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AP2 transcription factors belong to the AP2/ERF superfamily and are involved in the regulation of various biological processes in plant growth and development, as well as in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, studies on the AP2 transcription factor family of Perilla frutescens have not been reported. In this study, totally 18 AP2 family members were identified from the Perilla frutescens genome and analyzed for gene structure, conserved motifs, and cis-acting elements using bioinformatics.WRINKLED1 (WRI1) is a key regulator of lipid biosynthesis in many plant species and plays an important role in the regulation of lipid synthesis. Sequence comparison revealed that one member of WRI1 is highly homologous to AtWRI1 and contains two conserved AP2 domains, named PfWRI1. The expression levels of PfAP2 family genes were analyzed in different tissues of Perilla frutescens and at different stages of seed development in conjunction with the transcriptome data, and the results showed that PfWRI1 is highly expressed only in the seeds of Perilla frutescens, suggesting that PfWRI1 may be related to the developmental process of the seeds. The overexpression vector of plant pCAMBIA1303-PfWRI1 was constructed, and wild-type (Col) and mutant (wri1-1) Arabidopsis thaliana were transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to obtain overexpression and complementation lines, respectively. The results showed that the expression of PfWRI1 led to an increase in oil content of Arabidopsis seeds by 8.90%-13.57% compared with Col, and promoted the accumulation of oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) and reduced the accumulation of palmitic acid (C16:0), arachidonic acid (C20:0), and cis-11-Eicosenoic acid (C20:1) in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. In addition, PfWRI1 gene expression increased the expression of glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes AtPKP-α, AtPKP-β1, AtBCCP2, AtSUS2, and AtLIP1. Taken together, PfWRI1 may promote lipid accumulation by increasing unsaturated fatty acid content through interaction with the above genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens, a short-day plant, is rich in biologically active substances and nutrients. Current research on Perilla frutescens focuses on agronomic traits such as yield and fatty acid accumulation, with limited exploration of the flowering process and floral organ development. The molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying these aspects remain unclear. FLOWERING LOUC T (FT) is a florigen in Arabidopsis, plays critical roles in floral transition. PfFT3 is unannotated by genome but annotated by transcriptomics data to the FT-like subfamily. Its function in controlling flowering is yet to be explored. Here subcellular localization analysis showed that PfFT3 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The plant over-expression vector pCAMBIAI1303-PfFT3 was constructed and transformed into wild-type (Col-0) and mutant fd-2, fd-3, and ft-10 plants by agrobacterium-mediated inflorescence infiltration as a means of obtaining genetically stable and pure overexpression and backfill transgenic lines in Arabidopsis, respectively. Analysis of the results showed that overexpression of PfFT3 significantly promoted early flowering in Arabidopsis and rescued the late-flowering phenotype of the mutants fd-2, fd-3, and ft-10, and that expression of the exogenous PfFT3 promoted the expression of the downstream endogenous flowering genes AtSOC1, AtAP1, AtFUL, and AtLFY. This study demonstrates the positive role of PfFT3 in promoting flowering, providing a foundation for further investigation of PfPEBP function and advancing the breeding of early-flowering Perilla frutescens cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, polysaccharides (PFPS) were extracted form Perilla frutescens L. and modified by HNO3-Na2SeO3 method, and the physicochemical and structural characteristics of PFPS and selenized PFPS (Se-PFPS) was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nanoparticle size analyzer, high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The selenium content of Se-PFPS was (1 004.33 ± 48.60) μg/g as determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). The FTIR spectrum showed a characteristic absorption peak of Se‒O‒C at 620 cm-1, indicating that sodium selenite was chemically bound to PFPS and seleniumin in Se-PFPS existed in the form of selenite. HPGPC and particle size analysis showed that selenization modification reduced the particle size, and increased the molecular mass of PFPS. The results of SEM and XRD showed that selenization modification changed the morphology and crystalline state of PFPS, and Se-PFPS mainly existed in polycrystalline and amorphous forms. TGA analysis showed that PFPS had stronger thermal stability than did Se-PFPS.

