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Objective To explore the effect of extended care on improving the compliance, efficacy and quality of life of antiviral therapy in elderly patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Methods A total of 200 elderly patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who received initial antiviral therapy in Beijing You'an Hospital from January 2015 to December 2021 were selected as the study subjects and randomly divided into the control group and the test group according to the lottery method, with 100 cases in each group. The control group received routine care and health education, and the experimental group was given extended care on the basis of the control group. After 1 year of follow-up, medication compliance, efficacy, and quality of life were compared between the two groups. Results During 1-year follow-up, the medication compliance of the test group was higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); the increase of CD4+ T lymphocyte count in the test group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05); the viral load was undetectable after treatment in both groups. The scores of physical domain, psychological domain, social relationship domain and environmental domain of quality of life in the test group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) . Conclusion Extended care is beneficial to improve the medication compliance and antiviral effect of elderly patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and improve the quality of life of patients. It is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

ObjectiveTo understand the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the genotypes of prevalent HCV among drug users in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia). MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from April to June 2022 among all newly admitted drug users (n = 1 659) at AIDS sentinel surveillance sites in four cities of Inner Mongolia. Participants were interviewed and blood samples were collected for relevant information, anti-HCV/HCV nucleic acid detection, and genotyping of HCV RNA-positive specimens. Enumeration data were described by using proportions, and the chi-squared test was taken for comparisons between groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify risk factors for HCV infection among drug users. ResultsAmong 1 659 drug users aged 43.67 ± 9.52 years, 98.01% were male; 89.33% were of Han ethnicity; 85.65% had local household registration; 46.05% were married or cohabiting; and 73.54% reported education of junior high school and below. HCV infection was diagnosed in 13.62% of all drug users. The most common HCV genotypes among HCV-infected individuals were 1b, 3a, and 3b, and the majority of infections with different genotypes had intermediate or high HCV RNA viral loads. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that injecting and needle-sharing drug users had a significantly increased risk of HCV infection compared with those without the two drug use behaviors, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2.994 (2.243 – 3.995) and 8.217 (4.128 – 16.355), respectively. ConclusionThe prevalent HCV genotypes among HCV-infected drug users in Inner Mongolia are 1b and 3a, and genotype 3a HCV infections have higher viral loads. Strengthening drug control, regular testing and treatment of HCV infection among drug users should be implemented to promptly detect and intervene in HCV infection in the population.

Objective To explore the impact of perceived HIV-related discrimination on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among middle-aged and elderly individuals living with HIV/AIDS and the modifying effect of social support, so as to provide guidance for improving ART treatment success rates. Methods By using cluster random sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among middle-aged and elderly HIV/AIDS patients in the city of Mianyang. The survey assessed their sociodemographic characteristics, social support, perceived discrimination, and treatment adherence. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between these factors and ART adherence. Results The study included 401 middle-aged and elderly HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART. Good adherence was observed in 69.82% of participants, while 30.18% had poor adherence. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with effective viral suppression (viral load ≤20) demonstrated better adherence compared to treatment failure patients (viral load >20). Adherence was also higher among those following single or dual antiretroviral drug regimens. Logistic regression results indicated that fear of disclosure (OR=1.116, 95% CI: 1.023–1.217), public discrimination (OR=1.105, 95% CI: 1.008–1.211), and internal shame (OR=1.119, 95% CI: 1.022–1.225) significantly influenced treatment adherence. Stratified analysis further revealed that fear of disclosure (OR=1.159, 95% CI: 1.034–1.299), public discrimination (OR=1.128, 95% CI: 1.004–1.267), and internal shame (OR=1.150, 95% CI: 1.021–1.297) were associated with adherence. Conclusion Enhancing social support, particularly at the individual and family levels, is crucial to mitigate the impact of fear of disclosure, public discrimination, internal shame, and treatment regimens on HIV/AIDS treatment adherence. Public education and support programs should aim to reduce discrimination, strengthen viral load monitoring, and adjust personalized treatment plans promptly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the distribution and temporal dynamics of Norovirus (NoV) in wastewater through preliminary quantification of genotypes I and II (GI and GII) RNA concentrations. The goal was to establish a database for quantitative detection of NoV in wastewater and provide foundational data for further research on predicting population infections using wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance of Norovirus. Methods Five sewage sampling sites were established in Shenzhen for qualitative and quantitative surveillance over one year. Weekly samples were collected from September 2022 to August 2023, totaling 260 samples over 52 weeks. Real-time fluorescence reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Real-time RT-PCR) was employed to detect and analyze NoV (including GI and GII). Sample concentration involved two steps: disc electrophoresis filtration and polyethylene glycol precipitation, followed by nucleic acid extraction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results The overall detection rates of NoV GI and NoV GII were 84.62% and 89.5%, respectively, with 96.5% detecting both genotypes simultaneously. NoV concentrations in wastewater ranged from 103.56 to 108.67 genomic copies per liter (GC/L) for NoV GI and from 104.63 to 108.06 GC/L for NoV GII. The highest RNA concentration detected was 108.67 GC/L. NoV was widely distributed in original wastewater samples (83.3% NoV GI and 91.6% NoV GII), with viral loads of 3.86 log10 GC/L (GI) and 3.87 log10 GC/L (GII), averaging 6.11 log10 GC/L (GI) and 6.15 log10 GC/L (GII). Conclusion Continuous monitoring of Norovirus in sewage confirmed its presence throughout the year, with concentrations varying seasonally in accordance with epidemiological trends. Utilizing wastewater-based epidemiology offers insights into the epidemiological characteristics of Norovirus, complementing existing surveillance methods reliant on confirmed cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】It is to establish a rapid, sensitive and specific SYBR Green I quantitative PCR method for the detection of sugarcane striate virus（SStrV）.【Method】A specific amplification primer was designed from the conserved sequence of the SStrV genome sequence, the recombinant plasmid pMD19-T-SStrV-qN containing SStrV gene was constructed as a positive plasmid standard. Using it as template, the SStrV fluorescence quantitative PCR assay was established. And the sensitivity, specificity, stability, and subsequently of this method were tested, then the SStrV loads in different tissue sites of sugarcane were detected.【Result】The recombinant plasmid containing SStrV genome sequence was diluted into a standard at a 10-fold ratio, and they were used as a template for real-time PCR, the standard curve y = -3.337 x + 38.197 was obtained, and the correlation coefficient r² = 0.999 was obtained, indicating that the Cq value was linearly related to the logarithm of the copy number of the standard concentration. With this established real-time PCR, the least detection limit was 13 copies of the recombinant plasmid/μL, which was 100 times more sensitive than ordinary PCR. The method specifically detected SStrV with high specificity, and the coefficient of variation within and between groups was n 0.13%-0.94%, indicating that the method was of good repeatability. The load of SStrV was significantly different among different tissue sites of the sugarcane, and the load of SStrV was the highest in +4 leaves, which was significantly different from other tissue sites.