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[Objective] As a coupling and coordination pathway within complex social-ecological networks spanning energy, economic, environmental, and societal domains, energy transition presents important opportunities and challenges in reshaping urban-rural relationships. Currently, China’s energy landscape is undergoing a period of rapid transition to modern and clean energy system. These transitions may profoundly influence the differences in energy access and affordability between rural and urban areas. Therefore, investigating the potential impacts of energy transition on urban-rural inequality and their mechanism has great significance for promoting the coordinated development between urban and rural areas. [Methods] Based on available data from 2005 to 2020, this study tentatively developed an analytical framework to explore macro-level energy transition dynamics and potential linkages to urban-rural energy equity disparities over time. By applying the structural equation modeling technique, we further investigated the multidimensional influence pathways relating energy transition to urban-rural equity indicators nationally. [Results] (1) During 2005-2020, China made substantive progress in transitioning its energy systems, but disparities in energy affordability, accessibility, and sustainability between urban and rural areas continued to be considerable. Energy equity between urban and rural regions remains a significant challenge. (2) The direct effects of energy transition on urban-rural energy equity exacerbated urban-rural inequality, while the indirect impacts from improved energy efficiency and renewable energy consumption formed a masking effect that collectively promoted energy equity between urban and rural areas. (3) As energy transition progresses, the overall positive impact of energy transition on energy equity between urban and rural areas has significantly increased. For example, technological innovation within the energy sector played a pivotal role in advancing urban-rural energy equity, and the development of new energy industries in northern China has notably fostered urban-rural coordinated development. [Conclusion] Energy transition presents a critical opportunity for developing an inclusive, equitable, and sustainable urban-rural energy system. It is recommended to enhance infrastructure planning, strengthen technological innovation, and promote the development of new energy industries to advance energy equity across China’s urban and rural areas.

[Objective] Energy transition is a key path to achieving China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, and exploring the impact of energy transition on the urban-rural income gaps can provide a scientific basis for realizing equity in the transition. [Methods] Based on the panel data of 108 cities at the prefecture level and above in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2010 to 2020, this study employed spatial analysis and fixed-effects model to analyze the characteristics of the temporal and spatial change of energy transition and urban-rural income gaps, and to reveal the correlation between the two and their regional heterogeneity of this relationship. [Results] (1) The performance level of energy transition of cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt shows an overall upward trend, and the energy transition index values of provincial capital cities has remained at a high level for a long time. At the same time, urban-rural income gaps have been narrowing year by year, showing a pattern of high in the west and low in the east. (2) The relationship between energy transition and urban-rural income gaps in cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt was U-shaped. With the improvement of the performance level of energy transition, urban-rural income gaps showed the characteristic of decreasing and then increasing. (3) There was a significant difference in the relationship between energy transition and urban-rural income gaps in cities in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with the upstream showing an inverted U-shaped relationship and the middle reaches showing a U-shaped relationship, and the downstream showing no significant correlation. This suggests that the energy transition paths of cities in the upstream region were gradually moving towards a fair direction, while the opposite was true in the midstream region, and that urban and rural residents in the downstream region were less sensitive to the socioeconomic effects caused by energy transition. [Conclusion] Therefore, diversified energy transition policies should be formulated in accordance with the actual development of the upstream, midstream and downstream, so as to effectively prevent the negative impacts of the transition and actively promote the just energy transition and the balanced development of urban and rural regions.

[Objective] To facilitate the achievement of China’s dual carbon goals and advance energy transitions tailored to local conditions across provinces, it is crucial to clarify the spatial differentiation patterns of energy transitions at the provincial level in China and identify the endogenous driving factors and their varying effects. [Methods] This study investigated 30 Chinese provinces, employing the proportion of clean energy in regional energy consumption as a metric. A multi-level analytical framework rooted in the sociotechnical systems perspective was constructed. The centroid model, ordinary least squares (OLS) method, and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) method were used to analyze the status and driving factors of China’s energy transition from 2000 to 2020. [Results] (1) Although the provinces exhibited differentiated progress in energy transitions, the regional disparities were gradually narrowing over time. (2) In terms of driving factors of regional energy transition,s resource endowments have been the core and dominant factor, particularly the underpinning role of hydropower resources and the locking-in and assurance role of fossil fuel endowments. However, regional carbon emission reduction pressures and innovation investments have become important driving forces for regional energy transition in the new period. (3) The driving factors and their effects on energy transitions in these provinces were characterized by significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Prior to 2012, clean energy production capacity and electricity imports from outside the region dominated almost all provinces. Post-2012, the influence of electricity imports weakened, while technological advancements gained greater influence. Spatially, resource endowments had a more significant impact on northern China, while economic development levels exerted a stronger influence on energy transitions in northwestern China. [Conclusion] As China’s energy transition accelerates, regional disparities are diminishing. This study recommends the construction of an integrated clean energy supply system of wind, light, water, and nuclear energy storage and transmission, supported by coal power; increasing technological investments to promote the efficient use of clean energy; and improving cross-regional energy allocation, thereby driving the transformation of energy structures and sustainable development.

