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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trace explosive detection is an essential aspect for ensuring public safety. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an effective technique for detecting explosives and compounds related to explosives. IMS technique operating at atmospheric pressure has numerous advantages, including simple structure, clear spectra, high sensitivity, and fast analysis speed, making it widely applied in fields such as on-site detection of explosives. However, the limitations of traditional ion mobility spectra lie in their low resolution and lack of fine structural information, making it difficult to differentiate ions with similar mobility, which can easily lead to false positive results. To address this issue, referencing collision-induced dissociation (CID) in mass spectrometry, explosives can be similarly dissociated under atmospheric pressure through radio frequency strong electric fields. This process generates rich secondary fragment ions, conferring mobility spectra with structural information of the analyte. Through simulation studies of the electric field of the drift tube and optimization of several structural parameters of the fragmentation grid, a tandem ion mobility spectrometry with a dual ion gate structure was developed. By changing the switch status of the ion gate and fragmentation grid, this system is capable of selecting specific parent mobility ions for fragmentation under ambient pressure. Three representative substances, ammonium nitrate (AN), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), along with their dopants, were used to obtain primary mobility spectra of explosives under atmospheric pressure. Based on their mobility spectra, parent ions were separated and then subjected to strong electric field fragmentation to acquire secondary fragment ions. Under the conditions of 170 č and atmospheric pressure, AN achieves a dissociation rate of 95% for the parent ion at a frequency of 2.6 MHz and a peak voltage of 900 V. The dissociation rates for the product ions [RDX+NO2] − of RDX and product ions [RDX+Cl]− of RDX doped with C2Cl6 are 93% and 15% at a frequency of 2.6 MHz and a peak voltage of 1 500 V, respectively. The dissociation rates for [PETN+NO3] − and [PETN+Cl]− are 54% and 48%, respectively. The degree of ion fragmentation is mainly influenced by the structural characteristics of the parent ions, while increasing the electric field and temperature further promote their fragmentation. Although introducing radio frequency electric fields may result in a certain degree of ion loss, the combination of secondary fragments and parent ion drift times provides additional chemical information for explosive detection, potentially reducing false positives in detection of explosive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Flavor is an important indicator of the edible quality of fresh corn. In order to explore the composition and content differences of volatile flavor compounds in different types of fresh corn, in this study, 6 different types of fresh corn varieties including NKN 323 were used as materials, and electronic nose technology and gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) technology were used to detect the volatile flavor compounds in fresh corn to evaluate the contribution of volatile flavor compounds to the overall flavor of fresh corn by relative odor activity value (ROAV) . The results showed that a total of 34 volatile flavor compounds were identified, including 10 esters (34.68%~26.74%), 8 aldehydes (28.46%~21.22%), 6 alcohols (10.33%~6.04%), 5 ketones (14.74%~9.87%), 2 ethers (10.05%~6.94%) and 3 other compounds. GC-IMS fingerprints showed that the difference of volatile flavor compounds content important which caused the difference of characteristic flavor of different types of fresh corn. 5 common key aroma components and 23 different characteristic flavor compounds of fresh corn were identified by ROAV. The total release of volatile flavor compounds of different types of varieties was NKN323, followed by JKT608. Isovaleraldehyde contributed the most to the overall flavor of NKN336, JZN219, JKN768 and JKT608, while 3- octanone contributed the most to the overall flavor of NKN323 and JKN2000. Above results provided theoretical basis for the analysis and evaluation of volatile flavor compounds in fresh corn and the precise control of characteristic flavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ion mobility spectroscopy is a technique to characterize compounds based on the differences in the migration of sample ions under the combined action of electric field and air flow. Ions can be separated according to their quantity of electric charge, mass, size and shape. Meanwhile, the collision cross section of the ions can also be calculated to obtain chemical compound structural information, which has shown excellent performance in separating isomers of substances. In recent years, a variety of ion mobility technologies combined with mass spectrometry technology have emerged, and been widely used in food, biology, medicine, environment and other fields. In this paper, the types and working principles of ion mobility spectroscopy are introduced, the advantages and disadvantages of various types of instruments are analyzed, and the application of ion mobility spectrometry, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry multidimensional combination in analyzing and identifying nutritive and active ingredients and chemical hazards in food is reviewed. The application prospect and development trend of this technology are also prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a trace detection technique operating at atmospheric pressure. It is widely utilized in various fields, such as explosives and drug detection, chemical warfare agent detection, and biomedical applications, due to its fast response time and high sensitivity. The various of substances can be identified through analyzing the discrepancies in the drift time of charged particles in an electric field. Depending on the polarity of the charged particles, it can operate under either positive or negative ion mode. Currently, the majority of IMS operate in only one detection mode. For example, explosives detection operates under negative ion mode, while drug detection operates under positive ion mode. However, single detection mode system is prone to miss detections because some substances may differentially respond to positive and negative detection modes. Simultaneous detection under both positive and negative ion modes can further enhance detection accuracy. In this study, a dual-drift tube ion mobility spectrometry capable of simultaneously