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Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To compensate for the lack of sub-surface environmental data of the fishing ground, this experiment analyzed the vertical temperature and salinity structure at the fishing points using the gradient - dependent optimal interpolation and Argo profiles in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Confluence region. The reliability of the constructed results was verified by theoretical testing and comparison with in-situ observation. The results showed that the maximum root mean square errors of the temperature and salinity were less than 1 C and 0.4 compared to Argo profiles. Furthermore, the absolute deviation of temperature and salinity from the "Songhang" survey data is less than 0.25 °C and 0.27, respectively. Analysis discussed the vertical temperature and salinity structure and the relationship with the squid CPUE. The results indicated the suitable temperatures for squid at the 5m were 16 °C and 14 °C in August and October 2018. And the suitable temperatures decreased to 9-12 °C at the depth of 50m. The statistical relationship between temperature and squid CPUE conforms to an exponential function under a certain curvature. Additionally, it was observed that there are significant thermoclines at the fishing points. The greater the variation in thermocline intensity, the greater the randomness of the squid CPUE. When the thermocline intensity at the fishing points is around 0.4 C/m, the squid CPUE is relatively stable. Regardless of the month, higher CPCEs are located in low-salinity areas. This study provides a new approach for establishing long-time-series and quasi-real-time environmental data of fishing ground. That will offer the necessary data support for deep research on fishery dynamic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinonovacula constricta is one of the four traditional cultured shellfish in China. The salinity in the aquaculture water body is easily affected by tides, seasonal rainfall, and high temperatures, and often fluctuates to different degrees. This affects the physiological activities of S. constricta and causes a series of changes in the structure of the osmoregulation organs, osmotic pressure, ion transport, and free amino acid (FAA) content in the body to adapt to the changes in environmental salinity. Aquatic animals can regulate cell volume and maintain osmotic pressure balance through FAAs. This mechanism has been proven in aquatic animals, such as Meretrix lusoria, Crassostrea gigas, Haliotis discus hannai, Penaeus vannamei, and Portunus trituberculatus. The common FAAs that regulate osmotic pressure in bivalves mainly include Ala, Gly, Pro, and Tau. Whether FAAs play an osmoregulation role in S. constricta, whether their involvement in osmoregulation is similar to that in other shellfish, and what the metabolic pathway is of main FAAs deserve further study. This study explored the changes of osmotic pressure and FAAs in the gill, foot, and hemolymph of S. constricta after salinity stress and analyzed the sequence characteristics, tissue expression, and mRNA expression characteristics after salinity stress and RNA interference (RNAi) of the Sc-CARNS gene, and the changes of alanine and carnosine contents. The osmotic pressure and FAA contents in the gills, foot, and hemolymph of S. constricta under different salinities (5, 20, and 35) were measured by freezing point osmometer and automatic amino acid analyzer. At the same time, the expression of the Sc-CARNS gene in the foot under different salinities (5, 20, and 35) was analyzed by RT-qPCR and RNAi technology. The content of alanine was determined with the shellfish alanine ELISA kit. The content of carnosine was determined by phthalaldehyde colorimetry. The results showed that the osmotic pressure in the gills, foot, and hemolymph of S. constricta significantly decreased within 1–72 h under low salt stress (P < 0.05), while under high salt stress, the osmotic pressure in the gills, foot, and hemolymph reached a steady state within 24 h, which was consistent with the osmotic pressure of external seawater. Compared with the control group, the osmotic pressure in the gills, foot, and hemolymph decreased by 66.7%, 69.7%, and 71.6%, respectively, when the salinity was low. The wet weight of tissues was then increased by 68.3%, 67.5%, and 70.2%, respectively. At the same stress time, the osmotic pressure of each group of S. constricta was salinity 35 > salinity 20 > salinity 5. Under normal salinity, the FAAs with the highest content in the gills, foot, and hemolymph of S. constricta were Gly, Arg, and Gly, respectively. After salinity stress, the content of total free amino acids in all tissues increased significantly with the increase of salinity. The main FAAs with the largest content change in the gills, foot, and hemolymph, respectively, were Ala, Gly, Glu, and Pro; Ala, Gly, Arg, and Tua; and Ala, Ser, Thr, and Gly. Ala was the most variable FAA in all tissues. According to the transcriptome results of S. constricta after salinity stress, it was speculated that Sc-CARNS is related to osmotic regulation. The expression of Sc-CARNS was the highest in the muscle type tissues of S. constricta, followed by the gills, and was the lowest in the hepatopancreas. After low salt stress, the expression of the Sc-CARNS gene mRNA in S. constricta increased at first and then decreased with the stress time, and was significantly higher than that in the control group after 4 h of stress (P < 0.01), and reached the peak at 24 h. The content of alanine decreased significantly with time, and the content of carnosine increased significantly with time (P < 0.05). After high salt stress, the expression of Sc-CARNS decreased, and there was no significant change compared with the control group. The content of alanine first increased, then decreased, and then increased after 8 h, and was not lower than that of the control group. The content of carnosine showed a decreasing trend after 24 h. After RNAi, the expression level of Sc-CARNS mRNA in the interference group decreased first and then increased with the interference time under normal salinity. At 24 and 48 h, the expression level of Sc-CARNS mRNA was significantly lower than that of negative control (P < 0.05), and the interference efficiency was 24% and 69%, respectively. The interference efficiency at 48 h was the highest. In the interference group, the content of alanine first increased and then decreased, and the content of carnosine first decreased and then increased, reaching the maximum at 48 h. Under low salt stress, the expression of Sc-CARNS mRNA increased, the content of alanine decreased, and the content of carnosine increased after interference for 0–24 h. After interference for 24 h and 96 h, the mRNA expression of Sc-CARNS and the contents of alanine and carnosine did not change significantly in control group and diethyl pyrocarbonate treated water. The expression level of Sc-CARNS mRNA in the interference group first decreased and then increased with the interference time, the content of alanine first increased and then decreased with time, and the content of carnosine first decreased and then increased. At 48 h, the expression of Sc-CARNS mRNA and the content of carnosine were significantly decreased, and the content of alanine was significantly increased. The results showed that S. constricta has a variable osmotic pressure. Ala as a FAA in vivo contributed the most to osmotic regulation. Moreover, carnosine synthetase was the key enzyme for converting alanine to carnosine. This study revealed the key mechanism of osmotic pressure regulation under low salt stress and provided a basis for revealing the unique salinity tolerance mechanism of Solenida shellfish.

Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is one of the most economically important fish in the northern coastal areas of China. Recently, low salinity stress is an important factor influencing the development of the turbot industry. Lately, the industry has faced challenges posed by low salinity stress, a key factor influencing turbot development. Salinity fluctuations represent a crucial environmental stressor in aquaculture, impacting osmotic pressure and inducing abnormal energy metabolism. Our preliminary research had identified that low salinity stress contributes to lipid metabolism disorders in turbot. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying lipid concentration levels on the lipid metabolism disorders induced by low salinity stress. To achieve this, feeding experiments were conducted with different lipid concentration levels under low salinity stress conditions, determining the optimal lipid requirement for turbot to cope with reduced salinity. Three salinity gradients (10, 20, and 30) were employed, with four lipid concentration gradients (8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%) for each salinity group. The results revealed that at a lipid concentration of 16%, no significant difference in the growth performance of juvenile turbot was observed between the salinities of 20 and 30. However, the growth performance under a salinity of 10 was lower than that under salinities of 20 and 30. Notably, under a salinity of 10, the growth performance of juvenile turbot increased with higher lipid concentrations, reaching its peak at 20%, surpassing values under the salinities of 20 and 30. Regarding the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, under the salinities of 10 and 20, the expression levels of genes related to lipid synthesis, lxrα, cyp7a1, and srebp-1, showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing lipid concentration, particularly under the salinity of 10. The expression level of the 12% lipid group was higher than that of other groups and the expression level of the 20% lipid group was significantly lower than that of other groups (P < 0.05). In addition, under a salinity of 10, the expression levels of acc and fas also showed a similar situation. They were both suppressed in the 20% lipid group, and the expression levels were higher in the 12% lipid group. The expression level of the gene apoa-IV related to lipid absorption in the 20% lipid group under a salinity of 10 was markedly higher than that in other groups under the same salinity conditions (P < 0.05) and it showed a change with salt under the condition of 20% lipid concentration. The increasing and decreasing trends were contrary to the trends in other lipid groups. The aforementioned results show that after low-salt stress affects lipid metabolism, feeds with different lipid concentrations can alleviate the adverse effects of the stress from the perspectives of lipid synthesis and lipid absorption, and this mitigation effect is more reflected at the level of lipid absorption, thereby improving growth performance under low salt stress. The results reveal the adaptability of fish to low salt from the perspective of salinity affecting lipid metabolism, enrich the concentration of fish stress physiology, and provide theoretical and technical support for the breeding of low-salt tolerant turbot varieties.

