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Objective To find out the social competence level of school-age children with speech sound disorders after cleft palate operation and functional speech sound disorders. Methods Thirty-four school-age children with postoperative cleft palate speech sound disorders and thirty-seven school-age children with functional speech sound disorders attending a specialty clinic for the diagnosis and treatment of childhood speech and language disorders in 2023 were selected, and 32 age- and gender-matched normal children in a local elementary school were also randomly selected as the normal group. The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist was used to assess the social competence of the three groups of children and a cross-sectional study was conducted. Results Children with cleft palate speech sound disorders and functional speech sound disorders had lower scores on activity, communication and academic ability, with specific manifestations varying in different gender groups, but there was no significant difference in scores between the two groups. In contrast, the activity and communication scores of the functional speech sound disordergroup were significantly lower than those of the normal group(P

This study aims to explore the relationship between self - efficacy and physical activity among school - aged children, along with the mediating role of exercise identity by utilizing the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ -C), General Self -Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Exercise Identity Scale (EIS) to investigate 3rd to 6th grade students of two primary schools in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province and Pingliang City, Gansu Province. The results showed that physical activity score was higher in males, younger students, non-only-child, and students from the western region. There was a positive correlation between self-efficacy and physical activity levels. The exercise identity played a partial mediating role between self-efficacy and physical activity, accounting for 59.3%. This study partially explains the intrinsic mechanism between children and adolescents' self-efficacy and physical activity, providing a theoretical and practical basis for physical activity intervention among children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to isolate and identify Bifidobacterium from the feces of Kazakh school-age children in Yining, Xinjiang and evaluate the in vitro probiotic characteristics of B. longum subsp. longum isolates. By groEL gene sequencing and repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) fingerprinting, 416 Bifidobacterium strains were identified to belong to B. longum, B. bifidum, B. pseudocatenulatum, B. catenulatum and B. breve. According to the fingerprints of B. longum subsp. longum, 27 genotypes showed genetic differences between individual strains and the coexistence of multiple strains in the gut was found. The in vitro experimental results showed that out of 27 representative strains, strains 2B3-21, 1B23-11, 2B33-3, and 1B68-16 were optimal in acid and bile salt tolerance, strains 1B68-16, 2B13-5, 2B33-3, and 1B39-2 had broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, and strains 1B38-1, 2B33-3, 1B68-16, and 2B13-28 showed a strong antioxidant capacity. Considering the antibiotic resistance of all strains and their ability to utilize plant-derived glycans, strains 1B38-1 and 2B13-28 were selected to assess their in vivo probiotic potentials. This study may lay the foundation for the development of excellent probiotics and related products for populations from specific areas.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To examine the prevalence and influencing factors of sleep duration among school-age children in Hainan province for improving sleep quality of the children. Methods Totally 25 162 children aged 6 – 12 years in 86 primary schools in Hainan province were recruited with stratified multistage random sampling. A self-designed questionnaire on demographics, sleep time and its associates was answered online by the children′s parents during November 2021 – January 2022. Logistic regression model was used to explore influencing factors of insufficient sleep in the children. ResultsFor the 24 200 children included in the final analysis, the parents-reported average weekday and weekend nighttime sleep time were 8.79 ± 0.81 and 9.51 ± 0.98 hours and the average total sleep time were 10.06 ± 1.18 and 11.62 ± 1.20 hours, respectively. Based on the parents′ reports, the prevalence of insufficient sleep (total sleep time < 10 hours/per day) was 30.8% and the prevalence linearly increased significantly with the increment of age among the children (P < 0.05). Logistic regression model analysis showed that the children with following characteristics were at significantly increased risk of having insufficient sleep time: aged 11 – 12 years (versus aged 6 – 7 years: odds ratio [OR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.43 – 1.77); with paternal education of college and above (versus primary school: OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.15 – 1.60); from core families (versus from families of other types: OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.01 – 1.26) or from stem families (versus from families of other types: OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.04 – 1.36); having daily outdoor sports time of less than one hour (versus 2 hours and more: OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.42 – 2.00); and having daily screen exposure time of 2 hours and longer (versus that of less than one hour: OR = 1.34, 95%CI: 1.18 – 1.51). ConclusionInsufficient sleep time, especially insufficient nighttime sleep time, is prevalent among school-age children in Hainan province and at elder age, with higher paternal education, from core or stem families, less outdoor sports time, and longer screen exposure time are significant risk factors for insufficient sleep time in the school-age children.