detecting positive and negative ions was constructed using corona discharge ionization source technology and a compact dual ion-gated pulse control circuit. The instrument parameters of IMS were optimized, while simultaneously determined hexogen, methamphetamine and the metabolite of trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT). The optimal experimental conditions were selected as follows: a drift gas flow rate of 600 mL/min, a carrier gas flow rate of 500 mL/min, a drift tube temperature of 100 ℃, and a thermal desorption temperature of 200 ℃. The reduced mobility values of 1.72 cm²/V·s and 1.44 cm²/V·s are obtained through the detection of explosive hexogen (RDX) and drug methamphetamine (MA), respectively. These values agree well with the reported values, thereby proving the reliability of the instrument’s detection. Finally, the performance of the developed instrument was evaluated using 2,4-DANT, this substance that can be detected under both positive and negative ion modes. Production peaks are observed in both modes, and the normalized mobility values for 2,4-DANT are reported as approximately 1.67 cm²/V·s and 1.33 cm²/V·s under positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Through exploring the detection limits for both positive and negative ions, it was revealed that the homemade dual ion mobility spectrometer is capable of simultaneous detection of both positive and negative ions, achieves the lowest detection limits of 200 pg and 260 pg for 2,4-DANT, respectively. Importantly, these detection limits are not significantly compromised by sample division, which underscores the broad applicability and value of the instrument, highlighting its potential in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Honey is rich in nutrients and has a wide range of biological activities. However, due to the different botanical origins, geographical origins, entomological origins, and maturity, honey shows significant differences in their endogenous compositions and nutritional values. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are closely related to the characteristic properties of honey, and can be used to characterize the differences between honey. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS) is a new technology which combines gas chromatography with ion mobility spectroscopy for the determination of VOCs. In recent years, GC-IMS has been gradually applied to entomological origins identification, geographical origin tracing, botanical origin differentiation, adulteration identification and maturity evaluation of honey, and has achieved good results, showing great application potential in honey quality evaluation. In this paper, the application research progress of GC-IMS for honey quality evaluation is summarized. It is suggested that future research should be carried out from the aspects of establishing honey GC-IMS database, developing GC-IMS equipment with fusion quantitative function, developing the technical standard of quality evaluation based on GC-IMS, and using GC-IMS in combination with other detection technologies, in order to provide reference for the application of GC-IMS for honey quality control, flavor research and product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effect of yeast-Agastache rugosus complex solution on the deodorization of tilapia, the deodorization process was optimized by single factor and response surface experiments. Gas chromatography ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS) was used to identify the volatile components of tilapia meat before and after deodorization, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to distinguish and analyze the differences. Results showed that when the conditions of a mass concentration of 2.1 g/100 mL, the ratio of solid to liquid was 1:3.09 (g:mL), and the deodorization time of 32 minutes, the fishy degree was the lowest and the sensory score was the highest. A total of 22 volatile compounds, mainly aldehydes and alcohols, were detected by GC-IMS. After deodorization, the relative content of aldehydes decreased from 50.64% to 40.82%, and that of alcohols decreased from 34.00% to 27.77% . According to the odor threshold value, the substances with relative odor activity value (ROAV) was greater than 1 were 1-octen-3-ol, 1-hexanol, heptanal, nonanal, octyl aldehede, ethyl acetate, and acetic acid hexyl ester. Five key fishy substances (VIP > 1) were screened by partial least squares discriminant analysis and variable importance in projection (VIP). They were octyl aldehede, nonanal, heptanal, 1-octen-3- ol, and 1-hexanol. The interaction of these substances had an important impact on the fishy smell of tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was performed to investigate the changes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fried green tea with different packaging during storage. The results showed that a total of 86 VOCs were detected by GC-IMS, of which 59 VOCs were identified, including 28 aldehydes, 7 ketones, 9 alcohols, 9 esters, 4 heterocyclic compounds, 1 acids and 1 sulfur. With the extension of storage time, the content of fried green tea VOCs decreased. More importantly, the VOCs of green tea were more stable in packaging of aluminum with deoxidizer than packaging of aluminum. And the content of (E, E)-2,4-heptadienal and heptanal with clean and refreshing, benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde with chestnut, nonanal and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one with flowery, 2-hep-tanone with cheese flavor and etc were higher in packaging of aluminum with deoxidizer. These study supply a theoretical basis for the flavor quality control of fried green tea during storage. The two-dimensional spectrogram showed that VOCs of fried green tea with different packaging during storage could be well separated. The GC-IMS fingerprints of fried green tea with different packaging were preliminarily established, which provided a novel idea for the rapid evaluation of the fried green tea quality during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effect of high--yield 3 --methylbutyraldehyde Lactococcus lactis YN2 -- 1 on the flavor of cheddar cheese, it was added to cheddar cheese as an auxiliary starter culture. The aroma characteristics and volatile compounds of different cheddar cheese samples were compared and analyzed by sensory quantitative description analysis, gas chromatography--mass spectrometry (GC--MS), gas chromatography--ion mobility spectrometry (GC--IMS) and electronic nose. Firstly, in the quantitative descriptive analysis and preference evaluation of the samples, it was found that the cheddar cheese added with Lactococcus lactis YN2--1 had significant aroma differences