Coal reservoirs are often connected to hydrogeological systems through faults, allowing groundwater with mineralization to intrude into coal seams. In order to improve gas extraction, it is necessary to explore the effect of coal with different moisture content and salinity conditions on CH4 adsorption. By means of various experimental tests, such as XPS, FTIR, we constructed macromolecular structure models of Dongqu 8# coal with different moisture content and salinity conditions, conducted isothermal adsorption simulation experiments, and analyzed in detail the effects of coal models with different moisture content and salinity conditions on the adsorption capacity of CH4. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of CH4 decreased with the increase of moisture content and salinity in coal; the effect of moisture content on CH4 adsorption was greater than that of salinity on CH4 adsorption; the ability of sodium salt to affect the adsorption of CH4 by coal was ranked from largest to smallest as follows: Na2CO3 > NaHCO3> NaCl; electrostatic potential distribution: | Na2CO3 electrostatic potential| > | NaHCO3 of electrostatic potential| > | NaCl of the electrostatic potential|, it can be seen that the electrostatic force affects the strength of adsorption, the greater the value of the electrostatic potential of the ions in the salt, the stronger ability the coal to adsorb CH4.

[Objective] In order to explore the effects of soil phosphorus (P) fertilizer and salt and their interaction on the plant growth, P nutrition and salt tolerance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). [Methods] Alfalfa "Gannon Ⅶ" was planted by adding phosphate fertilizer (0, 40, 80, 160 mg/kg, in the form of KH2PO4) and NaCl (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 g/kg) with different concentration gradients to the loess soil. [Results] The aboveground and underground biomass of alfalfa increased with the increase of P application level, but decreased with the increase of NaCl addition level. When P was added, P uptake by plants increased. When P was added at 160 mg/kg, P concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves all reached the maximum. However, the addition of salinity inhibited the absorption of P. When NaCl was added at 1.6 g/kg, P concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves all significantly decreased, when compared with that without NaCl. The content of tartrate in rhizosphere of alfalfa decreased with the increase of P compared with that without P, and the addition of exogenous salt significantly increased the content of tartrate in rhizosphere. The rhizosphere soil pH of most treatments was lower than that of non-rhizosphere pH, the decrease of soil pH under salt stress might increase the availability of soil P and P uptake by plants. A high-dose (160 mg/kg) of P significantly reduced the P-uptake efficiency of P-utilization efficiency of alfalfa. [Conclusion] In summary, there was a significant interaction between soil P fertilization and salinity, and the increase in salinity exacerbated plant P deficiency. Appropriate application of P-fertilizers can improve the salt tolerance of alfalfa and enhance its productivity in saline soils.

Coastal ecosystems are critical to biodiversity owing to the strong interactions between terrestrial and marine environments. Zooplankton are important secondary producers and major drivers of biological pumps in marine ecosystems and changes in their communities may affect coastal ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to comprehensively evaluate the effects of various environmental factors on the changes in zooplankton communities in coastal ecosystems. Previous research has been limited to a single study on the environmental quality or biological communities in Jinghai Bay, and there have been no relevant reports on the analysis and evaluation of the relationship between changes in zooplankton communities and environmental factors in Jinghai Bay. To study the relationship between zooplankton communities and environmental factors in Jinghai Bay, four survey voyages of environmental factors and zooplankton were conducted in May (spring) and August (summer) from 2021 to 2022. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Pearson correlation analysis were used to explore the effects of environmental factors on dominant zooplankton species and communities. The results showed that the degree of eutrophication in Jinghai Bay increased significantly from 2021 to 2022, particularly during the summer of 2022 (average eutrophication index EI > 200). The distribution of EI showed that the EI was higher in estuaries in the surveyed sea area, and the source of nutrients may be river-diluted water. In addition, there were significant seasonal changes in salinity, especially in the summer of 2022 (the average salinity dropped to 12.06). The average zooplankton abundance in 2021 was higher than that in 2022, and in the summer of 2022, when eutrophication was most severe, the average zooplankton abundance dropped to 54.07 ind./m3. However, during the summer of 2022, which had the lowest abundance, the biomass did not show the same proportion of decline, which requires further study. In addition, Principal Co-ordinates Analysis (PCoA) revealed significant differences between the 2022 summer zooplankton communities and the previous three voyages. A total of 47 species of 10 groups of zooplankton were identified during the four voyages, among which copepods were the most dominant species in spring and pelagic larvae in summer. Acartia pacifica and Zoea larva (Brachyura) were the dominant species on all four voyages. From 2021 to 2022, the dominance of Acartia pacifica showed a continuously decreasing trend. In the spring and summer of 2022, Zoea larva (Brachyura) became the dominant species in the sea area, but the relative abundance and dominance of Zoea larva (Brachyura) decreased in summer. The number of dominant species, across both years, reached an apex (7 species) in the summer of 2022. The interannual and seasonal variation trends of the zooplankton communities, as shown by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′) and Pielou's evenness index (J), in Jinghai Bay were similar. In terms of seasonal changes, H′ and J in spring 2021 were higher than those in summer. In 2022, the opposite trend was observed, with H′ and J higher in summer than in spring. From the perspective of inter-annual change, both the H′ and J in 2022 were higher than those in 2021. Generally, from 2021 to 2022, the trend of change of zooplankton biodiversity in the Jinghai Bay area gradually increased. RDA showed that the dominant species, Acartia pacifica and Zoea larva (Brachyura), which appeared in all four surveys, were negatively correlated with EI during spring and summer in both years. Eurytemora pacifica, which only appeared in spring, was positively correlated with salinity during the spring of the two years, whereas in the summer of 2022, the newly emerged dominant species Penilia avirostris, Gammaridae, and Schmackeria poplesia were positively correlated with EI, dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), and negatively correlated with salinity. Pearson correlation analysis showed that EI was negatively correlated with the abundance of zooplankton in all four voyages, positively correlated with abundance and biomass in spring, and negatively correlated with abundance and biomass in summer. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that salinity had an impact on the zooplankton diversity index. Based on the correlation analysis of the RDA and Pearson correlation coefficient, eutrophication was found to be the main environmental factor affecting the community structure and abundance of zooplankton in Jinghai Bay, and salinity affected the seasonal variation in zooplankton. In addition, through PCoA analysis and comparison of data from 2021 and 2022, it was found that occasional events, such as typhoons, may also be an important reason for changes in the zooplankton community. The results of this study will be conducive to a follow-up study of the ecosystem of Jinghai Bay and understanding the factors controlling the dynamics of its zooplankton community, which in turn will contribute to the scientific management of the ecological environment of Jinghai Bay and an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of zooplankton community change in the bay.