【Conclusion】The SYBR Green I quantitative PCR method is established to provide an efficient quantitative detection method for the diagnosis of SStrV, and it is determined that +4 leaves are the best sampling site for the detection of SStrV in sugarcane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aims to investigate the mortality among HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Fangchenggang City, Guangxi Province, and to identify associated factors with AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related deaths, providing scientific evidence for reducing AIDS mortality. Methods We collected data from the National Comprehensive AIDS Prevention and Control Information System. These data included socio-demographic and follow-up records of 2 728 HIV-1 infected individuals receiving Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) treatment in Fangchenggang City from January 1, 2005 to July 5, 2022. This dataset included socio-demographic and follow-up records during the specified period, providing a comprehensive insight into the therapeutic responses, survival rates, and potential associated complications among ART-treated HIV/AIDS patients within Fangchenggang City. Socio-demographic and follow-up data were analyzed using the cumulative incidence function (CIF) under a competing risk framework and the Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard regression model to assess the associated factors with both AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related deaths. Results With an average follow-up period of 6.7 person-years, 295 cases experienced AIDS-related death with a mortality rate of 1.06/100 person-years, while 227 cases died from non-AIDS-related causes, with a mortality rate of 1.2/100 person-years. Under consideration of competing risks, the cumulative incidence of AIDS-related death at 1 year, 5 years, and 13 years post-diagnosis was 2.5%, 8.5%, and 15.0%, respectively. The factors associated with a higher risk of AIDS-related death included: age 60 years or older (aHR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.05~2.15), current spouse's infection status unknown/not investigated (aHR = 1.39, 95 % CI: 1.03~1.90), history of prophylactic treatment for opportunistic infections (aHR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.06~1.84), and occurrence of opportunistic infections or tumors (aHR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.12~2.45) . On the contrary, factors associated with a lower risk of AIDS-related death included: being female (aHR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.49~0.90), initial treatment regimen containing EFV (aHR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.25~0.68), having changed the treatment regimen (aHR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.12~0.29), first CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/µL (aHR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20~0.45), initial viral load (VL) between 50 to 1000 copies/ml (aHR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.18-0.54), and VL < 50 copies/ml (aHR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.44~0.84). Regarding non-AIDS related deaths, passive detection (aHR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.0~1.98), uninvestigated/unknown spouse's infection status (aHR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.01~1.95), and first CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/ (JLL (aHR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.27~2.22) were found to be associated with increased risk. In contrast, lower risk factors included being female (aHR = 0.55, 95 % CI: 0.37-0.81), having experienced a change in antiviral treatment regimen post-initiation (aHR = 0.33, 95%CI :0.21-0.50), initial treatment regimens containing EFV (aHR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.34-0.88), and NVP (aHR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.3-0.83). Conclusion The mortality rate among HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART in Fangchenggang City is relatively low. This study underscores the importance of preventing and treating opportunistic infections or tumors for improving the survival of HIV/AIDS patients. HIV/AIDS care clinics should particularly focus on monitoring and following up on female patients, older patients, and those detected passively, enhancing medication adherence, expanding HIV testing among key populations, and thereby striving to reduce the mortality rate among AIDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a TTV detection technique with higher sensitivity and specificity, providing crucial technical support for uncovering the role of TTV in process of various diseases. Methods: For more accurate and sensitive TTV detection, this study analyzed all published subtypes of TTV genome sequences, on the basis of which a real-time PCR assay targeting the UTR was established and compared with the more widely used PCR assays reported in the references. Results: The method established in this study showed good linear relationship within the range of 1 x 107 to 1 x 101 copies/µ L standard sample concentrations, with a correlation coefficient of 1.000, a slope of -3.446, and a detection limit of 1 x 101 copies/µ L. The repeatability test results demonstrated an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 7.22%, indicating strong repeatability and stability of the method. Compared with four sets of primers widely used in previous studies, our established real-time PCR detection method showed significantly higher sensitivity (P<0.01) in detecting 30 clinical samples. Sanger sequencing results confirmed that all 30 positive samples detected by our method were TTV-positive, with a detection specificity of 100%. Conclusion: This study adopts a realtime PCR detection method based on the TaqMan probe, which has high sensitivity and wide coverage of genotype range, especially for quantitative detection in cases of low TTV viral load. It provides important technical support for the pathogenicity of the TTV virus and its application as an immune marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the genotyping of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infected hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients in Yunnan Province, and to analyze the differences in viral load, biochemical indicators, and blood routine indicators among different genotypes, in order to provide a laboratory basis for the diagnosis and clinical treatment of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Methods From November 2022 to June 2023, the serum samples and basic information of patients diagnosed with HIV/HCV co-infection were collected in the antiviral outpatient clinic of Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Diseases. The HCV viral load was detected by one-step qRT-PCR amplification, the positive samples were sequenced, and genotyping was determined based on NS5 gene sequence. The differences in biochemical and blood routine indexes between HIV patients co-infected with different HCV genotypes and low/high viral loads were analyzed. Results A total of 126 HIV/HCV co-infected patients were collected, including 20 HCV genotype 1 (15.9%), 91 HCV genotype 3 (72.2%), and 15 HCV genotype 6 (11.9%). The maximum and minimum viral load of the three HCV genotypes were as follows: HCV type 1 (1.0x108, 4.8x104 IU/mL), HCV type 3 (2.2x108, 2.9x10² IU/mL), and HCV type 6 (8.1x107, 6.8x104 IU/mL). The results showed that there was no significant difference between HIV co-infection with different genotypes of HCV and three HIV treatment schemes, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+integrase strand transfer inhibitors (NRTIs+ INSTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs+NNRTIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+protease inhibitor (NRTIs+PLs), and the viral load of patients (P>0.05). The analysis of biochemical indexes such as total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CREA), and blood routine indexes such as white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), platelet (PLT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) among different HCV genotypes and low/high viral loads showed that there was no significant difference in biochemical indexes and blood routine indexes between low/high viral loads of HIV co-infected HCV patients (P>0.05); however, the biochemical indicators TBIL, IBIL and MCHC were significantly different statistically between patients with genotype 3 HCV infection and those with genotype 1 HCV infection (P<0.05), while other biochemical and blood routine indexes were not statistically different among different HCV genotypes (P>0.05). Conclusions There are six subtypes of HCV co-infection in HIV patients in Kunming, Yunnan Province, including three genes of genotype 1, 3, and 6. Among them, genotype 3 HCV is the main prevalent genetic virus among HIV co-infected populations. The TBIL, IBIL and MCHC values of HIV patients co-infected with HCV type 3 are different from those infected with HCV type 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo determine the characteristics， viral load and immunological status of HIV-infected persons and their spouses who became HIV-positive， and the reasons for HIV seroconversion in 55 HIV discordant couples in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture （Dehong Prefecture）， Yunan Province.MethodsData on the 55 couples meeting the criteria of having a previously positive spouse were retrieved from the AIDS Integrated Prevention and Control Data Information System of the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System during 2015-2021. General socio-demographic information， age at diagnosis， exposure history， CD4+T lymphocyte count， and antiviral treatment were collected. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were used to compare the distribution of pre-HIV-positive spouses and their HIV seroconverted spouses.ResultsA total of 55 spouses from HIV discordant couples had HIV seroconversion. Of them， 72.7% （40/55） of pre-HIV-positive spouses were husbands. The most recent CD4+T lymphocyte count in the pre-HIV-positive spouses was （328.31± 246.27） cells·μL-1 at the time of diagnosis of their seroconverted spouses， of which 36.3% （20/55） had a CD4+T lymphocyte count of less than 200 cells·μL-1. Furthermore， of those pre-HIV-positive spouses with low CD4+T lymphocyte count， 45.0% （9/20） had an undetectable viral load， 15.0% （3/20）