with the samples without the addition of the bacteria. The cheese added with YN2--1 had higher nut flavor, milk flavor and broth flavor aroma intensity, and its preference score was also higher. GC --MS analysis showed that the content of 3 --methylbutyraldehyde in cheese samples added with Lactococcus lactis YN2--1 and matured for 60 d and 120 d was 18.43 "g/kg and 13.96 "g/kg, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of the control group, indicating that the strain has the characteristics of high yield of 3 --methylbutyraldehyde in cheddar cheese. The GC --IMS fingerprint was used to visually distinguish the differences in flavor substances between the cheddar cheese added with Lactococcus lactis YN2--1 and the control sample. The contents of 2,3-butanedione, 2-pentanone D, 2-nonanone, 2-methylbutanal, n-propanol, butyl acetate, butyl bu- tyrate, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine and other substances increased significantly in 60 d or 120 d samples. The contour of the electronic nose radar map between different samples did not overlap, and the discrimination factor (DFA) was higher, indicating that there was a significant difference between the cheese samples added with YN2- 1 strain and the control samples, which verified the analysis results of GC-MS and GC-IMS. Conclusion: The addition of this strain could not only increase the content of 3 -methylbutyraldehyde, but also contribute to the increase of other flavor substances in cheese. It had a significant improvement effect on the nutty, milky and fruity aroma of cheddar cheese, and has good application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To distinguish the differences in volatile species and components of six wild honeys in Yunnan, headspace- gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy (HS-GC-IMS) was used to analyze the characteristic flavor components of jiangcheng wild big dagua honey, wild black honey, wild cliff honey, wild small dagua honey, wild tree cave honey and lancang wild big dagua Honey. The volatile flavor fingerprints of different varieties of honey were constructed by LAV software to compare the differences in the characteristic flavor substances of different varieties of wild honey in Yunnan province and to determine the main characteristic flavor compounds and their relative contents. The results showed that there were some differences in the flavor substances of the six kinds of bees. The difference between jiangcheng wild dagua honey and wild xiaogua honey was the largest, followed by the difference between wild black honey and wild tree hole honey, and the similarity between wild cliff honey, wild wild xiaogua honey, wild tree hole honey and lancang wild dagua honey was higher. A total of 80 volatile substances were detected and 65 were qualitatively detected, including 24 aldehydes, 22 alcohols, 6 ketones, 7 esters, 3 furans, 1 pyrazine, and 1 hydrocarbon, 1 type of acids, 1 type of ethers. Twenty characteristic volatile markers (VIP>1) were screened by partial least squares- discriminant analysis, including 1 -heptanol, 6 -methyl -5 -hepten -2 -one, ethyl 2 -methylpropionate, ethyl acetate, hex- anal, cyclohexanone, linalool, butyraldehyde, dipropyl disulfide, citronellol, (E)-2-hexenal, oxidized linalool, 2-hex- anol, 2-pentylfuran, 1-heptanol, (E)-2-heptenal, phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, isobutanol, and 2-furanyl alcohol. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that different varieties of honey were clearly distinguished, indicating that the HS-GC-IMS technique can be used to distinguish honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Forensic Science & Technology is the property of Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To determine the best deodorization process by comparing the deodorization effects of different treatment methods on tilapia meat. Methods: The sensory evaluation method of sorting was adopted, combined with the electronic nose and gas chromatography ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS) data to select the best tilapia deodorization method. Results: The sensory analysis of tilapia meat treated with cooking wine compound method had the best sensory effect. Electronic nose analysis masking method, cooking wine compound method, and embedding method had significant changes in methyl and inorganic sulfide compounds in fish meat after deodorizing treatment. GC-IMS analysis identified 42 kinds of volatile compounds. Fish meat processed by the tomato compound method, fermentation method, masking method, and cooking wine compound method all formed their characteristic flavor regions on the fingerprint. The fish meat of the embedding method and the blank group had similar fingerprints. In the samples treated by tomato compound method and fermentation method, the relative contents of aldehydes that cause fishy smell, ketones and alcohols that enhance fishy smell were relatively high. The content of low molecular carbon chain aldehydes in tilapia meat after deodorization by masking method and cooking and wine complex method was the least, and the deodorization effect was the best. The results showed that in the tilapia meat treated with cooking wine, white vinegar and ginger juice, the relative content of aldehydes in the sample was reduced due to the introduction of flavor substances by ginger juice and cooking wine and the absorption of white vinegar to reduce fishy substances, and the best deodorizing effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nearly all the life activities are regulated by the interactions of the protein with other biomolecules, including protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and protein-ligand interactions (PLIs), therefore understanding interaction and structural characterization of formed complexes represent a key task for modern bioscience. Conventional biophysical techniques like circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), are limited in studying protein complexes structures and interactions, considering sample purity is a major issue for obtaining reliable data with conventional methods mentioned above. Additional technologies are required to complement structural biology and interactomics research, while mass spectrometry (MS) can deal with impurities or even mixtures in principle, therefore native mass spectrometry (nMS) is demonstrated as a powerful tool to bridge the gap between structural biology and interactomics research. As the most widespread soft ionization technique, electrospray ionization is utilized in native mass spectrometry, which employs volatile aqueous solution, near physiological pH and gentle desolvation conditions to make the transfer of weakly bound noncovalent