Objective To analyze and compare the differences of indulgent and laissez-faire feeding behavior between preschool and school -age parents and its main influencing factors, to provide theoretical support for differences to guide childrenJ s scientific feeding behavior in different periods. Methods In total 1 263 children and their parents in Jiangxi Province were selected by cluster random sampling and investigated by self-designed questionnaire. The i-test was used to compare the differences of indulgent feeding behavior between preschool and school-age parents, and multiple linear regression was used to screen the main influencing factors. Results The score of indulgent feeding behavior of parents of preschool children was (3.03 ±0,64), and that of parents of school-age children was (2,68 ±0.63) @=9.84, P<0,05). In the preschool age, the score of feeding behavior was positively related to having attended nutrition training 0=0.130: 95%CI: 0.121-0,452), higher educational level of mother 0二0.10& 95%CI: 0,016-0.106) and father occupation as a service worker 0=0.109, 95%CI: 0.081-0.438), and lower montlily family income |8=-0.120, 95%CI: -0.143 to -0.032), full-time father (jB=-0.079, 95%CI: -1.447 to -0.051), mother as professional and technical personnel |8=-0.082, 95%CI: 一0.294 to -0.006), and mother with other occupations |3=-0.073, 95% CI: 一0.218 to -0.006). At school ag® the scores of the feeding behavior were positively related to the environment the child grew up 0=0.08& 95%CI: 0.006-0.226), childhood obesity 0=0.090: 95%CI: 0.065-0.864), nutrition training 0=0.096, 95%CI: 0.043 -0425), fatherJ s occupation as the person in charge of the unit 0=0,09& 95%CI: 0.088-0471), farmers, fishermen, herdsmen and fishermen (8=0.100, 95%CI: 0.019-0.785), and manual workers (8=0.137, 95%CI: 0.100-0389). Mother s occu pation as the person in charge (jB=-0.120, 95%CI: -0.562 to -0.070), as service staff (j8=-O,119, 95%CI: -0349 to -0,068), as farmers, fishermen, herdsmen and fishermen (jB=-0.110, 95%CI: -0.995 to -0,080), with other occupations (8=~0.150, 95%CI:-0359 to -0,105)showed a negative relationship. Conclusion The score of indulgent feeding for parents of preschool children is higher than those of school age children. During the two periods of feeding guidance, more attention should be paid to children, s obesity, the quality of parents' nutrition training, and the differences in parents' occupations. For pre -school age children, more attention should be paid to children with high family income and high educational level of their mothers. For school-age children, more attention should be paid to the children growing in urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effect of focused solution mode on negative emotion and quality of life in school-age children undergoing facial trauma surgery. Methods A total of 80 school-age children with facial trauma who underwent surgery from July 2020 to July 2021 were selected as the study subjects, and randomly divided into the observation group and the control groups, with 40 cases in each group. The control group received routine nursing intervention, and the observation group received focused solution mode on the basis of the control group. The an-xiety, depression and quality of life of the two groups were observed one month after discharge. The Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED),Depression Self-rating Scale for Children (DSRSC) and Chinese version of pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQL4. 0) were used to score the corresponding scores, and the intervention effects of the two groups were compared. Results A total of 40 questionnaires were distributed in the two groups, and 37 valid questionnaires were collected in the observation group, with an effective rate of 92. 5%. In the control group, 38 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of 95. 0%. After interventions, the SCARED and DSRSC scores of the two groups were significantly lower, and the scores in the observation group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P＜0. 05). And the scores of Chinese version scales of PedsQL4. 0 of the two groups were significantly higher, the scores in the observation group were significantly higher than that in the control group（P＜0. 05）. Conclusion Nursing intervention based on focused solution model can significantly improve the negative emotions of school-age children undergoing facial trauma surgery and improve quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background Myopia is an important cause of visual impairment and has become a public health problem all over the world. In China, myopia has a high incidence rate and age of onset of which is becoming younger. There is no clinical method to reverse myopia in children. Therefore, it is important to standardize the screening for ametropia to realize early detection and intervention of myopia. As a primary care institution, a community health center may accurately understand the prevalence of myopia in teenagers in its service coverage area. So giving full play to the role of community health center has important practical significance for the containment of myopia in children and adolescents. Objective To explore the feasibility of community-based prevention and control of myopia in school-age children. Methods A cohort study was conducted. The information about visual acuity and refractive status of students in a primary school in Beijing's Chaoyang District from September 2019 to September 2021 were collected for statistical analysis, among which four groups of data in September 2019, September 2020, March 2021 and September 2021 were finally included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a total of 5 558 records. Then, based on the data, an electronic students' refractive database was established, with uncorrected visual acuity, corrected visual acuity, refractive status (power of a spherical lens, power of a cylindrical lens, axis) , prevalence of wearing glasses or orthokeratology incorporated. The warning levels of vision screening were set to be 0, 1, 2 and 3 from low to high. The visual change, visual warning level, spherical equivalent (SE) of students were compared by grade. The visual changes and warning level evolution at different times were compared at the individual level. Corresponding interventions were implemented for different warning levels, and the intervention results were analyzed and discussed. Results There were statistically significant differences in uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) among students by grade (F=100.413, P