[Objective] Accurately forecasting energy demand and carbon emissions is the key to realize carbon peaking and neutrality. However, how to manipulate scenario measures to change the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) inflection point, which signifies the timing of carbon peaking, remains a crucial research topic. As the forefront of China’s economy, it is of great guiding value for Zhejiang Province to explore its peak carbon dioxide emissions turning point and path. [Methods] This paper constructs a localized LEAP-Zhejiang model, designs baseline and comprehensive scenarios, and simulates energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in various sectors such as residential life, transportation, industry, agriculture, services, and energy conversion in Zhejiang Province from 2020 to 2050, and pays special attention to the impact of policies on the turning point of EKC. [Results] (1) Under the comprehensive scenario, the greenhouse gas emissions of Zhejiang Province will be greatly reduced during the forecast period compared with the baseline scenario, and will reach the peak in 2029. The emission intensity is significantly reduced to only 17.65% of the baseline scenario. This remarkable improvement is primarily attributed to the proactive transformation of the energy structure, successfully shifting from a coal and oil-dominated baseline scenario to an electricity-dominated comprehensive scenario. (2) The green energy sector sub-scenario emerges as the primary driving force for emissions reduction, delivering notable contributions through the green transformation of the energy structure. While the industrial sector remains a significant player in emissions reduction, its contribution rate is declining year by year. In contrast, the tertiary industry, particularly the transportation sector, is experiencing a steady increase in its energy-saving and emission-reduction contribution rate, showcasing a positive trend towards green transformation. (3) The popularization of new energy vehicles has been proved that it can effectively change the position of inflection point of EKC and achieve inflection point crossing, intuitively reflecting the positive effect of this measure in accelerating the arrival of carbon peaking in the province. [Conclusion] Zhejiang Province can adopt three major strategies to address climate change. Firstly, optimize the energy structure by increasing the proportion of renewable energy and constructing an intelligent energy system. Secondly, promote new energy vehicles by providing policy support and charging facilities to lead the way towards green transportation. Thirdly, enhance public environmental awareness, support carbon sequestration technologies, and encourage afforestation and low-carbon lifestyles.

[Objective] This study aimed to evaluate the spatiotemporal patterns and key influencing factors of the coupling and coordination between regional energy transformation and social equity, in order to provide evaluation methods and management policies for China’s regional energy justice and high-quality development of new energy in the new era. [Methods] By introducing the Energy Policy Sustainability Assessment Framework (EPSEF) and considering the terminal energy electrification rate, income distribution, and five key influencing factors related to energy justice, a comprehensive evaluation model was constructed to evaluate the spatial-temporal characteristics and key influencing factors of the coupling and coordination of regional terminal energy electrification and social equity in China from 2001 to 2020. [Results] (1) From 2001 to 2020, the increase of electrification rate of terminal energy showed a trend of the western region (+7.23%) > the eastern region (+5.51%) > the central region (+4.77%) > the northeastern region (-0.42%). The improvement of social equity showed a trend of the eastern region (+3.90) > the central region (+3.61) > the western region (+3.10) > the northeastern region (+2.20). (2) The coupling and coordination degrees have entered the adjustment stage in the 13th Five Year Plan period, and presented a shuttle shape of narrow at both ends and wide in the middle, with fewer medium-level coordination and mild imbalance provinces, and more barely coordinated and primary coordination provinces. (3) From 2001 to 2020, social participation and energy poverty had significantly improved in most regions, while labor employment, public health, and environmental pollution were the areas commonly had shortcomings. [Conclusion] China’s renewable energy development urgently needs to address the shortcomings of coordinated improvement of social equity in underdeveloped areas. Currently, there are fluctuations or “regionalized” imbalances in the coordinated development of energy transformation and social equity in some regions, which may be related to factors such as lagging behind in the coordinated construction of energy infrastructure, limited power market absorption capacity, shrinking of resource-based cities, and spillover effects of energy development. National policy intervention of China plays a significant role in promoting the universal service of electric energy. In the future, it is still necessary to expand and strengthen the collaborative improvement of key factors of energy justice such as employment, public health, and environmental pollution.

Energy transition has been a vital driving force for every major leap in productivity ever since the Industrial Revolution. The renewal and iteration of energy varieties is a transformative force that drives industrial transformation and upgrading, promotes the reconstruction of economic order, and gives birth to advanced productive forces. The global development wave of emerging gas energy, represented by unconventional natural gas, biogas, hydrogen, and ammonia, has been rising, injecting new momentums into the energy technology innovation and sustainable economic and social development. However, the existing research and practice lack a systematic review of the emerging gas energy development. This study summarizes the macro development background of emerging gas energy sources from the perspective of new-quality productive forces and analyzes the practical significance, industrial foundation, and policy support for developing the emerging gas energy in China. It also clarifies the development vision, direction, and mode of the emerging gas energy sources, and proposes corresponding suggestions. Developing the emerging gas energy is crucial for forming new-quality productive forces in the energy field. The large-scale utilization of emerging gas energy sources will change the energy landscape, innovate the traditional natural gas industry, and shape a new form of gas energy industry. Combined with the process of China’s energy transition, this study suggests that the development value, strategy, technology, and market positioning of the emerging gas energy sources should be accurately clarified. The emerging gas energy should be listed as a core component of the new energy system to strengthen China’s energy sector. This study further explores the key points of development from the aspects of top-level design, institutional guarantee, scientific and technological support, and ecological construction, thus to promote the safe, green, diversified, and integrated evolution of China’s emerging gas energy industry.

The natural gas industry is crucial for the carbon emission reduction, energy security, and structural transformation of China’s energy system. Therefore, the high-quality development of the industry can inject impetus for the green transformation of the economy and society, construction of a new type of energy system, technological innovation, and international cooperation. This study analyzes the basis for and major challenges faced by the high-quality development of China’s natural gas industry. Specifically, the weak links in the high-quality development of the natural gas industry is mainly manifested in the insufficient supply capacity, incomplete market mechanism, and lack of innovation capabilities regarding key technologies and equipment. In this regard, the study proposes a path for the high-quality development of China’s natural gas industry: (1) guaranteeing the safe supply of natural gas, (2) improving the market system of the natural gas industry, (3) promoting the upgrading of technologies and equipment in the natural gas industry, and (4) accelerating the green and low-carbon development of the natural gas industry. This aims to innovate the development ideas of the natural gas industry and better satisfy the requirements for realizing high-quality economic development, guaranteeing energy security, promoting carbon peaking and carbon neutralization, and achieving balanced industrial development.