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was to screen the suitable varieties of Perilla frutescens for feeding in Guizhou. Seven perilla strains with tall plant type were selected for experiment. The main agronomic characters, nutrient index characters, flavone, rosmarinic acid and other functional substances were determined and analyzed in Weining County and Changshun County of Guizhou Province by two joint experiments in two years. The results showed that the time of emergence, current order, initial flowering and final flowering of seven Perilla frutescens strains in Weining test site were 12.26~12.34 d, 99.89~110.21 d, 122.93~135.15 d and 146.15~155.04 d, respectively. The time of emergence, sequence, initial flowering and final flowering of seven different strains in Changshun test site were 14.01~14.11 d, 97.97~106.71 d, 120.01~133.12 d and 144.62~152.61 d, respectively. In Weining test site, the highest hay yield was S2001, followed by S2006, reaching 14 710.7 and 14 023.9 kg/hm2 respectively, which was significantly higher than other strains (P<0.05). The hay yield at Changshun test site was 7 075.5~10 809.1 kg/hm2, with S2005 being the highest, and S2005 was significantly higher than other strains (P<0.05). The nutrient composition analysis showed that the crude protein content of S2001 (10.01%) and S2003 (10.84%) was higher, the flavonoid content of S2005 (4.25%) and S2002 (4.40%) was higher, and the rosmarinic acid content of S2002 (1.22%), S2004 (1.37%) and S2005 (1.60%) was higher. The corresponding nutrient composition content of the corresponding strains was significantly higher than that of other strains (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between hay yield per hectare and the number of branches, and a significant negative correlation between rosmarinic acid content and crude fat content in stems and leaves. The study indicates that S2005 is the best in Guizhou, which is a potential forage Perilla frutescens resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to ameliorate the fishy aftertaste and value addition of Pangasius bocourti fillets, this article used Perilla frutescens water extract for deodorization. The fishy aftertaste and color difference were used as indicators, combined with electronic nose auxiliary analysis to conduct single-factor experiments. Afterwards, the deodorization process parameters were optimized by orthogonal experiments. GC-MS was used to distinguish the differences in volatile compounds before and after deodorization of Pangasius bocourti fillets. After analyzing the experimental results, it was found that with the help of the electronic nose, the best process conditions for deodorization of Pangasius bocourti fillets were: The concentration of Perilla frutescens aqueous extract was 3%, the deodorization time was 60 min, and the deodorization temperature was 20 ℃. Under this condition, the fish fillets had no obvious fishy aftertaste, and the flesh was white and had a light Perilla frutescens fragrance. After soaking in Perilla frutescens water extract, the main fishy aftertaste substances such as hexanal, nonanal and 1-octen-3-ol in the fish meat were greatly reduced. It could be seen that the Perilla frutescens water extract could effectively reduce the fishy aftertaste of Pangasius bocourti and ameliorate the flavor characteristics of fish fillets. This article would deliver a theoretical foundation for subsequent development and industrial production of Pangasius bocourti in the future.

Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) is a key enzyme in plant triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Investigating the function of Perilla frutescens LPAAT gene (PfLPAAT) in oil biosynthesis can help to reveal the molecular mechanism of plant oil accumulation. In this study, RT-PCR was used to obtain PfLPAAT, and the basic physical and chemical properties, transmembrane domain, and subcellular localization of the putative protein of PfLPAAT was analyzed by bioinformatics methods, and phylogenetic analysis of homologous proteins was conducted. The qRT-PCR was used to analyze the relative expression level of PfLPAAT in different tissues and developmental stages of seeds in Perilla. The expression vector pCAMBIA1303-PfLPAAT was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana by floral dip method, and the oil content and fatty acid composition of transgenic Arabidopsis seeds were analyzed. The results showed that the PfLPAAT sequence was 1149 bp in length and encoded 382 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point of the putative protein was 9.60, and the molecular mass was 43.02 kD. Bioinformatics indicated that PfLPAAT functioned in endoplasmic reticulum and belonged to the PLN02380 superfamily. The qRT-PCR revealed that PfLPAAT expressed in all tissues of Perilla, and the highest level was observed in leaves and seeds of 15 days after flowering. Compared with wild-type Arabidopsis, the overexpression of PfLPAAT in Arabidopsis improved seed oil content significantly, with a range of 2.04% to 13.40%. Fatty acid composition analysis demonstrated that the content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidic acid increased significantly, while the content of palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) is a key enzyme in plant triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Investigating the function of Perilla frutescens LPAAT gene (PfLPAAT) in oil biosynthesis can help to reveal the molecular mechanism of plant oil accumulation. In this study, RT-PCR was used to obtain PfLPAAT, and the basic physical and chemical properties, transmembrane domain, and subcellular localization of the putative protein of PfLPAAT was analyzed by bioinformatics methods, and phylogenetic analysis of homologous proteins was conducted. The qRT-PCR was used to analyze the relative expression level of PfLPAAT in different tissues and developmental stages of seeds in Perilla. The expression