Objective To observe the clinical effect of audiovisual rehearsal for ophthalmic surgery for school-age children. Methods A total of 86 children undergoing ophthalmic surgery under general anesthesia in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University were selected and divided into two groups with 43 cases in each group. Children and their parents in the audiovisual rehearsal intervention group (AV group) were given audiovisual rehearsal intervention at the 1 d preoperative visit; Children and parents in the control group (Group C) were routinely visited one day before surgery. The parents of the two groups accompanied the children for anesthesia induction. The operation time, recovery time from anesthesia, anxiety scores during preoperative visit and anesthesia induction, compliance score during anesthesia induction, restlessness score after extubation and incidence of restlessness during recovery were recorded in the two groups. At the same time, the anxiety scores of the parents of the two groups were recorded during preoperative visit and anesthesia induction, and the correlation between the anxiety scores of the parents and the occurrence of restlessness during the recovery period was analyzed. Results Compared with the group C, the anxiety score and incidence of agitation during anesthesia induction in the AV group were significantly decreased, the compliance score and parental anxiety score were significantly decreased during anesthesia induction, and the differences were statistically significant (P＜0. 05). There was a moderate correlation between parents′ anxiety score and the onset of restlessness during recovery [correlation coefficient (r) =0. 475,P＜0. 01]. Conclusion Preoperative audiovisual rehearsal accompanied by parents can reduce the incidence of agitation during the wake period of ophthalmic surgery in school-age children, which may be related to the alleviation of parental anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the correlation between adenoidal hypertrophy in school-age children and their psychobehavioral problems. Methods: Totally 103 cases of school-age adenoidal hypertrophy and 105 normal children of school age were randomly included, and the severity of psychobehavioral problems in the subjects was analyzed using a homemade general situation questionnaire, a questionnaire related to adenoidal hypertrophy, Parent Symptom Questionnaire, and Social Anxiety Scale for Children. Results: The total scores of PSQ with symptom questionnaires index factors, learning problems index factors, impulsivity-hyperactivity index factors and hyperactivity index factors were higher than those of the normal control group in the adenoidal hypertrophy group, and the total scores of SASC, the evaluation of fear of negation factor score, and the social avoidance distress factor score were higher than those of the normal control group（Ps ＜0.05）.Multiple regression analysis showed that the course of the course of adenoidal hypertrophy, the presence or absence of complications of adenoidal hypertrophy, and endoscopic grading of adenoidal hypertrophy were positively associated with PSQ scores in school-age children（β=0.57,0.17,0.28,Ps ＜0.05）.Age of onset of adenoidal hypertrophy and course of adenoidal hypertrophy were positively associated with SASC scores in school-age children（β=0.38,0.49,Ps ＜0.05）.Conclusion:It suggests that adenoid hypertrophy in school-age children is related to the severity of psychobehavioral problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of West China Journal of Stomatology is the property of Sichuan University, West China College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the incidence probability and epidemiological characteristics of flat foot in school-age children （7～13 years old） in Kunming, and to provide the evidence for the prevention of flat foot. Methods The incidence of flat foot, age trend, male to female ratio, severity and the incidence of single and double foot of school-age children were analyzed by using the optical foot assessment recording device in the second primary school of Dianchi Resort, the fifth Primary School of Jingkai District, Guolin Primary School and Wenbi Primary School in Kunming. Results The overall incidence of flat foot in 4444 school-age children （7-13 years old） in Kunming was 29.1%. The incidence of flat foot in school-age children of different ages was statistically significant （χ² = 159.887, P < 0.001）. The prevalence was 36.91% at age 7 and 29% at age 13. The incidence of flat feet was 62.49% in boys and 37.51% in girls. There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of flat feet between boys and girls （χ² = 63.886, P < 0.001）. The prevalence of flat feet in boys of all ages was higher than that in girls.The total incidence of flat foot in school-age children was divided into mild 21.79%, moderate 52.43% and severe 25.78% according to degree. The incidence of flat foot was 89.1% in bipedal type, and there was no statistical significance in the left and right type of flat foot （P > 0.05）. Conclusion The incidence of flat foot in school-age children aged 7-13 years decreases gradually with the increase of age. The incidence of flat foot in girls is lower than that in boys, and the incidence of flat foot in most children is moderate flat foot. For school-age children, flat feet should be prevented, detected and treated as early as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo analyze sugar-sweetened beverages(SSB) consumption among school-age children in Zhejiang Province, so as to provide scientific basis for its control.MethodsIn 2015—2016, multistage stratified random cluster and probability proportionate sampling method was used, the research objects were included 8 counties(cities) in Zhejiang Province. The Food Frequency Questionnaire was used for collecting information on SSB.ResultsSSB drinking rate was 73.01%(males was 75.87%, females was 70.12%).The drinking rate of SSB was the highest among school-age children from the mountainous area of southern Zhejiang, accounting for 84.28%(P0.05).ConclusionThe rate of SSB drinking was high among school-age children in Zhejiang Province. The drinking frequency and consumption was high in male. Education should be strengthened according to the result of the survey.