Objective To analyze the correlation between HIV-RNA load and T lymphocyte subsets in HIV/AIDS patients co-infected with syphilis in Guizhou province in recent three years. Methods A total of 2 869 newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients who did not receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) were selected in the public health rescue center of Guiyang from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021. According to results of syphilis testing, patients were divided into the simple HIV infection group (n= 2 289), the current HIV/syphilis infection group (n=333) and the previous HIV/syphilis infection group (n=247). The general demography data and the baseline data of laboratory test indicators were compared between the three groups of patients. The correlation between the HIV-RNA load and T lymphocyte subsets in different groups of HIV was analyzed. Results The age of the HIV/syphilis current infection group was lower than that of the HIV/ syphilis simple infection group and the HIV/syphilis past infection group, and the proportion of males was higher than that of the HIV simple infection group and the HIV/syphilis past infection group (P＜0.05). The HIV-RNA load was lower in the HIV/syphilis current infected group than that in the HIV-only infected group. CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and CD3+T cells were higher in the HIV/syphilis current infected group than those of the HIV simple infection group (P＜0.05). The HIVRNA load was higher in the HIV/syphilis previous infection group than that in the HIV/syphilis current infection group, and CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells and CD3+T cells were lower than those in the HIV/syphilis current infection group (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the CD4/CD8 ratio between different HIV groups (P＞0.05). The HIV-RNA load of grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ decreased sequentially in the simple HIV infection group and the previous HIV/syphilis infection group (P＜0.05). The HIV-RNA load of grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ in the HIV/syphilis current infection group was lower than that of grade Ⅰ (P＜0.05). There was a negative correlation between HIV-RNA load and T lymphocyte subsets in the three groups of patients (P＜0.01). Conclusion Changes in T lymphocyte subsets occur after HIV/syphilis co-infection. With changes in HIV-RNA load, there are also differences in the T lymphocyte subsets of HIV/syphilis co-infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate liver inflammation and fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV infection with a low viral load. Methods Among the HBsAg-positive patients who attended Ganzhou Fifth People’s Hospital from April 2019 to June 2022, 41 patients with 20 IU/mL ＜HBV DNA ＜2 000 IU/mL were selected and underwent the examinations of blood biochemistry, liver stiffness measurement(LSM), and liver biopsy to clarify liver inflammation and fibrosis. Liver inflammation was analyzed according to HBV DNA, alanine aminotransferase(ALT), LSM, and age. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results Among the 41 patients, 15(36.59%) had liver inflammation grade ≥G2 and/or liver fibrosis stage ≥S2. Among these 15 patients, 11(73.33%) had an HBV DNA level of ＞200-2 000 IU/mL and 4(26.67%) had an HBV DNA level of 20-200 IU/mL; the patients with G2 liver inflammation accounted for 73.33%(11/15), and those with S2 liver fibrosis accounted for 46.67%(7/15); the patients with ALT ≤30 U/L accounted for 46.67%(7/15); the patients aged ≥30 years accounted for 86.66%(13/15); the patients with LSM ＞17 kPa accounted for 6.67%(1/15), those with an LSM value of 12.4-17 kPa accounted for 46.67%(7/15), and those with an LSM value of 9.4-12.4 kPa accounted for 33.33%(5/15). Conclusion Patients with chronic HBV infection and low-level viremia have a relatively high risk of progression of inflammation and fibrosis. ALT level cannot be used as a basis for antiviral therapy in HBV-infected people with a low viral load. LSM based on transient elastography can be used as a noninvasive test to screen for CHB patients with a low viral load, and antiviral therapy should be considered when HBV-infected patients with a low viral load have an age of ＞30 years and an LSM value of ＞9.4 kPa persistently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the clinicopathological features and prognosis of polyomavirus nephropathy (PyVN) after kidney transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 44 patients who were diagnosed with PyVN after kidney transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. The causes of puncture and the time of pathological diagnosis were analyzed. Histological grading was carried out according to Banff 2018 classification. Clinical data and pathological characteristics of patients at all grades were statistically compared. BK viral DNA loads in the blood and urine were measured and renal allograft function were assessed. Clinical prognosis of all patients was compared among different groups and the risk factors affecting clinical prognosis were also analyzed. Results The time interval between pathological diagnosis of PyVN and kidney transplantation was 16(8, 29) months, and the increase of serum creatinine level was the main cause for puncture. Among 44 patients, 19 cases were classified as grade Ⅰ PyVN, 21 cases of grade Ⅱ PyVN and 4 cases of grade Ⅲ PyVN, respectively. Under optical microscope, there was no significant difference in the positive rate of virus inclusion bodies among different groups (P=0.148). Inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial fibrosis and polyomavirus load in grade Ⅱ PyVN patients were all more or higher than those in grade Ⅰ counterparts. Inflammatory cell infiltration and polyomavirus load in grade Ⅲ patients were more or higher than those in grade Ⅰ counterparts. Polyomavirus load in grade Ⅲ patients was more or higher than that in grade Ⅱ counterparts. The differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05/3). Upon diagnosis, BK viral DNA load was detected in the blood and urine of 39 patients. Among them, 38 patients were positive for BK virus in the urine and 30 patients were positive for BK virus in the blood. The serum creatinine level upon diagnosis was higher compared with that at postoperative 1 month. The serum creatinine level at the final follow-up was significantly higher than that upon diagnosis. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.001, P=0.049). There was no significant difference in the serum creatinine level among patients with different grades of PyVN at postoperative 1 month (P=0.554). The serum creatinine level of patients with grade Ⅱ PyVN upon diagnosis was significantly higher than that of those with grade I PyVN (P=0.007). The 1-, 3- and 5-year cumulative survival rates of renal allografts were 95%, 69% and 62%, respectively. The survival rates of renal allografts significantly differed among patients with different grades of PyVN. The higher the grade, the lower the survival rate (P=0.014). Univariate and multivariate Cox’s regression analyses prompted that intrarenal polyomavirus load and serum creatinine level upon diagnosis were the independent risk factors for renal allograft dysfunction (all P<0.05). Conclusions PyVN mainly occurs within 2 years after kidney transplantation. Clinical manifestations mainly consist of increased serum creatinine level, BK viremia and BK viruria. Postoperative routine monitoring of BK virus contributes to early diagnosis and protection of renal allografts. Banff 2018 classification may effectively predict the prognosis of renal allografts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of replication-competent HBV DNA in the liver and/or serum of HBsAg-negative individuals is a sufficient and necessary condition for the diagnosis of occult hepatitis B virus infection（OBI）. In recent years, Chinese scholars have proposed what is considered a more “rigorous” definition, i.e., on this basis, HBV window period（WP） infection is excluded, which corresponds to a serum HBV DNA level of below the lower limit of detection or a low positive value（＜200 IU/mL）. As the definition of WP for HBV infection remains unclear and its duration is highly variable, “HBV DNA ＜200 IU/mL” is not the only criterion in OBI patients. Therefore, it is believed that there is still a lack of sufficient basis and operability for the definition of OBI based on “the exclusion of HBV WP infection” and “HBV DNA ＜200 IU/mL” as “rigorous” conditions for the diagnosis of OBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate the curative effect of anti-HPV biological dressing in the treatment of chronic cervicitis with persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and analyze the effect on pain and inflammatory factors in patients. Methods: A total of 156 patients with chronic cervicitis and persistent HPV infection who were admitted to our hospital from May 2020 to March 2022 were randomly divided into control group and observation group, 78 cases in each group, and the control group received Baofukang Suppository treatment, the observation group was treated with anti-HPV biological gel dressing. The clinical curative effect, HPV negative conversion rate, pain degree of patients, inflammatory factor levels and other indicators of the two groups were evaluated and compared statistically. Results: Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the indicators between the two groups (P>0.05); after treatment, the pain VAS score of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); α (TNF-α), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-4 levels were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), γ-interferon (IFN-γ) After treatment, the viral load of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, and the rate of HPV negative conversion was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); the total effective rate of the observation group was 96.15%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group. 80.77% of the group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The anti-HPV biological gel dressing is effective in the treatment of chronic cervicitis with persistent HPV infection. It can effectively relieve pain symptoms, increase the rate of HPV negative conversion, improve the local inflammation of the cervix, improve the clinical efficacy, and has good safety. It has clinical promotion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To investigate and analyze the correlation between the expression levels of CD38, HLA-DR and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) on peripheral blood CD8 + T cells and HIV-1 RNA viral load, immune activation and exhaustion in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Methods: A total of 81 HIV/AIDS patients (64 without antiretroviral therapy and 17 with therapy) and 40 healthy donors in the same period were enrolled as the control group. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the CD4 + T lymphocyte count and the expression levels of activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR and apoptosis marker PD-1 on CD8 + T cells. HIV-1 RNA in the plasma of HIV-1 infected patients was quantitatively detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Variance analysis was used to compare the expression levels of CD38, HLA-DR and PD-1 on CD8 + T cells between HIV/AIDS patients and healthy controls. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between different T lymphocyte counts and HIV RNA viral load, and the correlation between HIV RNA viral load and peripheral blood CD8 + T cell CD38, HLA-DR and PD-1. Results: Among the 81 HIV/AIDS patients, 69 (85.19%) were males and 12 (14.81%) were females, with an age M ( Q 1 , Q 3 ) of 58 (36.5, 65.0) years. There were 60 HIV/AIDS patients over 55 years old (74.07%) and 21 HIV/AIDS patients between 18 and 55 years old (25.93%). The results of variance analysis showed that compared with the healthy control group, the expression levels of CD38, HLA-DR and PD-1 on CD8 + T cells in HIV/AIDS patients increased, and the differences were statistically significant (all P <0.05). In addition, the expression of CD38, HLA-DR and PD-1 increased significantly in patients with CD4 + T cell count less than 350 cells/μl, and the differences were statistically significant (all P were negatively correlated with viral load in HIV/AIDS patients ( + and CD4 + /CD8 + was positively correlated with viral load ( r =-0.407 and -0.378, respectively, both P <0.05), and CD8 + was positively correlated with viral load ( r =0.356, P <0.05). When the HIV RNA level was≤10 5 CPs/ml, there was no correlation between the HIV RNA level and the expression levels of CD38, HLA-DR and PD-1 on CD8 + T cells (all P >0.05). However, when the level of HIV RNA was>10 5 CPs/ml, the level of HIV RNA was positively correlated with the expression levels of CD38, HLA-DR and PD-1 on CD8 + T cells ( r T cells in the peripheral blood of HIV/AIDS patients are increased. When the viral load is high, the HIV RNA viral load is positively correlated with the activation and exhaustion levels of CD8 P <0.05). Conclusions: The activation levels of CD38 and HLA-DR and the expression of PD-1 on CD8 + T cells in the peripheral blood of HIV/AIDS patients are increased. When the viral load is high, the HIV RNA viral load is positively correlated with the activation and exhaustion levels of CD8 + T cells.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the viral levels and associated factors in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related primary liver cancer (PHC) in real-world settings and further explore the correlation between low viral load (LVL) and/or low-level viremia (LLV) and PHC. Methods: Five hundred twenty-four cases with HBV-related PHC with complete pathologically confirmed data from 2013 to 2020 were included. Percentages (%) were used to express their viral load, antiviral (oral) status, patient compliance, presence or absence of cirrhosis, family history of liver cancer, and others. LVL definition: After excluding detection errors by PCR method, serum HBV DNA <50-2 000 IU/ml, and those who had received antiviral drug treatment were called LLV. Antiviral treatment (AVT) rate definition: As of the confirmed diagnosis of PHC, those who had been regularly treated using oral antiviral drugs for six months or more (≥6 months). Results: General situation: The ratio of male to female enrolled patients was 15.90:1 (493/31). Patients aged >40 years accounted for 91.98% (482 cases). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity condition: The ratio of HBsAg-positive to HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive (HBsAg-/anti-HBc+) PHC patients was 5.89:1 (448/76). Among the 76 HBsAg-/anti-HBc+patients, the ratio of HBsAg-/anti-HBs+/anti-HBc+ to HBsAg-/anti-HBs-/anti-HBc+ patients was 0.95:1 (37/39). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeA) positivity condition: The ratio of HBeAg-negative to HBeAg-positive cases was 3.23:1 (400/124). HBV DNA level condition: The medical history records of 75.00% of patients (393/524) had traceable HBV DNA test reports. Out of 393 patients, 45.04% (177/393) accounted for undetectable HBV DNA, 13.49% (53/393) accounted for LVL, 41.48% (163/393) accounted for HBV DNA exceeding the upper limit of LVL, and 4.07% (16/393) accounted for LLV. Among HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-/anti-HBc+ patients, the HBV DNA positivity rates were 59.12% (214/362) and 6.45% (2/31), respectively. Antiviral treatment condition: Among the 448 HBsAg-positive PHC patients, the total AVT rate was 18.08% (81/448), of which seven patients did not have their HBV DNA results traced back. Among them, the AVT rate of 148 patients with HBV DNA lower than the lowest detection value was 41.22% (61/148); the AVT rate of 53 patients with LVL was 18.87% (10/53); and the AVT rate of 163 patients with HBV DNA≥LVL upper limit was 1.84% (3/163). Liver cirrhosis and family history condition: 348 patients (66.41%) had liver cirrhosis. 67 patients (12.79%) had a distinct family history of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) condition: 514 patients underwent AFP testing, with 30.93% of the patients had normal AFP levels, and 69.07% had AFP levels exceeding the upper limit of normal values (355/514). Among them, 10 μg/L400 μg/L accounted for 34.44% (177/514) and 34.63% (178/514), respectively. Tissue typing condition: 99.05% (519/524) were hepatocellular carcinoma, and well-differentiated and moderately differentiated cases accounted for only 8.59%. Conclusions: In the real world, comprehensive, timely screening, standardized, and effective antiviral treatment have not yet been achieved for patients with chronic hepatitis B, resulting in the persistence of HBsAg and/or HBV DNA positivity (especially LVL and/or LLV). Although LVL does not account for a high proportion among all HBV-related PHC populations, the vast majority of LVL populations have not received any antiviral treatment. In addition, some PHC populations with HBV DNA>2 000 IU/ml have not received standard antiviral treatment before the onset of the disease, which should be paid attention to. At the same time, HBsAg-/anti-HBc+ populations may have latent HBV infection and may even progress to PHC. Notably, PHC may still occur after HBeAg seronegative conversion.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the efficacy of entecavir (ETV)versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)and the treatment measures for poor response in previously untreated chronic hepatitis B (CHB)patients with high viral load. Methods A total of 165 CHB patients who received antiviral therapy and met the inclusion criteria in Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, from June 2016 to July 2021 were enrolled. The patients enrolled had a baseline HBV DNA level of > 6lg copies/ ml and were previously untreated CHB patients who had used ETV or TDF for 48 weeks, and quantitative real - time PCR was used to measure HBV DNA. Virologic response rate was calculated after 48 weeks of treatment;a logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors for the response of HBV DNA < 500 copies/ mL and HBV DNA < 100 copies / mL at 48 weeks;a stratified analysis was performed to compare the virologic response rate of HBV DNA < 500 copies / ml and HBV DNA < 100 copies/ ml after 48 weeks between the patients with different ages, sexes, baseline HBV DNA levels, baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT)levels, types of first - line medication, and HBeAg statuses. The Mann - Whitney U test was used for comparison of non - normally distributed continuous data between two groups, the chi - square test or the Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups, and the binary logis? tic regression model was used for multivariate analysis. Results After 48 weeks of treatment, 85. 5% (141 / 165)of the patients achieved an HBV DNA load of < 500 copies/ mL, and 66. 1% (109 / 165)of the patients achieved an HBV DNA load of < 100 copies / mL, with no significant difference in treatment outcome between the ETV group and the TDF group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sex(OR = 2. 793, 95% CI:1. 197 - 6. 517), baseline HBV DNA(OR = 0. 369, 95% CI:0? 142 - 0. 959), baseline ALT(OR = 4. 556, 95% CI:1. 770 - 11. 732), and baseline HBeAg(OR = 0. 120, 95% CI:0. 033 - 0. 429)were influencing factors for complete virologic response(all P < 0. 05). For the patients with normal ALT (=40 U/ L)at baseline, 75. 6% (34 / 45)achieved an HBV DNA load of < 500 copies/ mL after 48 weeks of treatment, and 53. 3% (24 / 45)achieved an HBV DNA load of < 100 copies/ mL, with no significant difference in treatment outcome between the ETV group and the TDF group. For the patients with abnormal ALT (> 40 U/ L)at baseline, 89. 2% (107 / 120)achieved an HBV DNA load of < 500 copies/ mL after 48 weeks of treatment, and the proportion of such patients in the TDF group was significantly higher than that in the ETV group (96. 1% vs 84. 1%, 2 = 4. 386, P = 0. 036);70. 8% (85 / 120)achieved an HBV DNA load of < 100 copies/ mL, the proportion of such patients was no significant difference between the TDF group and the ETV group (78. 4% vs 65. 2% ). The response of HBV DNA < 100 copies/ ml of the normal baseline ALT group and the abnormal baseline ALT group, there were no significant differences between the patients aged=30 years and aged > 30 years (77. 8% vs 47. 2%, 85. 2% vs 66. 7%). For the patients who did not achieve complete virologic response (HBV DNA =100 copies/ mL)after 48 weeks of treatment, 87. 9% (29 / 33)achieved complete virologic response after the original treatment regimen was prolonged for 48 weeks, and 100% (9 / 9)of the patients achieved complete virologic response after switching to or adding the first - line nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs)without cross - resistance sites with the original regimen for another 48 weeks. Conclusion The patients aged > 30 years should receive antiviral therapy as early as possible, regardless of viral load and ALT level, especially those with a family history of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma;the patients aged =30 years who have a normal ALT level and a high viral load should consider initiating antiviral therapy after providing informed consent. For the patients with poor response after 48 weeks of treatment, first - line NUCs without cross - resistance sites with the original regimen should be switched to or added in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of Lactobacillus vaginal capsule combined with recombinant human interferonα-2b gel in the treatment of high-risk cervical human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and its effects on vaginal microecology and inflammatory factors. Methods: 94 patients with cervical HR-HPV infection who were treated in our hospital from March 2019 to March2021 were randomly divided into control group (n=47) and study group (n=47) by the random number table method. The patients in the control group were treated with recombinant human interferon α-2b gel, and patients in the study group were combined with Lactobacillus vaginal capsule on this basis. The efficacy, vaginal microecology, inflammatory factors, HPV-DNA viral load and HPV-DNA negative conversion rate of the two groups after treatment were observed, and the drug safety of the two groups was observed. Results: The clinical total effective rate of the study group (89.36%) was higher than (65.96%) of the control group (P<0.05). The pH of vaginal secretion and Nugent score of the study group were lower than those