vector pCAMBIA1303-PfLPAAT was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana by floral dip method, and the oil content and fatty acid composition of transgenic Arabidopsis seeds were analyzed. The results showed that the PfLPAAT sequence was 1149 bp in length and encoded 382 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point of the putative protein was 9.60, and the molecular mass was 43.02 kD. Bioinformatics indicated that PfLPAAT functioned in endoplasmic reticulum and belonged to the PLN02380 superfamily. The qRT-PCR revealed that PfLPAAT expressed in all tissues of Perilla, and the highest level was observed in leaves and seeds of 15 days after flowering. Compared with wild-type Arabidopsis, the overexpression of PfLPAAT in Arabidopsis improved seed oil content significantly, with a range of 2.04% to 13.40%. Fatty acid composition analysis demonstrated that the content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidic acid increased significantly, while the content of palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Objective: The research is to explore the enzyme inhibition of Perilla crude extract, and to preliminarily elucidate the pharmacological substance basis of them on hyperglycemia, hyperuric acid and hyperlipidemia. Methods: The content of flavonoids and phenolic acid in UV extract was determined and showed the active components associated with enzyme inhibition. In vitro experiments, the inhibition of Perilla extracts on different enzyme activity was determined and the inhibitory activity was evaluated by IC50. Molecular docking was used to predict the targets of Perilla crude extract on pancreatic lipase and amylase inhibition. Results: Flavone content in the crude UV extract was 0.309 8 mg/mg, and the total phenolic aid content was 58.59 mg/g. The IC50 values of Perilla crude extracted for α-amylase, xanthine oxidase, pancreatic lipase and acetylcholinest-erase were 0.273, 0.244, 0.347 and 0.018 mg/mL, respectively, Apigenin-5-O -β-D-glucosine, xyrhinin-7-diglucosotide, apigenin-7-glucosine, cannol-3-0-ruassin, rosemary acid, rutin and others were the effective active components of perilla crude extracts. Conclusion: The Perilla crude extracts all have certain inhibitory activities on four enzymes, and presents a dose-effect relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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[Objectives]The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of perilla frutescens seed (PFS) supplementation on the expression levels of genes and proteins related to autophagy and apoptosis in liver of Hu sheep. [Methods]Thirty lamb (about) 2 month-old and 23 kg live (weight) were randomly selected and divided into 2 groups: control group（0%FPS）and 15% PFS group. On day 84 of the experiment, five lambs in each group were randomly selected and slaughtered, and liver tissue samples were collected to analyze the expression levels of genes and proteins related to autophagy, apoptosis and LKB1-AMPK-MTOR pathway by qPCR and Western blot. [Results]Compared with control group, 15% PFS significantly up-regulated autophagy-related gene PPARGC1 A, and increased BECN1,ATG5 and ATG7 mRNA, and PPARGC1 A,BECN1 protein expression level (P<0.05), 15% PFS had no valuable contribution to apoptosis-related genes (P>0.05), Furthermore, 15% PFS altered the expression levels of key genes involved in LKB1-AMPK-MTOR pathway, including up-regulated LKB1,AMPK and MTOR mRNA expression levels when compared with control group, (P<0.05). [Conclusions]PFS may regulate autophagy process in liver by altering gene and protein expression levels involved in LKB1-AMPK-MTOR pathway and autophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objectives] This article aimed to study the antioxidant activities of three different molecular structures of glycoglycerolipids in leaves of Perilla frutescens and the structure-activity relationship was preliminarily discussed. [Methods] The scavenging abilities of 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid(ABTS),1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),hydroxyl radicals(·OH) and superoxide anion radicals(O2--) were measured by chemical evaluation method, and the cell oxidative damage model was used to study the effects of glycoglycerolipids on the activities of antioxidant enzymes. [Results] Three glycoglycerolipids monomers were separated and purified from leaves of P. frutescens, including MGDG(C18:3/C18:3),DGDG(C18:3/C18:3) and DGDG(C18:3/C16:0). The antioxidant activities of MGDG(C18:3/C18:3) and DGDG(C18:3/C18:3) were higher than that of DGDG(C18:3/C16:0). All glycoglycerolipids presented strong reducing power, and they could not only inhibit the production of ABTS,DPPH,·OH and O2·-,but also significantly enhance the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px). [Conclusions] Glycoglycerolipids with different fatty acyl composition presented different antioxidant activity, and the preliminary study of structure-activity relationship showed that the saturation degree of fatty acyl group and the number of sugar groups greatly affected the antioxidant activities of glycoglycerolipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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[Objective] This paper aims to provide optimal fertilization guidance for high-yield cultivation of P. frutescens and promotion of new P. frutescens varieties. [ Method] The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the yield of two new P. frutescens varieties ( Qisu 2 and Qisu 3) were studied by ternary quadratic orthogonal rotation design. The regression equation and model analysis were constructed to optimize the high-yield fertilization mode. [ Result] N was the most important factor influencing the yield of P. frutescens. However, the two varieties varied in response to P and K fertilization. The regression models of nitrogen (x1) , phosphorus (x2) and potassium (x3) of the yield (Y) are Y = 2219.384 + 405.410x1, +304.926x2 - 156.723x12 -78.676x22 - 214. 