Energy transition is crucial for realizing sustainable development and environmental friendliness; it is also vital for maintaining national energy security and promoting social equity of China. Therefore, studying the potential risks and their coping strategies regarding energy transition has practical and strategic significance. This study analyzes the essential requirements of China’s modernization for energy transition, identifies the risks during energy transiton based on the essential requirements, and proposes the coping strategies and safeguard mechanisms. The results of the study reveal that China’s modernization puts forward three essential requirements for energy transition, namely energy security, environmental friendliness, and social equity. In terms of energy security, China’s energy transition faces security risks regarding the coal industry, oil and gas supply, and new power system operation; in terms of environmental friendliness, it faces constraints from low-carbon technologies and the supply risk of key metals and minerals for new energy; it also faces the risk of social inequity and certain financial risks. Furthermore, strategies are proposed to coping with the risks regarding energy security, environmental friendliness, social equity, and finance; safeguard mechanisms for each type of coping strategies are established from two perspectives: short-term prioritized implementation and long-term sustainable enforcement.

Energy is the foundation of a strong country and an engine to promote high-quality and sustainable economic development. This study summarizes the experiences of major energy powerhouses worldwide regarding energy development, believing that they have achieved excellent performance in multiple dimensions such as the stable and diversified energy supply, low-carbon and efficient energy consumption, leading innovation in energy technologies, orderly and open energy market, and completeness in energy governance systems. Moreover, this study reviews the advantages and disadvantages of energy development in China and proposes a Chinese path to becoming an energy powerhouse, involving staged objectives, key tasks, and measures. The basic conclusion is that we need to increase the clean utilization of coal resources to exploit the role of coal in ensuring energy security. Meanwhile, it is crucial to improve China’s ability of oil and gas self-sufficiency by strengthening the exploration and development of oil and gas resources and promoting the lacustrine shale oil revolution. It is also important to scale up the renewable energy sources and optimize the layout of clean energy sources such as hydrogen, thereby improving energy security and implementing the carbon reduction goals through multi-energy coordination

Energy security is a critical component of national security and a prerequisite for the green and low-carbon transition of the energy system. The concept of energy security has broadened from a traditional focus on fossil fuel supply to include the stable supply and sustainable utilization of energy resources. This study constructs a new energy security assessment framework targeting green and low-carbon transition, analyzing the evolution of energy security in 18 countries worldwide. The findings are as follows: (1) within a diversified evaluation system aligned with green and low-carbon objectives, energy security has significantly improved in countries with limited oil and gas resources, such as the United Kingdom, Japan, and China. Conversely, the dominant position of countries like the United Arab Emirates and Russia in the international energy market has been reduced. Continued development in renewable energy will reinforce this trend. (2) A strong positive correlation exists between energy security and sustainable development levels in the context of a green and low-carbon transition. Countries with higher sustainability levels have greater advantages in the energy transition process. (3) Sensitivity analysis reveals that although fossil fuel supply remains a key factor in energy security, the importance of diversified supply and sustainable utilization has significantly increased. Therefore, it is recommended that China seize the transition opportunity by leveraging China’s resource advantages in renewable energy, enhancing the energy governance system, and focusing on sustainable development. These actions will improve energy security and support China in increasing its influence and proactivity in the international energy market.

