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Straw bio-fermentation feed is made by fermenting straw with enzyme preparation and live bacteria preparation, which has high nutritional value and high digestibility, can be efficiently utilized by animals. Straw bio-fermented feed can improve animal growth performance, regulate intestinal flora, promote rumen fermentation and improve the quality of animal products such as meat, eggs and milk. The paper reviews the fermentation mechanism and industrial utilization technology of straw bio-fermented feed, and discusses its application in animal production and its impact on the economic benefits of breeding, to provide a reference for the healthy and sustainable development of feed industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of biotechnology industry, microbial fermentation technology has been widely used in the production of target products. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used as a starting strain in the synthesis of biological products because of its simple morphology and high safety. The paper reviews the research progress of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation, high-density fermentation technology and high-density fermentation technology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to provide reference for popularizing high density fermentation technology and solving practical problems in production process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread development of internet of things technology, new products and services based on internet of things come into being, constantly promoting the rapid development and innovation of traditional industries. In order to effectively solve the practical problems such as weak intelligence and insufficient scale of traditional pig farming industry, the paper relies on the internet of things technology to design pig precision feeding system. The pig precision feeding system is based on the whole process of pig feeding, which involves information data collection and transmission, feeding management decision-making and precise control of feeding, covering the identification, weighing, feeding and other links of pig. The study indicates that the precise feeding system for live pigs based on the internet of things has well completed the preset functions of pig identification, information storage and feeding decision-making. It effectively improves the feeding efficiency and the growth performance of pigs, which can be applied to large-scale pig breeding practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-nutritive feed additives can promote the growth of minks, stabilize intestinal flora, improve feed conversion rate, which plays a role of mildew and corrosion prevention for mink feed. The paper summarized the application of non-nutritive feed additives in mink, mainly from enzyme preparations, microbial preparations, health growth promoters and Chinese herbal medicine additives, to provide reference for the application of non-nutritive feed additives in mink breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extract is a kind of natural plant additive, which can be obtained from plants by chemical or physical methods. The bioactive ingredients in plant extracts includes alkaloids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, saponins, organic acids, volatile oils, some of which have anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation effects and have an impact on growth and development of animals, immunity and other properties. The paper reviews the main active components, biological functions and applications of plant extracts in animal production, which provide reference for further research on plant extracts in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut meal is a by-product of extracting oil from shelled peanut, which has high nutritional value and good palatability. However, the proportion of amino acids in peanut meal is unbalanced, and peanut meal is susceptible to aflatoxin contamination, which affects its application in livestock and poultry production. Fermentation treatment of peanut meal can improve its feeding quality and utilization rate in feed. The paper reviews the nutritional value of fermented peanut meal and its application in animal production, to provide reference for the application of fermented peanut meal in production practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extracts contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, polysaccharides and other active ingredients, which have antimicrobial, growth-promoting and immunological enhancing properties. Plant extracts have a variety of functions such as regulating rumen fermentation mode, improving nitrogen utilization, reducing methane emission and improving animal production performance in ruminant, which is considered an ideal alternative antibiotics. The paper reviews the effect of plant extracts on rumen fermentation, methane production, nitrogen utilization and production performance of ruminants, to provide reference for research and practical production application of plant extracts in ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pelletization of feed has a certain influence on production performance of livestock and poultry. The feed raw materials processed by pelleting process can improve the feed-to-weight ratio of livestock and poultry and the palatability of livestock and poultry to feed, which has the advantages of avoiding picky eating of livestock and poultry, reducing loss, convenient feeding and easy transportation. The paper reviews the effects of feed formula and processing technology on the quality of pig pellet feed, to provide a reference for improving the quality of pig pellet feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese herbal medicine has the characteristics of natural, multifunctional, low toxicity and side effects. Adding Chinese herbal medicine additive to feed can improve pork quality. The paper reviews the formula, dosage form and dosage of Chinese herbal medicine additives to improve pork quality, and the application effect and action mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine additives to improve pork quality, to provide a reference for further application in production practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silage is an important livestock feed resource, which plays an important role in the development of animal husbandry, which is processed by anaerobic fermentation of microorganisms on the leaf surface to better preserve nutrients. Lactobacillus is main microorganism in silage, which can produce lactic acid by fermentation with soluble sugar, reduce pH value of silage, create acidic environment