Copyright of West China Journal of Stomatology is the property of Sichuan University, West China College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To investigate the effect of wearing dual-focus soft contact lenses (DFSCL) on the visual performance of school-age children., Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 64 children aged 8 to 12 years with spherical equivalent refraction between -0.75 D and -4.00 D were recruited in our hospital in October 2022. Using the envelope method, the subjects were evenly and randomly assigned to the control group wearing single vision spectacles (SVS) or the intervention group wearing MiSight dual-focus soft contact lenses (DFSCL) from CooperVision. Follow-up examinations were conducted once every 3 months. The corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity function (CSF), and the scores for National Eye Institute Refractive Error Quality of Life Instrument-42 (NEI-RQL-42) were compared between the control and intervention groups., Results: By December 2023, a total of 58 subjects completed follow-up (30 in the SVS group and 28 in the DFSCL group). No significant difference in corrected visual acuity was observed between subjects wearing DFSCL and those wearing SVS. The CSF of the DFSCL group was comparable to that of the SVS group across the spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12, and 18 cpd ( P >0.05). According to the results of the NEI-RQL-42 survey at the 6-month follow-up, the score for ocular discomfort symptoms was 89±14 in the SVS group and 79±16 in the DFSCL group ( P =0.008), reflecting that the DFSCL group had a 12.66% higher level of discomfort. For appearance, the score was 70±32 in the SVS group and 92±22 in the DFSCL group ( P =0.002), showing a 31.43% improvement in the DFSCL group., Conclusion: In addition to providing the normal visual acuity and CSF, wearing MiSight DFSCL also leads to better satisfaction with the appearance., Competing Interests: 利益冲突　本文作者刘陇黔是本刊编委会编委。该文在编辑评审过程中所有流程严格按照期刊政策进行，且未经其本人经手处理。除此之外，所有作者声明不存在利益冲突。, (© 2024《四川大学学报（医学版）》编辑部 版权所有Copyright ©2024 Editorial Office of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Objective: To explore the relationship between dietary risk factors and sedentary recreational screen time of adolescents., Methods: A total of 6363 pupils of Grades 4-6 from 6 primary schools in Baise were recruited with cluster-sampling method from Sep.2018 to Nov.2019. Participants were asked to report the average duration of watching television, digital devices use, intakes of sugar-sweetened beverage(SSB), snacks, fast-food, soymilk/milk product, skipping breakfast, and frequency of fruit/vegetable. We performed multivariable logistic regression to estimate OR and 95%CI for the relations between duration of sedentary recreational screen time and dietary risk factors, accounting for complex survey sampling and adjusting for potential confounders., Results: (1)Both prolonged watching television and leisure-time digital devices use were associated with high intakes of SSBs, snacks, and low intakes of fruits and vegetables. And compared with &lt;2 h/d, two kinds of screen-time(&gt;4 h/d) was associated with significantly higher odds for intakes of fast food(watching television: OR=2.551;leisure-time digital devices use: OR=3.024), and frequent breakfast skipping(watching television: OR=1.646;leisure-time digital devices use: OR=1.674). (2)Compared with the reference groups(&lt;2 h/d), participants spending more time per day on sedentary recreational screen time were more likely to drink sugar-sweetened beverages(OR=1.717-3.272), consume snacks(OR=1.626-3.154)and less likely to consume fruit/vegetable(OR=1.526-2.251). Compared to ≤2 h/d, estimated ORs of high intakes of fast food were 2.118 for&gt;3 h/d of screen time, and 2.357 for &gt;4 h/d., Conclusion: Increased television viewing and digital devices use in adolescence of Grades 4-6 is associated with higher odds of consumption of sweetened beverages, snacks and lower odds of fruit consumption in Baise.

To investigate the incidence of dyspepsia in school-age children in Changning District of Shanghai and to study the effect of dietary patterns on it，a total of 304 healthy children aged 7-11 years were selected from 5 primary schools in Changning District in Sep 2019. The basic information，living habits，food consumption and the incidence of dyspeptic symptoms were investigated by questionnaire. Factor analysis was used to extract dietary patterns，and Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between dietary patterns and dyspeptic symptoms of school-age children.The number of people with abdominal pain，diarrhea，constipation and bad breath within half a year accounted for 42.4%（123/290），48.3% （140/290），39.1% （115/294） and 50.7% （148/292），respectively. Increasing age，boys，overweight or obese mothers，smoking and low water intake may be risk factors for dyspeptic symptoms， and a high degree of parental education may be a protective factor for dyspeptic symptoms.Children in the high group of seafood dietary pattern had an increased incidence of diarrhea（OR=1.87，95%CI：1.10-3.20） and