Water scarcity and soil salinization have been limited to agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions. For instance, the average annual precipitation in Xinjiang is only about 150 mm, but the annual evaporation exceeds 2 000 mm, where more than 94% of the available water resource is consumed by agriculture. Among them, one-third of arable land has experienced soil salinization. Furthermore, the degree and scale of salinization are ever-increasing each year. Therefore, there is a high demand to regulate the soil water and salt conditions in the root zone using irrigation scheduling. This study aims to promote the sustainable development of oasis agriculture in Xinjiang. The irrigation scheduling and quota were optimized to save water and regulate the soil salinity. A field experiment was conducted in Shawan City, Xinjiang, China in 2021 and 2022. The cotton was planted in the saline-alkali field and drip-irrigated under film mulch. The control treatment was selected as the local traditional irrigation scheduling. Smart irrigation was also implemented to evaluate the plant water deficit index (PWDI) over the treatment-designed threshold. The PWDI threshold was set at 0.62 and 0.50 in 2021 and 2022. Different salt leaching coefficients (1.0 and 2.0 in 2021; 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 in 2022) were set to explore the effects of irrigation quota on soil water and salt transport, cotton growth, and water use. The irrigation quota was also determined, according to the soil water and salt conditions. In general, the irrigation quota increased for a constant PWDI threshold, when the salt leaching coefficient raised. The irrigation period was also prolonged, namely the irrigation frequency decreased. The total irrigation depth increased, where more salt was leached to the lower soil layer in the root zone or even out of the root zone, thereby improving the soil water and salt conditions. The water and salt stress were reduced to improve the cotton growth and yield while leading to a gradual decrease in the use efficiency of irrigation water. Once the salt leaching coefficient (irrigation quota) increased to the critical value, the long-term superior soil water and salt conditions in the root zone resulted in the overgrowth of cotton, namely, vigorous nutritional growth but delayed reproductive growth. Therefore, the irrigation period was shortened, and the total irrigation depth increased sharply, while the cotton yield decreased, leading to a significant decrease in the irrigation water use efficiency. The salt leaching coefficient of 2.2 was recommended for the cotton growth and yield, as well as water use efficiency. The PWDI threshold was set as 0.5 in the experimental area. Compared to 1.0, when the salt leaching coefficient was set as 2.2, the average irrigation quota increased from 42.5 to 85.0 mm during treatment period in 2022, the irrigation events decreased from 9 to 6 times, the total irrigation depth increased from 382.7 to 510.2 mm, more than 7.63 ×103 kg/hm² salt was leached to the soil layer deeper than 100 cm, and the average PWDI decreased from 0.35 to 0.30, resulting in a 15.0% increase for yield and a 8.8% decrease for irrigation water use efficiency. The findings can provide the theoretical evidence and technical support to improve the smart irrigation of saline farmland, in order to promote the sustainable development of oasis agriculture in Xinjiang. The salt leaching efficiency can also be optimized to adopt the chemical amendment, according to the rooting depth during growth season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives]Coastal saline soils, as potential arable land reserves, harbor significant productive capacities. A win-win scenario for business and environment can be achieved by scientifically enhancing and employing saline soils while taking greenhouse gas emissions into account. We examined the N2O emission patterns from coastal saline soils at varying salinity levels in order to lay a scientific foundation for later efforts in salinity regulation and mitigating the greenhouse effect. [Methods]Natural coastal saline soils with varying salinity gradients were collected for the laboratory incubation experiment. The soil salinity levels were measured as 0.96, 2.57, 4.04 and 15.23 mS·cm-1, respectively labeled as Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4. Gas chromatography was employed to monitor the emission characteristics of N2O from coastal saline soils at different salinity levels. [Results]Variable soil salinity levels resulted in dramatically variable N2O emissions. Soil N2O emissions decreased as salinity contents increased within the salinity range of 0.96 to 4.04 mS·cm-1. N2O production was again enhanced when the salinity contents reached 15.23 mS·cm-1. The emissions(2 598.94 μg·kg-1)were second only to those recorded in soils with a moderate salinity level(5 384.17 μg·kg-1). The survival of soil microorganisms was stressed by the rise in salt. Salinity disturbances were more likely to affect ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)than ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA). AOA remained comparatively more abundant in soils that were either strongly or moderately salinized(Y1, Y2, Y3). On the other hand, the relative abundances of AOA and AOB decreased in heavily salinized soil(Y4), which hindered the nitrification process. Additionally, the cumulative N2O emission demonstrated a strong positive association with the potential denitrification rate(PDR)under the effect of the salinity gradient. One of the primary elements influencing denitrification was the amount of organic material present. Because microorganisms might directly use dissolved organic carbon(DOC), they had the ability to manage its turnover in soil. The abundance of the nosZ gene dramatically decreased as the salt content kept rising and the soil type was identified as saline. The nitrogen in the saline soil of Y4 eventually discharged in the form of N2O due to the inability to complete the N2O reduction process. [Conclusions]In coastal saline soils, the salinity gradient affected the nitrification and denitrification processes, which both significantly contributed to the transformation of soil nitrogen and produced distinct N2O emissions. The rising salinity contents lowered the rates of nitrification and denitrification, which decreased N2O emission in the range of 0.96-4.04 mS·cm-1 for EC2.5:1. N2O emissions from nitrification processes(heterotrophic denitrification and nitrifier denitrification)became the main source of N2O emissions in saline soils, but nitrification production declined as the salt classification exceeded salty soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract:In order to study the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance of salt-containing food industry wastewater, the different doses of salinity were introduced into the food industry wastewater treatment system and the mode of operation was selected as anaerobic/ anoxic/ aerobic (A/ A/ O). The variation of different indicators including chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+ -N, NO2- -N, NO3- -N, PO43--P were analyzed, and the influence mechanism about different concentrations of salinity on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance for the food industry wastewater was revealed combining with sludge properties and functional microorganisms. The results showed that the introduced salinity not only improved the COD degradation with the value increasing from 84.08% to 90.33%, but also improved phosphorus release of phosphorus removing bacteria and nitrification. The efficiency of NH4+-N increased from 95. 79% to 98. 85%. However, it restrained the absorption phosphorus of phosphorus removing bacteria in aerobic phase. The denitrification performance was enhanced under low salinity (0.5 g/ L) condition, but was decreased when the salinity increased to 3.0 g/ L. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) increased with salinity and the EPS was 38.81 mg/ g volatile suspended solid (VSS) under the 3.0 g/ L salinity condition. The introduced salinity increased the relative abundance of microbial community and changed its structure, which enhanced denitrifying bacteria enrichment including Chloroflexi, Actinobacteriota and Planctomycetota. It was also found that salinity increased the abundance of Caldilineaceae, Ferruginibacter and Kouleothrix but restrained the abundance of Candidatus Competibacter. All of them guaranteed the stable nitrogen and phosphorus removal of treatment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology. Social Sciences Edition / Haerbin Gongye Daxue Xuebao. Shehui Kexue Ban is the property of Harbin Institute of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Hydrobiology is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Hydrobiology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An extensive field study was presented to optimize the irrigation techniques for water use efficiency (WUE) and yield in dwarf and densely planted fragrant pears in South Xinjiang. A two-factor and fully randomized design was conducted in the 29th regiment of Xinjiang. Three advanced micro-irrigation systems were selected— surface drip irrigation (M1), subsurface drip irrigation (M2), and root-zone infiltration irrigation (M3)— with traditional flood irrigation (CK) as a comparative baseline. Three irrigation quotas were set as low (I1), medium (I2), and high (I3) to evaluate their suitability under the varying limitations of water resources. A systematic analysis was then implemented to assess the impact of these irrigation modes on several critical parameters, including electrical conductivity (EC), desalination rate, growth patterns, yield, WUE, fruit quality, and economic viability. The results show that the subsurface drip irrigation (M2) demonstrated superior performance to enhance the yield and WUE. Notable benefits were obtained to promote the pear growth for the fruit quality. The performance was statistically comparable to M3 (P > 0.05) in the effective salt leaching. Moreover, irrigation modes and irrigation quotas significantly dominated the soil salinity distribution (P<0.05). Three micro-irrigation modes produced a certain degree of salt aggregation, except for the diffuse irrigation. The difference among irigation modes was not significant (P>0.05). Both irrigation modes and irrigation quotas dominated the yield and water use efficiency of fragrant pear. The fruit diameter, yield, water use efficiency, and net profit of M1 were significantly higher than those of surface irrigation (CK and M1) under the same irrigation quotas. But there was no significant difference with M3 (P<0.05). Despite the higher initial investment, M3 generated substantial net profits, second only to M2. Further analysis revealed that the higher irrigation quota consistently improved the fragrant pear growth, yield, and salt-leaching efficiency. PPrincipal Component Analysis (PCA), technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPISIS), and rank-sum ratio (RSR) were also employed to evaluate— integrating environmental, qualitative, and economic