The interaction between energy and society is characterized by a complex and multi‐ dimensional dynamic. The uneven development of energy production and consumption, vulnera‐ bility, and transformation processes, along with factors such as globalization, urbanization, inter‐ national development, and social justice, all shape the changes in the energy system regarding re‐ source, economic, infrastructural, and geopolitical landscapes. The study of energy geographies focuses on issues such as energy accessibility, energy security, and low-carbon transitions. It aims to reveal the critical impact of energy on social sustainable development and to explore the profound logic of the interaction between energy and society. Energy and Society: A Critical Perspective is a comprehensive work in the field of energy geography, encompassing three inter‐ related sections: energy, spaces, and flows; securities, vulnerabilities, and justice; and transitions, governance, and futures. This book emphasizes the social embeddedness of energy systems through a critical perspective, placing energy issues in a broad social and historical context. It explores how energy systems and social structures shape each other and includes numerous case studies, making it an important reference for academic research in energy geography and related policy studies. In the future, China's energy geography research can be strengthened in the following four areas: the multi-scalar nature of energy decision-making, the social and spatial diversity of consumption practices, the cross-border nature of China's energy economy, and the diversification of actors in the transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current global energy transition process, which is accelerating overall but with further uncertainty, the global oil and gas industry is showing four major trends: a shift in business structure from oil and gas dominance to multi-energy complementarity, a shift in market structure from globalization to differentiation between the Eastern and Western hemispheres, a shift in policy orientation from radical transition to orderly development, and an expansion of technological innovation from traditional to emerging fields. Governments of various countries and international oil companies have made adjustments to policies, strategic goals, implementation paths, and other aspects based on their own situations. China's oil and gas industry actively integrates into the historical process of global energy transition, and has achieved significant achievement in green transition development under the guidance of national strategy. Focusing on the upstream sector, stabilizing oil production and increasing gas production to support the continuous optimization of energy structure, accelerating the low-carbon transition of the oil and gas industry through the integration of new energy development, and technological innovation leading the forging of new quality productivity in the oil and gas industry. However, it still faces challenges from various aspects such as resources, economy, and technology. Based on China's basic national conditions and actively drawing on international experience, four suggestions are proposed to promote the green transition of the upstream petroleum industry. Namely, coordinate oil and gas supply security and green development, and firmly increase the exploration and development efforts of oil and gas both domestically and internationally. Based on the energy super basin, cultivate industrial clusters, and accelerate the integrated development of oil and gas and new energy according to local conditions. Play the role of technological innovation and policy guidance to promote high-quality development of traditional oil and gas and new energy industries. Enhance financial and tax support, accelerate the improvement of oil and gas supply capacity, and promote green development of upstream industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of demand for lithium, cobalt, and nickel, China, the United States, and the European Union have classified them as critical minerals. This study investigates the rise of China's and the global electric vehicle industry in relation to the demand for lithium, cobalt, and nickel, forecasts the potential for recycling these metals, and evaluates the challenges to resource security of these metals faced by China. The findings underscore the necessity of enhancing international collaboration in mineral extraction abroad and enhancing capabilities to safeguard overseas assets and equity. The study advocates for expediting the establishment of an electric vehicle battery recycling infrastructure. The aim of establishing such a battery recycling network and monitoring system is to ensure a secure supply of lithium, cobalt, and nickel metals in China, thereby offering substantial support in achieving the objectives of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of climate change and energy transition, a systematic discussion is conducted on the three major challenges featuring China's energy transition, namely the coal-dominated energy structure, the increasing growth in energy demand, and the urgent timeline for carbon neutrality. One of the main focuses is placed on exploring the technical feasibility of achieving an 80% share of renewable energy in primary energy consumption by 2060. Based on the comparative analysis of different energy transition pathways, the multifaceted characteristics of China's carbon neutrality pathways are pointed out. A method for optimizing these pathways is proposed, considering economic costs, environmental impacts, and system reliability comprehensively, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for achieving carbon neutrality and energy transition goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Under the dual carbon goal， the focus and difficulty of the petroleum and petrochemical industry transition lie in exploring low-cost transition development paths. This needs to conduct systematic research on the development foundation and potential of various transition technologies， coordinate the development and application timing of these technologies， and thus form a technology portfolio and comprehensive plan supporting the optimal transition path. Carbon capture， utilization， and storage （CCUS） has high technological maturity and sound coupling with the petroleum and petrochemical industry and is a key technology for petroleum and petrochemical transition. However， the high cost remains the main obstacle to large-scale development. Analyzing the economy and development mode of CCUS plays an important role in determining the future development layout of the CCUS industry， and studying the potential of CCUS for the petroleum and petrochemical industry transition. To conduct an in-depth analysis on the economy of future CCUS technology and its potential in the transition of the petroleum and petrochemical industry， this paper focuses on CCUS with enhanced oil recovery （CCUS-EOR） and proposes a new analytical approach. Firstly， by comprehensively reviewing the entire process of CCUS-EOR， the costs including carbon capture， transportation， oil displacement， and storage are analyzed in detail， with the cost reduction of each in the future evaluated. Secondly， by the prediction of future oil prices and carbon prices， the economic benefits brought by oil displacement and carbon emission reduction are analyzed， and a cost-benefit comparison is conducted. Based on the cost-benefit analysis results， this paper further carries out a comprehensive economic evaluation of CCUS-EOR projects under different modes in China， which covers different carbon capture technologies， transportation modes， and storage strategies， revealing the profitability and sustainable development potential of CCUS-EOR projects under different scenarios. The results show that the CCUS-EOR economy is deeply affected by multiple factors such as carbon price， oil price， and oil displacement efficiency. In the medium and long term， carbon price changes have a greater influence on future CCUS-EOR returns. Under the high level of both carbon price and oil price， the profitability of CCUS-EOR projects is greater and more attractive. Meanwhile， the improvement of oil displacement efficiency can significantly increase the economic benefits of the projects. Currently， there are significant differences in the economy of various projects in China， which cannot fully guarantee significant profits. However， there is great room for improving the future economy. For the future CCUS-EOR development in China， it is necessary to break through the technological bottleneck in carbon capture links and focus on developing and applying pre-combustion capture technology to reduce capture costs and improve capture efficiency. Additionally， it is necessary to optimize the industrial layout to form a source-sink matching industrial cluster and thus achieve a synergistic effect in the industrial chain. At the same time， it is important to promote the development of the carbon trading market， guide carbon emission reduction behavior via the market mechanism， and create a favorable external environment for the promotion and application of CCUS-EOR technology in the petroleum and petrochemical industry.

[Introduction] Global climate change and its negative impacts are serious humanitarian challenges. Accelerating the construction of a new energy system and promoting energy transition to green and low-carbon are the key to addressing the above challenge. Building a new power system is the central link in planning and constructing a new energy system. [Method] The characteristics and challenges in the six stages of constructing a new power system with new energy source as the main body, and potential roles of energy storage were described and analyzed. The viewpoint that energy storage, especially long-term energy storage, is a key technology for building a new power system was proposed. [Result] To deal with vague concept, unclear technical system and undefined R&D system for long duration energy storage in China, by analyzing the international use cases, the concept system of long-duration energy storage and its technology system covering four categories (including mechanical energy storage, thermal storage, electrochemical energy storage, and chemical energy storage) are proposed. And the R&D trends in developed countries are shown. [Conclusion] It is expected that the relevant content can provide reference for the research and application of long duration energy storage in China.