constipation within half a year （OR=1.80，95%CI：1.06-3.06）. Children in the high group of dairy dietary pattern had a lower incidence of abdominal pain（OR=0.54，95%CI：0.32-0.91）and diarrhea（OR= 0.51，95%CI：0.30-0.87） within half a year. Children in the high group of traditional diet pattern had a lower incidence of diarrhea within half a year（OR=0.51，95%CI：0.30-0.87）.Children in the high-calorie dietary group had an increased incidence of abdominal pain（OR=1.78，95%CI：1.06-2.99）and bad breath （OR=1.86，95%CI：1.11-3.12）within half a year. School-age children in Changning District of Shanghai have a higher incidence of dyspeptic symptoms，and dietary patterns may affect the occurrence of dyspeptic symptoms in school-age children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face perception involves both configural and featural processing. The developmental progression of configural versus featural processing in childhood remains debated. To date, most studies focused on western children; furthermore, the link between face processing and empathy in children is less well-understood. The present study investigated the development of featural and configural processing in Taiwanese children; we also explored the association between individuals’ empathy, gender, and their face recognition performance. We tested 33 Taiwanese adults and 72 7- to 12-year-old children. Each participant received an Empathy Quotient (EQ)questionnaire and a computerized face discrimination task, which included four conditions (by altering a featural or a configural information): change identity, change eyes, widen eye spacing, and move up mouth. The results showed that (1)the accuracy of the “change identity” was the highest, followed by the “change eyes,” the “widen eye spacing,” and the “move up mouth” conditions. (2)Girls performed better than boys, but female and male adults were about equal. (3)Adults performed better than children in almost all conditions, except that the 11-12-year-old girls’ accuracies on the “change eyes” and the “widen eye spacing” conditions were no different from the adults’. (4)Girls had a higher EQ score than boys, but women and men had similar EQ scores, and the correlations were higher with the Caucasian faces. In sum, our study suggests that in school-age children, girls had higher empathy and better face recognition accuracy than boys; 11-12-year-old girls were particularly mature. Meanwhile, the majority of children still performed significantly worse than the adults, meaning that children’s configural and featural face processing continues to improve in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the distribution of axial length (AL), corneal radius of curvature (CR) and other ocular biological parameters in 6~11-year-old school-age children, and to explore the influencing factors for refractive status and evaluate the monitoring effect of above parameters on refractive development. Methods A total of 1 768 children aged 6 to 11 years, resident in Yongchuan District, Chongqing were enrolled in this study. Their AL, corneal curvature (K), white to white (WTW), and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured by AL-Scan. After pupillary dilatation with 1% cyclopentanlol, cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed for refractive status. According to the spherical equivalent (SE), all right eyes were divided into myopia, hyperopia and emmetropia groups. The relationships of above parameters among different age groups and among different refractive groups and their effect on refractive status were analyzed. Results The mean AL, K, AL/CR, WTW, CCT and SE were 23.17±0.86 mm, 43.22±1.41 D, 2.97±0.10, 11.92±0.42 mm, 558.27±31.86 μm, and 0.26±1.26 D, respectively in the 1 768 students. Compared with the girls, the boys had significantly longer AL (0.49 mm), greater AL/CR (0.1), larger WTW (0.18 mm), thicker CCT (6.31 μm), and smaller K (0.71 D) (P < 0.001). There were statistically differences in AL, CR, AL/CR among different refractive status groups (P < 0.01). The myopia group had the largest AL and AL/CR, and mean AL/CR greater than 3; but smallest CR. AL was positively correlated with CR (r=0.571, P < 0.001), and the correlation coefficients of SE with AL/CR ratio, AL and CR were -0.802, -0.609 and 0.106 (P < 0.001), respectively. In different age groups, the correlation coefficients of SE with AL and AL/CR ratio were increased with age. In the different refractive statuses, the correlation of SE with AL and AL/CR was the strongest in the myopia group. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that AL/CR, AL, and gender all had effect on SE (P < 0.05). Conclusion Significant alteration in AL is seen during the growth and development of eyeballs in 6~11-year-old school-age children among school-age children in the Yongchuan District of Chongqing City. There are significant differences in eyeball development between boys and girls; SE is associated with AL, AL/CR and gender. AL/CR ratio can explain most of the total variance in SE and have clinical significance for the monitoring of the development of myopia.