complexes into the gas phase while preserving their integrity and native structure possible. In this way, stoichiometry, binding partners, thermodynamics, structural dynamics, and topology information on transferred noncovalent complexes can be acquired. A recent breakthrough in native MS sample preparation demonstrated direct analysis of overexpressed proteins from crude cell lysates, which significantly simplified sample purification procedures. Innovations in mass spectrometry instruments, such as extended m/z range quadrupole stages or modification of Orbitrap instruments allow access to high mass with little compromise in resolving power. This has promoted the native analysis of protein complexes and diverse protein interaction networks to elucidate their architecture, as well as enabled the identification of small differences in proteoforms. While coupling with either ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) or capillary electrophoresis (CE), the analytical ability of native MS can be greatly extended. In this review, the technologies in native mass spectrometry and several cases in recent reports from five aspects were introduced, such as sample preparation, ion source, instrumentation, ion mobility mass spectrometry and coupling with capillary electrophoresis, challenges for the future development of native mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein characterization highly depends on its operating conditions, where native or often referred as non-denaturing options will greatly facilitate the collection of more biologically meaningful information. Native mass spectrometry (MS) is such a technique that enables protein analysis under non-denaturing conditions with an affordable time and sample cost. The indispensable roles of native MS-based strategies in the deep dissection of protein conformations, non-covalent interactions, and self-assembly stoichiometry have been seen in past decade, which suggest that native MS has increasingly grown to be a ground technique for the structural biology realm. In this review, we firstly introduced the current method development for protein extraction compatible with native MS experiments, ranging from traditional methods to in situ extraction means, which is key to achieve biologically meaningful native MS results. Then, we focused on the most recent advancements in the native MS-compatible ion source and novel regimes for protein conformational interpretation. Specifically, except the most frequently used nanoelectrospray ion source for native MS, we also listed a variety of emerging ionization regimes including nano-desorption electrospray ionization, submicron emitter tip electrospray, induced nanoelectrospray ionization, step-voltage nanoelectrospray ionization. For protein structural analysis, native MS relies on both charge state distribution and conformational interrogation tool, e.g. ion mobility spectrometry. The structural information can be further enriched when coupled to collision-induced unfolding technique, which was also discussed with most recent developments in data acquisition and visualization methods. Current challenges and potential solutions facing native MS realm in terms of both sampling methods and structural resolution were tentatively discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native mass spectrometry (MS) enables the maintenance of intramolecular and intermolecular noncovalent interactions in the gas phase, thus can be used for characterization of proteins and protein complexes under the near “native” conditions. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technique that separates ions based on the time they travel through a gas-filled chamber under the influence of an electric field, the combination of IMS and MS can act as a tool to separate complex mixtures, to resolve ions that may be indistinguishable by MS alone, or to determine structural, and it is complementary to more traditional structural biology techniques, such as NMR, X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. In this review, the basic principle of IM-MS and the information extracted during IM-MS measurements were firstly introduced. Ion mobility separation adds a third dimension to MS analyses, an IM-MS three-dimensional spectrum containing information regarding the mass to charge ratio, abundance of ions, and the drift time the ions travel through the IM cell. Arrival time distribution reflecting the structural heterogeneity of proteins and complexes, as well as IM-derived collision cross section (CCS) that closely related to the crystal structure of an ion can also be obtained. Another remarkable toolkit often used in IM-MS experiments is collision induced unfolding method, which enables the rapid differentiation of subtly different protein isoforms based on their unfolding patterns and stabilities. In the following sections, the applications of native IM-MS in the study of protein conformation and non-covalent interactions were summarized, including the determination of variation in conformation states or isomers that would result in the same m/z measurement, differentiating proteins with different labile PTMs, and probing protein stability and conformational changes induced by ligand binding. How this technique can be used to understand protein conformational dynamics and analyze highly heterogenous protein mixtures were also discussed. The progress has been made in applying IM-MS to identify transiently populated monomeric and oligomeric species for a number of amyloid systems are highlighted. Although native IM-MS is unable to reveal resolution at the atomic level, the ability to analyze protein heterocomplexes and protein-ligand interactions in their native conformations offers competitive advantages over other structural approaches. More recently, the integration of IM-MS with the native top-down method and multiple dissociation methods has enable native IM-MS to provide multi-dimensional structural information and be applicable to more diverse analytical settings. With the ongoing development and improvement of a new generation of high-resolution, sensitive and convenient ion mobility mass spectrometry technology, as well as the further integration with diversified mass spectrometry technologies, it is believed that native IM-MS will become an invaluable tool for analyzing biological macromolecules structure and interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used to analyze the effects of thermal pasteurization (TP) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the volatiles in litchi juice and lactobacillus fermented litchi juice. From the results, 70 volatiles were identified by GC-IMS, including ketones, alcohols, esters, aldehyde, and terpenoids. The TP process