479x1x2, and Y =2048.806 + 319.535x1, +54.722x3 -63. 102x12 - 113. 664x22 +76.017x32 -69.069x1x2, respectively. The best fertilization ratio of N, P and K fertilizer was (286.022 ±25.288),(139.059 ±20. 819),(180. 000 ± 35. 860) kg/hm2 , and (338. 180 ± 16.617) , (80. 923 ±21.314) , (203.529 ± 24. 278 ) kg/hm2, respectively. The yield of P. frutescens could reach 2250 kg/hm2. [ Conclusion ] Compound application of NPK fertilizers functioned significantly in enhancing P. frutescens yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens is a widely used medicinal and edible plant with a rich chemical composition throughout its whole plant. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia categorizes P. frutescens leaves(Perillae Folium), seeds(Perillae Fructus), and stems(Perillae Caulis) as three distinct medicinal parts due to the differences in types and content of active components. Over 350 different bioactive compounds have been reported so far, including volatile oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes, sterols, and fatty acids. Due to the complexity of its chemical composition, P. frutescens exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antidepressant, and antitumor activities. While scholars have conducted a substantial amount of research on different parts of P. frutescens, including analysis of their chemical components and pharmacological mechanisms of action, there has yet to be a systematic comparison and summary of chemical components, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms of action. Therefore, this study overviewed the chemical composition and structures of Perillae Folium, Perillae Fructus, and Perillae Caulis, and summarized the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of P. frutescens to provide a reference for better development and utilization of this valuable plant.

Straw returning can improve soil fertility, protect ecological environment and promote sustainable agricultural development. Soil microorganisms, especially those associated with cellulose degradation play an important role during the process of straw returning. The plate dilution method on carboxymethyl cellulose solid medium and enrichment method on Hutcherson filter paper strip liquid medium were used for cellulose-decomposing bacteria separation from soils long-term piled up with agricultural straw. The high efficiency cellulose decomposing bacteria were screened by Congo red staining and CMC enzyme activity assay. The culture characteristics, morphological characteristics and molecular biological methods were used to identify the bacteria strains. The weight loss rate of corn stalks, the content and degradation rate of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were determined to study the effect of cellulose-decomposing bacteria on degradation of corn stalks. And the effect of corn stalks powder treated by the strains on the growth of Perilla frutescens and Brassica napus was determined by pot experiments. The results showed that high-efficiency cellulose decomposition bacteria strains HLF4 and YDL3 were selected from the 16 isolated cellulose decomposition bacteria. The strain of YDL3 and HLF4 were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces badius. The degradation powder of corn straw treated with single HLF4 and YDL3 strains and mixed strains were all better than the control. The weight loss rate, hemicellulose degradation rate, cellulose degradation rate and lignin degradation rate treated with mixed HLF4 and YDL3 strains were the highest, and were higher than the control by 52.00%, 46.65%, 42.11% and 31.19%, respectively. The enzymatic activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase), POD (peroxidase), and CAT (hydrogen peroxidase), as well as chlorophyll content and growth indexes of P. frutescens and B. napus treated by returning straw degraded with the cellulose decomposition bacteria were significantly higher than those of the control, the mixed treatment were the best one. Above all, HLF4 and YDL3 bacteria strains screened in present research had strong ability to decompose cellulose, and their mixed composition had the highest ability, which could be used as high-efficient cellulose decomposing bacteria in field planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The genetic diversity of 18 phenotype characters of 53 Frutescens germplasm resources was analyzed by the clustering and principal component analysis methods to provide the scientific basis for identification, taxonomy and genetic improvement application of Perilla Frutescens germplasm resources in Guizhou. Results: There is wide genetic diversity in Frutescens germplasm resources and are significant positive correlations or negative correlations between different characters of Frutescens germplasm resources. The variation coefficient of six quantitative characters of 53 Frutescens germplasm resources is 24.12 % - 66.49 % . The variation coefficient of total panicles per plant and nodes of main stem is maximum (6 6 .4 9 % ) and minimum(24. 12 % ) respectively. 53 Frutescens germplasm resources are divided into groups by clustering analysis based on different phenotype. Group I belongs to the ornamental type with late maturity, umbrella plant type, deep leaf color and less seed weight per plant, group II is of early maturity, tower plant type and big seed and group III is the middle group between early maturity type and late maturity type, which reflects the genetic relationship among three groups basically. The principal component analysis shows that the accumulative contribution rate of former 7 principal components is up to 84. 