factors, and then identify fifteen key indices. The M2I3 treatment emerged as the most effective, while M1I1 was the least. In conclusion, the M2 irrigation mode was recommended for the dwarf and densely planted first-fruiting fragrant pears. An optimal irrigation quota of 6 750 m³/hm² was achieved in the growth period. This finding can greatly contribute the significant insights and practical guidance for the higher efficient, water-conserving, and salt-controlled production in the arid regions of Southern Xinjiang. Substantial theoretical and technical support can also be offered for the forestry and fruit industry. Furthermore, a scientific basis can be gained for the application of water-saving irrigation in the "labor-saving and dense planting" cultivation area of fragrant pear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Spirulina powder, Yeast, Yeast + β-Carotene were used as feed to explore the effects of feed on the growth and carotenoids accumulation of Artemia at different temperatures （20℃, 25℃, 30℃） and salinities （10, 30, 50, 70, 90）. The results showed that the survival rate and body length of Artemia fed with spirulina powder were better than those of other feed at the same temperature and salinity. On the 10th day, at 25℃, Artemia fed with spirulina powder and yeast had maximum average body length at salinity 30 （7.52 mm, 5.88 mm） （P<0.05）, while Artemia fed with yeast + β-carotene had the largest average body length （4.0 mm） at salinity 10 （P<0.05）. The average body length of Artemia in the 30℃ group was significantly longer than that in the other temperature groups at salinity 50 （P<0.05）. On the 15th day, at 25℃, Artemia fed spirulina powder had the highest survival rate （93.7%） at salinity 30. At salinity 50, the survival rate of Artemia fed with spirulina powder in the 20℃ group （94.0%） and 25℃ group （92.0%） was significantly higher than that in the 30℃ group （P<0.05）. The egg-holding rate of Artemia in each group fed with spirulina powder was significantly higher than that of other feed （P<0.05）, and gradually increased with the increases of salinity or temperature. After 15 days, the detection of carotenoids of Artemia showed that only echinenone and canthaxanthin were detected in each feed group, and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and astaxanthin were not detected. The total carotenoid content of Artemia fed with spirulina powder was significantly higher than that of other groups （P<0.05）, and decreased with the increase of salinity, and the salinity 10 group was the highest （46.25 μg/g）. With the increase of temperature, it first increased and then decreased, and 25 ℃ group was the highest （46.28 μg/g）. In conclusion, Artemia fed with Spirulina powder grew best, Artemia could convert β-carotene to echinenone and canthaxanthin, with the increase of temperature, the survival rate of Artemia decreases, which accelerates Artemia growth, sexual maturity and carotenoid metabolism. If the salinity is too high or too low, the survival rate and growth rate of Artemia will be reduced, but high salt can promote sexual maturity and deplete carotenoids in Artemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapidly inverting soil salinity is crucial to the soil water and salt migration for the prevention of the secondary salinization. However, the accuracy and efficiency of soil salinity inversion models are hindered to the coupling relationship between water and salt in soil, particularly for time-consuming and labor-intensive soil collection. This study aims to reduce the interference of soil moisture for obtaining better sample diversity and further improving the robustness of soil salinitu inversion models by using spectral technology. A total of 113 normal and 115 saline soil samples were collected in the Xinjiang cotton fields. These samples were further subjected to different levels of wetting treatment. and subsequently 467 soil samples with varing salt and moisture contents were obtained. Soil salt content was calibrated using the conductivity of soil leaching solution. Spectral data of samples was captured using an ASD ground object spectrometer (400-1000 nm) and a near-infrared spectrometer (960-1693 nm). The soil moisture was also corrected using the external parameter orthogonalization (EPO). Additionally, deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGAN) with different transposed convolution stride strategies were designed to evaluate the sample set using Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) scores. Machine learning models were employed to invert the soil salinity, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF), and onedimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) models using VGG (VNet), EfficientNet (ENet), and ResNet (RNet) architectures. The results demonstrated that the EPO can effectively reduce the interference of moisture on the salinity, indicating the better prediction performance of different models. RNet out performed PLSR, RF, VNet, Enet, RNet, and exhibited the best performance to predict the soil salinity in cotton fields. The lightweight residual neural network without attention mechanism was more suitable for one-dimensional hyperspectral data. There was an increase in the convolution stride and kernel length of the deep convolutional adversarial generative network. The better samples were obtained for the hyperspectral data with long sequences. The superior FID scores were achieved in the generated augmented sample set using Generator B (designed with the larger convolution stride and kernel size), compared with the rest. Specifically, the FID scores were reduced by 7.9% and 13.4%, respectively, compared with GA and GC. The weight distribution of attention was optimized after expanding the training set by DCGAN. The stability and accuracy of the model were further enhanced to predict the soil salinity under certain constraints on training samples. The EPO-DCGAN(GB)-RNet (called EPO-DCGAN-RNet) model was achieved in the superior RMSE and R² values of 136.472 μS/cm and 0.910, respectively, on the validation set, compared with the EPO-SG-RNet (using SG filtering denoising) and EPO-RNet (without sample augmentation). Furthermore, 1D-CNN with Grad CAM was employed to identify the characteristic bands of soil conductivity in the soil leaching solution of cotton field. In summary, an accurate inversion model EPO-DCGAN-RNet was constructed for inversing soil salinity in the cotton fields using spectral technology. Water correction and sample augmentation were incorporated for the soil salt composition. The improved model has the promising potential to the salt-tolerant cotton varieties and irrigation strategies using slightly salty water in cotton fields [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) belongs to Decapoda, Grapsidae and Eriocheir. It is also known as river crab and hairy crab and is widely distributed in the coastal waters of China and has important economic benefits. Salinity is the key environmental factor affecting the mating and spawning of E. sinensis. Presently, reports on the effects of salinity on crabs focus on osmotic pressure regulation, nutritional and energy metabolism, molting, and sexual precocity. However, the effects of salinity on the related hormones in the hemolymph before and after mating and spawning of E. sinensis have not been reported. Relevant steroid hormones include progesterone, 17α-dihydroxyprogesterone, 20β-dihydroxyprogesterone, and 17α-20β-dihydroxyprogesterone (DHP) and most effectively induce maturation of salmon and trout eggs, which has been confirmed in a variety of fish. Early studies have shown that the ovulation activity of fish is closely related to the level of gonadotropin (GTH) in the blood. The gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) in E. sinensis indicate that the ovarian maturation and reproductive regulation in crustaceans are regulated by some gonadotropins, such as methylfarnesol and ecdysone. PGE, PGF, and prostacyclin (PGI2) can promote ovulation in a variety of fish and crustaceans. Like vertebrates, steroids are important hormones that affect the ovarian development of shrimp and crab, such as estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), and progesterone. Steroids can impact gonadal development and play a very important role in ovarian development and vitellogenesis. However, these hormones are restricted by a variety of environmental factors, such as temperature, light, salinity, and so on. In order to investigate the effect of salinity on hemolymph related hormones during mating and spawning of E. sinensis, the spawning salinity was set at 0, 2, 4, 6 and mating salinity set at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21. Five samples were collected from specimens in each salinity to analyze the contents of DHP, GTH, PG, E2, and testosterone in the hemolymph of female E. sinensis before and after mating and spawning under different mating and spawning salinities. The components were detected by ELISA at the wavelength of 450 nm using the kit double antibody sandwich method. Results revealed: (1) in fresh water, female crabs displayed no mating behavior. When the salinity was lower than 6, female crabs only mated without spawning. (2) There were no significant changes in PG, E2, or testosterone in the hemolymph of female crabs after mating in low salinity (2–6), and there was no significant difference between crabs at different salinities after mating (P > 0.05). (3) The contents of DHP, PG, E2, and testosterone in the hemolymph of female crabs initially decreased and then increased with salinity before spawning. After spawning, DHP, PG, and E2 in hemolymph initially increased and then decreased with increased salinity. When the salinity was 18, DHP, PG, E2, and testosterone in the hemolymph of the female crab after spawning decreased to the lowest level, and there was a significant difference between the before and after spawning results (P < 0.05). (4) At 6 salinity, the contents of DHP, PG, E2, and testosterone in the hemolymph of female crabs before spawning were the highest and the contents of DHP and PG decreased after spawning, while the contents of E2 and testosterone increased. However, there was only significant variation in the DHP from before spawning to after spawning (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in the other indexes (P > 0.05). The content of testosterone in the hemolymph initially decreased and then increased before and after spawning. This comprehensive study showed that salinity effects the five hormones in the hemolymph of female E. sinensis during the reproductive and breeding stage. Among them, the five hormones do not change significantly during the mating process of E. sinensis. DHP, GTH, and PG are involved in the oviposition of E. sinensis. The analyses of the changes in the related hormones in the hemolymph of female E. sinensis before and after mating and spawning at different salinities have identified changes in the neutral hormones. These results provide details on the reproductive regulation mechanism of E. sinensis and provided basic reference data for researching the reproductive biology of E. sinensis.