With the rising political consensus on combating climate change, the rapid development of renewable energy technologies, and the launch of the 'green recovery plans' after the COVID-19 pandemic, the acceleration of renewable energy-led energy transformation will have a complex and far-reaching impact on the current energy geopolitical landscape which is based on fossil fuels. Energy transition has not only changed the supply and demand structure and investment pattern in the international energy market, but also brought about the reshaping of global energy geopolitical pattern. The meaning and form of energy geopolitics changed accordingly, which could be demonstrated by the following aspects. The rapid development of renewable energy provides the possibility of diversification of energy demand, which can thus alleviate energy geopolitical competition to some extent. However, the security risks and geopolitical tensions related to critical materials and renewable energy technologies might be intensified. Energy transition will reshape the energy order, with fossil energy exporters be significantly affected, while renewable energy technology leaders may gain more geopolitical advantages. In the medium and long term, power grid interconnection and hydrogen energy may become new fields of geopolitical competition with the competition in technology and standards as an important aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The exhaustibility of fossil energy sources, particularly oil and natural gas, has led to search about when these reservoirs will be depleted or when the maximum extraction from the resources will occur. In this paper, the evolution of the concept of oil peak has been analyzed. The time of Iran's oil peak will be investigated using three scenarios based on King Hubert's theory. Also, other factors such as technology, energy transition, climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic are examined as complementary topics. The results of this research show Iran's oil peak will occur in the next two to three decades. Concerning concepts such as the transition to renewable energies around the world, Iran's opportunities to make decisions and take actions are very limited. Finally, some policy recommendations based on the various aspects of the oil peak have been discussed in order to better encounter Iran's oil peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study analyzed the trend of change of global oil supply chain from the perspective of comparing physical and virtual oil trade, so as to reveal the important role of virtual oil. [Methods] Based on the traditional multi-regional input-output table, this study constructed a multi-regional input-output model of oil, calculated virtual oil in oil trade from 2000 to 2016, and comprehensively examined the main countries of oil production, consumption, and trade and their flow relations from the dual perspectives of physical and virtual oil. The heterogeneity of oil trade in 189 countries (regions) and 26 sectors was discussed by distinguishing intermediate and final product. The trade balance and external dependence of physical and virtual oil were further analyzed, and the global implicit oil demand before 2030 was predicted according to the accelerated energy transformation scenario. [Results] The study found that: (1) Virtual oil production accounted for more than one-third of the total global oil production. Virtual oil production and consumption are mainly concentrated in countries (regions) with higher economic development levels, while physical oil production and consumption are mainly distributed in countries (regions) with abundant oil resources; (2) The total amount of virtual oil trade flowing to countries (regions) with higher levels of industrialization and economic development is greater than the corresponding amount of physical oil trade. The virtual oil trade played a positive role in promoting the global oil trade balance and supply security; (3) The pattern of oil trade between final products and intermediate products is opposite, and the exporting country (region) in intermediate product trade is transformed into the importing country (region) in final product trade; (4) From 2017 to 2030, the oil demand of most developed countries showed a significant downward trend, and the implied oil demand steadily decreased after reaching its peak in different years, maintaining around 150-200 million tons per year. [Conclusion] There are great differences between global physical and virtual oil trade, with significant spatial heterogeneity. The proportion of virtual oil represented by non-oil products in international trade is constantly increasing. Therefore, when formulating trade policies, it is necessary to consider regional differences.

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Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This year marks the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping. Taking the initiative as an opportunity, China's oil companies have accumulated rich experience by accelerating their overseas deployment and carrying out extensive cooperation with countries along the route in the field of oil and gas energy. This study reviews the fruitful achievements of China's oil companies in the transnational oil and gas exploration and development cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, summarizes the cooperation status and analyzes the potential and opportunities presented in the cooperation. In response to many challenges, such as the overall intensification of the Sino-U.S. contest, the spillover impact of the Ukraine crisis, the increasingly complex international investment and cooperation environment, and the increasingly urgent energy transition, following strategic directions and proposals are put forward: building a mutually beneficial community of interests in oil and gas cooperation, and steadily improving the anti-interference capability of energy cooperation; promoting the development of an international RMB settlement system and systematically improving its ability to withstand financial risks; highlighting oil and gas cooperation as the main focus, and promoting the continuous development of new energy; continuously enhancing the international core competitiveness of enterprises through technological innovation and lean management, to provide reference for Chinese oil companies to ensure national energy security, make correct decisions on development direction, and further expand international cooperation space in international cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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China is the world’s largest energy consumer and carbon emitter. Its coal-dominated energy structure and heavy industries bring considerable challenges for achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and for realizing high-quality energy development; this necessitates research on energy transition pathways. Herein, the study reviews the current status of China's energy development and predicts the medium- and long-term energy demand and energy transition trends in the country. Our results indicate that the total primary energy demand of China will reach 5.56 × 109 to 5.96 × 109 tons of standard coal in 2035. The CO2 emission intensity per unit of GDP in 2035 will decrease by 77.6% ‒ 81.5% compared with that in 2005. Energy-related CO2 emissions will peak during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Improving energy efficiency, expanding renewable energy application, promoting the carbon capture, storage and utilization technology, and developing hydrogen energy and renewable synthetic fuels are the major technical measures for reducing energy-related CO2 emissions. Moreover, technological innovation is the core driving force for promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of key areas in China. Furthermore, suggestions are proposed from the aspects of energy conservation,renewable energy development, technological innovation, and coordination of the legal system, technologies, and the market.

[Introduction] Under the "carbon peak and neutrality" goal, China's hydrogen energy has great potential. Based on the status quo of China's hydrogen energy industry development, this paper studies the paths and policies for the high-quality development of hydrogen energy in China around the existing problems. [Method] Relevant policies, literature, and cases at home and abroad were sorted out, analyzed, and summarized from the two perspectives of path and policy. [Result] In terms of paths, using hydrogen energy to promote the decarbonization of the energy system in transportation and industry, integrating hydrogen energy with the existing oil and gas energy storage and transportation pipeline system, using hydrogen energy to standardize renewable energy, developing hydrogen production by electrolysis (photovoltaic, wind and other renewable energy power generation), increasing the commercial promotion of hydrogen fuel cells, etc., are effective paths for the high-quality development of hydrogen energy in China. In terms of policy, improving the top-level policy design of national hydrogen energy, refining the policies support for special research on hydrogen energy "production, storage, transportation and utilization," accelerating the formulation of hydrogen energy-related standards and norms, strengthening the construction of strategic alliances of the hydrogen energy industry and improving the coordination of supply and demand in the hydrogen energy market, etc., are essential guarantees [Conclusion] The relevant path suggestions and policy discussions mentioned in the research can provide a reference for relevant departments and industry personnel.