of the control group, and the normal or recovery rates of vaginal Microecology were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and C-reactive protein (CRP) of the two groups were lower than those before treatment, and the study group was lower than the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, the HPV-DNA viral load of the two groups was lower than that before treatment, and the study group was lower than the control group (P<0.05). The HPV-DNA negative conversion rate of the study group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the treatment of recombinant human interferon α-2b gel combined with Lactobacillus vaginal capsule for patients with cervical HR-HPV infection, it can promote the recovery of vaginal microecology, effectively control HPV infection, reduce the level of inflammatory factors in patients, and the efficacy is reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the alterations of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets in chronic hepatitis B patients with different mutations in P region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase gene, HBV DNA load, and disease conditions. Methods We selected 61 patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gene sequencing was used to confirm the mutations in the P region of the HBV polymerase gene, and another 30 healthy people were taken as controls. We compared the changes of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T lymphocytes between patients with chronic hepatitis B before and after the mutations in the P region of the HBV polymerase gene and the controls. According to the number of resistant gene mutation sites in P region, they were divided into the single-point group (29 cases) and multi-point group (32 cases); according to HBV DNA loads, they were divided into the low-copy group (6 cases), medium-copy group (22 cases), and high-copy group (33 cases); according to the degree of disease, they were divided into the mild group (12 cases), moderate group (25 cases), and severe group (24 cases) . The changes in expression levels of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ in peripheral blood were compared. Results After HBV resistance gene mutation, the expression levels of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes decreased in CHB patients (all P<0. 05), and the expression levels of CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes in CHB patients were significantly lower than those before mutation (both P<0. 05) . There were no significant differences in the expression levels of CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes in CHB patients at different loci (all P>0. 05) . There were no significant differences in the expression levels of CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes in CHB patients with different HBV DNA load (all P> 0. 05) . Compared with moderate patients, the severe patients had lower CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes (both P<0. 05) . Conclusions The consumption of CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of CHB patients with drug resistance gene mutation increases. With the increase of resistant gene mutation sites, HBV DNA load increases, and the consumption of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes shows an increasing trend. With the aggravation of the disease, the consumption of CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes increases, especially in the severe stage of the disease, and the consumption of CD8+ T lymphocytes also increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To investigate the effect of pre-treatment plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA copy number on the clinical features and prognosis of patients with adult secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(sHLH)., Methods: The clinical characteristics, survival rate, and prognostic factors of 171 patients with adult sHLH treated at Jiangsu Province Hospital from June 2017 to January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed in this study. Patients were divided into three groups, including the EBV DNA-negative group(<5.0×10 2 copies/ml), lower EBV-DNA loads group(5.0×10 2 -8.51×10 4 copies/ml), and higher EBV-DNA loads group(＞8.51×10 4 copies/ml), according to pre-treatment plasma EBV-DNA copy number. Cox regression model was established for screening prognostic factors. Adult sHLH survival prediction model was constructed and realized through the nomogram based on EBV-DNA load after adjusted the factors affecting survival of etiology and treatment strategy.Concordance index (C-index) and calibration curves were calculated to verify model predictive and discriminatory capacity., Results: Among 171 adult sHLH patients, 84 patients were not infected with EBV (EBV DNA-negative group), and 87 with EBV (EBV DNA-positive group, 48 lower EBV-DNA loads group and 39 higher EBV-DNA loads group). Consistent elevations in the levels of liver enzymes (ALT and AST), LDH, TG, β 2 -microglobulin and ferritin across the increasing of EBV-DNA load (all P <0.05), while the levels of fibrinogen decrease ( P <0.001). The median follow-up time was 52 days (range 20-230 days), and 123 patients died. The overall survival (OS) rate of patients in EBV DNA-positive group was lower than that in EBV DNA-negative group (median OS: 40 days vs 118 days, P <0.001). Higher EBV-DNA loads had worse OS (median OS: 24 days vs 45 days vs 118 days, P <0.0001 for trend) compared to lower EBV-DNA loads and EBV DNA-negative group. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that higher EBV-DNA loads ( P =0.005), fibrinogen≤1.5 g/L ( P ＝0.012), ferritin ( P ＝0.041), associated lymphoma ( P ＝0.002), and anti-tumor based strategy ( P ＝0.001) were independent prognostic factors for OS. The C-indexes of 30 day, 90 days, 365 days survival rate were all greater than 0.8 of the nomogram model and calibration curves provided credibility to their predictive capability. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with higher EBV-DNA loads had a significantly worse prognosis in adult sHLH who were women, ferritin＞5 000 μg/L, β 2 -microglobulin＞7.4 mmol/L and regardless of age, etiologies, HScore points., Conclusion: The EBV-DNA load is a strong and independent predictor for survival in patients with sHLH. The prognostic nomogram based on EBV-DNA loads was dependable and provides a visual tool for evaluating the survival of adult sHLH.

In recent years, virological, pathological, and immunological studies need to be carried out for the emerging anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapies such as gene therapy, broadly neutralizing antibodies, and the derived chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T immunotherapy, which necessitates suitable, simple, and inexpensive small-animal models and methods for accurate quantification of the viral genome in the HIV-1 infected. In our research, the HIV-∆ENV-Jurkat-EGFP-mCherry cell line was engineered through the infection with a dual-labelled HIV pseudovirus. A nested quantitative PCR (nested-qPCR) method with the cellular genome as the integrated standard was established for the quantification of HIV proviral copies. We administered intravenous injections of healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) into NOD/Prkdcscid/IL2rgnull (NPG) mice. To verify engraftment kinetics, we analyzed the percentages of hCD45+, hCD3+, hCD4+, and hCD8+ cells in the peripheral blood of hu-PBMC-NPG mice. To evaluate HIV-1 infection in hu-PBMC-NPG mice, we inoculated these mice with HIV NL4-3-NanoLuc by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. We then monitored the luciferase expression by the small animal imaging system and measured the viral load in the spleen by qPCR. The infiltration of human PBMCs in mice was detected 3-5 weeks after intravenous injection, and the percentage of hCD45 in humanized mouse PBMCs were more than 25% five weeks after IP inoculation. The expression of the virus-associated luciferase protein was detected by luciferase imaging 27 days post infection. Moreover, the viral total DNA, RNA, and proviral DNA copies reached 18 000 copies/10 6 cells, 15 000 copies/μg RNA, and 15 000 copies/10 6 cells, respectively, in the mouse spleen. Taken together, we reported a convenient method for building a simple humanized mouse model of HuPBMC-NPG/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) by intravenous injection with hu-PBMCs without advanced surgical skills and irradiation. Furthermore, we established a convenient method for the efficient determination of proviral DNA to assess HIV replication in vivo , viral reservoir sizes, and efficacy of novel anti-HIV therapies including CAR-T immunotherapy and gene therapy.

Objective: To analyze HIV-1 drug resistance and influencing factors before antiviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus /AIDS (HIV/AIDS) patients, and to investigate the correlation between CD8+T cells CD38 expression (percentage of CD8+CD38+T lymphocytes) and CD4+T lymphocyte count in peripheral blood of HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: 442 HIV/AIDS patients (HIV/AIDS group) and 163 healthy volunteers (control group) who were admitted to our hospital from March 2016 to December 2019 were selected. The HIV/AIDS group amplified pol gene, and the drug resistance of HIV-1 gene were analyzed. The percentage of CD8+CD38+T lymphocytes, CD4+T lymphocyte count and CD8+ T lymphocyte count were detected. The influencing factors of HIV-1 drug resistance in HIV/AIDS patients were analyzed, and the correlation between the percentage of CD8+CD38+T lymphocytes and CD4+T lymphocyte count and CD8+T lymphocyte count were analyzed. Results: In the HIV/AIDS group, 376 cases of the 442 cases of HIV/AIDS patients obtained HIV-1 Pol gene sequence, and 35 cases were HIV-1 drug resistance, with drug resistance rate of 9.31% (35/376). Univariate analysis results showed that the drug-resistant group and non-drug-resistant group had statistically significant differences in age, educational level, route of infection and HIV viral load (P＜0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that homosexual sexual transmission, injecting drug abuse and high HIV viral load were the risk factors for HIV-1 drug resistance in HIV/AIDS patients before antiviral treatment (P＜0.05). The CD4+T lymphocyte count and CD8+T lymphocyte count in peripheral blood of HIV/AIDS group were lower than those of control group (P＜0.05), and the percentage of CD8+CD38+T lymphocytes was higher than that of control group (P＜0.05). The percentage of CD8+CD38+T lymphocytes was negatively correlated with CD4+T lymphocyte count and CD8+T lymphocyte count (P ＜0.05). Conclusion: There is a certain drug resistance rate of HIV-1 in HIV/AIDS patients before antiviral treatment. Transmission route, HIV-1 viral load are related to HIV-1 drug resistance. Overexpression of CD38 on CD8+T cells is associated with excessive depletion of CD4+TT cells in HIV/AIDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To analyse the correlation between CXCR5+CD4+ follicular helper T cell (TFH) level and HIV viral load in HIV infected patients. Methods Totally 100 HIV infected patients admitted to Fourth People's Hospital of Qinghai Province from January 2019 to December 2020 were collected, and divided into A group (23 cases, CD4+T lymphocyte counts <200/μL) and B group (77 cases, 200 /μL ≤CD4+T lymphocyte counts <500/μL), and 80 healthy persons were collected as control group. The HIV viral loads, CD4+T lymphocyte counts and TFH levels of each group were detected, the correlation was analyzed. Results The HIV viral load of A group [(4.70±1.13)log/mL] was higher than B group [(2.74±0.74) log/mL] (P<0.05). The CD4+T lymphocyte counts of three groups [(113.64 ± 23.44) /μL, (334.10 ± 31.52) /μL, (995.41 ± 49.23) /μL] were significantly different (P<0.05). As compared with control group [(194.85±25.78) /μL], the TFH cell counts of A group [(18.63± 5.67) /μL] and B group [(59.35±13.73) /μL] were lower (P<0.05); the TFH cell percentage of A group [(15.83±4.05)%] and B group [(17.57±5.08)%] was lower than control group [(19.59±4.25)%] (P<0.05). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that HIV viral load was negatively correlated with CD4+T lymphocyte count and TFH cell count (P<0.05). Conclusion The HIV viral load in HIV infected patients was negatively correlated with CD4+T lymphocyte count and TFH cell count, which could be superior diagnosis and prognosis indexes and new target of immunotherapy for HIV infected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of serum HBsAg and hepatitis B virus ( HBV) DNA in chronic hepatitis B patients ( CHB ) with entecavir ( ETV) monotherapy for 5 years. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 918 CHB patients who attended the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi' an Jiaotong University from January 2012 to August 2020 and received ETV monotherapy for ~5 years, among whom 556 had positive HBeAg and 362 had negative HBeAg at initial treatment. Serum HBsAg level and HBV DNA load at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of treatment were collected to analyze their dynamic changes. The t - test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann - Whitney U test was used for comparison of non - normally distributed continuous data between two groups ; log10 logarithmic transformation was performed for non - normally distributed repeated measurement data, and then a repeated - measures analysis of variance was used for comparison between groups or within each group ; the chi - square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. Results Both HBeAg - positive and HBeAg - negative patients had a significant reduction in HBsAg level over the time of ETV treatment ( F = 174. 168 and 49. 845, both P < 0 . 001 ) . The HBeAg - positive patients had a baseline HBsAg level of 18 043 . 1 ( 7868 . 9 - 26 342. 4) IU/ ml, which significantly decreased to 1397. 6 ( 626. 4 - 3419. 4) IU/ ml after 5 years of ETV treatment ( P < 0. 001 ) ; the HBeAg - positive patients had a baseline HBV DNA load of ( 6. 7 ± 1. 7) log10 IU/ml and achieved an HBV DNA clearance rate of 100% after 5 years of ETV treatment. The HBeAg - negative patients had a baseline HBsAg level of 2420. 0 ( 662. 6 - 5621. 2) IU/ ml, which significantly decreased to 407. 2 ( 56. 7 - 1104. 7) IU/ ml after 5 years of ETV treatment ( P < 0. 001 ) ; the HBeAg - negative patients had a baseline HBV DNA load of 4. 9 ± 1. 4 log10 IU/ ml and achieved an HBV DNA clearance rate of 100% after 5 years of ETV treatment. The HBeAg - positive patients had a significantly higher median HBsAg level than the HBeAg - negative patients at each time point (all P < 0. 001 ) . Both HBeAg - positive and HBeAg - negative patients showed a changing trend of rapid reduction followed by slow reduction in HBsAg, and the mean annual rate of reduction in HBsAg in the first 2 years of ETV treatment was significantly higher than that in the last 3 years of ETV treatment ( HBeAg - positive: Z = -13. 605, P <0. 001; HBeAg - negative: Z = - 5. 950, P < 0. 001). The HBeAg - positive patients had a significantly lower HBV DNA clearance rate than the HBeAg - negative patients at 1 year of ETV treatment X² = 71. 013, P < 0. 001), and both HBeAg - positive and HBeAg - negative patients achieved an HBV DNA clearance rate of 100% at 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of treatment. After 5 years of ETV treatment, the cumulative proportions of patients with HBsAg clearance, HBsAg < 200 IU/ ml, HBsAg < 1000 IU/ml, and HBsAg < 1500 IU/ml were 3. 6%, 23. 9%, 57. 0%, and 67. 3%, respectively. Conclusion During the EVT treatment of CHB, the levels of HBsAg and HBV DNA gradually decrease, and the level of HBsAg shows a trend of rapid reduction followed by slow reduction. After 5 years of ETV monotherapy, 67. 3 % of the patients can achieve an HBsAg level of < 1500 IU/ ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To understand the baseline viral load (VL) of newly reported HIV- infected patients before antiretroviral therapy and related factors in Tianjin. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System, and the study subjects were HIV-infected patients before the first antiretroviral therapy in Tianjin from 2019 to 2022, and the information about their socio-demographic characteristics, baseline CD4 + T lymphocyte (CD4) counts before antiretroviral therapy and baseline VL test results were collected, the baseline high VL was defined as ≥100 000 copies/ml. The effect of different factors on viral load were analyzed. Software SPSS 24.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 1 296 newly reported HIV-infected patients were included in the study, in whom 15.89% (206/1 296) had high baseline VL, and multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that those with history of STD (a OR =1.45, 95% CI :1.00-2.08) were more likely to have high baseline VL. Compared with those with baseline CD4 counts <200 cells/μl, those with baseline CD4 counts 200-350 cells/μl (a OR =0.40, 95% CI: 0.27-0.57), 351-500 cells/μl (a OR =0.32, 95% CI : 0.20-0.49), and >500 cells/μl (a OR =0.30, 95% CI : 0.18-0.49) were less likely to have high baseline VL. Conclusions: The proportion of HIV-infected patients with high baseline VL before antiretroviral therapy was low in Tianjin during 2019-2022. History of STD and baseline CD4 counts <200 cells/μl were associated with high baseline VL in HIV-infected patients, to which close attention needs to be paid in AIDS prevention and control.

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the tissue localization and viral load of lambs infected with goat infectious pustular virus. [Method] Healthy weaned lambs were selected to inoculate goat infectious pustular virus solution by the lips and tail roots. The lambs were fed normally, and observed the Morbidity situation. And the lambs were bled to death and collected different tissues, when the typical clinical symptoms appeared. Routine PCR was perlormed to detect goat infectious pustular virus, and positive tissues were perlormed immunohistochemical analysis. At the same time, FiL gene fragment and GAPD H reference genes were used to establish relative fluorescence quantitative PCR detection method to measure and analyze the viral load of positive tissues. And a tissue virus suspension with a higher viral load was prepared to analyze its proliferation in OFTu. [Result] The weaned lambs exhibited typical herpes symptoms 10 days after infection. And a 1023 base pair target fragment was amplified out from lip, upper jaw, turbinate, anterior cervical lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes, and tail root tissues according to the PCR result. The viral load results showed that the content of goat infectious pustular virus was the highest in turbinate bone and the virus was more likely to proliferate in turbinate bone cells. This study for the first time confirmed that goat infectious pustular virus could be colonized in multiple tissues of diseased lambs, and its virus content was the highest in turbinates. [Conclusion] The study provided data support for the isolation and purification of goat infectious pustular vaccine candidate strains and the in-depth study of its pathogenic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare is the property of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ　Ｔｏ ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅ ｍｉｓｓｅｄ ｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇ ｆｏｒ ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓ Ｃ ｖｉｒｕｓ （ＨＣＶ）ｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｉｎ ａ ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ ｉｎ ２０１５ － ２０１８． Ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ　Ａ ｒｅｔｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ ｗａｓ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｄａｔａ ｏｆ ３６５９ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｗｈｏ ａｔｔｅｎｄｅｄ Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ'ｓ Ｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ，Ｐｅｋｉｎｇ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ， ｆｒｏｍ ２０１５ ｔｏ ２０１８ ａｎｄ ｕｎｄｅｒｗｅｎｔ ｔｈｅ ｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ａｎｔｉ － ＨＣＶ ａｎｄ ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ． Ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔ Ｉ２０００ ｂｙ Ａｂｂｏｔｔ ａｎｄ Ｖｉｔｒｏｓ ３６００ ｂｙ Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ ｗｅｒｅ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ ａｎｔｉ － ＨＣＶ，ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ Ｒｏｃｈｅ Ｃｏｂａｓ ＡｍｐｌｉＰｒｅｐ/Ｃｏｂａｓ Ｔａｑｍａｎ ９６ ａｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃ ｖｉｒｕｓ ｑｕａｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｍｅａｓｕｒｅ ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ． Ｔｈｅ ｓｐｅｃｉｍｅｎｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄ ｆｒｏｍ ｔｈｅ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ ａｎｄ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ａｎｔｉ － ＨＣＶ，ａｎｄ Ｓａｎｇｅｒ ｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｉｎｇ ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅ ＨＣＶ ｇｅｎｏｔｙｐｅ． Ｔｈｅ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｗｅｒｅ ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｄ ｕｐ ｔｏ ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅ ｔｈｅ ｓｔａｔｕｓ ｏｆ ＨＣＶ ｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌ ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ． Ｔｈｅ ｓｉｇｎａｌ － ｔｏ － ｃｕｔ － ｏｆｆ （Ｓ/ＣＯ）ｒａｔｉｏ ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｅｘｐｒｅｓｓ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｏｆ ａｎｔｉ － ＨＣＶ ｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ． ＧｒａｐｈＰａｄ Ｐｒｉｓｍ ５.0 ｗａｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｔｏ ｐｌｏｔ ｔｈｅ ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｍａｐ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｓ/ＣＯ ｒａｔｉｏ ｏｆ ａｎｔｉ － ＨＣＶ． Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　Ｏｆ ａｌｌ ３６５９ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ，６ （０． １６％ ）ｈａｄ ｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅ ａｎｔｉ － ＨＣＶ ｂａｓｅｄ ｏｎ ａｔ ｌｅａｓｔ ｏｎｅ ｒｅａｇｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｐｏｓｉｔｉｖｅ ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ，ｗｉｔｈ ａ ｍｅａｎ ｌｅｖｅｌ ｏｆ （６． ４０ ±１． ８６）ｌｏｇ１０ ＩＵ/ｍｌ． Ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｅｓｅ ６ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ，５ （８３％ ）ｈａｄ ａｃｕｔｅ ｌｅｕｋｅｍｉａ ａｎｄ １ ｈａｄ ｒｅｓｐｉｒａｔｏｒｙ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ；ａｍｏｎｇ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ，１ ｈａｄ ｇｏｏｄ ｐｒｏｇｎｏｓｉｓ，３ ｈａｄ ｐｏｏｒ ｐｒｏｇｎｏｓｉｓ，ａｎｄ ２ ｄｉｅｄ． Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎ　Ｗｈｅｎ ａｎｔｉｂｏｄｙ ｉｓ ｕｓｅｄ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ ｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇ ｍｅｔｈｏｄ ｆｏｒ ＨＣＶ ｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅ ｒａｔｅ ｏｆ ｍｉｓｓｅｄ ｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｒｅａｃｈｅｓ0. １６％ ，ａｎｄ ｍｏｓｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅｓｅ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｈａｖｅ ｐｏｏｒ ｐｒｏｇｎｏｓｉｓ． ＨＣＶ ＲＮＡ ｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｓｈｏｕｌｄ ｂｅ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｅｄ ｆｏｒ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｉｍｍｕｎｏｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ｔｏ ａｖｏｉｄ ｍｉｓｓｅｄ ｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ． [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate liver pathological features and related factors in patients with low-level HBV DNA, and to provide a basis for evaluating the conditions of such patients. Methods A total of 137 patients with an HBV DNA level of ＜2000 IU/ml and ＞20 IU/ml who attended The Third People′s Hospital of Kunming from January 2014 to December 2017 were enrolled. Liver pathological examination was performed for all patients. Of all patients, 44 had grade 1 (G1) liver inflammation, 84 had grade 2 (G2) liver inflammation, and 9 had grade 3 (G3) liver inflammation; as for fibrosis stage, 2 had S0 fibrosis, 67 had S1 fibrosis, 56 had S2 fibrosis, 9 had S3 fibrosis, and 3 had S4 fibrosis. The correlation of liver inflammation grade and fibrosis stage with age, sex, duration of HBV infection, blood biochemistry, HBsAg level, and HBV DNA was analyzed. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups, and univariate and multivariate one-way non-conditional logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the influencing factors for ≥G2 liver inflammation and ≥S2 fibrosis. ResultsThere were significant differences in HBsAg, platelet count (PLT), diameter of the splenic vein, and spleen thickness between the G1, G2, and G3 groups (H=7.135, 7.458, 7.588, and 10.150, all P＜0.05), and there were also significant differences in HBsAg, PLT, diameter of the portal vein, diameter of the splenic vein, and spleen thickness between the S0, S1, S2, S3, and S4 groups (H=20.564, 12.065, 26.171, 14.720, and 13.725, all P＜0.05). Of all 137 patients, 44 had no or mild inflammation and necrosis (＜G2 group) and 93 had moderate or severe inflammation and necrosis (≥G2 group); age, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), white blood cell count, diameter of the splenic vein, and spleen thickness, with statistical significance determined by the univariate logistic regression analysis, were included in the multivariate analysis (α=0.15), and the results showed that age (odds ratio ［OR］=1.045, P＜0.05), ALP(OR=1.019, P＜0.05), and spleen thickness (OR=1.150, P＜0.05) were independent risk factors for ≥G2 liver inflammation in the patients with low-level HBV DNA. Of all 137 patients, 69 had no or mild liver fibrosis (＜S2 group) and 68 had moderate or severe liver fibrosis (≥S2 group); total bilirubin, HBsAg, PLT, and diameter of the portal vein, with statistical significance determined by the univariate logistic regression analysis, were included in the multivariate analysis (α=0.15), and the results showed that HBsAg (OR=2.065), PLT(OR=0.988), and diameter of the portal vein (OR=2.464) were independent risk factors for ≥S2 liver fibrosis in the patients with low-level HBV DNA. Conclusion The majority of patients with low-level HBV DNA have the indication of antiviral therapy. Age, ALP, and spleen thickness are closely associated with liver inflammation grade in patients with low-level HBV DNA, and HBsAg, PLT, and diameter of the portal vein are closely associated with liver fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of co—infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Epstein — Barr virus (EBV) in HBV — related liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis B (CHB) , liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Meth¬ods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 487 patients with HBV infection who were diagnosed in Zhongnan Hospi¬tal of Wuhan University from May 2016 to August 2018, among whom 194 (39.8%) had co-infection with HBV and EBV. The patients were divided into groups according to the copy number of EBV DNA (> 400 IU/ml) , Child — Pugh class (Child — Pugh class A, B, and C) , and progression of liver disease (CHB, liver cirrhosis, and HCC) , and related indices were compared between groups. The t — test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups; an analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t — test was used for further comparison between two groups. The Kruskal — Wallis H test was used for comparison of non — normally distributed continuous data between groups, and the Dunn — Bonferroni test was used for further comparison between two groups. The chi — square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results The patients with CHB had a significantly higher copy number of HBV — DNA than those with liver cirrhosis or HCC (t =2. 417 and 3. 258, P = 0. 017 and 0. 001), while the patients with HCC tended to have a higher copy number of EBV' DNA than those with CHB or liver cirrhosis, but there was no significant difference between the three groups (F = 1.161, P =0.315). After adjustment for liver function based on Child — Pugh class, the HCC patients with Child — Pugh class A liver function had a significantly higher copy number of EBV DNA than the CHB pa¬tients and the patients with liver cirrhosis (t = 2.062 and 2.615, P = 0.041 and 0.010), the liver cirrhosis patients with Child — Pugh class C liver function had a significantly higher copy number of EBV DNA than the CHB patients (t =2.647, P =0.012). ALT/AST, globulin, and lymphocyte percentage were specific clinical indices for co — infection with HBV and EBV. Conclusion There is an increase in EBV load in HCC patients, and both EBV and HBV are involved in the progression of liver diseases. Dynamic quantification of EBV DNA in patients with HBV infection has a certain significance in early intervention of the progression of liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To explore the relationship and dynamic changes between virological markers and hepatic pathological damage due to host anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunity in the natural course of disease in chronic HBV infected patients. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-eight adult chronic HBV-infected patients who underwent liver biopsy from January 2016 to June 2022 in Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang Province, were retrospectively selected. General clinical data such as age, gender, platelets, ALT, AST, albumin, HBV DNA, qHBsAg, HBeAg, and liver pathology diagnostic indexes such as the grade of liver necroinflammation and liver fibrotic stages of the patients were collected. The patients were grouped according to HBeAg status, and subgrouped according to different grades of liver necroinflammation and different HBV DNA loads. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the differences in HBV virologic marker levels between the groups, and the correlation between them and the indicators of hepatic inflammatory injury, such as ALT,AST, and the grade of liver necroinflammation in the patients. Results: The levels of HBV virological markers in HBeAg-positive patients with moderate or higher liver necroinflammatory grade (G≥2) were significantly lower than those with mild (no) liver necroinflammatory grade (G < 2) ( P < 0.01); whereas the opposite trend was observed in HBeAg-negative patients, with the levels of HBV DNA, and qHBsAg in the G≥2 subgroup being significantly higher than those in the G < 2 subgroup ( P < 0.01). Correspondingly, HBV DNA level and qHBsAg showed weak to moderately strong negative correlation with liver necroinflammatory grade and AST which was an indicator of hepatic inflammatory injury in HBeAg-positive patients ( P < 0.05); whereas in HBeAg-negative patients, they showed weak to moderately strong positive correlation with hepatic inflammatory activity and ALT, AST ( P < 0.001), in which qHBsAg showed only a weak positive correlation with patients' liver necroinflammatory grade ( P = 0.003). Further subgroup analyses of HBeAg-positive patients according to whether the HBV DNA level was > 2×10(6) IU/ml showed weak to moderate negative correlations between HBV virological markers and liver necroinflammatory grade as well as ALT and AST in the subgroup of patients with HBV DNA > 2×10(6) IU/ml ( P < 0.05); however, the negative correlation disappeared in patients who were still HBeAg positive and had HBV DNA ≤ 2×10(6) IU/ml. Moreover, HBV DNA and ALT, HBeAg and AST showed moderate positive correlation ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: We speculate that the activation of host anti-HBV immunity can efficiently inhibit HBV replication by targeting the infected hepatocytes, but only in the early phase of disease progression in HBeAg positive patients with HBV DNA high (> 2×10(6) IU/ml).

