganje ili upotrebu na sajmovima ili izložbama. Smisao ove Konvencije je poticanje svjetske trgovine smanjenjem zapreka koje joj stvaraju različiti nacionalni carinski propisi. Umjesto propisanih carinskih isprava, Konvencija propisuje uporabu ATA i CPD karneta, međunarodnih carinskih dokumenta koji se koriste za ubrzavanje postupka privremenog uvoza., Temporary import is a customs procedure, under special procedures, which provides for the possibility of temporarily staying foreign goods in the territory of the European Union, with total or partial relief from import duties and exemption from trade measures, intended for re exportation unchanged, except the usual impairment resulting from the use of those goods. In order to simplify and reconciliation the formalities for temporary import provided for by various regulations, it is used the Convention on Temporary Admission, the so called Istanbul Convention and its Annexes. Each Annex authorizes the temporary importation of goods imported for a specific purpose, eg Annex B.1. covers goods for display or use at trade fairs or exhibitions. The purpose of this convention is to encourage world trade by reducing the obstacles created by vari ous national customs regulations. Instead of the prescribed customs documents, the Convention prescribes the use of ATA and CPD carnets, international customs documents used to expedite the temporary importation procedure.

Europska konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava kao temeljni instrument Vijeća Europe za zaštitu građanskih i političkih prava ne jamči pravo na zdravstvenu zaštitu. Međutim, Europski sud za ljudska prava široko tumači Konvencijska prava te je unutar konteksta čl. 2., 3. i 8. Konvencije dao određene naznake da bi se mogao početi baviti i pitanjem zdravstvene zaštite. Bez ulaženja u detalje svih spomenutih članaka, u ovom radu bit će analizirani predmeti u kojima se Sud bavio pitanjem povrede čl. 3. zbog nepružanja zdravstvene skrbi i to izvan konteksta zadržavanja. Naime, unutar konteksta zadržavanja postoji jasna obveza državama na pružanje zdravstvene skrbi koju je Sud utvrdio djelomično se oslanjajući i na izvješća i Odbora za sprječavanje mučenja, neljudskog i ponižavajućeg ponašanja. Ono što smatramo značajnim istaknuti jest praksa Suda u odnosu na pružanje zdravstvene skrbi izvan konteksta zadržavanja, s obzirom na socijalni karakter prava na zdravstvenu zaštitu koji izlazi iz okvira građansko-političkog karaktera Konvencije., The European Convention on Human Rights, as a main Council of Europe instrument for the protection of civil and political rights, does not guarantee the right to health care. However, the European Court of Human Rights broadly interprets Convention rights, and within the context of Articles 2, 3 and 8 of the Convention it gave certain indications that it might start dealing with the issue of health care. Without going into details of all the mentioned articles, this paper will analyse cases where the Court dealt with the issue of violation of Article 3 due to non-provision of health care outside the context of detention. Namely, within the context of detention, there is a clear obligation for states to provide health care, and the Court often relies on the reports of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. What we consider important to point out is the Court’s case-law on providing health care outside the context of detention, given the social character of the right to health care, which goes beyond the civil and political character of the Convention.