The study selected 320 school-age children in Henan, measured their screen-based sedentary behaviour and physical activity by the adolescent sedentary activity questionnaire and physical activity questionnaire respectively, and evaluated their cognitive flexibility by the more-odd shifting task to investigate the relationships between screen-based sedentary behaviour and cognitive flexibility and the mediating role of physical activity between them in school-age children. The results showed that: (1) The screen-based sedentary behaviour has a significant negative relation with cognitive flexibility; (2) The indirect effect of screen-based sedentary behaviour impacted the cognitive flexibility by physical activity was -0.0017 (95% CI: -0.0049, -0.0001), confirming that physical activity mediated partly the relationship between screen-based sedentary behaviour and cognitive flexibility; (3) There were significant group differences in the accuracy of both conditions. The cognitive flexibility of school-age children with high-level physical activity was significantly better than that of school-age children with low-level physical activity, and excessive screen-based sedentary behaviour have a more obvious negative impact on the cognitive flexibility of school-age children with low-level physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pedicle screw internal fixation has been widely used in the lumbar spine, and fixed application in thoracic vertebra has gradually been accepted. Considering the narrow thoracic pedicle, especially at T3-T9. pedicle screw always punctures the cortex and important adjacent structures. To avoid serious complications, researchers developed the external pedicle approach from the costal transverse process joint and the costal vertebra joint to the vertebral body, and then others designed a similar screw entry method, which can provide enough safe paths as long as the ribs are not penetrated. At present, the existing studies mainly focus on the upper and middle thoracic vertebrae in adults. OBJECTIVE: To measure the anatomical parameters of pedicle-rib unit screw fixation in thoracic vertebrae of preschoolers, and to explore their developmental regularity and morphological characteristics at different age groups and sexes, so as to provide theoretical basis for clinical practice. METHODS: Sixty-seven preschoolers aged 7-12 years old without bone destruction, tumor, deformity, degeneration or fractures at the spine and no history of spine related surgery were selected. Three-dimensional reconstruction was conducted after spiral CT scanning. The morphological structure of pedicle-rib unit was observed. The transverse diameter, length, inclination angle and safety angle range of pedicle-rib unit screw were measured and analyzed statistically to investigate the feasibility of screw on anatomy. All guardians of the children signed the informed consents, and the study was approved by the hospital ethical committee. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The transverse diameter of the thoracic pedicle-rib unit was increased with age, and decreased first and then increased with the increase of vertebral sequence. The transverse diameter in males was larger than in females at the same age. (2) The length of pedicle-rib screw channel was significantly different in different age groups (P < 0.05), which showed a significant increase with age and a trend of first increase and then decrease with the increase of vertebral sequence. (3) Pedicle-rib unit screw placement showed that safety angle range was 18°-25°, including maximum safety scope in T1, followed by T10, minimum in T4 and T5. (4) Thus, security angle range of pedicle-rib unit screw in children is narrower than that in adults. Compliance with the adult standards in screw placement may cause severe nerve damage to the nerves and blood vessels, so preoperative individualized screw placement should be carried out according to the CT results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in preventing first permanent molars caries inschool ⁃age children and provide necessary information for oral health instruction. Methods 378 children aged 6-7 years old in the first grade of primary school in dahua country, hechi city, Guangxi province (1 053 first permanent mo⁃ lars) were randomly recruited into 2 groups. The test group (542 first permanent molars in 191 children) was treated with fluoride varnish one time in a half year and given oral hygiene instruction 3 times; The control group (511 first permanent molars in 187 children) was only given oral hygiene instruction 3 times. All first permanent molars were checked after 18 months later for caries. Results After intervention, the caries prevalence rate in the test group raised from 21.99% to 27.75% compared with the control group from 24.60% to 37.43%. The caries incidence rate in test and control group was 5.76% and 12.83% respectively. There was a significant difference between 2 groups regardless of caries prevalence, car⁃ ies incidence, the DMFT reduction, the DMFs reduction, the occlusal caries prevalence, the pit and fissure caries preva⁃ lence, the proximal caries prevalence. Conclusion Semi⁃annual application of fluoride varnish is effective in the preven⁃ tion of dental caries in first permanent molars , which was worth of being popularized in clinic.

Intelligence quotient (IQ) and adaptive behavior are the influencing factors of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children entering mainstream schools. This study explored the association between parental education level, IQ, and adaptive behavior in ASD groups. A total of 257 school-age ASD children were enrolled in our study from January 2017 to June 2021. Their parents completed a standard demographic form, including age at autism diagnosis, gender, school placement, and parents' educational background. The Chinese version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) was completed by a certified assessor for each enrolled child. Parents were interviewed on adaptive behavior using the Chinese version of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition (ABAS-II). The average IQ of school-age ASD children was 76.88 (standard deviation (SD)=22.62) and boys had higher IQ levels than girls. The IQ was positively correlated with age. The General Adaptive Composite (GAC) score was 82.47 (SD=15.86) and adaptive behavior did not increase with age. ASD children who attended mainstream schools had better adaptive behavior profiles than other children. The mother's education level showed a significant correlation with the IQ and adaptive behavior of autistic children, while the father's education level did not. Consequently, better training and support for parents may help autistic children enter mainstream schools, with adaptive training being the most urgently required skill for parents.