Using brackish water for irrigation in arid and semi-arid areas can alleviate the supply-demand contradiction of freshwater resources. However, the correlation between its irrigation effect and soil texture remains to be studied. This study investigated the effects of irrigation mineralization on the growth and development of drip-irrigated cotton with different soil textures and the yield and fiber quality of seed cotton. In 2022, a barrel planting experiment was conducted to study two common cotton field soil textures (sandy loam soil T1 and sandy soil T2) and four irrigation mineralization degrees (0.85 (S0), 2.00 (S1), 5.00 (S2), and 8.00 g/L (S3)) in the Manas River Basin. Under different treatments, eight experimental treatments were used to study cotton photosynthetic indicators, plant height, stem diameter, yield, and quality. The results showed that as the mineralization degree of irrigation increased, the plant height, stem diameter, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, single boll weight, number of bolls per plant, yield, irrigation water use efficiency, and fracture ratio intensity of cotton seedlings in sandy soil showed a decreasing trend after the seedling stage. The transpiration rate of S3 treatment decreased by 10.61% compared to S0 during the bud stage. Under sandy loam conditions, all indicators showed an increasing and decreasing trend. The net photosynthetic rate of S1 treatment increased by 8.40% compared to S0. As irrigation's mineralization degree increases, underground cotton's maximum fluorescence in two soil types decreases, while nonphotochemical quenching shows an increasing trend. It can be concluded through regression analysis that there is a negative correlation between cotton yield and irrigation mineralization in sandy soil cotton fields. However, irrigation water less than 3.69 g/L in sandy loam cotton fields will not reduce cotton yield. Using path analysis, it can be concluded that cotton stem diameter and transpiration rate are the main factors affecting yield under sandy loam conditions. Plant height is the main factor affecting the micronaire value. Under sandy soil conditions, the nonphotochemical quenching coefficient and transpiration rate are the main factors affecting yield. In contrast, plant height and transpiration rate are the main factors affecting micronaire value. This study can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the rational utilization of brackish water resources in cotton fields with different soil types in the Manas River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South China Fisheries Science is the property of South China Fisheries Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polymer Materials Science & Engineering is the property of Sichuan University, Polymer Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Sciencepaper is the property of China Sciencepaper and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Factors affecting the flocculation and settlement of sediment in the Yellow River estuary include sediment concentration, sediment particle size, temperature, salinity and turbulent shear force. Based on the previous research results, combined with the fractal theory of sediment flocculation and the modified particle size of flocculation, a more accurate formula for calculating the sedimentation velocity of flocs was derived. At the same time, in order to verify the applicability of the theoretical formula, a static water settlement experiment was carried out on viscous fine sediment particles at the mouth of the Yellow River. The experiment was carried out with the help of laser particle size analyzer and a new type of temperature controlled rectangular settlement barrel. The sedimentation process was analyzed and predicted by using the biased normal distribution model, and the sedimentation velocity and its variation with salinity and sediment concentration in the Yellow River estuary were clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effects of salinity on the growth of Selenotoca multifasciata juveniles, different salinity gradient tests were conducted on the seedlings with the body mass of 1. 26-1. 38 g, the six test salinity were 0 (freshwater), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25, and the test period was 40 d. The results showed that the survival rate of S. multifasciata juveniles in freshwater (salinity 0) was the lowest in the first 10 days of culture, only 80. 00%. After 10 days, the survival rate of S. multifasciata juveniles in all test groups was 100%. These results showed that S. multifasciata juveniles had strong tolerance to low salinity environment. The final body mass, weight gain rate and specific growth rate of S. multifasciata juveniles in the treatment group of salinity 10 were the largest, being (68. 71±1. 11)g, (5 310. 23±134. 24)% and (10. 00±0. 03)%, respectively. The final body mass, weight gain rate and specific growth rate of S. multifasciata in the treatment group of salinity 0 were the smallest, being (53. 71±0. 81)g, (4 096. 09±165. 26)% and (9. 34±0. 04)%, respectively. The salinity had significant effects on the feed coefficient of S. multifasciata juveniles, the feed coefficient in salinity 10 treatment group was the lowest and it had significant differences with that in other test groups (P<0. 05). Overall, S. multifasciata juveniles had strong adaptability to salinity, and they could be cultured in both freshwater and seawater, the suitable salinity was 5-25, and the optimum salinity was 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper described an experimental study for treating salt containing wastewater with a bench-scale SBBR (sequencing batch biofilm reactor). By gradually increasing salinity of the wastewater, the activated sludge of high salt-tolerance was acclimatized, and the treatment test of simulated salt wastewater was carried out with wastewater samples of five sorts of salinity: 0 g/L, 8 g/L, 16 g/L, 24 g/L and 32 g/L. The experimental results showed that with the increase of salinity gradient, the efficiencies of removing NH4+-N, COD and TP decreased notably: in case where salinity was 32 g/L, and compared with salinity of 0 g/L, NH4+-N declined from 98% to 84%; COD from 98% to 73%; and TP from 97% to 47%. Additionally, the microbial activity, which was characterized by SOUR (specific consumption rate) and DHA (dehydrogenase activity) of biofilm, increased on condition of salinity being below 8 g/L, while decreased when salinity was up to greater than 8 g/L. Salinity made it possible to increase the content of extracellular polymer (EPS) in biofilms from 26.15 mg/g SS to 216.27 mg/g SS, among which polysaccharide (PS) content of TB-EPS grew most, and the increase of EPS could improve the resistance of microorganisms to salinity and the cells' protective effectiveness. It was found that under different salinity conditions there were growing three largest dominant phyla: actinomycetes, proteomycetes and patella bacteria in the biofilms, and the average relative abundance remained between 72% and 83%, among which the relative abundance of actinomycetes increased significantly with the increase of salinity, and the relative abundance of variant phylum decreased with the increase of salinity; the relative abundance of Kineosphaera, Micropruina and TM7a increased rapidly with the increase of salinity, and on the condition of salinity being up to 32 g/L, they became the three biggest dominant genera. To sum up, from the perspective of microbial community characteristics, the effects of increasing salinity on the structure and diversity of microbial communities were explored, the results could provide a theoretical basis for the further study on COD, NH4+-N and TP removal mechanisms of SBBR systems under high salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's most fabulous cotton-producing area is Xinjiang. In Xinjiang, soil salinization and water shortage are now the two key challenges limiting agricultural productivity and sustainable growth. Water wastage and secondary soil salinization in the area are still being made worse by irrational irrigation during the growth period and salt leaching during the off-growing period. A breakthrough in solving these problems is the development of sensible irrigation and salt-leaching techniques throughout the growing period to preserve water efficiently, cut expenses, and guarantee cotton crop yields. Following calibration of the model parameters and validation using field experiment data from 2020 and 2021, respectively, the optimal scheduling of cotton field irrigation and salt leaching was investigated to clarify the applicability of the Aquacrop model to the growth and production of simulated cotton fields under membrane and subsurface drip irrigation in northern Xinjiang. Then the calibrated model was used to reveal the effects of three irrigation levels (100%ETc (D1), 80%ETc (D2), and 60%ETc (D3)), three salt leaching amounts (0 (Q1), 120 mm (Q2), and 240 mm (Q3)), three irrigation frequencies (5 (F1), 7 (F2), and 10 d/time (F3)) and three types of precipitation year (rainy years(H1), normal years (H2), and dry years (H3)) on cotton yield and irrigation water productivity. The results showed that canopy cover, aboveground biomass NRMSE (Normalized root mean square error)İ20.998%, d (Index of agreement)ı0.967, and R² (Coefficient of determination)ı0.914 for all treatments in 2021, and yield RMSE, NRMSE, d, and R² were 0.389 t/hm², 6.797%, 0.836, and 0.754, respectively, and the model simulated well overall. Model simulations based on 58 years of meteorological data showed that the effects of irrigation level, salt leaching quota, and precipitation year type on cotton yield and irrigation water productivity were statistically significant, and irrigation frequency effect was not significant; in the cotton planting area with average soil salinity ranging from 12 to 18 g/kg, accounting for yield, irrigation water productivity, and actual production, the total irrigation and salt leaching quota of 80% ETc+120 mm (D2Q2) was recommended for rainy years, and the total irrigation and salt-leaching quota of 100% ETc+120 mm (D3Q2) was recommended for both normal and dry years; it was suggested that the irrigation frequency be increased to 10 d/time to reduce the frequency of irrigation and save costs. The optimal irrigation and salt leaching strategy proposed in this study was limited by model function and evaluation perspective. It was based on water conservation and optimal yield in cotton fields and did not consider the desalination conditions of membrane and subsurface drip irrigation. To develop more rigorous and convincing irrigation and salt leaching strategies, the Aquacrop model must be coupled with other water and salt transport models to improve the model's functionality and comprehensively assess soil desalination and cotton field production conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral remote sensing has been one of the most important technologies to monitor soil salinization. However, soil moisture can also interfere with the acquisition of field spectral images and then the prediction of soil salinity. The aim of this study was to effectively eliminate the effect of soil moisture, thereby improving the inversion accuracy of soil salinity. Field spectral reflectance (Ref) was collected from the Yinchuan Plain of China. The soil salinity was then measured to analyze the spectral characteristics of soils with different moisture content. The first derivative of reflectance (FDR), orthogonal signal correction (OSC), and their combination (FDR-OSC) were also employed to transform the spectral data. A systematic evaluation was performed on the correlations of original and transformed spectral data with the soil salinity and moisture content. A soil salinity inversion model with the support vector machine (SVM) was finally established after removing the moisture effect. The results showed that: 1) The overall change in soil salinity was striking (0.30-14.98 g/kg), indicating a strong variability across the study area. Soil pH ranged from 7.82 to 9.58, with a small standard deviation and weak variability. Soil moisture content was ranged between 2.49% and 29.29%, representing a moderate variability. 2) An inverse relationship emerged between soil moisture content and the original spectral reflectance, with the three absorption bands near 1 430, 1 950, and 2 200 nm, respectively. The principal absorption wavelength was near 1 950 nm, indicating a long-wave drift pattern. The reflectance values were reduced for the better drift of the absorption valley using the OSC, compared with Ref. The bandwidth and depth of the three moisture absorption bands all converged, despite the lower differential reflectance values from the FDR transformation curve. 