U ovome je radu putem analize korpusa i analize upitnika ispitana antonimija kao značenjski odnos koji se gradi na pojmovnoj i jezičnoj razini. Rad polazi od teorijskog okvira kognitivne lingvistike, koju promatra kao nastavak razvoja jezikoslovnih promišljanja započetih u strukturalističkoj semantici, a koja se pak nastavljaju na tradiciju promišljanja odnosa suprotnosti antičkih grčkih filozofa. Odnosi suprotnosti nazivaju se krovnim terminom antonimija, koja se iz ovako postavljene perspektive promatra kao pojmovna kategorija koja se prototipno iskazuje putem parova riječi suprotnoga značenja uobičajenih za jedan jezik i kulturu. Temeljeći se na teorijskim postavkama kognitivne lingvistike, ali i sustavno propitujući relevantnost odnosa paradigmatske značenjske suprotnosti, rad utvrđuje u kojoj su mjeri leksički odnosi definirani u tradicionalnome pristupu relevantni za opis antonimije kao kategorije značenjske suprotnosti prototipnoga ustroja. Cilj rada bio je iznaći prototipne parove antonima za engleski i hrvatski jezik te ponuditi odgovor na pitanje o prirodi antonimije kao značenjske kategorije. Zahvaljujući iscrpnom istraživanju korpusa popraćenom ispitivanjem izvornih govornika obaju jezika, u radu smo pokazali održivost pretpostavke da je antonimija kategorija prototipnoga ustroja čiji su članovi više ili manje udaljeni od prototipa. Prototip kategorije oblikovan je konvencijom te ovisi o govornikovu znanju o jeziku i znanju o svijetu. Članove kategorije predstavljaju pojmovno-značenjske cjeline, koje pak predstavljaju svezu paradigmatske i sintagmatske razine, a koje se jezično ostvaruju putem antonimijskih konstrukcija. Konstrukcije i parovi antonima grade se pojmovno te zajedno oblikuju značenjsku suprotnost, koju govornici razumiju i iskazuju ovisno o svom znanju o jeziku i znanju o svijetu. The goal of this study was to explore the nature of antonymy as a semantic relation of opposition from the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics as an inter and multidisciplinary theoretical framework. The study wanted to show that antonymy is actually a relation of opposite meaning on the conceptual level, and that it functions as a prototype-based category. The reasoning behind this aim stems from the long tradition of the notion of opposition in Western scientific thought. INTRODUCTION The earliest preserved written records show that ancient Greek philosophers included relations of opposition in their treatises on the most various aspects of human preoccupation. Philosophers that came before Aristotle frequently described reality in terms of opposite notions. Pythagoras and his followers believed that reality was based on ten principles, which were formed as lexical pairs with opposite meaning, such as left-right, male-female, light-dark, good-evil, etc. Heraclitus also believed that opposition formed the basis of reality, but framed his claim in terms of the notion that “everything flows”, which became his Doctrine of Flux and Unity of Opposites. With this Doctrine Heraclitus proposed that opposites exist in everything at the same time, but that only one member of the pair can rule at one point in time. So, a man has the potential for being both healthy and sick, but can only be one at one moment in time. Parmenides also used relations of opposition to describe reality as he saw it. He also saw reality as being governed by opposites, such as day-night, light-dark, and reality-illusion. Plato used opposition to describe his view of reality, which included opposite notions being in a type of relation that allows them to transform into one-another, which is quite similar to the view of Heraclitus. According to Plato, everything that is small can become big, everything that is just can become unjust, etc. There is a zero value between each pair of opposites that allows them to undergo this transformation, which greatly resembles the traditional view of antonymy as being a gradable phenomenon. In his writings collected under the titles Metaphysics, Categories and On Interpretation, Aristotle looks back on the thoughts of his predecessors and includes opposition as one of the fundamental building blocks of our understanding of reality. His use of opposition for describing various aspects of reality served to form logic as a scientific tool, which is embodied in the square of opposition that is still used to distinguish among the various kinds of opposite meaning. With the square of opposition, Aristotle was able to differentiate between what we refer to in linguistics as binary and non-binary, and gradable and ungradable phenomena. The thoughts of Ancient Greek philosophers, and of Aristotle especially, were perpetuated through Western thought in the writings of various Christian philosophers, such as Thomas of Aquinas, and later on in the writings of famous philosophers of the Enlightenment, such as Kant and Schellig. Ancient, medieval, and modern philosophy proved to be of great significance for our current understanding of antonymy. The thoughts of generations of philosophers influenced the most significant thinkers in linguistics, especially Ogden (1932), who wrote the first book in English about opposition. This book presents an important stepping stone in the development of our understanding of antonymy, as it influenced the writing of Lyons (1977) and Cruse (1986) on the English language, as well as many other linguists writing about other European languages (e.g. Šarić wrote about antonymy in Croatian in 2007). Ogden (1932), Lyons (1977), and Cruse (1986) are credited with the first classifications of opposition in English, with Ogden’s classification being more general, while those proposed by Lyons and Cruse are linguistic in nature. The most commonly referenced classification distinguishes binary from non-binary opposition (e.g. big-small, days of the week), gradable from ungradable (hot-cold, man-woman), and morphologically related from unrelated (friendlyunfriendly, friendly-hostile) pairs of opposites. This type of classification is based on logical relations between members of the pairs, representing the traditional view of semantic relations of opposition taken up by Structural Semantics. This view focuses on lexical items and their interrelationships as they exist in the vocabulary of a language. However, this view, albeit providing a structured classification of the various phenomena that encompass opposite meaning, does not include real language use, remaining solely in the realm of theoretical vocabulary. Language use is of crucial importance for understanding the connection between language and thought, and this connection reflects the one between intralinguistic and extralinguistic phenomena. It is in this segment that the theoretical framework of Cognitive Linguistics comes in, because it stresses the importance of real language use and the native speaker. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK For our understanding of antonymy, we included the general tenets of Cognitive Linguistics which strive to explain that language and thought are interrelated, as well as influenced by convention (Lakoff 1987, Langacker 1987, Fillmore 1988, Žic Fuchs 1991). Accordingly, we framed our understanding of this phenomenon through the notions of conceptualization, which operates on the basis of the connection between language and extralinguistic knowledge, categorization, which enables the structuring of knowledge via similarities and differences, prototypes and schemas, which are culturally based, convention, which dictates the phenomena that will be conceptualized, and non-modularism, which says that language is a cognitive capacity that works alongside other cognitive capacities. All of these notions together form a view of language that is inseparable from thought and experience, which includes concrete and abstract concepts, all submerged in the culture of the speakers (Wierzbicka 1992). Previous explorations of antonymy from the perspective of this framework (Jones 2002, Murphy 2003, Paradis 2011, Jones et al. 2012) have been valuable in their insights on the way opposite meaning is structured in language use, as well as in highlighting that it primarily resides on the conceptual level. These insights, however, mostly focused on adjectives, which were traditionally seen as true antonyms. Opposite meaning, though, can be expressed in all parts of speech. Furthermore, it has been shown that opposite meaning is expressed through specific syntactic structures (Jones 2002, Mettinger 2004). This proved to be crucial in our exploration of antonymy on a general scale, as we proposed that it is expressed via constructions (Goldberg 1995, 2006), which we refer to as antonymyc. Another question that was left unanswered by previous work has to do with the cultural specificities of antonymy. We believe that these could only be studied by comparing distinct linguistic systems that are products of different cultural contexts and cultural cognition (Sharifian 2011). We can see that the traditional and cognitive view of antonymy have many similarities regarding the basic principles of opposition. Both start from the notion that antonymy is a dichotomous relation between two lexemes of opposite meanings, which has a linguistic reality. The traditional view focuses on the vocabulary, while the cognitive view focuses on the conceptual level and its reflection in language use. However, the questions that remain unanswered, and to which we have tried to provide answers in this study, pertain to the scope of antonymy, its basic structure, its basic meanings, and its basic use in real language production. The scope refers to the fact that opposition permeates all parts of speech. All opposition in language shares a basic conceptual structure, which enables the expression of basic opposite meanings, which is why we decided to name the entirety of the phenomenon antonymy. Furthermore, antonymy in this sense is expressed through very specific constructions, which are part of its conceptual structure. The question of cultural specificity has not been posed so far, which prompted us to examine it through the comparison of English and Croatian. Since these two languages are typologically and culturally different, we believed that some aspects of antonymy would reflect some of their cultural differences. What we expected to find was that antonymy in general is a primarily conceptual relation which is reflected in language. We believed that it has a basic categorical structure with more and less prototypical members, which can be used to express several general opposite meanings via specific constructions. We also assumed that the more prototypical members of the category would be similar in English and Croatian, while the less prototypical members would be more culturally entrenched and, therefore, different in the two languages. METHODS Considering the questions and assumptions posed in the study, we devised a three-part methodology which would enable us to explore the underlined queries: a corpus analysis followed up by questionnaires, and finally an fMRI study of neuro-biological activity in the human brain while processing antonymy. Unfortunately, the final part of the study could not be conducted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but will be conducted as a separate study when proper safety conditions are met. RESULTS The first part of the study included a thorough corpus analysis of both English and Croatian. The corpora used for the study were COCA for English and HrWaC for Croatian. The study began with a general search of all pairs of lexemes with opposite meanings that were found in the literature used for this study. Of these pairs, we selected those that proved to yield objective results, including pairs with higher and lower frequencies in both corpora. Once the main pairs were selected, we ran another search of the pairs, as well as of the individual members of the pairs. The goal was to see first what kinds of syntactic enviroments the pairs themselves were used in, and second whether the same kinds of environments were used with one member of the pair and a different other member. This part of the study yielded interesting results as it exposed some cultural differences between the English and Croatian categories of antonyms. The corpus analysis also revealed that both more and less frequent antonyms appeared in specific antonymyc constructions. The number of constructions rose with the frequency of the pairs. The frequency of pairs and accompanying antonymic constructions further revealed that there seem to be four basic opposite meanings that can be expressed with pairs of antonyms. Also, the consistent use of antonymic constructions with antonyms pointed to a specific basic structure of antonymy on the conceptual level. We found that pairs of antonyms, regardless of their part of speech, were structured as conceptual/semantic wholes that comprise the knowledge about the entirety of the subject. For example, the pair male-female forms a conceptual/semantic whole that denotes all the knowledge and experience, both linguistic and non-linguistic, that a speaker has about a human being, and which stems from the general convention of dividing humans into men and women. The two lexemes, male and female, form the two opposite poles of the conceptual/semantic whole, and represent a meeting point between knowledge of the language and knowledge of the world. This knowledge can be expressed through specific antonymic constructions (such as ‘male and female’, ‘male or female’, ‘neither male nor female’), which are stored in the speaker’s conceptual system as abstractions (‘X and Y’, ‘X or Y’, ‘neither X nor Y’), and which lend themselves to any other pair of lexemes with opposite meanings depending on their frequency. The same occurs in Croatian (‘muško ili žensko’ = ‘X ili Y’). There are four types of conceptual/semantic wholes: spatial-temporal relations (such as up-down or gore-dolje), qualitative designation (such as hot-cold or toplo-hladno), action (such as come-go or doćiotići), and entities and phenomena (such as man-woman or muškarac-žena). Each conceptual/semantic whole seems to prefer a set of antonymic constructions. The conceptual/semantic whole of qualitative designation has the widest set of antonymic constructions at its disposal, while actions have the narrowest set. The conceptual structure of antonymy allows speakers to express four basic opposite meanings: 1) both poles of the conceptual/semantic whole are expressed, 2) one pole of the conceptual/semantic whole is expressed, but not the other, 3) both poles of the conceptual/semantic whole are expressed, but one more than the other, and 4) neither of the poles of the conceptual/semantic whole is expressed. Each of the four basic meanings prefers specific antonymic constructions. For example, the first meaning prefers the antonymic construction ‘X and Y’, the second meaning prefers ‘X or Y’, the third meaning ‘more X than Y’, and the fourth meaning ‘neither X nor Y’. The same pattern was observed in Croatian. What we observed based on these findings is that antonymy is structured on the conceptual level as a prototype-based category whose members are included through conventionalized knowledge of the individual pairings and antonymic constructions. More prototypical members are more frequent in the corpora and can be found in a wider set of constructions, which can be used to express more basic opposite meanings. Less prototypical members are highly culturally determined and differ between the two languages. They are found in fewer antonymic constructions and are limited in the number of basic opposite meanings they can express. For example, both English and Croatian antonymy has the pairs man-woman/muškarac-žena as highly prototypical. As a less prototypical member of the category, English has the pair hotcool, while Croatian has the pair muškarac-pudlica. Furthermore, we also found some cultural differences between the two languages in terms of the secondary or metaphorical meanings of antonyms. For example, the pair black-white is mostly used in the English corpus in its metaphorical meaning denoting the color of one’s skin. In Croatian, the majority of meanings pertains to the primary sense of crno-bijelo, that denoting color terms. Furthermore, we observed that gradability as an aspect of antonymy can be found even in those pairs that have traditionally been defined as non-antonymy (e.g. complementaries and other types of contrast). For example, traditionally defined complementaries such as man-woman/muškarac-žena, boygirl/dječak-djevojčica and day-night/noć-dan all occur in gradable antonymic constructions (‘from X to Y’, ‘turns X into Y’). Therefore, we see gradability as an aspect of opposite meaning that can be used in any conceptual/semantic whole if the speaker has the need to express it. The second part of the study included questionnaires which were filled out online by native speakers of English and Croatian. The questionnaires were comprised of four tasks, each devised to explore an aspect of antonymy uncovered in the corpus analysis. The first task asked examinees to determine the second member of the proposed pair of antonyms. Examples included more and less prototypical pairs. The aim of the task was to see which pairs speakers saw as prototypical. The second task asked examinees to choose one among three pairs of lexemes which represented the best example of opposite meaning. Again, pairs included both more and less prototypical combinations. The aim of this task was to see which pairs of lexemes speakers would choose as the best example of antonymy when given a choice. The third task asked examinees to use provided pairs of lexemes in sentences in such a way that would clearly show their opposite meanings. All examples included more prototypical pairs of antonyms. The aim of this task was to see if examinees would use antonymic constructions in their sentences to express oppositeness of meaning. The fourth task asked examinees to provide the lexeme that they believed would be the proper opposite pair to the underlined word in the given sentence. All sentences were borrowed from corpora in order to preserve natural language use patterns. Examples of antonyms included more and less prototypical pairs. The aim of this task was to see if the presence of context and antonymic constructions would enable examinees to recognize pairs of antonyms regardless of their level of prototypicality. Our findings correspond to the results of the corpus analysis, except for two observed phenomena. The first and second tasks showed that examinees mostly agree on the pairs of antonyms they feel to be prototypical. The third task showed that some examinees used antonymic constructions to express opposite meaning, while others chose a descriptive method to do so, which was unexpected. The fourth task showed that while examinees had no difficulty in providing a member of a prototypical pair of antonyms with added context and an antonymic construction, when faced with an unconventionalized proposition, neither the context nor the antonymic construction proved to be sufficient in determining the pair of antonyms. This proves that antonymic constructions cannot function on their own to express opposite meaning. The speaker needs to have both knowledge of the language and knowledge of the world in order to use and recognize antonymy, which is reflected in its basic conceptual structure. CONCLUSION Based on the evidence provided by the corpus analysis and questionnaires, we are able to conclude that antonymy does function as a conceptual prototype-based category whose members are added according to conventionalized knowledge of the language and knowledge of the world. This conventionalized knowledge is influenced by the cultural context of the speakers, which means that some aspects of antonymy can differ from language to language. This coincides with the basic principles of the cognitive linguistic theoretical framework. The structure of the category of antonymy includes conceptual/semantic wholes and antonymic constructions which the speaker relies on to express four basic opposite meanings. The scope of antonymy encompasses all parts of speech which are evident in the types of conceptual/semantic wholes, each of which prefers a set of antonymic constructions aimed at expressing the four basic opposite meanings. Also, gradability should be seen as an aspect of the category of antonymy in general, as it can lend itself to various types of conceptual/semantic wholes, and not just those traditionally defined as antonymy proper. What we have shown in this study is an evolution of thought about opposite meaning from Ancient Greece to contemporary times, which points to the importance of this phenomenon for human thought and language. We have also shown that, when it comes to the subject of antonymy, Structural Semantics and Cognitive Linguistics follow this same evolutionary trajectory. Methods such as corpus research and questionnaires are useful for bottom-up research that begins with language use. However, in order to further investigate the subject, a multidisciplinary approach would open new methodological vistas and enable us to answer questions of an even more basic nature, such as what happens in the human brain when processing antonymy. Considering the cognitive linguistic preoccupation with language and thought, this would be an interesting step forward.