79 % . The load value of different principal components reflects the breeding selection potential of major characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our country is one of the three nitrogen settlement areas in the world, and nitrogen deposition seriously affects the growth and development of plants. We analyzed the changing rule of the three kinds of volatile oil components, Perilla aldehyde, D-Limonene, α-Pinene in the leaves of Perilla frutescens, under different concentrations of nitrogen deposition, by spraying ammonium nitrate nitrogen deposition(NH4O3)simulation. The results showed that with the continuous improvement of salt spraying nitrogen, the main components of the volatile contents of the three kinds of Perilla frutescens oil were significantly downward; Salt concentration of nitrogen at 0.044 mol·L-1, Perilla aldehyde, D-Limonene, the content of α-Pinene fell to the lowest, after stabilizing; Nitrogen salt concentration on the proportion of three kinds of volatile oil contents were also affected; Under different nitrogen salt concentrations processing, variation coefficients of three kinds of volatile oil compositions were different. Perilla aldehyde of variation coefficient was 0.692 9, D-Limonene variation coefficient was 0.460 1, and α-Pinene variation coefficient was 0.271 6. The Perilla aldehyde content displayed the biggest change, while the α-Pinene content was the most stable. In conclusion the concentrations of atmospheric nitrogen deposition had significant effects on the main volatile oil contents in P. frutescens leaves. With the increase of salt concentration in nitrogen, The volatile oil contents, Perilla aldehyde, D-Limonene, α-Pinene etc. showed a trend of reduce, especially in the lower levels of the most dramatic perillaldehyde. Increased nitrogen deposition would decrease the quality of P. frutescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla with six leaves was exposed to combined treatment with urea ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 and 8g/L) and Puma super ( 0 , 1. 33 , 2. 66 , 5. 32 and 7. 98mL/L) of diiferent concentration to study the mitigative effect of urea on Periila frutescens ( L. ) Briit. seedlings to Puma super stress and to find the best treatment. The effect of combined treatment on photosynthesis , chlorophyll fluorescence , weed control and seed yield of Periila frutescens ( L. ) Briit. were studied by using the randomized block design experiment. Results showed that the chlorophyll content index reduced significantly, photosynthetic rate (Pn) , stomatal conductance ( Gs) and transpiration rate(Tr) also reduced at various levels. The intercellular CO2 concentration ( Ci ) increased under Puma super treatments. It indicated that Puma super significantly inhibited the photosynthetic capacity. It also showed that Puma super significantly decreased maximum PSII photochemical efficiency, effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII, PSII potential activity and photochemical quenching of variable Chl fluorescence; and decreased non - photochemical Chl fluorescence quenching. It indicated that Puma super impaired PSII and blocked the electron transport in light reaction, treatment with urea of moderate concentration ( 1 to 4g/L) could antagonize the negative effect contributed by Puma super, while high concentration (8g/L) could aggravate this effect. The seed yield and weed control efficiency increased 11% and 11.35% respectively under leaf spray of 4g/L urea and followed by leaf spray of 1. 33mL/L Puma super. These results indicated that the mitigative effect of urea on Perilla frutescens ( L. ) Britt. seedlings to Puma super stress increased effectively. The photosynthesis and PSII photochemical efficiency were improved after treated by 4g/L urea first and then by 1. 33mL/L Puma super. This combination of urea and clethodium could balance the fertilization and weeding, and further promote crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture conditions affecting regeneration of hypocotyls from Perilla frutescens were investigated. The results showed that seedling age, preculture time in darkness and hormone concentrations had important influences on regeneration ratio of shoots. The highest ratio of regeneration was realized when the hypocotyls of 13 - days seedling were precultured for 8 days in darkness and then cultured under the condition of 14h/d light in the medium of MS + 3.0mg/L BA + 0.3mg/L NAA. The optimal medium for inducing root from regeneration shoot was 1/2MS + 1.0mg/L BA +0. 3mg/L IAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared the appearance and chemical composition of fruits of Perilla frutescens var. arguta(PFA) and P. frutescens var. frutescens(PFF). VHX-6000 3 D depth of field synthesis technology was applied for the appearance observation. The metabolites were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by pre-column derivatization combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Finally, cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were applied for exploring the differences in their chemical compositions. The results indicated that the size and color of PFA and PFF fruits were different. PFF fruits were significantly larger than PFA fruits. The surface color of PFA fruits was brown, while PFF fruits were in multiple colors, such as white, grayish-white, and brown. Amino acids, saccharides, organic acids, fatty acids, and phenolic acids were identified in PFA and PFF fruits. The results of CA, PCA, and OPLS-DA indicated significant differences in the content of components between PFA and PFF fruits. Three metabolites, including D-glucose, rosmarinic acid, and D-fructose, which were significantly higher in PFA fruits than in PFF fruits, were screened out as differential metabolites. Considering the regulation on the content of rosmarinic acid in Perillae Fructus in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), the medicinal value of PFA fruits is higher than that of PFF. In conclusion, there are differences in appearance and chemical composition between PFA fruits and PFF fruits. These results are expected to provide fundamental data for specifying plant source and quality control of Perillae Fructus.