quickly, inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms and improve the fermentation quality of silage. The paper reviews the research and application of lactic acid bacteria in silage from different sources, to provide reference for the development and application of lactic acid bacteria preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oregano essential oil is a volatile substance extracted from the whole oregano grass, which contains a variety of antibacterial active components such as carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, D-limonene and terpinene-4-ol. It can effectively inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Streptococcus and other bacteria in vivo and in vitro by acting on cell wall, cell membrane, protein, DNA and biofilm vibrio and other common pathogenic bacteria of cultured animals are widely used in livestock, poultry and aquatic animal breeding. The paper reviews systematically expounds the composition of antibacterial active components, antibacterial effect in vivo and in vitro and antibacterial mechanism of oregano essential oil, to provide reference for the development of oregano oil as feed additive in aquaculture and antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal health is still a important problem restricting the development of the livestock and poultry industry. With the implementation of the 'anti-antibiotics' regulations in the livestock and poultry breeding industry, exploring the ideal alternatives to antibiotics has become an urgent problem for the livestock industry to solve. Carvacrol and thymol are monoterpene phenolic isomers extracted from plants, which can improve animal growth performance and have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidantion and intestinal health functions. The paper reviews the research progress of carvacrol and thymol as antibiotic substitutes in the regulation mechanism of intestinal health of livestock and poultry, in order to provide reference for the rational use of carvacrol and thymol in livestock and poultry breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niacin （NA）, one of the essential vitamins for animals, plays a crucial role in the metabolism of three major nutrients in animals. As a precursor of coenzymes NAD and NADP, NA can transfer hydrogen and electrons in energy supply metabolic reactions. NA has a lipid-regulating effect, which can affect the lipid metabolism. NA regulates the synthesis and decomposition of lipid in animals through hormones such as adiponectin, leptin, and insulin and regulators such as GPR109A, DGAT2, SIRT and AMPK. The paper reviews the effect of NA on lipid metabolism in animals, and focuses on the mechanism of action, to provide reference for the application of NA in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of fierce competition and industry reshuffle, the value evaluation of feed listed enterprises has become the focus of stakeholders such as operators and investors in the feed industry. Based on rough set theory and Rosetta software, the paper constructs the value evaluation model of feed listed enterprises, and divides 17 feed listed enterprises into training set and test set according to 7: 3 to verify the operability and accuracy. The results show that the accuracy rate of the value evaluation model for listed feed companies based on rough set theory is up to 80.0%, which can be applied to the value evaluation practice of listed feed companies and provide help for decision-makers to efficiently and scientifically evaluate the value of feed companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tagetes erecta L. mainly contains active components such as lutein, flavonoids, essential oils andα-tribithiophene, which has many biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial insecticidal.Tagetes erecta L. plays an important role in improving the immunity and production performance of the body and improving the quality of products in animal production. The paper reviews the biological activity of Tagetes erecta L. and its application in animal production, to provide reference for further development and utilization of Tagetes erecta L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn is an important dietary composition and energy source in ruminant breeding. Different processing methods have different digestibility in ruminants, and the economic benefit of steam flaking is higher. The degree of starch gelatinization can be improved by steam tabletting of corn. Feeding ruminants by steam-flaked corn can change the inner circumstance of the rumen, thereby improving the digestibility of corn by ruminants and improving the production performance of ruminants. The paper reviews the effect of steam-flake corn on rumen environment and production performance of ruminants, to provide reference for the application of steam-flake corn in practical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress can affect the physiological status and production performance of waterfowl through effect on genes and proteins of the neurohumoral regulation, gut microbiota and lipid oxidation, leading to economic losses. Common stress in waterfowl includes heat stress and cold stress. In production, the cold and heat stress of waterfowl can be alleviated by controlling ambient temperature and adding nutrients in diets. In the paper, ducks and geese are taken as representatives of waterfowl and the main influencing mechanisms and nutritional regulation measures of cold and heat stress in winter and summer water-saving poultry production are reviewed, to provide reference for waterfowl breeding and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruminant ruminal acidosis is one of the common diseases in the breeding process, which seriously endangers the healthy growth of animals, even leads to death. Therefore, it is particularly important to actively carry out comprehensive prevention and control measures. The paper reviews the pathological mechanism of ruminal acidosis and the preventive measures of ruminal acidosis, to provide scientific and reasonable feeding and management plans for ruminants and provide a reference for the healthy development of animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium-chain fatty acids（MCFA） is a kind of saturated fatty acid composed of 6～12 carbon atoms, including caproic acid, caprylic acid, decanoic acid and lauric acid naturally. MCFA and its derivatives are good antibacterial agents,preservatives and feed additives, which are widely used in chemical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, animal husbandry and other industries. The paper reviews the physical and chemical properties, digestive and metabolic characteristics and biological functions of lipid metabolism regulation, bactericidal