Cilj ovog rada je ispitati percepciju osoba s oštećenjem vida o primjeni Konvencije o pravima osoba s invaliditetom u Republici Hrvatskoj na temelju članka 8. Podizanje razine svijesti te članka 9. Pristupačnost. Istraživanjem se ispituju i načini realiziranja odabranih prava te koji su dijelovi zanemareni ili se u potpunosti ne provode. U istraživanju su sudjelovale 53 osobe oštećena vida u radno aktivnoj dobi (18 do 65 godina) iz različitih dijelova Hrvatske, u razdoblju od veljače do ožujka 2020. godine. Svi potrebni podaci i informacije prikupljeni su upitnikom vlastite izrade temeljenim na člancima Konvencije o pravima osoba s invaliditetom te dodatnim upitnikom demografskih podataka, a rezultati su obrađeni primjerenim statističkim postupcima. Analizom rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti da je veliki dio ispitanika nezadovoljan provedbom smjernica članaka iz Konvencije o pravima osoba s invaliditetom u Republici Hrvatskoj ili da oni nisu u potpunosti provedeni čime je potvrđena hipoteza (H1)., The aim of this paper is to examine the perception of persons with visual impairment on the application of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Republic of Croatia on the basis of Article 8. Raising awareness of Article 9. Accessibility. The ways in which the selected rights are exercised and which parts are neglected or not fully implemented are also examined. The study involved 53 visually impaired people in working age (18 to 65 years) from different parts of Croatia, in the period from February to March 2020. All necessary data and information were collected by a self-developed questionnaire based on the articles of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and an additional demographic data questionnaire, and the results were processed by appropriate statistical procedures. The analysis of the research results shows that a large part of the respondents are dissatisfied with the implementation of the guidelines of the articles from the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Republic of Croatia or that they are not fully implemented, which confirms hypothesis (H1).

Sve veći porast međunarodne razmjene dobara na svjetskoj razini doveo je do naglog razvoja pomorskog prometa kao najjeftinijeg oblika prijevoza. Veći broj brodova i objekata u eksploataciji znači i veće mogućnosti za izazivanje havarija koje mogu završiti njihovim potonućem. Spašavanje podrtina odnosno uklanjanje, dizanje ili vađenje podrtina ima jednako značenje, a to je podrtinu ukloniti s morskog dna. Predmet ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati i objasniti sve radnje koje je potrebno primijeniti i provesti radi što učinkovitijeg spašavanja i dizanja brodova i objekata s morskog dna. Kako bi se izbjegle nesuglasice između nacionalnih propisa pojedinih država donesene su, od strane Međunarodne Pomorske Organizacije, međunarodne konvencije koje se moraju obvezatno primjenjivati za podrtine svih zemalja uključenih u pomorsku djelatnost. Prvenstvena svrha ovog rada je objasniti različite t tehnologije koje se koriste za lociranje, vađenje i tegljenje potonulih brodova i objekata koji se zovu podrtina. A growing increase in international world exchange of goods has led to the rapid development of maritime transport as the cheapest form of transport. The larger number of ships and objects in exploitation means greater opportunities for the cause of the disaster that can end with their sinking. Salvage shipwrecks or removal, lifting or extraction shipwrecks has the same meaning, which is the shipwreck removed from the seabed. The subject of this graduate thesis is to show about explaining all the actions that need to be applied and implemented to make the most efficient salvage and lifting of ships and objects from the seabed. In order to avoid disagreements between national regulations of individual countries, international conventions have been adopted by the International Maritime Organization, which must be applied to the shipwrecks of all countries involved in maritime activities. The primary purpose of this work is to explain the different technologies used for locating, extracting and hauling sunken ships and objects called shipwrecks.

Radom se želi pokazati da suvremeno međunarodno pravo nudi rješenja kada je riječ o zaštiti kulturne baštine u morskim prostorima izvan nacionalne jurisdikcije, tj. u Zoni međunarodnog podmorja. Pritom se daje poseban osvrt na pitanje zaštite olupine putničkog parobroda “Titanic” kao kulturnog dobra od značenja za cijelo čovječanstvo. U prvom dijelu rada analiziraju se međunarodnopravna pravila primjenjiva na zaštitu i očuvanje kulturnih dobara u Zoni. Analiza kreće od Konvencije UN-a o pravu mora, kojom pitanje zaštite podvodne kulturne baštine nije cjelovito uređeno. Rad se zatim detaljnije bavi međunarodnopravnim mehanizmima koje je predvidjela Konvencija UNESCO-a o zaštiti podvodne kulturne baštine. Naposljetku se razmatra i mogućnost primjene režima zaštite prema Konvenciji UNESCO-a o zaštiti svjetske kulturne i prirodne baštine. Drugi dio rada posvećen je međunarodnopravnoj situaciji glede zaštite olupine “Titanica”, gdje se, pored analize najvažnijih odredaba posebnog Sporazuma glede zaštite olupine “Titanica” iz 2003. koji još nije na snazi, raspravlja o izgledima primjene univerzalnih konvencija razmatranih u prvom dijelu rada te se nastoji dati procjena može li se predviđenim mehanizmima osigurati efikasna zaštita tog vrijednog kulturnog dobra., The paper aims to demonstrate that contemporary international law has solutions to offer when it comes to protecting the cultural heritage in maritime areas beyond national jurisdicti- on, i.e. in the International Seabed Area. In this context, the author also specifically considers issues regarding the protection of RMS Titanic’s wreck, as a cultural heritage site significant to the whole of humankind. In the first part, the paper analyses the rules of international law applicable to the protection and preservation of cultural objects in the International Seabed Area. The analysis commences with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which only partially regulated the protection of the underwater cultural heritage. In addition, the paper researches in detail into the international legal mechanisms as provided for by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Finally, the author exa- mines the possibility of applying the protection regime according to the UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The second part of the paper focuses on the international legal situation regarding the protection of Titanic’s wreck. Besides analysing the most important provisions of the special 2003 Agreement concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic, which is not yet in force, the author reviews the pros- pects of applying the universal conventions discussed in the first part of the paper and also seeks to assess the effectiveness of the mechanisms at hand in assuring the protection of this valuable cultural object.

