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Germany previously had a three-track educational system that was initially established as part of the Weimar Constitution in 1919. In the 1960s, reformist calls to establish comprehensive middle schools in West Germany gained traction. However, comprehensive middle schools only occupied a marginal position in the German educational system. Amendments to the system were proposed in the 1964 Hamburg Agreement, which retained the three-track system but established a 2-year "orientation phase", delaying the tracking of students into separate academic and vocational paths. However, the German Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) shock in 2000 led to the three-track system being harshly criticized, prompting every German state to simplify the system to two tracks and provide incentives for working people to enroll in higher education. This established a pathway to higher education for all, including those who had been tracked out when they were younger. Additionally, Germany made further reforms to vocational education, proposing an "additional qualification plan" to maintain pace with the demands of industrial development. Moreover, the Vocational Training Act was revised in 2020 to include advanced vocational education with degrees at three levels, making the value of vocational education comparable to traditional higher education. The early tracking in Germany's educational system has been widely criticized, with critics indicating it requires 10-year-old children to decide on their future career paths. However, this characterization is somewhat unfair: As is true in many other countries, parents usually make such decisions for their children, and the system includes streamlined provisions for transfers, with more than 30% of vocational students ultimately transferring to universities. Moreover, although Germans with a university degree typically have higher incomes than do those without, they fare no better than skilled workers with a vocational degree in terms of employment security and return on investment in education. Furthermore, although vocational students face obstacles when electing to pursue a university degree, the high quality of vocational education in Germany and the bright career prospects for vocational school graduates demonstrate the wisdom underlying the early tracking policy in German education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Germany, the efficiency of cultural diplomacy is ensured by the "separation of powers" approach: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as the official lead agency for foreign policy, holds the decision-making power, while leaving the concrete implementation to cultural intermediaries. This paper aims to explore Germany's cultural diplomacy strategies in China by analyzing the content of the public account operated by one of its main institutions in China, the German Cultural Center Beijing - Goethe-Institute. It combines qualitative and quantitative research methods and integrates the disciplinary perspectives of linguistics and intercultural communication. Our findings suggest that the Germany's cultural diplomacy strategies are characterized by preference, pluralism, interaction and individualism. These findings can also provide an optimizing path for China's own cultural institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Mechanical Engineering is the property of Editorial Board of China Mechanical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educational Review (1563-3527) is the property of National Kaohsiung Normal University, Department of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educational Review (1563-3527) is the property of National Kaohsiung Normal University, Department of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chung Cheng Educational Studies is the property of Chung Cheng University, College of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the development of industry, musculoskeletal disorders have become increasingly prominent, and low back pain is one of the major problems. The United States and Germany have already included it in the category of occupational diseases. Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the occupational factors affecting low back pain and evaluate the load level of workers. In this paper, combined with the existing literature, the evaluation methods of the load of low back pain were reviewed, in order to provide reference for the development of prevention strategies of low back pain from the perspective of occupational factors.

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment / Nongye Ziyuan yu Huanjing Xuebao is the property of Journal of Agricultural Resources & Environment Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Taiwanese Journal of Political Science is the property of NTU Press & National Taiwan University, Department of Political Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Image & Graphics is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Image & Graphics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Under the development of digital convergence, more and more mergers and acquisitions are taking place across media industries. In the past few years, most studies on horizontal mergers and acquisitions examine the concentration ratios or on vertical cases concerning entry barriers that block new entrants. Few research papers have discussed the impact of cross-media merger and acquisition and how to calculate the index. Thus, this paper introduces the experiences of index construction and application from the U.S., Germany, and South Korea, in order to provide a better analysis and concentration measurement index across different media for Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drift, which may result in a waste of pesticides and environmental risks, has been viewed as a concern in the use of pesticides. The indoor test of spray drift is mainly measured by the wind tunnel which possess a more stable and controllable wind speed. Recently, the laser is widely used in a range of fields owing to its perfect light stability and the Tyndall phenomenon is remarkable in dispersed particles. Therefore, this paper develops a new method for measuring the drift of pesticide spray in wind tunnels. According to the international standard ISO22856, 11 kinds of additives such as silicone and vegetable oil were measured in the wind tunnel using LU120-01 nozzle from Lechler, Germany. Each additive adjuvant liquid was sprayed for 5 s, repeated 3 times. The collectors were Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lines and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) cards. The PTFE lines were placed at a distance of 2 m from the nozzle in the downwind direction and were 5-85 cm in height (interval 10 cm). The collected droplet particles were analyzed by LS-55 fluorescence analyzer. At the same time, laser imaging technology was used to continuously image during the spraying process. The exposure time is 1/8 s, the ISO is 100 and the aperture is f/1.8. The shutter was controlled by Bluetooth Controller. Combined