3) The correlation between soil spectral data and moisture content was followed the descending order: Ref, OSC, FDR, FDR-OSC, indicating that FDR-OSC performed better than OSC and FDR to remove the moisture effect. The correlation between soil spectral data and salinity was followed the descending order: FDR-OSC, FDR, OSC, Ref, indicating that the highest sensitivity of spectral data was transformed by FDR-OSC to soil salinity. Only five bands in the 400-2 400 nm wavelength range of Ref were selected as the sensitive bands (R 2≥0.50, P<0.05), much fewer than 11 and 18 sensitive bands of OSC and FDR, respectively. The highest number of sensitive bands was obtained by FDR-OSC, reaching 26. The increased sensitive bands of OSC, FDR, and FDR-OSC mainly comprised near-infrared long waves. 4) Compared with the Ref-based model, the soil salinity inversion model with FDR-OSC performed better fitting and inversion, as the modeling coefficient of determination(Rc² ), verification of coefficient of determination (Rp² ), and relative prediction deviation (RPD) were 0.952, 0.960 and 5.04, respectively. 5) Spatial interpolation by inverse distance weighting revealed that the slightly and moderately salinized soils covered 76.0% of the Yinchuan Plain, whereas the strongly salinity soil and salinized soils only accounted for 2.5%. The areas with the high soil salinity were concentrated mainly in the central and northwestern parts of the study area, with the low soil salinity in the northeastern and southern parts. In conclusion, the FDR-OSC can provide an effective way to eliminate the effect of soil moisture on spectral reflectance, thereby improving the inversion accuracy of soil salinity. The findings can also provide scientific evidence for the high-precision monitoring of soil salinization using hyperspectral remote sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study the effect of different groundwater depth on soil water and salt transport and its changing characteristics in takyric solonetz soil, the salt content, water content and salinity of the soil under six groundwater depths of 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 and 2.0 m are monitored in takyric solonetz land at the farmland of Xidatan in Ningxia, China. The results show that there is an exponential relationship between soil total salt and groundwater depth, and there is a significant linear positive correlation between soil total salt and groundwater salinity. The change of total salinity and alkalinity is 0.8 m >1.0 m >1.5m >1.8m >2.0 m; 1.5 m ground water depth is the turning point of soil water and salt change. The total salt and water content of each soil layer are higher at 0.8-1.2 m ground water depth. The variation of soil water and salt is the most serious in the soil with the groundwater depth of 1.5-1.8 m. Oil sunflower grows in 1.5-2.0 m depth of ground water suitably. The emergence rate, survival rate, plant height, stem diameter, diameter and yield of oil sunflower in 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 m of groundwater table are significantly lower than those in 1.5, 1.8 and 2.0 m of groundwater table. There are no significant differences in soil water content, total salinity and alkalinity, emergence rate, survival rate, plant height, stem diameter, disc diameter and yield of oil sunflower at depths of 1.5, 1.8 and 2.0 m. These results will provide a technical support for salt-water management of the takyric solonetz farmlands, and have an important scientific value for environmental protection and agricultural irrigation development in arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The results of laboratory tests on the electrical resistivity of sand are widely used in the interpretation of field electrical resistivity tomography. However, the influences of testing conditions and the field implementations of relationship curves between the electrical resistivity and properties of sand need further research. Methods First, the electrical resistivity test device was developed by using the two-electrode method. Then, the influences of current type, alternating current (AC) frequency, voltage and grain size of sand on the relationship between electrical resistivity and water saturation (ρ-Sr), as well as electrical resistivity and salinity of the pore water (ρ-n), were studied. Results The results showed that an AC current frequency of 10 Hz and an input voltage of 1 V were recommended to reduce the test error of resistance. There was a power function between the electrical resistivity and water saturation (ρ-Sr), as well as electrical resistivity and salinity of pore water (ρ-n), under AC and direct current (DC). As DC might cause an electrolysis reaction of the electrodes of the sand column under the high salinity of pore water, the AC electrical method was suggested. When the water saturation is greater than 50%, the electrical resistivity difference caused by the grain size of sand becomes small. Moreover, the electrical resistivity did not decrease significantly with increasing water saturation, which suggested that a relatively stable interface of the electrical resistivity might exist in the unsaturated zone with 50% saturation rather than in the water table. When the salinity of pore water is greater than 2 g/L, the electrical resistivity of all five types of saturated sands did not decrease obviously with increasing salinity. Conclusion Research results comfirm the electrical resistivity method easily distinguishes fresh water from brackish water but has difficulty further subdividing brackish water, salt water and brine.

Microthermometric measurement of fluid inclusions should follow the sequence of measuring homogenization temperature (Th) first, followed by the measurement of final freezing point temperature (Tm). However, in practice, this measurement sequence has not always been strictly followed. Many researchers may repeatedly measure the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions even after the measurement of the final freezing point temperature. This may result in erroneous microthermometric data being obtained. In order to highlight this issue and to emphasize the importance of following the correct microthermometric measurement sequence, this study carried out repeated microthermometric measurements of brine inclusions and quantitatively compared the differences in the microthermomitric data obtained from different microthermomitric measurement sequences. The measurement exercise was aided by petrographic observation of brine inclusions and microscopic laser Raman analysis and fluid inclusion PVTx modelling. The results indicate that prior to the measurement of the final freezing point temperature, the homogenization temperature of brine inclusions can be repeatedly measured with the Th data showing no obvious deviation. During the measurement of the final freezing point temperature, the brine inclusion may undergo stretching or even leakage, and any subsequent Th measurements may yield elevated values, but Tm value remains largely unchanged. Therefore, low-temperature (freezing) phase-change measurement may cause resetting of the original PVTx information recorded. Compared to calcite minerals, brine inclusions hosted in quartz have stronger resistance to the influence of re-equilibration, and higher vapor filling degree and high salinity can offset the influence of brine inclusion re-equilibration to a certain extent. In the process of low-temperature phase change temperature measurement, due to the inflation caused by water freezing, it is common for brine inclusions to undergo stretching or even leakage, leading to a general increase in the homogenization temperature of brine inclusions.

Yellowtail kingfish, Seriola aureovittata, is a long-distance migratory oceanic species belonging to the Carangidae family of Perciformes, which has a global distribution and inhabits temperate and subtropical marine waters. S. aureovittata is large in size, has a fast growth rate, and is highly favored by international consumers owing to its excellent flesh taste, nutritional quality, and economic value. Furthermore, it is a promising candidate for the global farming industry and is particularly suitable for rapidly developed open ocean aquaculture in China.Currently, yellowtail kingfish aquaculture occurs in over 10 countries including Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Chile, Greece, Holland, USA, Mexico, and China. In 2017, a great breakthrough in seedling production of S. aureovittata was achieved, and currently juveniles are mass-produced in China by combining the "engineering pond" and "land based indoor tanks" modes, which led to the rapid development of the Seriola fish farming industry in China. Nowadays, Seriola species are farmed in Liaoning Province, Fujian Province, and Shandong Province of China, and the combined annual farming yield is approximately 500 tons. However, we found that during seedling production of S. aureovittata, especially at the early larval growth stage, the hatching rate of eggs was variable among different spawning batches, and the survival of early larvae was low especially when the larvae reached 8~10 d post hatching. Occasionally, the high total death rate was attributed to the sudden "sinking death" of larvae, which may have been caused by stress as a result of changes in environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the ecological and physiological effects of environmental factors, especially temperature and salinity fluctuations, on the early life stages of S. aureovittata under artificial breeding conditions.In the present study, the effects of two key environmental factors, temperature and salinity, on embryonic development and early larval growth of S. aureovittata were investigated using experimental ecology, morphological measurements, and molecular methods under laboratory conditions. The indexes including hatching rate of eggs, deformation rate of newly hatched larvae, absorption of yolk sac, IGF-1 gene expression, survival index (SAI), and point of no return (PNR) were determined. Moreover, the vitality of newly hatched larvae was tested and evaluated. The results showed that the highest hatching rates of 75%~81% were obtained under temperatures of 20~22 ℃, and the deformation rates of newly hatched larvae were lower than 6.7%. In addition, according to the Q10 calculation, the most appropriate water temperature range for embryonic development of S. aureovittata was confirmed to be 20~22 ℃. Meanwhile, the total length and yolk sac volume of newly hatched larvae of yellowtail kingfish hatched from the 20℃ and 22 ℃ groups were larger than those in the other temperature groups. Regarding salinity, the fertilized eggs floated on the water surface when salinity was over 30 ‰, were suspended in the water when salinity was between 20~25, and sank to the bottom of the container when salinity was lower than 15. The optimum salinity range for embryonic development of S. aureovittata was therefore determined to be 30~35, when hatching rates were between 79%~80%, and the deformation rate of newly hatched larvae was 6%. The yolk sac absorption by newly hatched larvae was measured under four temperatures (18 ℃, 20 ℃, 22 ℃, and 24 ℃). It was found that the absorption and exhaustion speed of the yolk sac increased with temperature, and the yolk sac was exhausted at 7 d post hatching at 18 ℃, whereas the time decreased to 6 d, 5 d, and 4 d at 20 ℃, 22 ℃, and 24 ℃, respectively. The highest SAI value for newly hatched larvae was observed at a salinity of 30, whereas the lowest was observed at a salinity of 10, which was consistent with the hatching results of embryos under different salinities. The highest first feeding rate of newly hatched larvae was observed at 6 d post hatching, and the PNR appeared between 7 d and 8 d post hatching at culture temperatures ranging from 20~22 ℃. IGF-1 mRNA levels in newly hatched larvae from different temperatures and salinities were detected, and significantly higher expression levels were found at temperatures of 20~24 ℃ and salinities of 30~35. Under continuous starvation conditions, the IGF-1 mRNA in larvae significantly increased at 2 d post mouth open and decreased at 3 d and 4 d, although expression levels remained relatively high, and then continually decreased to a significantly lower level as starvation continued. Results from the present study provide basic knowledge and useful tools for the construction of standardized technological methods for optimal embryonic hatching and seedling production of S. aureovittata.