Prava iz članka 6. Konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda Vijeća Europe počivaju na ideji djelotvorne pravne zaštite. Suđenje u razumnom roku u uskoj je vezi s poimanjem poštenog suđenja o kojemu nije moguće govoriti u slučaju pretjerano duge neizvjesnosti stranaka u pogledu njihovih prava i obveza o kojima se odlučuje pred sudom. U tom je kontekstu za hrvatski upravni spor iznimno značajna 2012. godina u kojoj je zaživio bitno izmijenjen sustav upravnog sudstva u Republici Hrvatskoj. Pored nove organizacije upravnog sudstva i ovlasti upravnih sudova i Visokog upravnog suda proizašlih iz reforme upravnog sudstva u Republici Hrvatskoj, koja se odrazila i na trajanje upravnih sporova u Republici Hrvatskoj, novi je Zakon o upravnim sporovima u upravni spor ugradio mehanizme čija je svrha postizanje što veće učinkovitosti upravnih sudova. Važnost zahtjeva za bržim i efikasnijim upravnim sporom, kao i suđenjem u razumnom roku hrvatski je zakonodavac izrazio inkorporirajući načelo učinkovitosti u novi Zakon o upravnim sporovima kao jedno od temeljnih načela upravnosudskog postupka. Normativna rješenja Zakona o upravnim sporovima upućuju na zaključak da je tim Zakonom učinjen prvi korak usmjeren k učinkovitom upravnom sporu odnosno ostvarenju prava na suđenje u razumnom roku u upravnim stvarima, čime su stvorene normativne pretpostavke za poštovanje konvencijskog prava na donošenje odluke u upravnim stvarima u razumnom roku. Praksa upravnih sudova pokazuje da se upravni sporovi u pravilu vode u skladu s načelom učinkovitosti, što potkrepljuju i statistički podaci o prosječnom trajanju upravnih sporova u Republici Hrvatskoj koji ne izlaze izvan okvira razumnog roka prema standardima Europskog suda za ljudska prava. Ipak, uvažavajući potrebu uspostavljanja ravnoteže između zahtjeva za učinkovitim postupanjem suda i zahtjevima poštenog suđenja u ostalim aspektima koji bi u slučaju pretjeranog formalizma u tumačenju načela učinkovitosti, mogli biti dovedeni u pitanje, u svakom je konkretnom slučaju potrebno koristiti procesne mehanizme upravnog spora na način da oba zahtjeva budu zadovoljena., Rights from Article 6 of the Council of Europe’s convention of the protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms rest on the idea of effective legal protection. The right to a speedy trial is closely related to the concept of a fair trial which cannot be in the case of exaggerated lengthy uncertainty of parties in relation to their rights and obligations to be decided upon before the court. In this context, Croatian administrative dispute the year 2012 was exceptionally significant when a significantly changed system of administrative adjudication in the Republic of Croatia occurred. Besides this new organisation of administrative adjudication and administrative court and High Administrative Court powers emerging from administrative court reforms in the Republic of Croatia which also reflected on the duration of administrative disputes in the Republic of Croatia, the new Administrative Dispute Act in administrative dispute built in mechanisms the purpose of which is to achieve maximum efficiency of administrative courts. The Croatian legislator expressed the importance of demands for speedy and effective administrative dispute, as well as speedy trial, in the incorporation of the principle of effectiveness in the new Administrative Dispute Act as one of the fundamental principles of administrative court procedure. Normative solutions of the Administrative Dispute Act imply the conclusion that this law is the first step towards efficient administrative dispute or achieving rights to speedy trial for administrative matters. This creates normative presumptions for respecting convention rights to reaching decisions in administrative matters within a reasonable timeframe. Administrative court practice shows that administrative disputes in principle are carried out according to the principle of efficacy. This is supported by statistical data on the average duration of administrative disputes in the Republic of Croatia, which do not exceed a reasonable timeframe according to European Court of Human Rights’ standards. However, taking into account that the need to establish a balance between the demand for efficient court procedure and the demand for the right to fair trial in other aspects could be called into question in the case of exaggerated formalism in the interpretation of the principle of effectiveness. In every concrete case, it is necessary to use the process mechanisms of administrative dispute in a way that both demands are met.

Rad tematizira nematerijalnu kulturnu baštinu grada Korčule, uz analitički uvod u iznimno bogatu tradicijsku kulturu toga grada, koja je kulturom nasljeđivanja predstavljala „živu baštinu” i prije nego što je termin „nematerijalna kulturna baština” ušao u javni diskurs. Posebno se osvrće na UNESCO-vu zaštitu nematerijalnih kulturnih dobara i kreiranju kulturnih politika u globalnom svijetu. Rad donosi neke od zaboravljenih običaja grada Korčule, kao zrnca prinosa poznavanju tradicijske kulture, ističući fundamentalnu ulogu lokalne zajednice i predajnog nasljeđa za njen društveni i kulturni identitet., The paper deals with the intangible cultural heritage of the town of Korčula. It gives an analytical introduction to the town’s extremely rich traditional culture which represented „living heritage” even before the term „intangible cultural heritage” entered public discourse. The author pays special attention to UNESCO’s protection of intangible cultural assets and the creation of cultural policies in the global world. The paper gives an overview of some of the forgotten customs of the town of Korčula, emphasizing the fundamental role of the local community and oral heritage for its social and cultural identity.

Nakon konstatacije, u uvodu, da je pravo na naknadu štete zbog neopravdane osude ili neutemeljenog uhićenja kao ljudsko pravo zajamčeno međunarodnim dokumentima i Ustavom Republike Hrvatske, a ostvarivanje toga prava uređeno posebnim zakonskim propisima, u radu se razmatra prije sudbene obvezna upravna faza postupka za naknadu štete u kontekstu konvencijskog prava. Analiziraju se odluke Europskog suda za ljudska prava kako bi se dobio odgovor na pitanje krši li hrvatsko pravo na taj način “pravo na pristup sudu” zajamčeno člankom 6. stavkom 1. Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda. Nastavlja se izlaganjem o pravnoj osnovi odgovornosti za štetu zbog neopravdane osude ili neutemeljenog uhićenja, a zatim obradom prava na naknadu štete u međunarodnim dokumentima i praksi Europskog suda za ljudska prava te u domaćem pravu. Slijede podaci iz hrvatske prakse upravnog stadija ostvarivanja prava na naknadu štete te na kraju zaključci u kojima se iznose ključni rezultati rada., According to Croatian law, the procedure for compensation for damage due to unjustified con- viction or unfounded arrest or detention is administrative-judicial. The injured party is obli- ged to refer to the Ministry of Justice before filing a lawsuit against the Republic of Croatia in order to achieve a settlement of damages and compensation. In accordance with the views of the European Court of Human Rights, there are admissible restrictions on the “right of access to a court” guaranteed by Article 6 § 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The legal basis of compensation for damage are the rules of international and constitutional law according to which the compensation for damage is subject to public law of an unjustifia- bly convicted or unfounded arrested or detained person, corresponding to the duty of the sta- te to award compensation. Compensation is a subjective right as it concerns private interests of the injured party but also a public right because it is in the public interest that the innocent citizen is not unjustly convicted or unfounded arrested or detained. Unlike the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, which in Article 25 § 4 stipulates the right to compensation for damage to a person who was “illegally” deprived of liberty or sentenced, Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 to the 1984 European Convention on Human Rights provides for the right to compensation for wrongful conviction, which is perceived as “unjustified convi- ction”. In its practice, by referring to the concept of “lawfulness” of the deprivation of liberty under Article 5 § 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Court of Hu- man Rights has in fact, in its practice, reimbursed the unjustified arrest and detention (in the sense of the European Convention on Human Rights) of unwarranted arrest and detention. “Inadmissible” arrest or detention is, in accordance with the provisions of Article 480, a wider term that includes “unjustified” (misdirected under Article 3 of Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights) and “unlawful” arrest or detention. The number of injured party claims for damages to the Croatian administrative body (Mi- nistry of Justice) is significant, and the number of solved applications is considerably smaller. Compensation based on settlement is solely monetary and only because of unjustified arrest or detention. The fees, as a result of the unacceptably large number of unfounded arrests or detentions, are large. The tendency of increase in the number of applications received and paid amounts was curbed in the period from 2013 to 2016, slightly less than the number of claims received and significantly in relation to the amount of money disbursed on the merits.