resulted in a severe loss of ethyl propionate, methyl 2-methylpropanoate, benzyl alcohol, and 1-octene-3-alcohol in fresh litchi juice, whereas volatiles such as butyl propionate, trimethylpyrazine, 5-nonone and 2,5-dimethylthiophene were more abundant after fermentation. The volatiles in HHP pretreated juice were similar to those in fresh litchi juice, and compounds such as linalool, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, cis-rose ether, and benzaldehyde were more abundant in its fermented juice; 51 volatiles were identified by GC-MS, mostly comprising terpenoids and alcohols. The TP process decreased the contents of terpenoids and alcohols in litchi juice by 37.05% and 31.61% respectively. Compared with the fresh juice, terpenoid and alcohol content in HHP litchi juice increased by 33.57% and 80.07% respectively. The total content of volatiles in TP and HHP fermented litchi juice increased by 46.93% and 46.19% respectively, compared with the pretreated juice. The content of volatiles in HHP fermented litchi juice was 2.11 times higher than that in the TP fermented juice, with a more pleasant aroma. The combination of the two technologies shows that HHP pretreatment can effectively improve the aroma quality of litchi juice and fermented litchi juice, providing a reference value for improving the quality of fermented litchi juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ion mobility coupling with mass spectrometer has become an important tool for analysis of complex mixtures. Generally, the type and composition of drift gas (e.g., N2, He, CO2) in an ion mobility spectrometer will impact on the separation of different types of analytes and transmission of ions with a wide mass range. U-shaped mobility analyzer (UMA) is a unique type of mobility device based on counter-flow mobility principle, and it can sort specific types of ions with high mobility resolving power under the co-effect of electric field and gas flow. UMA has independent drift gas channels which allows the drift gas in and out with high speed and accurate control, hence the on-line adjustment of the gas composition becomes possible. The effects of changing drift gas composition on sensitivity, separation capability and analysis speed were examined in this study. From the preliminary results, when using a mixture of drift gas, the mobility peak position (drift field strength) linearly correlated with the gas composition and met the predication of the Blanc′s law. With the constant drift gas velocity, the mobility resolution from He is lower than those from the heavier drift gas (N2 or CO2) based on our theory, but the ion transmission is much higher (better RF confinement in He) and the separation time can also be reduced. On the other hand, if keeping the peak position constant (adjusting drift gas velocity for different gas), the resolution from He can even theoretically surpass that from N2 or CO2 with the expense of sensitivity reduction. Therefore, optimum and balanced results for different applications (e. g. better separation for isomer analysis in N2 or CO2 with doping a specific ratio of He, fast and high sensitivity data acquisition for DDA or DIA operation in pure He) can be achieved by adjusting the drift gas composition. Finally, the possibility and advantages of dynamically controlling the gas composition were discussed, which may provide new perspectives for coupling with LC separation of very complex samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion mobility (IM) coupled mass spectrometry (MS) is a versatile tool for analytical separations, characterization, and detection by measuring collision cross-sections and mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios. Traveling wave (TW)-based structures for lossless ion manipulations (TW-SLIM) is an innovative ion drift tube for complex gas phase ion manipulations, which is the key component of traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS). TW-SLIM combines flexible ion path design and traveling wave technology. The traveling wave pulse power supply is used to provide an oscillatory electric fields. Ions in TWIMS are propelled and separated by traveling wave. The operating pressure, TW amplitude and TW frequency of TW pulse have effect on ion motion in TWIMS. In this work, a traveling wave pulse power supply was developed, which mainly consisted of field programmable gate array (FPGA), half-bridge gate driver integrated circuit (IC), metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), adjustable high voltage module and external trigger signal. The frequency of TW pulse power supply was up to 100 kHz, both rising edge and falling edge were less than 20 ns. The influence of TW amplitude and TW frequency on ions transmission and separation was explored on the home-built instrument platform. The experimental results presented here provide a fundamental understanding of the transmission and separation mechanism in TWIMS. The maximum signal intensity of hexakis (2, 2-difluoroethoxy) phosphazene was at amplitude of 35 V and frequency of 10 kHz. As the traveling wave frequency increased at a fixed traveling wave amplitude, signal intensity of hexakis (2, 2-difluoroethoxy) phosphazene decreased. Ions separations was positively related to frequency when traveling wave amplitude was fixed, while traveling wave amplitude was opposite. The development of traveling wave pulse power supply is valuable for research and development of high resolution TWIMS instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol is a simple polyol compound, it has many biological and industrial applications when mixed with water. It can stabilize proteins under extreme conditions, such as heat stress, cold shock, high pressure, etc. Most proteins are usually stored in a buffer system with the presence of glycerol after purification to maintain the stability of their biological activity. At present, there are still some controversies about the protective mechanism of glycerol on proteins. Most studies were focused on the effect of high concentrations of glycerol on protein structure. However, there were few related studies on low concentrations of glycerol. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the effects of low concentrations of glycerol on protein structure is beneficial to protein-related research and applications. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has become a commonly used technique to study protein structure and function, which is reliable and time-efficient. Protein conformational change can be described in more detailed by ESI combined with ion mobility spectrometry. Ion mobility provides an additional dimension of resolution. When ions with different sizes, charges and shapes pass through the chamber, they are migrated and separated in neutral media according to the collision cross-section (CCS). By measuring the molecular weight, charge state distribution, drift time and CCS, the structural change information of the protein can be obtained. In this study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model protein, and ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and dynamic light scattering were used to investigate the effect of low concentration glycerol on protein structure under approximate physiological conditions. The results showed that glycerol within a certain concentration range could cause an increase in the average charge and CCS of BSA. Meanwhile, a single charge state of BSA also experienced an increase of CCS in presence of glycerol. In addition, the hydration radius of BSA were increased with the increase of glycerol concentration. The results indicated that low concentrations of glycerol can loosen proteins. It is interesting to note that the unfolding voltage of BSA containing 0.5% glycerol was higher than BSA without glycerol and the unfolding transition occurred in a wider voltage range, indicating that low concentration of glycerol can improve the stability of the protein. These results provide further insight into the mechanism of glycerol stabilizing proteins and may also provide references for the related research and development of proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is a rapid gas phase ion separation technique that can separate different ions by exploiting the unique ion mobility differences of each ion between the high and low electric fields, and has a great potential to become a portable technology for rapid detection of chemical and biological agents. In this study, a high performance standalone planar FAIMS device was developed, which combined with a denoising algorithm and an overlapping peaks separation algorithm. Instead of using mass spectrometer (MS) to detect ions separated by FAIMS, this device can directly measure the ion current at the exit of the planar FAIMS by using a charge collector and a highly sensitive electrometer. This standalone FAIMS device can effectively separate different ions, filter the noise of FAIMS signal and accurately extract the analyte peaks from the overlapping peaks to achieve an accurate identification of analyte with different isomeric structures. Using sucrose and maltose samples, the performance of this FAIMS device on saccharide isomer separation was systematically evaluated. With 3 L/min pure N2 as FAIMS carrier gas and 3.8 kV bi-sinusoidal waveform as FAIMS dispersion voltage (DV), the FAIMS could effectively separate two structures of sucrose ions. These two sucrose conformers were not resolved by the direct IMS analysis which implies that the FAIMS is somehow more sensitive to the ion structure variations. The resolving power of the FAIMS can be further improved by using a gas mixture of N2/He as the FAIMS carrier gas. With 40% He as carrier gas, the resolving power of this FAIMS device is about 1.5-fold higher compared to 0% He. Interestingly, the resolution of FAIMS may increase or decrease with the increase of the He percentage in FAIMS carrier gas. The resolution for the peaks of two sucrose conformers decreased from 0.92 at 0% He to about 0 at 40% He, which is mainly due to the structural annealing by the field heating of FAIMS DV. However, the overlap of sucrose and maltose peaks at 40% He has reduced from 77% to 50% and the resolution is improved from 0.36 to 0.67, as compared to the FAIMS spectra at pure N2. Overall, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of this standalone planar FAIMS device in separating ions offered a better understanding towards the performance characteristics of the planar FAIMS and provided a potential method for the qualitative analysis of isomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined with mass spectrometry, ion spectroscopy can obtain a spectrum of the target ion by measuring its intensity change, which is induced by laser strength and wavelength. It integrates the high sensitivity of mass spectrometry and the structural specificity of spectroscopy, and thus proves to be very useful in structure characterization of complex biomolecules, such as proteins, peptides, glycans, oligonucleotides, etc. However, the electronic or vibrational spectra becomes too complex to be resolved when analyzing isomeric ions. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) allows ionized molecules to be separated on the basis of mobilities in the gas phase, and its coupling with electrospray and MALDI ion sources opens up possibilities for structural studies of a wide range of biomolecules in gas-phase. Ion mobility spectrometry coupled with mass spectrometry has seen spectacular growth for the last two decades. The introduction of ion mobility to ion spectroscopy has been of growing attention in recent years. While IMS can be used as an isomer filter to reduce spectral congestion of ions, highly resolved ion spectra facilitates the identification of the isomer peaks separated by IMS. Taken together, spectra and collision cross section (CCS) measurements on the same system prove to be rather useful for structural analysis and provide clearer spectroscopic fingerprint to isomers. Therefore, this paper briefly summarized advances in ion spectroscopy research based on ion mobility-mass spectrometry technology, introduced representative researches, and prospected possible development in multi-dimensional structural mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurement of gas phase collision cross section (CCS) of ions can provide complementary structure information to those typically obtained from mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry. Thus, the ion mobility spectrometry is typically coupled with a mass spectrometer to achieve the advantage after the combination. Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) is characterized by its ultra high resolution and tandem mass spectrometry capabilities. Due to the collisions with neutral molecules, the image current caused by the cyclotron motion of ions in the analysis cell gradually decays under high vacuum condition. Based on this feature, the CCS of ions can be calculated by selecting an appropriate theoretical model and combining with the corresponding algorithm. This method can be directly applied to obtain the value of CCS of the selected ion through the analysis of high-resolution mass spectrometry data without increasing the cost of instrument hardware. With the development and promotion of FT-ICR MS instruments in recent years, such methods have developed rapidly in the past decade and have attracted extensive attention. There are three different ion-neutral collision models (Langevin collision model, hard-sphere collision model and energetic hard-sphere model) which have been applied to connect ion CCS and image current of FT-ICR MS instruments. Time-domain analysis, frequency-domain analysis and time-frequency analysis are three types of data analysis method used to measure ion CCS based on FT-ICR MS. Although the reliability and accuracy of the CCS data provided by such methods need to be further improved, it has been demonstrated its unique advantages in the dynamic CCS measurement and potentials in isomerization study. Such methods can be further combined with ion mobility technology to provide multi-dimensional ion structure information with the help of FT-ICR′s superior mass resolution and superior ion manipulation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the increasing demand for molecular structure analysis, the development of method for measuring ion collision cross sections (CCS) in a single ion trap mass analyzer has become a research hot topic. Measuring ion CCS in ion trap mass spectrometry does not require additional instrument modifications and experimental conditions, it is possible to measure ion CCS while obtaining a high-resolution mass spectrum. Reducing instrument complexity and obtaining molecular structure information when measuring high-resolution mass, the method has gradually become an effective mean of measuring CCS. So far, Measuring ion CCS has been succeed in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) trap, Orbitrap, quadrupole ion trap (QIT), electrostatic linear ion trap (ELIT). Accurate measurement of ion motion decay in ion traps is the primary prerequisite for measuring ion CCS with ion trap mass spectrometers. The collision between ions and buffer gas is the main reason for ion motion decay. In particular, on the basis of the original ion collision models including the Langevin collision model, the hard-sphere collision model, the mixed collision model, the energetic hard-sphere collision model was developed. Ion motion under different experimental conditions is suitable for different collision models. Based on this, a lot of methods were developed to calculate ion motion decay curves including frequency domain, time domain and time-frequency analysis methods, thus enhancing accuracy and resolution of ion CCS measurement. However, there are still many challenges. Ion CCS measurement in ion trap mass spectrometry depends on true pressure in ion trap, however true pressure in ion trap can′t be measured precisely. Also, the ion CCS of the isomers can′t be measured separately in ion trap mass spectrometry yet. Therefore, the useful method to realize the CCS measurement of isomers urgently needs to be developed, and improving the resolution of CCS measurement in ion trap mass spectrometry will also be an important thing. Specially, the lower the pressure, the greater the ion kinetic energy, then the resolution of ion CCS measurement is better. The methods to get higher sensitivity detection electronics and lower pressure remain to be developed. Here, the theory of collision between ions and buffer gas molecules was expounded, then different methods for measuring ion CCS in ion trap mass spectrometry, and the advantages and disadvantages of the measurement methods were reviewed, the future research direction was prospected at last. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosylation is one of the most common types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, which affects protein properties including conformation, stability and solubility, and plays essential roles in functions including molecular recognition, signaling and immune defense. Characterizing the higher-order structures and dynamics of glycoprotein complexes at the intact level is essential for studying the biological functions of glycoproteins. Particularly, accessing structural information such as glycosylation pattern, proteoform distribution, protein interaction, and dynamic conformational evolvement requires direct measurement of intact species. Native mass spectrometry (nMS) allows preservation of non-covalent inter-protein interactions and direct analysis of topology, stoichiometry and dynamic assembly/disassembly at the intact complex level, highly complementing the conventional biophysical techniques. The combination of nMS with travelling-wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) provides not only an additional orthogonal dimension of separation, but also geometric features of the analytes through collisional cross-section (CCS) determination, thereby facilitating the structural characterization. The macro-and micro-heterogeneity caused by glycosylation, as well as binding with small molecules, induce structural changes of glycoproteins and their complexes on a scale smaller than those resulting from unfolding or macromolecular association/dissociation. However, the benefits of nMS-IMS for characterization of small-scale structural changes or differences of glycoprotein complexes remain to be further demonstrated, in aspects including proteoform-specific structural analysis, distinguishing different binding states of glycoprotein complexes in complex with small molecules, and solution-parameter-induced conformational or stability changes. In this work, aiming at characterizing the stability and small-scale structural differences of glycoprotein complexes, two formats of avidin (tetrameric biotin-binding glycoprotein) that were expressed from different species and exhibit differing carbohydrate contents and proteoform patterns were used as model systems, and the benefits of implementing ion mobility analysis in nMS for structural analysis of both intact complexes and subunits released in the gas-phase were evaluated. It was demonstrated that IMS allows separation of subpopulations of proteoforms, which facilitates not only profiling of proteoform distribution for intact glycoproteins by MS, but also investigation of correlation between glycosylation and CCS. We also demonstrated the power of IMS in measuring the geometric features of the protein complexes in complex with small molecules, and characterizing the extent of conformational changes of glycoproteins under conditions including gas-phase dissociation, supercharging, charge-reduction, and charge-manipulated dissociation. These advantages enable the stability evaluation for glycoprotein complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM), mediating physiological processes like cell adhesion, cell proliferation, cell signaling, and immune responses. The special functionality of glycosylation for cancer progression and metastasis were reported in recent researches. Analytical methods based on mass