and anti-inflammatory of MCFA, to provide reference for application in pigs and poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper combined the SOA algorithm with Z-SCORE model, and proposed an improved Z-SCORE model.Taking 20 A-share feed listed companies in China as the research object and five basic financial ratios as the discriminant function, the improved Z-SCORE model was used to carry out early warning research on the financial risk of feed listed companies from 2017 to 2019. The results showed that the overall financial situation of feed listed companies was good and the financial risk was low. The short-term debt repayment ability, capital structure and asset operation ability of feed listed companies gradually increased the impact on financial situation, among which the capital structure had the greatest impact. The research indicates that the results are basically consistent with facts, which can provide a reference for managers and investors to prevent the financial risks of feed listed companies. The improved Z-SCORE model has better early warning effect on the financial risk of feed listed companies, which can be further applied in the follow-up research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea saponin (TS) is extracted from the seeds, leaves or roots of tea plants. As a feed additive, tea saponin may be an effective way to inhibit methane emissions. The paper reviews the mitigation trend of methane emission and the effects of tea saponin on animal performance, in order to provide reference for the application of TS in ruminant production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After microbial fermentation, feed materials can degrade anti-nutrient factors and toxins and improve feed utilization rate. Fermented feed plays a positive role in improving poultry production performance, regulating intestinal flora, maintaining intestinal microecological balance and enhancing immunity. The paper reviews the action mechanism of fermented feed and its application in poultry production, prospects the application prospect of fermented feed, and discusses some problems existing in fermented feed and fermentation process, to provide reference for application of fermented feed in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine is a kind of free amino acid widely existing in animals, which has physiological functions of antioxidation, immune regulation, lipid metabolism regulation, cell protection and intestinal health maintenance. The paper introduces the physiological function and mechanism of taurine, and reviews the application effect of taurine in livestock and poultry production, to provide reference for the application of taurine in production practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus plays an important role in growth and metabolism of fish and in the mineralization of bones. The phosphorus content in water is very low and the fish have a low utilization of phosphorus in water, most of the phosphorus required by fish originates from the dietary. The paper reviews the sources and forms of phosphorus for fish feeds, the utilization rates of different forms of phosphorus, the appropriate ratio of calcium to phosphorus, indicators for evaluating dietary phosphorus requirement, and dietary phosphorus requirement of marine fish and freshwater fish, to provide reference for studying dietary phosphorus requirement of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distiller's grains is rich in nutrients and contain β-Natural immune activators and active factors such as dextran and mannan oligosaccharide can not only be used directly and dryly, but also be fermented with probiotics and yeast or silaged with other feed materials. Distiller's grains in livestock and poultry production can improve production performance, promote intestinal development, regulate intestinal flora, improve antioxidant function and immune function, improve breeding economic benefits. The paper reviews the feed utilization methods of distiller's grains, and discusses its impact on livestock and poultry production and economic benefits, to provide references for promoting the application of distiller's grains in feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant polyphenols have the functions of antioxidation, antisepsis, anti-inflammatory and antiviral action. Plant polyphenols can improve animal production performance, improve gastrointestinal function, inhibit lipid peroxidation, improve the quality of livestock and poultry products. The paper reviews the extraction technology, biological function and application of plant polyphenols in animal production, in order to promote application of plant polyphenols in livestock and poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the smallest molecular weight organic acid, formic acid is of strong acidification and antibacterial activity, and it is a main member of acidifiers. As the main derivatives of formic acid, benzoic acid, calcium formate and potassium diformate have the bacteriostatic ability of formic acid, while overcoming the irritant and corrosive disadvantages of formic acid, which are widely used in feed and breading. The paper summarizes the characteristics and the application of formic acid and its derivatives in livestock, poultry and aquaculture. Additionally, it also presents the development and potential problems of formic acid and its derivatives in application of stock breeding, so as to provide theoretical basis and perspectives for further research and application of formic acid and its derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baicalin is a flavonoid glycoside formed by combination of glucuronic acid and baicalein, which is one of the main effective components of Scutellariabaicalensis . Baicalin has been widely used in medicine, biotechnology and other fields as a new type of traditional Chinese medicine monomer because of its excellent biological activities such as antioxidation, anti-inflammatory and low toxicity to animal body tissues. The paper reviews the properties, extraction technology, biological functions and application research progress of baicalin in aquaculture, to provide reference for effective utilization of baicalin in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera is rich in nutrients and is a high-quality feed protein source. Adding Moringa oleifera to livestock and poultry feed can improve livestock and poultry production performance, antioxidant function and immune function, regulate intestinal health of livestock and poultry, improve the quality of meat, eggs, milk and other livestock and poultry products, and improve the economic benefits of breeding. The paper reviews the nutritional value, feeding mode and application of Moringa oleifera