U ovome radu obrađuje se problematika nedopuštenosti zahtjeva koji se podnose Europskom sudu za ljudska prava. Upozorava se na probleme s kojima se Sud suočava posljednjih desetljeća zbog sve većeg broja zahtjeva te činjenice da se više od 95 % zahtjeva odbacuje bez ispitivanja njihove osnovanosti. Prikazuju se pojedine pretpostavke dopuštenosti radi upoznavanja s njihovim sadržajem i smislom te se analiziraju kroz odluke Suda u kaznenim predmetima protiv Republike Hrvatske. Time se nastoji objasniti srž pitanja dopuštenosti i stvoriti uvid u osnovne postavke kriterija koji moraju biti ispunjeni za uspješno podnošenje zahtjeva Suda., This paper deals with the issue of the inadmissibility of applications brought before the European Court of Human Rights. It addresses the problems faced by the Court as a result of the increasing number of applications and the fact that more than 95% of them are rejected without examining the merits of the case. The paper goes on to present some of the admissibility criteria in order to familiarise the reader with their content and meaning, and also analyses the criteria through the Court’s decisions in criminal cases against the Republic of Croatia. In this way, an attempt is made to explain the core of the admissibility issue and to gain an insight into the basic set of criteria that must be met for applications to be successfully brought before the Court.

Prema stajalištu Europskog suda za ljudska prava (u daljnjem tekstu: ESLJP) načelo supsidijarnosti jedno je od temeljnih načela na kojima se temelji konvencijski nadzorni sustav. Konkretno to znači da je mehanizam zaštite ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda uspostavljen Konvencijom supsidijaran u odnosu prema nacionalnim sustavima zaštite ljudskih prava. U radu se ističe protek vremena u kojem su sve strane u sudskim postupcima morale shvatiti i prihvatiti važnost primjene Konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, ali i Ustava Republike Hrvatske u postupcima pred redovnim sudovima. Važnost ova dva dokumenta konkretizira se kroz odluke Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske i Europskog suda za ljudska prava, koji su svojom ulogom interpretatora Konvencije, odnosno Ustava jasno definirali sadržaje pojedinih ustavnih i konvencijskih prava, sloboda, jamstava i načela te stvorili putokaz za njihovu kvalitetniju zaštitu. Prednosti isticanja povreda konvencijskih i ustavnih prava već tijekom postupaka pred redovnim sudovima nesporna je, a u radu se ističe i njihova obveznost, u situacijama kada stranke svojim zahtjevima teže doći pred sudove na tim instancama. Autorice, baveći se karijerno ustavnim i konvencijskim pravom, prate razvoj prakse ovih sudova, posebno Ustavnog suda, pa tako i uviđaju pooštravanje kriterija i jednog i drugog suda za meritorno odlučivanje u pojedinačnim predmetima. U radu se stavlja naglasak na odluke Ustavnog suda i ESLJP-a u kojima je došlo do izražaja načelo supsidijarnosti. Pojašnjava se važnost ustavne tužbe i položaj ustavnog sudovanja u odnosu na redovne sudske postupke te se naglašava prijelaz Ustavnog suda na ustavnu argumentaciju umjesto redovnosudske, koja je prevladavala u ranijoj ustavnosudskoj praksi. U tom se kontekstu sagledava i uočava još uvijek nedovoljno „korištenje“ ustavnosudskih i konvencijskih argumenata i pogrešna argumentacija ustavne tužbe i zahtjeva Europskom sudu za ljudska prava redovnim žalbenim razlozima., The ECtHR’s position is that the subsidiarity principle is one of the fundamental principles upon which the supervisory system of the Convention is based. This specifically means that the mechanism for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms established by the Convention is subsidiary to national human rights protection systems. This paper focuses on the period when all parties in court proceedings had to understand and accept the importance of the application of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia in proceedings before ordinary courts. The importance of these two documents is expressed in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia and those of the European Court of Human Rights, which, with their role as interpreters of the Convention and of the Constitution respectively, clearly defined the contents of individual constitutional and Convention rights, freedoms, guarantees and principles, and created guidance for their better protection. The advantages of stressing violations of Convention and constitutional rights, even during proceedings before ordinary courts, are indisputable, and this paper also stresses their obligatory nature, in situations where parties strive with their requests to appear before courts of these instances. The authors, who have been dealing with constitutional and Convention law throughout their careers, have followed the development of the case law of these courts, especially of the Constitutional Court, and thus noticed the development of stricter criteria of both courts when deciding on the merits in individual cases. In this paper, the authors focus on Constitutional Court and ECtHR decisions where the principle of subsidiarity is more prominent. They clarify the importance of a constitutional complaint, as well as the status of constitutional adjudication compared to ordinary court proceedings, and the shift of the Constitutional Court to constitutional argumentation in place of the argumentation of an ordinary court, which prevailed in the earlier jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. In this context, it is possible to still perceive the insufficient “usage” of Constitutional Court and Convention arguments, as well as the incorrect argumentation of the constitutional complaint and of references to the European Court with regular appellate reasoning., Der Ansicht des EGMR nach ist der Grundsatz der Subsidiarität eine der grundlegenden Prinzipien, auf welchen sich das Kontrollesystem der Konvention stützt. Konkret beduetet das, dass der Mechanismus des durch die Konvention eingerichteten Schutzes der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten den nationalen Systemen des Schutzes von Menschenrechten gegenüber subsidiär ist. Der Beitrag bespricht den Zeitablauf, nach welchem alle Parteien des Gerichtsverfahrens die Wichtigkeit der Anwendung der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutz der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten, aber auch der Verfassung der Republik Kroatien in Verfahren vor ordentlichen Gerichten begreifen und akzeptieren sollten. Die Wichtigkeit dieser zwei Dokumente wird im Beitrag durch die Entscheidungen des Verfassungsgerichts der Republik Kroatien und des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte konkretisiert, die durch ihre Rollen als Ausleger der Konvention, beziehungsweise der Verfassung, die Inhalte einzelner Verfassungs- und Konventionsrechte, Freiheiten, Gewährleistungen und Grundsätze klar definiert haben und somit den Wegweiser für einen besseren Schutz begründet haben. Die Vorteile der Hervorhebung von Verletzungen der Konventions- und Verfassungrechte während des Verfahrens vor ordentlichen Gerichten sind unumstritten. Der Beitrag schlägt vor, dass das unumgänglich sein sollte, vor allem in Situationen, in welchen die Parteien mit ihren Ansprüchen schwieriger zu Gerichten dieser Instanzen kommen. Da sich die Autorinnen dieses Beitrags professionel mit dem Verfassungs- und Konventionsrecht beschäftigen, können sie die Praxis dieser Gerichte, insbesondere des Verfassungsgerichts, folgen. Dabei bemerkten sie, dass die Kriterien beider Gerichte für meritorische Entscheidungen in einzelner Rechtsaachen verschärft wurden. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt dabei den Entscheidungen des Verfassungsgerichts und des EGMR, in welchen der Grundsatz der Subsidiarität angewendet wurde. Die Verfassungklage und der Stellenwert der Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit den ordentlichen Gerihctsverfahren gegenüber wird erklärt. Dabei wird betont, dass das Verfassungsgericht von Argumentierung ordentlicher Gerichtsbarkeit, welche in der früheren Verfassungsrechsprechung dominierte, auf Verfassungargumentierung wechselte. In diesem Kontext bemerkt man, dass die verfassungs- und konventionsrechtliche Argumente immer noch ungenügend benutzt werden sowie auch dass die Verfassungsklage und die Beschwerden an den EGMR durch Berufungsgründe falsch argumentiert werden., Secondo l’orientameto della CEDU il principio di sussidiarietà costituisce uno dei principi fondamentali sui quali posa il sistema di controllo della Convenzione. In concreto ciò signifi ca che il meccanismo di protezione dei ditritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali concepito dalla Convenzione ha carattere sussidiario rispetto ai sistemi nazionali di tutela dei diritti umani. Nel lavoro si evidenzia l’intervallo di tempo che è servito alle parti processuali nei contenziosi per capire ed accettare l’importanza dell’applicazione della Convenzione per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamentali, come pure della Costituzione della Repubblica di Croazia nei procedimenti dinnanzi ai tribunali ordinari. L’importanza di queste due fonti si manifesta attraveso le pronunce della Corte costituzionale della Repubblica di Croazia e della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo, che nella veste di interpreti della Convenzione e della Costituzione hanno definito chiaramente i contenuti di determinati diritti, libertà, garanzie e principi costituzionali e convenzionali, indicando la via per la loro idonea tutela. Il vantaggio del rilievo delle violazioni dei diritti convenzionali e costituzionali già dinnazi ai tribunali ordinari è indubbio, e nel lavoro se ne sottolinea anche l’obbligatorietà, nelle situazioni nelle quali le parti con le loro domande intendano in realtà giungere a tali istanze. Le autrici, occupandosi professionalmente di diritto costituzionale e convenzionale, seguono l’evoluzione della giurisprudenza di dette corti, in particolare della Corte costituzionale, osservando altresì la crescente rigorosità dei criteri di entrambe le corti nel valutare nel merito singoli casi. Nel lavoro si pone l’accento sulle pronunce della Corte costituzionale e della CEDU nelle quali sia emersa l’applicazione del principio di proporzionalità. Si precisa il signifi cato del ricorso costituzionale e la posizione della giustizia costituzionale rispetto ai tribunali ordinari, osservando il passaggio della Corte costituzionale all’argomentazione costituzionale rispetto a quella ordinaria, la quale prevalse per un certo periodo. In tale constesto si osserva e si nota l’ancora insufficiente „utilizzo“ delle argomentazioni costituzionali e convenzionali e l’errata argomentazionme del ricorso costituzionale e dei ricorsi dinnanzi alla Corte europea fondati su motivi impugnatori ordinari.