HBV infection is highly prevalent in China, and patients with a high HBV-DNA load for a long time may progress to liver cirrhosis, which may lead to liver cancer. At present, surgery is still the main method for the treatment of hepatitis B-related liver cancer. Many studies have shown that HBV DNA load is an important influencing factor for the recovery of liver function after surgery, postoperative complications, recurrence of liver cancer, and the success of liver transplantation in patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer. Its mechanism may be associated with high HBV DNA load and HBV reactivation. Maintaining a low HBV DNA load by antiviral therapy can improve the prognosis of patients with hepatitis B-related liver cancer. This article reviews the influence of HBV DNA load before and after surgery on the surgical outcome of hepatitis B-related liver cancer, in order to provide a reference for research on the treatment of patients with liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the relationship between high risk HPV ( HR-HPV) DNA load and cervical lesions in HR-HPV single/ multiple infections. Methods Two thousand six hundred and forty-six women from Shanxi, Henan and Xinjiang were recruited into a cervical cancer screening program. Cervical exfoliated cell specimens collected from all of the participants were detected by hybrid capture H (HC2)，cytological diagnosis was performed according to the Bethesda System，and pathological diagnosis was interpreted using cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( CIN) terminology. Totally 571 cervical specimens were selected and retested to ascertain the HPV types and single/ multiple infections by liner array，a PCR- based method. Semi-quantitative result of HR-HPV DNA load (pg/ml) was estimated by HR HC2. According to the taxonomy of "International Human Papillomavirus Reference Center"，13 HR-HPVs， including HPV16，18，31，33，35，39，45，51，52，56，58，59 and 68，which could be detected by HR HC2 were divided into 4 subgroups. Results The positive rate of HR-HPV in normal cervix (436 cases)，CIN1 ( 88 cases)，CIN2+ (47 cases) group were 29.82%，85.23% and 100%，respectively. The overall prevalence and median viral load increased coordinating with the pathological degree of cervical lesions (P<0.001).The positive rate and viral load of single infection with HR-HPV belongs to α9 species increased coordinating with the pathological degree of cerviical lesions (P<0.05). The viral load of single infection with HR-HPV belongs to α7 species in CIN1 group was higher than those of normal group and CIN2+ group, but without statistical significance (P=0.130).The viral load of multiple infections in CIN1 group was 559.13 pg/ml, significantly higher than 37.73 pg/ml of normal histology ( P = 0.025), but without significant difference of 332.91 pg/ml of CIN2+ group (P = 0.790).The median viral load of HPV single infection in CIN1 group was 167.93 pg/ml, significantly lower than 559.73 pg/ml of multiple infections (P= 0.044). The incidence of co-infection with HR-HPVs belong to α9 species was 80. 56%, dominated in all patterns of multiple infections and their median viral load increased coordinating with the pathological degree of cervical lesions, but without significant difference ( P >0.05).The incidence of co-infection with HR-HPVs belong to α7 species was 66.67%, their median viral load in CIN1 group was higher than that of CIN2+ group, but without statistical significance (P>0.05). Conclusions Viral loads of single/ multiple infections with HR- HPVs belong to different species show different tendencies coordinating with the pathological degree of cervical lesions. Women with high grade of cervical lesion were dominantly infected with high viral load of HR-HPVs belong to α9 species, and the viral load of multiple infections is higher than that of single infection in low grade of cervical lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HBV detection plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B. Clinical studies have shown that some patients with undetectable HBV DNA or negative HBs Ag could still progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore,it is urgent to improve the sensitivity of HBV detection and develop new technologies and biomarkers for HBV detection. In recent years,we gradually realize the important value of serological and serum virological markers in hepatitis B patients with a low viral load. This article summarizes the value of some highly sensitive serum markers(HBV DNA,HBs Ag,and HBV RNA) and serum HBcr Ag in hepatitis B patients with a low viral load. It is pointed out that clinicians should guide the clinical management of such patients with reference to their conditions and the changes in above markers,in order to realize the cure of hepatitis B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the clinical value of HBsAg level in dynamic monitoring of disease progression in patients with chronic HBV infection. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 1107 patients with different clinical stages of chronic HBV infection who had not received antiviral therapy at the time of hospitalization in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from May 2011 to December 2015, and according to the disease status, they were divided into HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) group, HBeAg-negative CHB group, compensated liver cirrhosis group (LC-C group), decompensated liver cirrhosis group (LC-D group), and primary liver cancer (PLC) group. These groups were compared in terms of HBsAg expression and the association between HBsAg and clinical features. An analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between any two groups; the t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between these groups. Pearson correlation analysis was also performed. Results There was a significant difference in serum HBsAg level between the HBeAg-positive CHB group, HBeAg-negative CHB group, LC-C group, LC-D group, and PLC group (F=100.45, P＜0.001). The HBeAg-positive CHB group had significantly higher levels of HBsAg and HBV DNA than the HBeAg-negative CHB group (t= 16.67 an 16.22, both P＜0.001). There were significant differences in HBsAg and HBV DNA levels between the HBeAg-positive CHB group, LC-C group, LC-D group, and PLC group (F= 42.92 and 27.38, both P＜0.001), as well as between the HBeAg-negative CHB group, LC-C group, LC-D group, and PLC group (F=6.04 and 4.10, both P＜0.05). HBV DNA level was significantly different across patients with different HBsAg levels (＜1000 IU/ml, 1000-20 000 IU/ml, and ＞20 000 IU/ml) (F=189.51, P<0.001). In the HBeAg-positive CHB group, HBeAg-negative CHB group, LC-C group, and LC-D group, serum HBsAg level was positively correlated with HBV DNA level (r=0.554, 0.501, 0.320, and 0.432, all P＜0.001). Conclusion HBsAg level gradually decreases with disease progression and is closely associated with HBV DNA level. Dynamic monitoring of HBsAg level helps to evaluate disease progression after HBV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection who underwent hemodialysis, the viral load of HBV DNA is relatively low and stable. For this phenomenon, some studies suggest that hemodialysis can reduce the HBV DNA load. The mechanism, which remains unclear, may be as follows: when HBV DNA enters the dialysate through the dialysis membrane, it was adsorbed onto the dialysis membrane; some virus particles were destroyed, and antiviral substances were produced in the course of hemodialysis. At present, there is no consensus on the mechanism responsible for the influence of maintained hemodialysis on the viral load of HBV DNA. This article reviews the factors involved in the influence of maintained hemodialysis on the viral load in ESRD patients with HBV infection and the recent progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the optimal cutoff value of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA load that can assist in the diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) . Methods: The data of patients with EBV infection after haplo-HSCT from January to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Through constructing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating the Youden index to determine the cutoff value of EBV-DNA load and its duration of diagnostic significance for PTLD. Results: A total of 94 patients were included, of whom 20 (21.3% ) developed PTLD, with a median onset time of 56 (40-309) d after transplantation. The median EBV value at the time of diagnosis of PTLD was 70,400 (1,710-1,370,000) copies/ml, and the median duration of EBV viremia was 23.5 (4-490) d. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the peak EBV-DNA load (the EBV-DNA load at the time of diagnosis in the PTLD group) and duration of EBV viremia between the PTLD and non-PTLD groups. The results showed that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P =0.018 and P =0.001) . The ROC curve was constructed to calculate the Youden index, and it was concluded that the EBV-DNA load ≥ 41 850 copies/ml after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation had diagnostic significance for PTLD (AUC=0.847) , and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.611 and 0.932, respectively. The duration of EBV viremia of ≥20.5 d had diagnostic significance for PTLD (AUC=0.833) , with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.778 and 0.795, respectively. Conclusion: Dynamic monitoring of EBV load in high-risk patients with PTLD after haplo-HSCT and attention to its duration have important clinical significance, which can help clinically predict the occurrence of PTLD in advance and take early intervention measures.

The diagnosis and treatment rates of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in China in 2020 were 22.1% and 15.0%, respectively, according to the Polaris Observatory HBV Collaborators report. This is still far below the World Health Organization's 2030 hepatitis B elimination target (90% and 80%, respectively, for the diagnosis and treatment rates). Although China has promulgated and implemented a series of policies to eliminate the hepatitis B virus, there are still many HBV infected patients who need to be detected and treated. It has been contoversial whether HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infected-patients with high viral load and normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT), also known as the "immune-tolerant phase," should receive anti-HBV therapy. Hepatologists should pay attention to the patient population known as "immune tolerant," as well as the continuous accumulation of evidence-based medical evidence for early antiviral therapy response. The current focus is on discussing the pros and cons of receiving and recommending anti-HBV therapy at this time for the management of these patients.