As the typical provincial transmission power grid,Jiangsu power grid is faced with the pressures and challenges induced from system-integration of rapid developments of renewable energy during the energy transition period,which needs to be upgraded in "source-network-load-storage" and other aspects. Through the analysis of energy development from load,power supply,grid structure in Jiangsu,challenges faced by Jiangsu power grid such as insufficient transfer abilities of important transmission sections are put forward. Considering the large-scale integrated renewable energy and structure characteristics of Jiangsu transmission power grid,transmission-capacity demands of the Yangtze-river-crossing section during the "14th Five-Year Plan" and future are emphatically analyzed. Afterwards embedded DC transmission technology that both the transmission-and receiving-ends are located in Jiangsu AC network and distributed on both sides of the Yangtze River are proposed. Comparing with the traditional long-distance and high-capacity DC transmission technology constructed under the interconnection mode,the embedded DC transmission technology proposed in this paper usually uses the existing overhead transmission lines or existing/reserved AC cable channels to construct the AC-DC hybrid power grid in Jiangsu,greatly improving transmission capacities of important sections with limited transmission corridor spaces and power supply potential abilities of the existing power system to satisfy the development demands of Jiangsu power system.

The third global energy transition is accelerating in the context of carbon neutrality. The low-carbon development pattern has become a wide consensus, promoting the profound changes in energy industrial chain and supply chain. Global energy transition in the era of renewable energy shows a gradual slowdown in the growth rate of total energy consumption, a diversified clean and low-carbon energy supply, and an increase of electricity in the proportion of terminal energy consumption. China's energy transition faces the major challenges like heavy industrial structure, high coal proportion, large total emissions, and steep slope of emission reduction. Meanwhile, the potential opportunities are also brought to promote the high-quality economic development, facilitate the close integration of industry and finance, give birth to new technologies, new formats and new patterns, and expand new space for international cooperation. Herein, suggestions were put forward based on the long-term, complex and arduous characteristics of energy transition in China for the critical period of carbon peaking in the next 10 years, from the aspects of energy supply security, total quantity control and structural adjustment, energy conservation, emission reduction and carbon sinks increase, government-market cooperation, and international cooperation, in the purpose of providing reference for the scientific energy transition.

As carbon peak and carbon neutrality have been incorporated into the overall layout of China’s ecological civilization construction, electric power will play an increasingly important role in leading green development. Implementing re-electrification to realize clean substitution at the energy production side and electric energy substitution at the energy consumption side is significant for China to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality on schedule. In this article, we analyze the concept of re-electrification and propose to help China achieve low-carbon development with re-electrification considering the basic national conditions and resource endowment of the country. We analyze the evolution trend of energy and power in China under different scenarios using a research framework of terminal energy demand—energy conversion system—primary energy structure while considering the factors of economy, technology, policy, and environment. The development prospect of re-electrification is also proposed. The research results show that re-electrification will significantly promote carbon neutrality. In 2060, the proportions of non-fossil energy consumption, clean energy power generation, and terminal power consumption will reach 80%, 90%, and 70%, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that China should (1) coordinate the carbon budget and emission reduction paths of various industries, (2) accelerate the adjustment of economic and industrial structures, (3) promote scientific and technological innovation in key fields, and (4) improve the policy systemfor power and carbon markets.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, curbing the global temperature rise, and striving to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality are the initiatives and common pursuit of human beings confronting the climate change crisis. Carbon neutrality is a huge systemic project involving multiple disciplines and fields, and it requires a solid theoretical foundation and scientific methods to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, hence the emergence of carbon neutrality science. The theoretical connotation of carbon neutrality includes two "dynamic balances", namely, the dynamic balance between global carbon emission and carbon absorption, and the dynamic balance between human development and the natural environment, the technical connotation includes the whole process of CO2 emission, capture, utilization, storage, and removal caused by human production and life, and the related technical system. Under the guidance of carbon neutralization theory, the core of the energy consumption structure needs to transform from fossil energy to new energy, and the world energy production and consumption structure will be transformed from fossil energy to new energy, and the world's energy production and consumption structure will also fundamentally transform from the current "four pillars" including coal, oil, natural gas, and new energy to the new pattern of "three minors and one major" dominated by new energy. In this process, it is indispensable to build a synergistic development of coal, oil, natural gas and new energy. Meanwhile, China's energy production and consumption structure will also undergo a revolutionary change from the current "one major and three minors" dominated by coal energy to the future "three minors and one major" pattern dominated by new energy, and eventually strive to achieve "energy independence". However, in energy development, energy transition and energy security are considered to be on the same level of importance all along. Developing new energy is the key to achieve a sustainable carbon neutral society and building a long-term green and habitable earth. New energy under carbon neutrality is the direction of the world's energy transformation, the frontier of energy scientific and technological innovation, the main force of the development of rejuvenate our country through energy power, and the motivationof the construction of a ecological planet. It shoulders the mission of energy transformation, energy security and "energy independence". When the whole human society is incorporated into the carbon neutral system, we will have a long-term green and habitable earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For China to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, the profound transformation from high-carbon to low-carbon and carbon-free energy sources is required for the energy supply and demand structure. In the future, the gas consumption will grow in large scale in China. It is estimated that the natural gas consumption in China will be about 6 000×108 m3 by 2030 and 6 500×108 m3 to 7 500×108 m3 by 2060. Due to the impact of the resource reserves, the capability to acquiring international resources, the safety of import channels and other factors on China's natural gas, it is necessary to build underground gas storages in large scale to ensure the growth of China's natural gas consumption. From the perspective of natural gas consumption safety, the underground gas storages with a gas storage capacity of 1 200×108 m3 to 1 300×108 m3 should be constructed, so as to meet the requirements for peak sheaving of natural gas in China and maintain the strategic reserves required. At present, the working gas capacity of China's underground gas storages is only about 150×108 m3, and it is necessary to further expand the field of storage construction to form the space layout of "1+3+N" gas storage base. In the process of China's energy transition, the related technologies of gas storage will be deeply integrated with the carbon storage, hydrogen storage, helium storage, compressed gas storage and other technologies in the future, for the purpose of maximizing the role of underground gas storages in energy field and facilitating to realize the strategic objective of carbon neutrality.