The broadly defined other-race effect (ORE) refers to differential processing for own- and other-race faces, such as own-race face recognition advantage and categorization bias for racially ambiguous faces. The present study adopted bi-racial (East Asian and Caucasian) morph face images as stimuli, aiming to explore the development of race categorization in Taiwanese school-age children and adults. In Experiment 1, we tested 33 adults (17 females) on their race categorization of Asian/White morphed faces. In Experiment 2, we tested 65 school-age children (34 girls), divided into three age groups, 7-8 year-olds (N = 21), 9-10 year-olds (N = 22), and 11-12 year-olds (N = 22), with the same task. The morphed face stimuli contained 11 levels (from A100/C0 (100% Asian) to A0/C100 (100% White) in 10% increment); both children and adults were asked to categorize each of the morphed faces as either Asian or Caucasian. The results showed that, as the Asian face component increased, the participants were more likely to categorize the morphed face as Asian. Importantly, for the 50% Asian/White racially ambiguous faces: 7-8 year-olds categorized the faces as Asian whereas 9-10 year-olds, 11-12 year-olds, and adults categorized the face as White. Moreover, the reaction times for the morphed faces of nearly equal Asian and White components (e.g., A50/C50 or A60/C40) were the longest among all, indicating that those faces were rather difficult to categorize. Lastly, we adopted curve fitting (using a 4-parameter sigmoidal function) to estimate individuals’ threshold of the Asian component for categorizing as ＂Asian.＂ The adults' group mean threshold was 56.01%; the group mean thresholds of 7-8, 9-10, and 11-12 year-olds were 49.52%, 54.27%, and 53.13%, respectively, showing a tendency of increasing threshold from age 7 to 12. In summary, our findings provide a cross-cultural comparison on the development of race categorization in school-age children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the influencing factors of children's dental fear (CDF) and the relationship of CDF with resilience in children aged 8-9 years in Weifang city to provide evidence for the early prevention and intervention of CDF., Methods: Random cluster sampling method was applied. A total of 1 995 children aged 8-9 years from 10 primary schools in four districts of Weifang city were selected from June to October 2021 as the survey objects. General information questionnaire, the children's fear survey schedule-dental sub-scale, and adolescent resilience scale were used in the investigation., Results: The CDF detection rate was 31.78% (634 cases) in children aged 8-9 years in Weifang city, including 28.41% (296 cases) in boys and 35.47% (338 cases) in girls. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that female gender [odds ratio ( OR )=1.329, 95% confidence interval ( CI )=1.062-1.665], dental caries ( OR =1.961, 95% CI =1.330-2.891), dental pain ( OR =2.133, 95% CI =1.700-2.676), and dental treatment experience ( OR =3.621, 95% CI =2.888-4.540) are risk factors for CDF. Parents with tertiary education or higher ( OR =2.123, 95% CI =1.546-2.916; OR =3.304, 95% CI =2.368-4.612), high scores in the positive cognition factor of the psychological resilience-personal strength dimension ( OR =1.520, 95% CI =1.141-2.025), high scores in the interpersonal assistance factor of the psychological resilience-support strength dimension ( OR =3.819, 95% CI =2.743-5.318), and high scores in the family support factor ( OR =5.634, 95% CI =4.047-7.844) were protective factors for CDF occurrence ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: Children with high psychological resilience scores have low CDF incidence, and good parenting practices are beneficial in reducing CDF incidence.

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Objective: To explore the treatment effect of atropine different treatment methods in the treatment of monocular amblyopia of school-age children. Methods: 90 patients with unilateral amblyopia who were treated in the department of ophthalmology in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. According to the different treatment methods, the patients were divided into the the penalization therapy group (penalization therapy) and the occlusion therapy group (short-time occlusion therapy), with 45 cases in each group. Then the differences of vision, compliance sex, clinical efficacy and adverse reactions between the two groups were recorded and compared. Results: After treatment, the vision, adherence rates (93.33%), the total effective rate (91.11%) in the penalization therapy group were significantly higher than those of the occlusion therapy group (P<0.05); The incidence of adverse reactions in the penalization therapy group was 15.00%, which was significantly lower than 26.67% of the occlusion therapy group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Atropine penalization therapy has significant effect in the treatment of monocular amblyopia of school-age children, it has the advantages of good compliance, obvious vision correction effect, security, and it is worthy of recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin D in school-age children in Beijing., Methods: The data was part of the monitoring data of Beijing in "Chinese Nutrition and Health Monitoring of Children and Nursing Mothers 2016-2017". A total of 1385 students were recruited from 10 primary schools, 10 junior middle schools and 5 senior high schools. The concentrations of serum vitamin D were determined using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The distribution of serum vitamin D in school-age children was further described for different regions, age, body mass index(BMI), waistline, outdoor activity time and myopia. The prevalence of the insufficiency and deficiency of vitamin D was compared in different subgroups., Results: The median concentration of serum 25(OH)D&#95;3 [M(P25, P75)] of students aged 6-11 and 12-17 were 20.86(16.48, 25.31) ng/mL and 14.12(11.04, 19.17) ng/mL. The serum 25(OH)D&#95;3 of male school-age children was higher than that of female. The serum 25(OH)D&#95;3 of students aged 12-17 was lower than that of students aged 6-11. The serum 25(OH)D&#95;3 of urban students was lower than that of rural students, and the serum 25(OH)D&#95;3 of myopia students was lower than that of non-myopia students(P&lt;0.01). There was no significant difference in serum 25(OH)D&#95;3 between students with outdoor activity time greater than or equal to 2 hours and students with less than 2 hours, normal weight and overweight and obese students, normal waist and abdominal obesity students. The vitamin D deficiency rate, insufficiency rate, insufficiency and deficiency rate of school-age children were 18.8%(261), 40.1%(556) and 59.0%(817). The vitamin D deficiency in girls was more serious than that in boys, and the vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency of students aged 12-17 were more serious than that of students aged 6-11. The vitamin D deficiency of students in urban areas was more serious than that in rural areas, and the vitamin D deficiency of myopia students was more serious than that of non-myopia(P&lt;0.01). There was no significant difference in vitamin D deficiency between students with outdoor activity time greater than or equal to 2 hours and students with less than 2 hours, normal weight and overweight and obese students, normal waist and abdominal obesity students. The statistically significant variables(gender, age, region, outdoor activity time, overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and myopia) were included in the multivariate Logistic regression model for analysis. The result showed that girls(OR = 2.005, P&lt;0.001), 12-17 years old(OR=4.310, P&lt;0.001), rural(OR=0.586, P&lt;0.001) with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were more likely., Conclusion: The vitamin D status of students in Beijing is not ideal, and the deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D in girls is more serious than that in boys; The deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D in 12-17 years old is more serious than that in 6-11 years old; The vitamin D deficiency of urban students is more serious than that of rural students.