Prisutnost invaliditeta rezultira većom vjerojatnošću da se osobe s invaliditetom nađu u riziku od kršenja ljudskih prava nego li osobe bez invaliditeta upravo to je bio glavni razlog zbog kojeg su Ujedinjeni Narodi 2006. Usvojili Konvenciju o pravima osoba s invaliditetom koju je hrvatska ratificirala 1. lipnja 2007. Cilj našeg rada jest analizirati poteškoće s kojima se u ostvarivanju svojih prava zagarantiranih Konvencijom susreću osobe s invaliditetom u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na temelju provedene analize zaključujemo kako su nakon ratifikacije Konvencije postignuti određeni pomaci u zakonskoj regulativi, ali i praksi koja se bavi pravima osoba s invalitetom na mnogim područjima: pristupačnost, zapošljavanje, poslovna sposobnost, politička participacija,uključenost u zajednicu. Također je važno istaknuti kako smo uočili i mnogo prostora za napredak u primjeni većine članaka konvencije, a posebice u onima koji se tiču usklađivanje nacionalne regulative s odredbama Konvencije inkluzivnog obrazovanja, zapošljavanje, pristupačnosti te socijalne zaštite i primjerenog životnog standarda osoba s invaliditetom, a koje ujedno smatramo najvažnijima za postizanje punoptavnog uključivanja osoba s invaliditetom u hrvatsko društvo. Smatramo kako je upravo grana socijalne politike ona koja ima ključnu ulogu u poboljšanju primjene Konvencije o pravima o kroz izmjenu relevantnih zakonskih propisa u skladu s Konvencijom te donošenju kvalitetnih programa i strategija koje će na stručan način značajno doprinijeti praktičnoj implementaciji Konvencije., The presence of disability results in a higher probability that people with disabilities will be at risk of human rights violations more than people without disabilities, that was the main reason why the United Nations adopted the Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities which was ratified by Croatia on first of June 2007 . The aim of our work is to analyze the difficulties which persons with disabilities are faced in the Republic of Croatia in exercising their rights guaranteed by the Convention. Based on the conducted analysis, we conclude that, after the ratification of the Convention, certain improvement have been made in the legislation, but also in the practical application rights of persons with disabilities in many areas accessibility, employment, legal capacity, political participation. It is also important to point out that we have noticed a lot of space for progress in the implementation of most articles of the Convention, particularly those concerning the harmonization of national regulations with the provisions of the Convention on Inclusive Education, Employment, Accessibility and Social Protection we also consider them the most important to achieve full inclusion of persons with disabilities in the Croatian society. We consider that the branch of social policy plays a key role in improving the application of the Convention on the rights of persons through the amendments on relevant legislative regulations in accordance with the Convention and the adoption of quality programs and strategies that will in a professional way contribute significantly to the practical implementation of the Convention.

Europska konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, kao najvažniji paneuropski ugovor za zaštitu ljudskih prava te Europski sud za ljudska prava, kao tijelo zaduženo za nadzor nad primjenom Konvencije, danas imaju veliki značaj u Republici Hrvatskoj prije svega svojim utjecajem na rad hrvatskih sudova i ostalih nadležnih tijela. U ovom radu će biti prikazane presude i odluke Suda protiv Republike Hrvatske koje su, prema mišljenju autorice, značajne za hrvatski pravni poredak, neke jer su potaknule legislativne promjene, neke jer su bile pokretač promjena u ponašanju nadležnih hrvatskih tijela, a neke jer su izazvale kontroverze među hrvatskom javnosti prvenstveno zbog načina na koji Europski sud primjenjuje i tumači Europsku konvenciju. Iz potonjeg razloga u radu su prikazane i metode tumačenja koje Europski sud koristi u svom radu, kao i problemi koji nastaju korištenjem navedenih metoda tumačenja, s obzirom na to da se praksa Europskog suda i način na koji Sud tumači Konvenciju uvelike razlikuju od pozitivističke primjene prava karakteristične za Republiku Hrvatsku., The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as the most important pan-European human rights treaty and the European Court of Human Rights as a body responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Convention, are of great importance to Croatia. This paper will outline the judgments and decisions of the Court against Croatia, which, in the opinion of the author, are significant for the Croatian legal order, some because they have led to legislative changes, some because they were the driving force for changes in the behaviour of the competent Croatian bodies. In addition, some decisions will be presented because they provoked controversies among the Croatian public primarily because of the way the Court applies and interprets the Convention. For the latter reason, the paper also presents the methods of interpretation used by the Court, since the practice of the European Court and the way in which the Court interprets the Convention differ largely from the positivist application of rights characteristic for Croatia.

Izvješće s međunarodne konferencije CONVENTION AND REVOLUTION: Life Writing by Women in the 1800s and 1900s: Archives, Critiques and Methods, Poljska akademija znanosti i Sveučilište u Varšavi, Varšava, 29. studenoga – 1. prosinca 2017.

Putnički brodovi za krstarenja postaju sve popularniji oblik turističke usluge i sve češći odabir za odmor. Neminovno je da isti ti brodovi imaju veliki utjecaj na okoliš. U ovom diplomskom radu predstavljeni su načini postupanja s otpadom koji se generira na samom brodu. Točnije, naglasak je stavljen na postupke koji se odnose na kruti spaljivi otpad, medicinski otpad, te na postupke tretiranja otpadne vode. Kao smjernice uzeti su podaci s putničkog broda Adventure of the Seas, tvrtke Royal Caribbean International. Kako bi se spriječile posljedice i negativni utjecaj na okoliš, od primarnog značaja je postaviti jasne zakone i regulacije kao temelj za uspostavljanje jedinstvenog sustava gospodarenja otpadom. Ističući ekspanziju pomorskih krstarenja, a svjesni utjecaja na okoliš, veoma je važno uskladiti djelovanje industrije krstarenja s mjerama održivog razvoja. Cruise ships become every day more and more popular shape of touristic service and a frequent choice for vacation. It is inevitable that these ships have a huge impact on the environment. In this Graduated Engineer Thesis ways of treating the waste generated on the ships are presented. More precisely, emphasis is brought to the solid burning waste, medical waste, as well as procedures of treating the waste water. As guidelines, data from the cruise ship Adventure of the Seas, Royal Caribbean International Company, were used. In order to prevent consequences and negative impact on the environment, it is crucial to establish precise laws and regulations as a foundation for establishing of a unique system for treating the waste. Emphasizing the expansion of the maritime cruising, and aware of the impact on the environment, it is important to harmonize actions of the industry with the measures of sustainable development.