A method was established for content determination of two kinds of phenolic acids, including rosmarinic acid)(RA) and caffeic acid(CA), and six kinds of flavonoids including scutellarein-7-O-diglucuronide(SDG), luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide(LDG), apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide(ADG), scutellarin-7-O-glucuronide(SG), luteolin-7-O-glucuronide(LG), and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide(AG) in Perilla frutescens leaves. The content of eight chemical components was measured based on ten P. frutescens germplasms of different chemotypes of volatile oil, different cultivated years, and different harvesting periods. The results showed that there was a great difference between the two kinds of constituents of different germplasms. The total content of the two phenolic acids was 2.24-34.44 mg·g~(-1), and the total content of the six flavonoids was 11.55-34.71 mg·g~(-1). Then according to content from most to least, the order of each component was RA(2.13-33.97 mg·g~(-1)), LDG(1.31-14.80 mg·g~(-1)), SG(1.97-8.45 mg·g~(-1)), ADG(2.68-7.60 mg·g~(-1)), SDG(1.16-5.87 mg·g~(-1)), LG(0.78-1.91 mg·g~(-1)), AG(0.56-1.00 mg·g~(-1)), and CA(0.11-0.68 mg·g~(-1)). The chemical contents of the 5 PA-type germplasms in 2017 were mostly higher than those in 2018 showing a large variation with the cultivation years. These contents of two kinds of phenolic acids of 9 germplasms fluctuated with the harvesting time. The content decreased before early flower spike(the 3~(rd) to 18~(th) in August) at first and began to increase in flowering and fruiting period(the 18~(th) in August to 2~(nd) in September). However, these contents had slowly decreasing trend after 2~(nd) in September till 17~(th) in the same month. Interestingly, the content raised again in the maturity of fruits. The variation tendency of contents in six kinds of flavonoids components was inconsistent in different germplasms with the variation of harvesting time. The content of flavonoids in part of germplasms was negatively correlated with the fluctuation of phenolic acids. There was no correlation between phenolic acids and chemical type of the volatile oil. This paper may provide a reference for the high-quality germplasm of P. frutescens cultivation.

Two medicinal PA type Perilla germplasms were planted at five planting densities(D1,2 500 plants/Mu;D2,5 500 plants/Mu;D3,8 500 plants/Mu;D4,11 500 plants/Mu;D5,14 500 plants/Mu;1 Mu≈667 m~2). A total of 17 traits, including leaf shape, plant type, yield, volatile oil content and composition, were recorded and studied. With the planting density increased, the leaves appeared narrow, plants small, the deciduous leaves increased, and the leaf yield per plant was low, but the leaf yield per Mu increases significantly with the planting density, and was basically stable after reaching D4. The extraction rate of volatile oil from leaves at planting density D2-D5 was about 0.1% higher than that of D1, and there was no significant difference in the relative content of perillaldehyde, among 5 density. In order to achieve high leaf yield, it is recommended to plant at a density of D4, 11 500 plants/Mu(plant spacing is 15 cm, and row spacing is 40 cm); while comprehensive leaf yield and leaf morphology are recommended to be planted at a density of D2, 5 500 plants/Mu(plant spacing is 30 cm, and row spacing is 40 cm). At the same time, dense planting resistance of two germplasms were different. Number of secondary branches, first section with leaves and plant types were most important feature for the evaluation of the density tolerance of PA-type Perilla. This study provided a reference for the suitable density of PA-type Perilla, and laid a foundation for further study of the tolerance characteristics of different Perilla.