Objectives: This study aims to determine factors influencing the oral health service utilization behavior of children aged 7-8 years in Weifang based on Anderson health services utilization model., Methods: Based on the National Comprehensive Oral Disease Intervention Project, 1 826 children aged 7-8 years were selected from 10 elementary schools in four districts of Weifang City by whole-group random sampling as the study population. The modified Anderson model was used as the theoretical framework to explore the effects of situational characteristics, population characteristics, and medical behavior on children ' s oral health service utilization., Results: The oral visit rate of children within 1 year was 39.8% (726 cases), of which 47.2% (342 cases) were curative visits, 20.9% (152 cases) were consultative visits, and 10.7% (78 cases) were preventive visits. Multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that frequent parental supervision during tooth brushing, frequent parental observation of dental health, parental education level of college and above, experience of dental pain or discomfort in the last year, and poor oral health evaluated by physician were the main factors that influenced the utilization of oral health services among children ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: The rate of preventive dental visits of children is low, and parents' awareness of children ' s oral health care affects the utilization rate of oral health services. Hence, parents should be taught more about children ' s oral health care to improve the utilization of children ' s health services.

Objective: To study the lunch quality and physical development status of primary school students in a certain area of Wuhan City, and to provide the scientific basis for improving the nutritional status of school-age children., Methods: A total of 1001 students of third to sixth grade from two primary schools in Wuhan were enrolled in this study. The three-day lunch meal survey and physical examination were conducted, and students' lunch at school were recorded by meal review. The lunch intake was compared with the standard, and the correlation between nutrient intake and school-age children's height and weight was analyzed., Results: The height of the subjects was(139.81±8.87) cm and the body weight was(35.91±9.44) kg. The average protein intake at lunch of all age groups reached 40% estimated average requirement(EAR), and vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, calcium, selenium and other nutrients were seriously inadequate; all age groups of animal meat intake reached the standard. And fish, shrimp, eggs, soybeans and nuts, milk were lack of intake; energy of lunch, carbohydrates, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron intake were correlated with height and weight of school-age children(P<0.05)., Conclusion: There are some problems such as micronutrient deficiency and unbalanced diet in school-age children aged 9-12 in Wuhan. Physical development did not reach the national average level.

Objective: To describe the situation of insufficient sleep and the association between insufficient sleep and physical exercise, among Chinese Han students aged 9-18 years. Methods: We selected 172 197 Chinese Han students aged 9-18 years from the project 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health. The average sleep duration per day of less than 9 h for children aged 9-12 years and of less than 8 h for adolescents aged 13-18 years, were defined as insufficient sleep. We described the distribution of sleep duration and the prevalence rates of insufficient sleep for each subgroup. Logistic regression models were established to assess the association between insufficient sleep and physical exercise. Results: In 2014, 6.6%, 30.8%, 26.3%, 20.8%, 13.8% and 1.8% of the Chinese Han students self-reported sleep duration were <6, 6-, 7-, 8- and ≥10 h, respectively. The overall prevalence rate of insufficient sleep was 77.2%, with 75.8% for boys and 78.6% for girls. No gender disparity was found at each 9-11 age groups. However, in the 12-18 age groups, the prevalence rates for girls were significantly higher than that for boys. The prevalence rates of insufficient sleep for primary school, middle school and high school students were66.6%, 74.1% and 93.8%, respectively. Rates were increasing with age for children aged 9-12 years and adolescents aged 13-18 years respectively. The three provinces with the lowest prevalence rates of insufficient sleep were Zhejiang (68.8%), Jiangsu (66.7%) and Shaanxi (65.2%). Data from the logistic regression models revealed that, when comparing to those students with only exercise of <0.5 h per day, the exercise hours of 0.5-1 h ( OR =0.72, 95 %CI : 0.69-0.74) or ≥1 h ( OR =0.46, 95 %CI : 0.44-0.47) per day seemed as protective factors for insufficient sleep. When compared with physical exercise frequency <2 times per week, the 2 times ( OR =0.82, 95 %CI : 0.78-0.86) or >2 times ( OR =0.65, 95 %CI : 0.62-0.68) frequencies also appeared as protective. Conclusions: The prevalence rate of insufficient sleep prevailing among students aged 9-18 years was high, in China. Our data called for setting up effective measures to deal with this situation.