Europski sud za ljudska prava osigurava poštivanje prava i jamstava sadržanih u Konvenciji za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda. Republika Hrvatska je jedna od 47 država članica Vijeća Europe, koje su potpisnice Konvencije. Jedno od najznačajnijih i najčešće kršenih prava Konvencije je pravo na pošteno suđenje sadržano u članku 6. Građani imaju pravo Sudu poslati zahtjev na temelju kojeg se pokreće postupak i donosi presuda. Ako Sud presudi da je došlo do kršenja određenih prava tužena država isplaćuje određenu novčanu naknadu., The European Court of Human Rights ensures honoring the rights and guarantees contained in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The Republic of Croatia is one of the 47 members of the Council of Europe, that are signatories of the Convention. One of the most significant and most frequently violated rights of the Convention is the right to a fair trial, contained in Article 6. Citizens have the right to request the Court to initiate proceedings and make a judgment. If the Court finds that a violation of certain rights has been committed, the respondent State shall pay a certain monetary compensation.

Deontička logika pruţa koristan lingvistički i logički okvir za istraživanje kognitivnih procesa pri moralnom rasuđivanju. Cilj ovog istraživanja je provjeriti kako različiti sadržaji i tipovi pravila, te dileme koje oni induciraju (3x2x2 zavisni eksperimentalni dizajn) utječu na brzinu i točnost njihovog procesiranja. U tu svrhu dizajnirana je posebna eksperimentalna procedura, vrsta zadatka deontičkog rasuđivanja, kako bi se izolirao pojedini učinak i interakcija tih varijabli. Ispitanici su preuzeli ulogu nezavisnog suca i, koristeći jasno definirana pravila deontičke logike, procjenjivali u kojem su odnosu (fiktivni) pojedinci i zadana pravila: usklađenost, prekršaj ili supererogatornost (iznad dužnosti). Na temelju tog deontičkog odnosa im je zadatak bio redom ignorirati, kažnjavati ili nagrađivati pojedince. Mjere uspješnosti zadataka su bile vrijeme rješavanja i normativna točnost. Na temelju četiri oblika pravila: (1) obaveza, (2) ne-obaveza, (3) dopuštenje i (4) ne-dopuštenje su formirane dvije nezavisne varijable, tip pravila (obaveza i dopuštenje) i vrsta dileme koju proizvode (kažnjavanje vs. nagrađivanje). Sadržaji su bili moralni, konvencionalni i apstraktni, te su odabrani kombinacijom Parfitove (2016), Haidtove (2012) i Turielove (i sur., 1987) teorije. Utvrđena su sva tri glavna efekta na vrijeme rješavanja i razinu točnosti, te interakcije između tih varijabli. Rezultati ukazuju kako se generalno moralni sadržaji uspješnije procesiraju od konvencionalnih, a konvencionalni uspješnije nego apstraktni. Dileme kažnjavanja su se uglavnom dosljedno lakše razrješavale od dilema nagrađivanja, a obaveze lakše od dopuštenja. Metakognitivna sigurnost je bila veća kod procesiranja moralnih sadržaja, te je pri sve tri vrste sadržaja bila značajno povezana s vremenom rješavanja i točnošću. Moralno rasuđivanje se u ovom istraživanju slično procesiralo neovisno o ostalim varijablama; a obaveze su se najbolje procesirale kada je pravilo konvencionalno. Pronađen je ozbiljan pad u efikasnosti procesiranja pravila koja dopuštaju nepoželjno ponašanje, s napomenom da je moralni sadržaj proizveo kompenzacijski učinak u toj eksperimentalnoj situaciji. Deontic logic provides a useful linguistic and logic framework for investigating cognitive processes in moral reasoning. The goal of this study was to find out how different contents and types of rules, as well as dilemmas they induce (3x2x2 within groups design), influence the speed and accuracy of their processing. A special experimental procedure was designed for that purpose, a type of deontic reasoning task, in order to isolate the effects and interactions of those variables. Subjects took on a role of an unbiased judge and, using clearly defined rules of deontic logic, assessed the relationship between (fictional) individuals and a given rule: in line, in violation or supererogatory (beyond the call of duty). On the basis of that deontic relationship their task was to ignore, punish or reward the individuals, respectively. Response time and normative accuracy were used as measures of success. Based on four types of rules: (1) obligation, (2) non-obligation, (3) permission and (4) non-permission two independent variables were formed, a type of law (obligations and permissions) and a type of dilemma they induce (punishing and rewarding). Contents were moral, conventional and abstract and were selected by combining Parfit’s (2016), Haidt’s (2012) and Turiel’s (et al., 1987) theories. All three main effects were found, as well as some interactions. Results indicate that moral content is better processed than conventional, and conventional better than abstract. Punishment dilemmas were more or less consistently easier to solve than reward dilemmas, and obligations easier than permissions. Metacognitive confidence was higher after processing moral rules than abstract rules, and in all three contents it was correlated with response time and accuracy. Moral reasoning in this study processed similarly independent of the other two variables; and obligations where best processed in conventional rules. A serious decline in processing efficiency was detected in rules that allow unwanted behavior, with a note that moral content produced a compensatory effect in that experimental situation.

U ovom dijelu priloga predstavili smo neke osnovne činjenice ranog embrionalnog razvoja kako bismo ponudili znanstveno i razumski utemeljenu moralno-pravnu definiciju statusa ljudskog embrija jer od definiranja toga statusa ovisi dopuštenost i etička ispravnost bilo kojeg zahvata nad ranim embrijem. Biološki podaci tog razvoja govore da je od samog začeća riječ o novom i jedinstvenom organizmu koji pripada ljudskoj vrsti zbog čega bi, unatoč svoj ideološki stvorenoj teoriji oko pitanja statusa embrija, ljudski razum, pravna struka, a time i građanski zakon, morali zaštiti život začetog embrija te onemogućiti nepravednu i neljudsku manipulaciju najnezaštićenijima. Primjena ovih podataka na federalni Nacrt zakona o liječenju neplodnosti biomedicinski potpomognutom oplodnjom jasno ukazuje na njegovu neodrživost, nedosljednost, nelogičnost i samim razumom spoznatljivu kontradiktornost., In this part of the paper we have presented some basic facts on early embryonic development in order to offer a scientifically and rationally grounded moral and legal definition of the status of the human embryo, since the definition of that status affects the permitted scope and ethical correctness of any intervention regarding the early embryo. The biological data on embryonic development shows that from the moment of conception there is a new and unique body that belongs to the human race. It is because of this, regardless of any abstract theory regarding the status of the embryo, that the human intellect, the legal profession, and civil law too, must protect the life of conceived embryos and prevent unjust and inhuman manipulation of the weakest. The application of this biological data to the Federation Draft Law on fertility treatment with biomedical assisted fertilization clearly shows that the Federation Draft Law is unreliable, inconsistent, illogical and contradictory.

Dana 19. lipnja 2003. godine u Ženevi je usvojena Konvencija o identifikacijskim ispravama pomoraca, kojom se mijenja Konvencija istog naziva br. 108. iz 1958. godine. Hrvatski sabor donio je Zakon o ratifikaciji Konvencije br. 185 iz 2003. godine, a prethodno nije ratificirana Konvencija iz 1958. godine. Time se Republika Hrvatska uključuje u sustav, na globalnoj razini, o većoj sigurnosti pomoraca u međunarodnoj pomorskoj plovidbi, ali i veću sigurnost putnika, posade i brodova, država i pojedinaca. Sadržaj Konvencije raspoređen je u 18 članaka i tri dodatka (I., II.i III). Treći dodatak ima dva dijela: Obvezujući zahtjevi i Preporučeni postupci i procedure. Stvara brojne pravne i druge obveze različitim subjektima. Konvencija je, inače na snazi od 9. veljače 2005., a do sada ju je ratificiralo 18 država. Slijedi donošenje provedbenih propisa uz nadogradnju informatičkog sustava za izdavanje biometrijskih pomorskih knjižica (informatička baza podataka koja jamči privatnost pomoraca), ali i uvođenje stalnog informacijskog centra („točke“) u državi., On 19th June 2003 the Seafarers’ Identity Documents Convention was adopted in Geneva revising the the Seafarers’ Identity Documents Convention Nr. 108 of 1958. The Croatian Parliament passed the Law on Convention Nr. 185 Ratification of 2003 without having ratified the 1958 Convention. Thus on the global level Croatia takes part in the system of not only improved seafarers’ security in international maritime navigation but also improved safety of passengers, crew and ships, states and individuals. The content of the Convention is arranged in 18 articles and three annexes (I, II and III). Annex III has two parts: mandatory requests and recommended procedures. It creates numerous legal and other obligations to various subjects. The Convention has been in force since 9th February 2005 and has been ratified by 18 states sofar. Passing of implementing regulations follows along with adding computer system for biometrical maritime documents issuing (computer data base guaranteeing privacy to seafarers) as well as permanent information centre introduction (‘’stops’’) in the state.