with computer image rapid batch processing, RGB three-color layer was filtered by MATLAB 2017a, and R-layer minus G-layer image was calculated. The maximum value of gray level and the image feature parameters such as position, barycentric coordinates, and the average value in the horizontal and vertical directions of the image were extracted. The drift rate, feature height and drift potential index (DIX) of the spray drift were calculated from the actual measurement results. The calculated result was fitting with the measured result. The fitting results showed that the maximum value and position of maximum in the x and y axis, the center of gravity coordinates, and the mean value were significantly correlated (Sig. F<0.05) with the drift rate, drift feature height, and DIX. The correlation coefficient was greater than 0.91, the maximum absolute value relative error was only 5.9%. The fitting results of vertical feature height and horizontal feature distance were the best, the average relative error was 0, the absolute relative error was 0.6% and 1.5% (vertical and horizontal direction), followed by DIX index (the absolute relative error of the vertical and horizontal direction were 4.8% and 3.2%) and drift rate (the absolute relative error of the vertical and horizontal direction were 5.9% and 5.3%). It showed that this method could be used to evaluate the drift of droplets accurately. The test speed was faster than the traditional measurement method, and one picture only cost less 1 s for calculation. The test repeatability was high, the DIX index had a comprehensive accuracy of 96%. The test was no needed consumables, which greatly reduced the costing of spray drift testing. The measurement of spray drift in wind tunnels based on laser imaging is an evaluation method that can give one more choice for spraying drift testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Soochow Journal of Political Science is the property of Soochow Journal of Political Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Educational Practice & Research is the property of National Taipei University of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the process of the modernization of apprenticeship in Germany, the governance model of social market lays the good foundation for the apprenticeship. For apprenticeship, its effective work depends on the industrial community and decommodification process. The establishment of these institutions can be traced back to the period of the industrial revolution. The patriarchal regulation of guild and the industrial democracy played a role in the process of change, which could solve the credible commitment problem in the skill formation. These factors keep the apprenticeship working in many enterprise of German, and because of this kind of skill formation system, German manufacturing industry has achieved a great success in the global market. Therefore, the skill formation system has become the key part of the institution package, which is called comparative institutional advantage of Germany. The conflicts between the stakeholders have shaped the evolution trajectory of the apprenticeship. In this sense, the process of skill formation is socially constructed. More attention from academia, especially from the fields of economy sociology and social policy should be paid to the study of the apprenticeship system, as it will shed new lights on the research about economic development and social protection in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer was born in Germany in 1864. In 1887, Alzheimer graduated with a medical doctor degree at the University of Würzburg. In 1888, Alzheimer began to work in the Community Hospital for Mental and Epileptic Patients in Frankfurt am Main for 14 years. During this time, Alzheimer published the six-volume Histologic and Histopathologic Studies of the Cerebral Cortex, with co-author Franz Nissl. In 1903, Alzheimer came to work in the Royal Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Munich. One year later, he published his postdoctoral paper of Histological Studies about the Differential Diagnosis of Progressive Paralysis in 1904. In 1912, Alzheimer was provided the chair of psychiatry at the University of Breslau. On the way to Breslau, Alzheimer got sick, and eventually died in 1915. In 1906, Alzheimer found numerous amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain of a patient called Auguste under the microscope. In November of the same year, Alzheimer gave a lecture about Auguste's case at the 37(th) Conference of South-West German Psychiatrists in Tübingen, which received little attention. In 1910, Kraepelin mentioned "Alzheimer's disease" for the first time to name the disease of what Auguste got in the 8th edition of Handbook of Psychiatry. Therefore, Alzheimer achieved worldwide recognition.

This paper, from two perspectives, discusses the conspiracy problem between arcades and developed capitalist: one is from text level, namely from the manuscript of Benjamin's Arcades Project. The other is from arcade as material culture, from its building materials, structure, function and so on to discuss on the 'Fetishism' during the developed capitalist period of arcade. Benjamin hopes to escape from reality with the help of surrealism through illusoriness means to summon Messiah. However, Benjamin's criticism method itself has Utopia nature, which seeks breakthrough from the heart but not through external change. His arcade plan should be abstract thinking to the whole society rather than political economy critique pointing external reality. The post -modernity showed from Benjamin's critique of arcade is similar to the current situation of the arcade, which quietly echoes Baudrillard's Simulacra Culture Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerodynamic configuration study of ATLLAS-M6 transport aircraft proposed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) is presented and discussed. The ATLLAS-M6 has a turbine-based combined cycle (TBCC) propulsion system, and it's aerodynamic configuration has the following characteristics, double delta-wing with low-aspect ratio, axial vertical tail, high-set horizontal tail and lifting body with high-fineness ratio. In this paper, a parameterized configuration is proposed via the "class function and shape function transformation technique" (CST) method. The aerodynamic characteristics are investigated, such as the trim characteristic, static/dynamic stability and control efficiency of control surfaces. The detail research indicated that the ATLLAS-M6 analog has a high hypersonic lift to drag ratio at the cruise state of low trimming angle of attack. The hypersonic stability derivatives predicted by the "dahlem-buck" method and the "prandtl-meyer" method shown that the transporter is static and dynamic stable in both lateral and directional directions and the proposed configuration is one of the feasible transporter choices. Yet, the aerodynamic configuration conceptual design of the hypersonic transport aircraft is a highly integrated project, several disciplines involved must be considered farther, such as structured materials and thermal