Oil and gas pipelines are one of the main means for oil and gas transportation over the world, and the development trend of their planning and construction is mainly affected by the development of oil and gas resources, as well as the national and regional energy policies. By quantitative and qualitative information mining, the global energy consumption structure and pipeline construction development in 2020 were sorted out, the current operation status of global oil and gas pipelines was analyzed, and the construction and development trend of global oil and gas pipelines in major regions of the world under the new situation was predicted. In the future, the construction of global oil and gas pipelines will be mainly affected by three factors: economy, politics and environment. It is predicted that the overall construction of global oil and gas pipelines will tend to be stable in recent years. Affected by the international environment, the construction progress of transnational pipelines is uncertain to a large extent, and fewer transnational pipelines can be completed and put into service on schedule. Besides, the pipeline construction in each country mainly depends on the economic development situation thereof. However, due to the dual impact of the economic downturn under the global COVID-19 pandemic and the energy transition under the guidance of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality", it is expected that the local pipeline construction in the world will be concentrated in Asia-Pacific Region in the future. Meanwhile, the European and American countries and regions will explore to construct new hydrogen-mixed natural gas transportation pipelines or reconstruct existing gas pipelines for hydrogen-mixed natural gas transportation.(5 Figures, 3 Tables, 31 References)

Under the background of the global value chain (GVC) crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, using methods of risk analysis of input-output table and geopolitical deduction, and based on the latest datasets of carbon dioxide emissions and the world energy trade, this paper analyzes the global value chain risks and energy security issues from three dimensions: climate governance dilemma, the global value chain crisis, and energy security and energy transition. It then presumes changes in world energy trade and geopolitical evolution and assesses their impact on China. The main findings and viewpoints of this paper are as follows: (1) The brokage, fragmentation, cutoff, and even production stoppage of the global value chain have done huge damage to the world economy, and it is urgent to rebuild a safe, stable, resilient, and green global value chain in the post-COVID-19 era. (2) Due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the flow direction and volume of the world' s energy trade have changed greatly, and the energy supply chain has gradually formulated into five formulas: the ' Europe-U.S. supply chain,' the ' Eurasian supply chain,' the ' U.S., Japan, Australia, and India supply chain,' the ' OPEC supply chain,' and a ' new Europe supply chain.' Among them, the United States has increased rapidly its LNG exports to Europe, and Russia has significantly increased its energy exports to Asian countries, inducing a new ' Eurasian energy supply chain.' (3) The world' s energy geopolitics is evolving in such a way that the United States is strengthening its grip on Europe to jointly restrain Russia' s power and initiating a Asia-Pacific ' four-sided mechanism' to counter China' s rise. Consequently, energy security has been bound to geopolitics. (4) China should act as a geopolitical ' power of equilibrium' to avoid the increasing risk of a new Cold War or a ' quasi-Cold War' to ensure its own energy security, to promote its dual goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality actively and gradually, and to steadily follow the path of peaceful development. We conclude that: the ' dual carbon' goals set up a timetable for China' s transitions in terms of energy, economy, and development mode. At the same time, the strategy of 'decoupling with China' promoted by some countries gives China an opportunity instead and forces China to accelerate its industrial transition, trade upgrading, and optimization of economic structure, in order to build an upgraded version of the ' world factory' and fully realize a high-quality, green, sustainable development with a goal of achieving net-zero carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Southern Energy Construction is the property of Southern Energy Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a market liberalization policy to replace the unified feed in price, the reverse auction for energy projects has effectively improved the cost reduction efficiency of all kinds of energy all over the world, but in recent years, the project bidding operators have fallen into a profit bottleneck. In view of this phenomenon, this study modified the Associated Value Model and constructed a dynamic bidding decision-making framework to evaluate the optimal bidding price decision of energy projects with dynamic expectations when the project cost and output were uncertain. This article used the sample data of electricity price bidding and later operation of more than 3 000 large-scale power stations in Europe, America, and the Asia Pacific from 2006 to 2020. The results found that: ‡@ Almost all global energy investment enterprises would fall into the strange circle of ewinnerf s cursef caused by eoverly optimisticf expectations, and the actual operating income of the projects they held was far lower than expected. Driven by the pressure of business expansion, bidders were often more likely to underestimate the cost pressure and risk of project construction and operation and overestimate the power output and income stability of the project. In particular, after the cancellation and prohibition of the joint bidding mechanism, the bidding results became even more radical. Due to the unexpected technological progress and the continuous correction of the expectations of the bidding subject, the overly optimistic expectations exceeded the endogenous technological progress of the industry and became an important driving force for the continuous pressure on the decline of electricity prices. ‡A The current energy industry, especially wind and solar energy, failed to give full play to its potential. With the technological innovation of the new energy industry, it showed a more radical bidding strategy than thermal power projects. Under the pressure of involution bidding, endogenous cost optimization hindered the potential of new energy projects, and the current cost became the most important reason for them to fall into the ewinnerf s curse.f ‡B After considering many factors, such as the learning curve effect, in addition to the financing cost advantage of enterprises, the sample data did not find that internal and external factors, including experience and the market environment, could make enterprises jump out of this strange circle. Even in the past five years or so, the decline in project investment profits caused by the ewinnerf s cursef exceeded the factor of market technological progress and once became the main factor in the decline of power prices for wind power and solar energy projects. Therefore, a healthy and sustainable energy industry policy needs to be based on upstream continuous technological innovation, improve the capital market system based on green finance, ensure the provision of high-quality projects to serve energy consumers, and provide recognition and support from the capital market for energy project investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2020, the COVID-19 has accelerated the process of global energy transition. The production and operation of oil and gas companies have been constrained by both climate change and market decline, and the lowcarbon transformation strategy has attracted widespread attention. Based on the analysis of the background of strategic transformation of oil and gas companies, the strategic choice under the vision of carbon neutrality was discussed in detail, which is mainly divided into five aspects: (1) Significantly reduce capital expenditure, investment attitude is more prudent. (2) Large-scale asset impairment operations, the scale of a decade of record high. (3) Focus more on upstream and downstream core assets, and further transform to low carbon terminal. (4) Different types of oil companies have adopted different clean and low-carbon strategies. Among them, European oil companies prefer to develop diversified clean and lowcarbon businesses, American oil companies pay more attention to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and other businesses, and some national oil companies also put forward short and medium term emission reduction targets to follow the trend of energy transition. (5) The heat of oil and gas mergers and acquisitions has slowed down significantly, and low-carbon mergers and acquisitions are favored. Finally, some suggestions were put forward for Chinese oil and gas companies, providing reference for the sustainable development of Chinese oil and gas enterprises.