The study was carried out to evaluate the contents of common biogenic amines, microbial community diversity and physicochemical indicators of seven samples of fermented liquid soybean products and seven samples of fermented solid soybean products. The results showed that the total amount of biogenic amines in defatted soy sauce, steamed fish soy sauce and oyster reduced salt soy sauce were all higher than 8 000 mg/L and significantly higher than those in the other samples (P < 0.05). The pH and Kjeldahl nitrogen contents of the samples were negatively correlated with the total content of biogenic amines, while water activity (factor loading 0.413), total acid content (factor loading 0.399) and salinity (factor loading 0.330) had a greater positive effect on the production of biogenic amines. Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. were positively and negatively correlated with the content of biogenic amines, respectively. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis for the development of relevant standards.

In recent years, many studies on the effects of salinity on fish growth performance have been performed. A series of research results confirmed that appropriate salinity could guarantee healthy fish growth, while under extremely high or low salinity, the fish growth would be inhibited. Therefore, salinity is one of the critical factors ensuring aquaculture success. However, most previous studies only focused on fish growth and survival, without systematically analyzing the physiological and biochemical indicators or performing regression analysis of optimal salinity, especially for the hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂). A 28-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different salinities on growth performance, body composition, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant indices, and serum biochemical indices of the juvenile hybrid grouper [initial mean weight of (29.99±2.60) g]. This study used six salinity levels of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35, named S1 (control), S2, S3, S4, S5, and S6, respectively. During the experiment, the water temperature was kept at 25–28 ℃, DO≥6 mg/L, pH 8–9, and the contents of ammonia and nitrite nitrogen were both lower than 0.1 mg/L. Firstly, the results showed that different salinity levels had different impacts on the juvenile hybrid grouper growth performance. The weight growth rate (WGR) and special growth rate (SGR) first increased and then decreased with the rise in salinity and peaked in the S4 group, which were significantly higher than those of the S1 and S6 groups (P < 0.05). The feed efficiency (FE) showed a similar tendency to WGR and SGR (P < 0.05). Moreover, the survival rate had no significant difference among all groups (P > 0.05). The quadratic regression model analysis based on WGR and FE indicated that the optimal salinities were 22.18 and 23.16. Secondly, the whole fish crude lipid content in the S4 group (10.86%) was significantly higher than in the S1 (9.30%), S2 (9.62%), S3 (9.79%), and S6 (9.22%) groups (P < 0.05). The muscle crude lipid content in the S3 (2.84%) and S4 (2.95%) groups were significantly higher than that of the S1 (2.23%), S2 (2.34%), S5 (2.44%), and S6 (2.19%) groups (P < 0.05). The whole fish crude protein content peaked in the S3 group (65.24%), which was significantly higher than that of the S5 group (63.74%) (P < 0.05), with no significant differences observed among other groups (P > 0.05). The muscle crude protein content and the whole fish and muscle moisture and ash had no significant differences among all groups (P > 0.05). Thirdly, juvenile hybrid grouper´s intestinal lipase and trypsin activities in the S3 and S4 groups were significantly higher than in other groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the intestinal amylase activity was kept at 0.19–0.21 U/(mg prot) among all groups, with no significant differences (P > 0.05). Fourthly, salinity changes greatly impacted the antioxidant capacity of the juvenile hybrid grouper liver. The activities of the liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and catalase (CAT) were significantly higher in the S1 and S6 groups than in other groups (P < 0.05). The liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the S3 and S4 groups were significantly lower than that of other groups (P < 0.05). Fifthly, lower activity levels of the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cereal third transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum were found in the S3 and S4 groups, which were significantly lower than those of the S1 and S6 groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the ALT activity in the S6 group was significantly lower than in the S1 group (P < 0.05). The lower activity level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum was also found in the S3 and S4 groups, which were significantly lower than in other groups (P < 0.05). In summary, these results indicated that optimal salinity (20–25 mmol/L) could improve the juvenile hybrid grouper growth, while increasing the activities of digestive enzymes, antioxidant properties, and nonspecific immunity capacity, protecting the fish health. At the same time, the quadratic regression model analysis based on WGR and FE indicated that the optimal salinity for juvenile hybrid grouper is between 22.18 and 23.16.

This is an article in the field of process mineralogy. As the raw material of high-grade quartz products，higher-purity quartz sand has strict requirements on impurity elements．Besides that，the presence of inclusions has an important impact on its purity and performance．Based on this，the fluid inclusions in the vein quartz of western Hubei Province have been studied in detail by using X-ray diffraction，plasma atomic emission spectroscopy，optical microscope，micro temperature measurement and laser Raman spectroscopy．The results show that the content of SiO2 in the ore is beyond 99.9%，and the impurity elements are mainly Al and alkali metal elements．The inclusions in the quartz are single-phase saline solution inclusions，two-phase inclusions and containing CO2 three-phase inclusions．There is no solid inclusions in the ore．The size of inclusions is mainly concentrated in 5～25 μm．The uniform temperature is 160～270 ℃ and the salinity is less than 10.00% NaCl. As a result, the ore-forming fluid belongs to medium-low temperature and low salinity fluid.According to the analysis results of the inclusion characteristics, the ore can be used as a raw material for high-purity quartz sand after deep processing and purification．

【Objective】To study the removal effect of different woody plants on pollutants in mariculture wastewater, and to provide reference for the purification of mariculture wastewater by plants.【Method】Terminalia neotaliala Capuron and Buxus sinica were selected for hydroponic pot experiment to study the effects of different salinity (0 ‰, 2.5 ‰, 5 ‰, 7.5 ‰, 10 ‰, 15 ‰, 20 ‰) on the purification of mariculture wastewater.【Result】(1) The removal rates of TN and TP by T. neotaliala Capuron and B. sinica decreased with the increase of salinity, and the removal rate of COD fluctuated with the increase of salinity. The removal efficiency of TN and TP by T. neotaliala Capuron was higher than that of B. sinica. (2) Under different salinity conditions, the two plants had different absorption and removal effects on nitrogen and phosphorus. The accumulation of nitrogen showed the rule of underground > aboveground. The accumulation of phosphorus in T. neotaliala Capuron showed underground > aboveground at low salinity, while the accumulation of phosphorus in B. sinica fluctuated with the increase of salinity. The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in T. neotaliala Capuron was higher than that in B. sinica. When the salinity was 0‰, 2.5‰, 5‰, 7.5‰, 10‰, 15‰, 20‰, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus taken away by T. neotaliala Capuron absorption was 1.83 mg/g, 2.01 mg/g, 1.78 mg/g, 1.91 mg/g, 1.95 mg/g, 1.35 mg/g and 1.68 mg/ g, respectively. With the increase of salinity, the accumulation of K+ in T. neotaliala Capuron and B. sinica fluctuated greatly, while the accumulation of Na+ showed an increasing trend. When salinity > 2.5 ‰, the accumulation of Na+ showed the rule of aboveground > underground, and the increase of Na+ accumulation reduced the ability of plants to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. (3) pH, ORP, DO and other environmental factors have a certain influence on the removal of pollutants from sewage and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, K+ and Na+ by plants.【Conclusion】The two plants have a certain removal effect on the pollutants of mariculture wastewater, and the purification effect is better than CK. The purification effect of T. neotaliala Capuron on mariculture wastewater is better than that of B. sinica. T. neotaliala Capuron can be preferentially selected for the treatment of mariculture wastewater.