Perilla frutescens,an annual plant in Labiatae family,is grown throughout China and can be used for medicine purposes and as food additives. The present field experiment was carried out to study the effects of different fertilizer treatments on the concentrations and accumulations of antioxidant components,including flavonoids and polyphenols,growth,seed yields and qualities of this plant.The main aim of this study is to provide farmers some advice for improving the yields and qualities of P. frutescens in theory and practice.Five treatments were set up,including a no fertilizer control(CK),chemical fertilizers(CF),organic fertilizers(M),organic fertilizers plus chemical fertilizers at the rates of 1 ∶1 and 1 ∶3 in terms of nitrogen(50 M,25 M). Plant growth parameters were recorded and total flavonoids and polyphenols were determined in three key growth stages of P. frutescens. At the fast growth period,samples of roots,leaves,and stems were collected for determining a total of flavonoids and polyphenols as well as DPPH removal rate of ethanol extracts. Seed yields and qualities were also recorded at harvest. The results showed fertilization enhanced growth and seed yields although no significant difference was observed in growth and seed yields in inorganic-organic fertilizer treatments. The total flavonoids,polyphenols,and DPPH removal rate of ethanol extracts followed the sequence leaves>stems>roots,indicating synthesis of these metabolites in the leaves. DPPH removal rate showed a positive linear correlation with total flavonoid and polyphenol concentrations. In addition,organic-inorganic fertilization significantly increased the numbers of both effective panicles and paniclegrains. Fertilizer treatments had no effect on seed qualities of P. frutescens,while 50 M achieved the highest yield,which increased by 14. 73% compared to CF alone. In general,50 M increased antioxidant components,biomass,and seed yield of P. frutescens,meriting advocate in cultivation.

Fifty cultivated Perilla seeds were collected all over the country and planted in Beijing experiment field for morphology and chemical-type researches. Twenty morphological characteristics were selected and observed, and the essential oil from leaves was extracted by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS to confirm chemical-types. There were significant diversities in plant height, leaf color and morphology, and fruit color and weight. Clustering analysis was carried out based on these morphological characteristics. Six types were divided with their chemical-type designated. Type Ⅰ: Six germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. crispa, with dwarf plants, thin creased purple leaf, named Crispa, their chemical types were diversified, including EK, PAPK, PA and PK. Type Ⅱ: Six germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. crispa, plants were taller than type I and with thin and creased green leaf, named Big Crispa, all PK type. Type Ⅲ: Seventeen germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. frutescens with leaf color upside green and underside purple, tall plant and wide distribution all over the China, named Ordinary Frutescens, all PK. Type Ⅳ: Four germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. acuta with tall plant and small seed, named Acuta, all PK. Type Ⅴ: Seven germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. frutescens with green leaves, tall plants and long clusters, named Long-spike Frutescens, all PK. Type Ⅵ: Ten germplasms, attributed to P. frutescens var. frutescens with big, thick and creased leaf, named Thick-leaf Frutescens, including PK, PP, PL and PA. The morphological classification of this paper would lay the foundation for the taxonomic naming and following evaluation of the Perilla germplasm resources.This study also showed that there was no correspondence but a certain correlation between volatile oil chemical-types and subspecies classification and morphological characteristics of Perilla.