Dana 19. lipnja 2003. godine u Ženevi je usvojena Konvencija o identifikacijskim ispravama pomoraca, kojom se mijenja Konvencija istog naziva br. 108 iz 1958. godine. Hrvatski sabor je donio Zakon o ratifikaciji Konvencije br. 185 iz 2003. godine , a prethodno nije ratificirana Konvencija iz 1958. godine. Time se Republika Hrvatska uključuje u sustav na globalnoj razini o većoj sigurnosti pomoraca u međunarodnoj pomorskoj plovidbi, ali i veću sigurnost putnika, posade i brodova, država i pojedinaca. Sadržaj Konvencije raspoređen je u 18 članaka i tri Dodatka (I., II. I III.). Treći Dodatak ima dva dijela: Obvezujući zahtjevi i Preporučeni postupci i procedure. Stvara brojne pravne i druge obveze različitim subjektima. Konvencija je, inaće na snazi od 9. veljače 2005., a do sada ju je ratificiralo 18 država. Slijedi donošenje provedbenih propisa uz nadogradnju informatičkog sustava za izdavanje biometrijskih pomorskih knjižica (informatička baza podataka koja garantira prvatnost pomoraca), ali i uvođenje stalnog informacijskog centra („točke“) u državi., On June 19, 2003 in Geneva the convention on sailors’ identification documents was adopted. This convention replaced convention no.108 of 1958 by the same name. The Croatian parliament brought in the Ratification of Convention no.185 Act of 2003. Previously, the Convention of 1958 had not been ratified. Thereby, the Republic of Croatia included greater safety of sailors in the system of international maritime navigation at a global level as well as greater passenger, crew, vessel, state and individual safety. The contents of the Convention were divided among article 18 and three appendices (I.II.III.) The third appendix has two parts: Compulsory requirements and recommended steps and procedures. It creates numerous legal and other obligations for various subjects. This Convention has otherwise been in force since February 9, 2005. To date, 18 counties have ratified it. Next, the bringing in of regulations for implementation and extending the computing system for issuing biometric maritime documents follows. This is a data base which guarantees sailors’ privacy and the implementation of a permanent data centre (‘points’) in the country.

U „Narodnim novinama Međunarodni ugovori“ 3/10 objavljen je Zakon o potvrđivanju Međunarodne konvencije o nadzoru i upravljanju brodskim balastnim vodama i talozima iz 2004. godine, koji je Hrvatski sabor donio na sjednici 30. travnja 2010. Konvencija je sastavljena u Londonu 13. veljače 2004., u izvorniku na arapskome, kineskome, engleskome, francuskome, ruskom i španjolskom jeziku. Uz odluku o ratifikaciji objavljen je tekst Konvencije na engleskom jeziku i u prijevodu na hrvatski jezik. Konvencija je napisana u obliku standardne nomotehničke strukture uobičajene za međunarodne ugovore, a posebno za konvencije kao univerzalne izvore prava („viza“), što uključuje: preambulu, subjekte (stranke države članice IMO), definicije (mjerodavna uprava, balastne vode, svjedodžba, bruto-tonaža, štetni vodeni organizmi i patogeni talozi, brod i dr.); opće obveze, primjenu, rješavanje sporova, odnos prema međunarodnom pravu i drugim sporazumima, potpisivanje, pristup ratifikacija, odobrenje, stupanje na snagu, otkaz i drugo. Predmeti reguliranja ove konvencije su: kontrola prijenosa štetnih vodenih organizama i patogena brodskim balastnim vodama i talozima; znanstveno i tehničko istraživanje te praćenje stanja, pregled i izdavanje svjedodžba, kršenja, inspekcija brodova, otkrivanje kršenja i nadzor brodova, obavijest o postupcima u nadzoru brodova, nepotrebno kašnjenje brodova, tehnička pomoć, suradnja, priopćavanje informacija i drugo. Posebna karakteristika je u tome što se u sadržaj unose Pravila o nadzoru i upravljanju brodskim balastnim vodama i talozima (Pravilo A-1 do Pravilo A-5), Zahtjevi upravljanja i nadzora nad brodovima (Pravilo B-1 do Pravila B-6) i Posebni zahtjevi u određenim područjima (Pravilo C-1 do C-3), Standardi za upravljanjem balastnim vodama (Pravilo D-1 do D-5) i Zahtjevi za pregled i izdavanje svjedodžba za upravljanje balastnim vodama (Pravila E-1 do E-5). Komentar toga sadržaja predmet je ovoga rada., The Law on Adoption of the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments was published in the ‘’Official Gazette International Contracts’’ 3/10. The Law was brought by the Croatian Parliament on 30 April 2010. The Convention was established in London on 13 February 2004, in a single original in the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages. With the decision on ratification the text of the Convention was published in English and in Croatian translation. The Convention was developed as a standard nomotechnical structure normally used in international contracts, and particularly in conventions as universal legal sources (‘’visa’’), including: preamble, subjects (parties to the IMO member state), definitions (administrations, ballast waters, certificate, gross tonnage, harmful aquatic organisms and pathogen sediments, ship etc.); general obligations, implementation, dispute settlement, relationship to international law and other agremeents, signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, accession, entry into force, denunciation etc. The Convention regulates the following: control of transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathtogens through ships’ ballast water and sediments; scientific and technical research and monitoring, surveys and issuance of certificates, violations, ship inspections, detection of violations and control of ships, notification of control actions, undue delay to ships, technical assistance, co-operation, communication of information etc. It is specific for this Convention that Regulations for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (Regulation A-1 to Regulation A-5) are introduced as well as Management and Control Requirements for Ships (Regulation B-1 to B-6) and Special Requirements in Certain Areas (Regulation C-1 to C-3), Standards for Ballast Water Management (Regulation D-1 to D-5) and Survey and Certification Requirements for Ballast Water Management (Regulations E-1 to E-5). This paper elaborates on the cited contents.

Ovim radom istražena su tri močvarna staništa u Iranu koja se nalaze na Popisu močvara od međunarodne važnosti Ramsarske Konvencije: močvarno stanište Anzali, jezero Orumiyeh i Khuran Straits na otoku Qeshm. Obilježja, način zaštite i trenutno stanje navedenih močvarnih staništa su uspoređena sa obilježjima, načinom zaštite i trenutnim stanjem močvarnih staništa u Hrvatskoj koja se nalaze na Popisu močvara od međunarodne važnosti: Kopački rit, Lonjsko Polje, delta Neretve te Crna Mlaka. Rezultati koji su dobiveni ovim istraživanjem su sljedeći: zaštita močvarnih staništa u Iranu nije na razini na kojoj bi trebala biti s obzirom da se ta staništa nalaze na Popisu močvara od međunarodne važnosti, no isto tako bi se trebalo voditi više računa o zaštiti močvarnih staništa u Hrvatskoj iz razloga što dolazi do ubrzane degradacije staništa kako u Iranu, tako i u Hrvatskoj. Uzrok degradacije je prvenstveno antropogeni utjecaj, no i prirodni procesi. With this thesis three wetlands were researched in Iran which are on the List of Wetlands of International importance of Ramsar Convention: wetland Anzali, lake Orumiyeh and Khuran Straits on Qeshm island. Features, conservation and present condition of these wetlands were compared to features, conservation and present condition of wetlands in Croatia which are also on the List of Wetlands of International Importance: Kopački rit, Lonjsko Polje, delta Neretve and Crna Mlaka. The results obtained by this research were following: the level of conservation of wetlands in Iran isn't as high as it should be considering these wetlands are on the List of Wetlands of International Importance, but also more attention should be focused on conservation of wetlands in Croatia because of fast degradation of these habitats in Iran as well as in Croatia. Main reason of degradation of wetlands is anthropogenic influence but also natural processes.

Europska unija je izradila nacrt svog prvog ustava kojim se uvode temeljne promjene u uniji i njezinim institucijama. Preduvjet za izradu ustava je potreba za promjenom unutrašnjeg ustroja EU kako bi se ona mogla proširiti na deset kandidata i šire. Postojeće članice nisu usvojile ustav ni nakon sedamnaest mjeseci rada na njegovu tekstu, te se procedura donošenja otežaIa i odužila., The European Union has drafted its first constitution which will introduce some fundamental changes into the Union and its institutions. A precondition for drawing up the Constitution emerged from the need for a change of the internal structure, so that the Union could proceed with its enlargement by accepting ten new members and beyond. Current members have not enacted the Constitution yet, not even after seventeen months of work on the text of the Constitution, which complicated and prolonged the procedure of enactment.