To explore the distribution pattern and formation mechanism of salt in the stratum of supratidal saltmarsh system, the coastal saltmarsh wetland in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, was considered in this study. The spatial distribution of soil porewater salinity was obtained through resistivity measurement and soil sample analysis, and the corresponding relationship with ecogeomorphology was further revealed. As a result, the groundwater salinity below the depth of 10 m is relatively high and uniformly distributed, while shallow porewater above 5 m depth is significantly desalinated. The degree of porewater desalination is related to the characteristics of zonal ecogeomorphology. Salinity of shallow porewater in the near-creek area is close to that of seawater. However, the shallow stratum underneath the crab hole area and Spartina alterniflora area has much lower salinity, with the former presenting a larger spatial scale. The short period tidal process only affects the localized salinity near the tidal creek. The crab holes significantly promote the infiltration of rainwater and its desalination effect, and contribute to near-surface evaporation and salt accumulation, increasing the vertical difference of shallow soil water salinity. The root preferential flow and evaporation inhibition caused by vegetation growth effectively reduce the salinity level of surface soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the effects of salinity on activated sludge biological treatment systems, including the effects on sludge properties such as settling performance and sludge activity, and system treatment effects such as degradation efficiency of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen, and further elaborates the mechanisms. The development direction of this research field is prospected to provide a reference for future efficient and stable operation of activated sludge treatment systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geography & Geographic Information Science is the property of Geography & Geo-Information Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Dalian Ocean University is the property of Journal of Dalian Ocean University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Stable CO2 foam is prepared under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure(HTHP) and the presence of foam stabilizer. The effects of the mass fraction of surfactant, salinity and shear rate on the viscosity of CO2 foam are investigated. The results show that the mass fraction of surfactant and salinity have a significant impact on the power law index(K, n). The flow consistency index(K) shows a quadratic function relationship with the mass fraction of surfactant, while the flow behavior index(n) shows a linear relationship with the mass fraction of surfactant. K and n are quadratic functions of salinity. The revised power function model is applicable under the conditions of surfactant mass fraction of 0.25%~1%, salinity of 0.5%~8%, and shear rate of 10~500 s-1, and has a high matching degree between experimental and predicted values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In view of the common problems of conventional water shutoff agent, such as "Either not injected or not plugged, can not deep profile control and flooding, and poor effect of increasing oil and dewatering", a novel terpolymer was prepared from acrylamide（AM）,2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid（AMPS） and N-（3-dimethylaminopropyl） methacrylamide（DMAPMA）, at the same time, multiple emulsions were prepared to encapsulate the crosslinking agent. The results showed that the cross-linking time of the multi-emulsion system could be delayed more than 1 times to 5～15 d, and the optimal gel system had good temperature and salt resistance, it is suitable for reservoirs with salinity less than 100 000 mg/L and temperature between 70 ℃ and 90 ℃. The gel system has the advantages of low initial viscosity, easy injection into low permeability formation, controllable cross-linking time and high gelling strength, and the hypertonic channel is effectively blocked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Geology / Gongcheng Dizhi Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Geology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil salinization is one of the major limiting factors for the sustainable development of agriculture in the arid northwest China. Among them, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum from the coal-fired power plant can be widely used to improve the saline-sodic soil. At the same time, the lignite bioorganic fertilizer (LBF) has also been expected as an effective amendment for the better saline-sodic soil in recent years. However, little is known about the combined application of LBF and FGD gypsum on the physical and chemical properties of saline-sodic soil and sunflower growth. In this study, a two-year field experiment was conducted in 2021-2022, in order to investigate the effect of combining both LBF and FGD gypsum on the saline-sodic soil quality, crop yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and PFPn (PFPn) in the sunflower farmland at the Hetao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University, located in the Bayannur City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Soil samples of 0-40 cm soil layer were collected at the sunflower maturity stage. The sunflower yield, WUE, and PFPn were measured at the same time. Six treatments were considered, i.e., a chemical fertilizer treatment (CK), and 2 t/hm² LBF combined with 0 (LBF), 5 (LBF+F5), 10 (LBF+F10), 15 (LBF+F15), and 20 (LBF+F20) t/hm² FGD gypsum application treatments. The results showed that the LBF treatment decreased the average content of Na+ by 23.33% in the 0-40 cm soil layer in 2022, compared with the CK treatment, but there was no effect on the other water-soluble ions. The LBF combined with the FGD gypsum treatments increased the average contents of Ca2+, SO42− and Mg2+ by 265.58%, 73.77%, and 275.36%, respectively, compared with the CK, whereas, there was the a decrease in the average contents of Na+ and CO32−+HCO3− by 43.60% and 35.07% in 0-40 soil layer. The LBF combined with the FGD gypsum treatments significantly decreased the average soil pH by 0.29-0.88 in the 0-20 cm soil layer. The soil organic matter content in the 0-20 cm soil layer was higher than that in the 20-40 cm soil layer. The LBF treatment significantly increased the soil organic matter content by 39.89%-131.65% in the 0-20 soil layer in 2021-2022. In addition, the LBF combined with FGD gypsum treatments decreased the soil ESP and soil bulk density by 18.34%-43.42%, and 5.91%-11.06% in the 0-40 cm soil layer, respectively, compared with the CK. The LBF+F10, LBF+F15, and LBF+F20 treatments increased the soil aggregate mean weight diameter by 34.57%, 136.78%, and 121.26%, respectively, but there was no effect on the soil percentage aggregate destruction. Although the application of FGD gypsum decreased the soil pH and ESP, however, the excessive application of FGD gypsum would increase the soil salt content, which may inhibit the sunflower growth and yield improvement. The LBF+F10 treatment increased the sunflower yield, WUE, and PFPn by 44.45%, 44.62%, and 80.46%, respectively, compared with the CK. In general, the combination of 2 t/hm² LBF and 10 t/hm²FGD gypsum shared the greatest effect on the physical and chemical properties of saline-sodic soil, indicating the largest sunflower yield, WUE, and PFPn . The finding can provide the scientific implication for the saline-sodic soil remediation and crop productivity improvement of salinized farmland in HID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the survival rate of Litopenaeus vannamei during transportation with water after carbon dioxide (CO2) anesthesia, the effects ofCO2 flow rates (anesthesia stage), soaking time (soaking stage), water type and salinity (recovery stage) on the survival rate were studied. The experiment set four factors:CO2 flow rates (3 L/min, 5 L/min and 7 L/min), soaking time (0 min, 1 min and 5 min), water type (tap water, supernatant of aquaculture water and aquaculture water) and salinity (3, 7 and 11). The single factor experiment was carried out, and the L9(34) orthogonal experiment and verification experiment were carried out based on the single factor experimental results. The results showed that in the single factor experiment, the bestCO2 flow rates was 7 L/min, the best soaking time was 0 min, the best water type was tap water and the best salinity was 7. The results of orthogonal experiment of transportation within 2 hours showed that the primary and secondary relationship of the four factors was:soaking time > water type > salinity >CO2 flow rates, and the best combination wasCO2 flow rates of 8 L/min, the water type of tap water, the salinity of 7 and the soaking time of 0 min. The results of orthogonal experiment of transportation within 4 hours showed that the primary and secondary relationship of the four factors was soaking time >CO2 flow rates > water type > salinity, and the best combination wasCO2 flow rates of 7 L/min, the water type of tap water, the salinity of 7 and the soaking time of 0 min. The results of orthogonal experiment of transportation within 6 hours showed that the primary and secondary relationship of the four factors was soaking time >CO2 flow rates > salinity > water type, and the best combination wasCO2 flow rates of 6 L/min, the water type of tap water, the salinity of 7 and the soaking time of 0 min. The experimental results show that the recovery rate of Litopenaeus vannamei under different transportation time conditions can be improved by adjusting the levels of four factors:CO2 flow rates, soaking time, water type and salinity, which provides a new idea for shrimp keep-alive transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To study the removal effect of different woody plants on pollutants in mariculture wastewater, and to provide reference for the purification of mariculture wastewater by plants.[Method] Terminalia neotaliala Capuron and Buxus sinica were selected for hydroponic pot experiment to study the effects of different salinity ( 0 ‰, 2.5 ‰, 5 ‰, 7.5 ‰, 10 ‰, 15 ‰, 20 ‰ ) on the purification of mariculture wastewater. [Result] (1) The removal rates of TN and TP by T. neotaliala Capuron and B. sinica decreased with the increase of salinity, and the removal rate of COD fluctuated with the increase of salinity. The removal efficiency of TN and TP by T. neotaliala Capuron was higher than that of B. sinica. (2) Under different salinity conditions, the two plants had different absorption and removal effects on nitrogen and phosphorus. The accumulation of nitrogen showed the rule of underground > aboveground. The accumulation of phosphorus in T. neotaliala Capuron showed underground > aboveground at low salinity, while the accumulation of phosphorus in B. sinica fluctuated with the increase of salinity. The accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in T. neotaliala Capuron was higher than that in B. sinica. When the salinity was 0‰, 2.5‰, 5‰, 7.5‰, 10‰, 15‰, 20‰, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus taken away by T. neotaliala Capuron absorption was 1.83 mg/g, 2.01 mg/g, 1.78 mg/g, 1.91 mg/g, 1.95 mg/g, 1.35 mg/g and 1.68 mg/ g, respectively. With the increase of salinity, the accumulation of K+ in T. neotaliala Capuron and B. sinica fluctuated greatly, while the accumulation of Na+ showed an increasing trend. When salinity > 2.5 ‰, the accumulation of Na+ showed the rule of aboveground > underground, and the increase of Na+ accumulation reduced the ability of plants to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. (3) pH, ORP, DO and other environmental factors have a certain influence on the removal of pollutants from sewage and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, K+ and Na+ by plants. [Conclusion] The two plants have a certain removal effect on the pollutants of mariculture wastewater, and the purification effect is better than CK. The purification effect of T. neotaliala Capuron on mariculture wastewater is better than that of B. sinica. T. neotaliala Capuron can be preferentially selected for the treatment of mariculture wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]