The rapid development of the Internet of things technology provides beneficial support for the energy transition.The deep integration of the Internet of things and various fields of energy has formed the Internet of energy things,which has become the basis of the development of the energy Internet.Firstly,the meaning of the Internet of energy things and its multi-dimensional differences compared with traditional energy networks were analyzed.The architecture of the Internet of energy things was designed.Secondly,several key technologies of the Internet of energy things were discussed.And then the related application of scenarios the Internet of energy things were proposed.Finally,the development prospects and challenges of the Internet of energy things were looked forward to.Hope that a useful reference for the subsequent practice and the in-depth research of the Internet of energy things was provided.

In order to make the technical routes and action plans for carbon neutralization clear, the energy structure, carbon emission status, key carbon emission industries, and forestry carbon sinks in Yunnan Province were analyzed as a case study. The technical route and four major action plans guided by the carbon neutrality goal of Yunnan Province were also summarized. The research results showed that Yunnan Province is rich in renewable resources and should give full play to the advantages of green energy and vigorously develop renewable energy such as hydro- power, wind power, and solar energy. It was suggested to make full use of underground spaces such as abandoned mines, salt caverns, depleted oil, and gas reservoirs for energy storage, combine with carbon dioxide biochemical reaction to produce methane and mine pumped energy storage, to realize the utilization of carbon dioxide resources and large-scale energy storage. Yunnan Province should accelerate the development of the hydrogen energy industry, carry out the research and development, promotion and standardized production of related equipment and technologies such as hydrogen energy production, storage, transportation, and utilization, and promote the integrated construction of energy production, storage and utilization. It was also suggested to make full use of its resource advantages and promotes the implementation of the carbon neutral action plan. It was expected to achieve carbon neutrality in 2037 if 30% of the six main CO2 emissions in Yunnan Province will be sequestrated. The research results have theoretical significance for carbon emission reduction and climate change mitigation, and also have important practical significance for Yunnan Province to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutral goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henan Province is a major province of population, agriculture, industry and energy consumption in China, and its implementation of carbon neutrality strategy is of great significance for promoting green, low-carbon and high-quality development of regional economy and facilitating the realization of China's carbon-neutrality vision in 2060. But for a long time, the single energy structure dominated by coal has led to several key issues in Henan Province such as a large carbon emission base level, a tough situation of ecological management, continuously increasing level of dependence on external energy and the poor development degree of renewable energy. Hence, the present energy supply and demand structure, carbon dioxide emission and forest carbon sink in Henan Province were firstly analyzed in detail and seven major action plans were then proposed under the direction of carbon neutrality. Further analyses and forecasts of carbon emission from key industries and realization paths of carbon neutrality in Henan Province were conducted under multi-scenario conceptions for energy development. The following research results were obtained. 1) The implementation of carbon neutrality strategy in Henan Province is mainly constrained by the resource endowment that is rich in coal but lacking in oil and gas, and relatively high proportions of energy-intensive enterprises and the secondary industry. 2) Both energy revolution and economic restructuring should be emphasized. On the one hand, it is essential to vigorously promote the reduction, substitution and clean utilization of coal, development of new energy resources including wind, solar and biomass energy, energy storage techniques, and enhancement of forest carbon sink by optimizing the forest structure. On the other hand, new industries with high-tech and high-value should be introduced, accompanied by appropriate evacuation of some traditional industries with high energy consumption and high emission such as metal smelting and nonmetal mineral products so as to improve the electrification level of industrial and residential energy terminals. 3) Based on multi- scenario conceptions for energy development, namely the established policy (conservative scenario), energy transition (reference scenario) and radical replacement (extreme scenario), it is predicted that Henan Province will achieve carbon neutrality around 2077, 2056 and 2050, respectively. 4) To fully realize China's carbon-neutrality vision, key provinces and industries should be encouraged to carry out pilot reforms, explore innovate technology, make good use of local strengths, and develop localized low-carbon models with respective unique characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]