spectrometry (MS), especially liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), are the routine practices for protein glycosylation research. However, due to the high complexity and multiformity of glycan structures, as well as the existence of numerous isomers, in-depth analysis of glycosylation ends up as a major challenge for conventional LC-MS-based method. Ion mobility separation is a promising approach to fill the gap as it provides an additional separation dimension for mass spectrometry analysis based on structures and charges of the gas-phase ions. As a technology with an entirely different separation mechanism from that of liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry (IM) has several properties superior to other separation facilities. First of all, unlike liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis which demand minutes of separation time, IM only requires a few milliseconds to finish the separation, and it is well compatible with fast mass spectrometry analysis. Besides, as a separation technique for gas phase ions, IM can be modularized and readily integrated into full-fledged LC-MS system. Most importantly, IM is proved to have great potential in glycan isomer discriminations. Given the aforementioned merits, ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is gaining attention from glycomics community. This review summarized the basic principles of IM-MS and its applications in protein glycosylation research for the past five years. The means of enhancing isomeric separation performance of glycans were comprehensively discussed, including derivatization, forming metal and other noncovalent adducts, and utilizing high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry implementation. The various approaches of leveraging collision cross section (CCS) values to assist glycan identification and isomer discrimination were also summarized. Furthermore, as two monosaccharides with great biological and pathological significance, the IM-MS applications on fucoses and sialic acids were given special attention. As for glycopeptides, innovative spectra matching algorithms, novel ion activation techniques to facilitate glycan and peptide elucidations, and brand new quantification strategies for isomers were included, along with various glycoproteomic applications of IM-MS on biological samples. Finally, in terms of IM-MS applications in glycoprotein research, investigations of conformational properties, 3 D structures, stabilities, and protein-protein interactions were covered. It was concluded that IM-MS is a promising method for protein glycosylation research with great potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of modern detection technology and scientific research, the chemical structures and functions of isomers are constantly being revealed. The isomer molecules may have completely different biochemical activities, and a certain molecule of the isomer may play an important role in disease pathogenesis or disease treatment, while the other is the opposite. Therefore, the separation and identification of isomers and the exploration of their structures are helpful to furtherly understand the operating mechanism of life, and become one of the research hotspots in the field of analytical chemistry and life sciences. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), which has developed rapidly in recent years, is an instrument technology that can analyze the spatial structure of molecules. It can distinguish the isomerism of a certain molecule by measuring the difference in the collision cross-section between different molecular ions and airflow in the gas phase. IMS coupled with mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) is a powerful separation and analysis technology that adds a mobility separation dimension for MS to improve ion structure separation and determination, while also enhances ion mass selection in mobility technology and makes the separation of the analyte have high selectivity. IMS-MS technology has been highly concerned and widely used in the fields of small molecule/metabolite identification, proteomics research, host-guest complexes, and molecular structure identification. This paper was focused on the working principle of different types of IMS, the latest application in different types of isomers and the prospect of IMS-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, different types of ion mobility techniques have sprung up. Combined with mass spectrometry, the utility of ion mobility spectrometry has been enhanced in metabolomics, natural products, characterization of supramolecular materials, and other research fields. Since small molecule metabolites provide deep insight into the dynamic phenotypes of biological systems and show potential value in disease diagnosis and functional interpretation, in-depth analysis of small molecule metabolites plays a key role in medicine and pharmacy. The potential benefits of ion mobility spectrometry used in chiral recognition of amino acids, structural analysis of glycans, and structural characterization of lipids and steroids have become the specific focus of work. However, small molecule metabolites possess a wide variety of chemical properties, ubiquitous isomerism, and various biological functions, so it is difficult to analyze small molecule metabolites comprehensively. On the other hand, small molecule metabolites with low concentrations usually exist in various complex biological matrices, such as plasma, feces, urine, saliva, sweat, infected tissues or exudates, breath, and breast milk, which pose additional challenges to researchers. Over the last few decades, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has undergone inordinate growth in instrument development and performance, which has opened a new door to rapidly analyze small molecular metabolites in complex biological matrices. Small molecular metabolites and their isomers can be distinguished and characterized in milliseconds by IM-MS that offer high selectivity and three-dimensional information about them, including mass-charge ratio, collision cross section (CCS), and structural information. The collision cross section can be used as an additional identification basis in targeted and untargeted analyses. In this paper, the main commercial IM-MS instruments were briefly covered. An overview of the latest applications in small molecular metabolites was offered. Additionally, the advantages and shortcomings of IM-MS in the analysis of small molecular metabolites were discussed. And the future application of particular and unknown metabolites by IM-MS in the studies on the biological mechanism and precision medicine was prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)