The research is aimed to study of the influence of environmental factors on the yield and quality traits, and find out the regularity of the growth and development of perilla. The main environmental factor data in six ecological area in Guizhou province were collected, and the correlation analysis with yield and quality traits of 15 perilla strains was conducted. The results showed that the cultivation environment has significant effects on the yield and quality traits of perilla. The effect of environment on main yield composed traits, contained grain number in top spike, effective panicle number per plant, plant height, top spike length, growth period, and thousand seed weight was degressive. In the different environmental factors, the latitude showed positive correlation with yield, growth period and effective panicle number per plant, and negative correlation with top spike length and grain number in top spike. Elevation showed negative correlation with the growth period of perilla. The perilla yield increased at first and then decreased with altitude rising, with the maximum in the 800 m altitude. The 600-900 m altitude is suitable area for perilla. Except for positive correlation with the plant height, and negative correlation with top spike length, the longitude showed in apparent impact on other traits. Sunshine duration, temperature and rainfall accumulation showed different effect on the different perilla strains. For yield composed traits, the sunshine duration was negatively correlation with the plant length. The accumulated temperature and mean temperature showed negative correlation with the main spike length, the rainfall showed negative correlation with the precipitation and growth period, plant height, ear number. The environmental impact on the oil compounds decreased with oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, α -linolenic acid, palmitic acid and oil content. Correlation analysis showed that the significantly negative correlation between the oil content and palmitic acid and linoleic acid content, and the positive correlation between linolenic acid content, α -linolenic acid content showed significant negative correlation with other fatty acids composition, and palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid showed significant positive correlation with each other. The influence of different environmental factors on the quality of perilla were as follows: the oil content was positively associated with elevation and sunshine duration. α -Linolenic acid content showed negative correlation with longitude, latitude, accumulated temperature and mean temperature, but positive correlation with altitude, sunlight and rainfall capacity. The correlation between palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and environmental factors showed contrast character of α -linolenic acid. This study detailed discussed the influence of environmental factors on the quality of perilla, which provided the foundation of ecological planting technology and geoherbalism research of perilla., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Perilla frutescens is one of 60 kinds of food and medicine plants in the initial directory announced by health ministry of China. With the development of Perilla domain in recent , the breeding and application of good varieties has become the main bottleneck of its development. This study reported that applied to the system selection, add to marker-assisted method to breed perilla varieties. Through the whole genome sequencing and consistency matching, annotated the mutation locus according to genome data, and comparison analysis with Perilla common variants database, finally selected 30 non-synonymous mutation SNPs used as characteristic markers of Zhongyan Feishu No.1. those SNP marker were used as chosen standard of Perilla varieties. Finally breeding new perilla variety Zhongyan Feishu No.1, which possess to characters of the leaf and seed dual-used, high yield, high resistance, and could used to green fertilizer. The Zhongyan Feishu No.1 acquired the plant new varieties identification of Beijing city , the identification numbers is 2016054. Marker assisted identification guide new varieties breeding in plants, which can provide a new reference for breeding of medicinal plants., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

This experiment researched on three kinds of Perilla frutescens including the widespread PK, PA and rare PL chemotype. The Perilla samples were the mature leaves collected in nutrition, flowering and frutescence three different phenological periods, and at 7 am, 12 pm and 6 pm three day time. The volatile oil was extracted by steam distillationand analyzed by GC-MS, as a result, the three chemotype samples'volatile oil yield was between 0.08% and 0.96%; volatile oil yield of different growth period was as follow: nutrition>flowering>fructescence, and the volatile oil yield of nutrition period: PA type>PK type>PL type. Each chemotype was not affected by the growth and development, indicating that the chemotype is determined by genetic factors. Characteristic and main components of PA and PK type are relatively stable, and the characteristic components of PL type are significantly decreased with the growth. There are still a large number of upstream metabolism components, and the chemical type may have their primitiveness and changeability. The relative content of perillaldehyde, characteristic components of PA type, is basically decreased from morning to night, in all the period. The relative content of perillaketone, characteristic components of PK type, in nutrition and flowering period, when samples were collected at 12 noon is relatively higher than that at 7 am and 6 pm, and contrary to samples collected in frutescence period. The relative content of perillene, characteristic components of PL type, in nutrition and frutescence period are highest at 12 noon, while in flowering period is highest at 6 pm. According to the volatile oil yield and relative content of maincomponents, the best harvest time of PA type is in the morning of the nutrition period; the best harvest time of PK type is in the morning of all the period; and the best harvest time of PL type is at dusk of the nutrition period., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Herb residue is post-decoction material that can be used as organic fertilizer. Unfortunately, it is currently disposed of as solid waste. This method of disposal is a waste of this resource and a source of environmental pollution. For this case,we studied effects of six different herb residues compost on growth and phenols of Perilla frutescens by pot experiment. Our results show that all six herb residues can improve the growth of P. frutescens. The order of their efficiencies was as follows： Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix residue>Hordei Fructus germinates residue>Forsythia fructus residue>Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome residue＞Sophorae Flavescentis Redix residue and Moutan cortex residue. Effects of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix residue and Moutan Cortex residue weren't significantly different from CK. Six herb residue all improve root system architecture and leaf area. To phenols of P. frutescens, six herb residues all increased the rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid content of root, and accumulation of four phenols. All the analysis showed herb residues compost can improve the growth and four phenols accumulation of P. frutescens, and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix residue had the most pronounced effect on P. frutescens., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)