protection system. Therefore, the "multidisciplinary design optimization" (MDO) method would be used to optimize the ATL LAS-M6 analog aerodynamic configuration at the farther work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking Africa Fang race's sculpture of West Equatorial as a case study, this paper discusses three paradigms in the Western art anthropology during the last half century. The first paradigm is stylistic analysis, which emphasizing the sculpture itself and its morphological properties. This quantitative approach aimed at distinguishing sculptural styles and sub styles and its goal is mapping the art production of the Fang geographically. Such a typological approach has colonial roots and serves the purposes of surveillance and control. The second is qualitative analysis which focuses not on form but on meaning. On the basis of local research, anthropologists presented Fang sculpture as the embodiment of the Fang social cultural value system. This approach, based on fieldwork and highlighting culture's unique values and thinking ways, may be considered as classical cultural anthropology paradigm. It followed Franz Boas's teachings created in the US. This research tradition rooted in nineteenth--century Germany. The third is post--colonialism paradigm. This paradigm investigated the attitude of western artists, collectors, and museums since Fang sculpture arrived in Europe at the nineteenth--century. It pays attention to the appropriation of these things, including re--labeling them as "work as art" and their commoditization in the international art market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the politics of the liberalization of the German welfare and employment regime and the repercussions on underlying political coalitions in the last two decades. The German welfare and employment system has been confronted with moves towards liberalization without approaching a liberal market economy. This paper traces the shifts of preferences of key actors in two distinct arenas: the economic arena dominated by employers and unions and the public finance arena dominated by fiscal constraints on public budgets. This paper argues that the shifts of positions of key actors in both arenas were interrelated but that they responded to two different sets of problems. This suggests that a wider set of environmental factors are of crucial importance for the maintenance of political economy institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, the authors analyze current state of clinical trials for acupuncture treatment of various types of diseases or clinical conditions in countries outside China in the past 30 years. The published top 5 more papers involve disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues (295 papers), disorders of the nerve system (230), problems of the department of gynaecology and obstetrics (164), post-surgical complications (134), and addiction (70). The top 5 countries having more papers published are Germany (59 papers on disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues, 62 on neurological disorders, 17 on problems of the department of gynaecology and obstetrics, 21 on post-surgical complications, and 8 on addiction), USA (43 papers on disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues, 27 on neurological disorders, 24 on problems of the department of gynaecology and obstetrics, 27 on post-surgical complications, and 29 on addiction), British (38 papers on disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues, 17 on neurological disorders, 14 on post-surgical complications, and 6 on addiction), Sweden (17 papers on disorders of muscle-skeleton and connective tissues, 16 on neurological disorders, and 28 on problems of the department of gynaecology and obstetrics), and South Korea (14 papers on neurological disorders, 5 on post-surgical complications, and 3 on addiction).

This paper reports on results of a comparative study of the long-term care systems and relevant laws in Germany and the Netherlands. Information and data used was obtained through articles in the literature. The character of long-term care systems and the major elements of such in both countries are described in detail, including system development, organizational structures, insurance coverage, payment systems, services, delivery systems, and financial mechanisms. Findings-based recommendations are then offered related to Taiwan's long-term care and emerging long-term care insurance systems. Based on the long-term care insurance implementation experiences of these two nations, the authors propose several policy recommendations, including the following: Premiums, taxes, and government subsidies should provide the major sources of funding for the system in order to minimize risk and achieve equity in service. Co-payments should apply to all provided services in order to reduce abuse of the system. Various financial control mechanisms, including controlling benefit levels and ceilings and applying appropriate care management and financial adjustment mechanisms, are also suggested. As national insurance benefits all insured individuals, premium sharing must consider the equity of relevant stakeholders. Developed service delivery systems should be both highly accessible and use a unified evaluation tool to define the needs of the insured. In addition, the long-term care administration organization should coordinate all current long-term care related services.

National culture influences and determines domestic business culture. This paper focuses on German culture to demonstrate how the national culture has influenced German business culture. Initially, various aspects of German culture are presented including the division and reunion of East and West Germany. With these insights, it becomes clear why German businesses are organized the way they are and why German business people exhibit the behavior they do; hence, demonstrating how culture influences the business culture of a country. The behavioral difference is illustrated with a comparison of German and American approaches to business meetings and problem solving from which it becomes clear that both business cultures exhibit different decision making and communication behavior which can result in misunderstandings. [China Media Report Overseas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bankruptcy Law in Germany, aimed at the features of individual bankruptcy procedures, makes some particular regulations about the procedures, which makes them more concise and flexible and lowers the operation cost. On the basis of a brief introduction to individual bankruptcy system of Germany, this paper comes up with suggestions on the future establishment and perfection of individual bankruptcy system in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the law systems of Britain and American, unjust enrichment was a old law. However, it is newly-established in China and the items are abstract and simple. The paper researches into the system of German and American in order to develop the Chinese system for the development of the marketing economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]