in livestock and poultry breeding and its impact on the economic benefits of breeding, in order to provide a evidence for development of new feed raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum contains stilbenes, anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins and polysaccharides and other bioactive components. It has many biological functions in animal production, such as improving production performance and body immunity, antibacterial and antiviral. The paper discusses the biological function of active ingredient and its application in animal production of Polygonum cuspidatum, to provide a reference for the further development and utilization of Polygonum cuspidatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential element of animals, chromium participates in the metabolism of sugars, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in the body, which can regulate glucose metabolism, enhance the antioxidant function and immunity of ruminants, and improve production performance of ruminants. The paper reviews the biological function of chromium, the research progress in ruminant production of chromium, the deficiency and poisoning symptoms of chromium, in order to provide reference for rational application of chromium in ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improper addition or excessive use of excessive heavy metal elements in feed will cause great harm to physiological health of animals. Excessive heavy metal elements have negative impact on animal's body tissues, immune system, reproductive capacity and production performance. Toxicity of excessive heavy metal elements is mainly manifested in changing signal pathways in animals, inducing oxidative stress in body and causing damage to animal nerves. The paper aims to analyze the effect of excessive heavy metals on animal health and explore toxic effect and mechanisms of excessive heavy metals, to provide basis for use of excessive heavy metal elements in actual production in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fiber is an important component of pig diets. Dietary fiber plays a positive role in maintaining the normal intestinal morphology of pigs, regulating the homeostasis of intestinal flora, and enhancing intestinal immunity. The paper reviews the effect of dietary fiber on digestibility of dietary nutrients, production performance and intestinal health of pigs to provide a reference for promoting rational use of dietary fiber in pig production, developing non-grain feed resources rich in dietary fiber, and developing green, grain-saving and safe pig production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is an important component of animal body, which has a small amount in animal body. Selenium has a protective effect on sheep cell membrane, which participates in all kinds of complex metabolic processes in sheep body. Adding selenium in sheep production can promote the growth and development of sheep and improve productivity. The paper reviews the the sources, types, functions, dosage and application in sheep breeding of selenium, to provide reference for the research of selenium in sheep breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium is an essential element for animals, playing an important role in normal physiological activities. Cadmium, as an unnecessary and toxic heavy metal element in animals, has serious toxic effect after being ingested by body. The paper reviews the effect of selenium and cadmium on sheep production performance and discusses the metabolic interaction of selenium and cadmium in animal body, to provide reference for study of organic selenium preparations in animal diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iced trash fish can accelerate the growth rate of animals, but the low feed utilization rate poses a great threat to water environment and food safety. Compared with chilled fish, compound feed has comprehensive and balance nutrition, lower feed coefficient and less water pollution, which is beneficial to animal health and can reduce the occurrence of diseases. The paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of chilled hybrid fish, and the latest research progress of substitution of chilled hybrid fish with compound feed, to provide reference for promoting the research and application of compound feed in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptides are small molecular peptides with broad antibacterial activity or immunomodulatory function. Antimicrobial peptides are an important part of the body's innate immune system and bacteria are not easy to develop resistance to them. The paper reviews the bactericidal mechanism of antimicrobial peptides and application in broiler production, to provide reference for improving the benefits of broiler industry and developing antibiotic substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oregano oil is a plant essential oil extracted from oregano, which has the functions of enhancing the body's immunity, inhibiting germs and preventing diseases. Adding oregano oil to daily ration can improve the disease resistance and anti-stress ability of sheep, so as to improve the production performance. The paper reviews the application of oregano oil in sheep production, to provide reference for application and green breeding of oregano oil in sheep industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane shoot is a by-product of sugarcane, which has the characteristics of large production, high nutritional value and low feed utilization. The paper reviews the nutritional value of sugarcane shoots and the process of feed utilization technology, evaluates the effect of animal production performance and economic benefits, and promotes the development and utilization of sugarcane shoots forage, to provide reference for sugarcane shoots as feed in livestock and poultry production application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extract residues are rich in nutritional value and can be used as high-quality and functional feed resources for single-stomach animals. Therefore, the study of plant extract residues is of great significance for development and utilization of unconventional feed resources and the alleviation of environmental pressure. The paper reviews the nutritional value of plant extracts and its application in monogastric animals, to provide a reference for development and utilization of plant extracts in monogastric animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PSE meat has poor color, rough taste and poor meat quality, which directly affects the sales quality of meat and causes economic losses to livestock slaughter and meat processing. The paper reviews the mechanism of PSE meat occurrence, and discusses the role of zinc in regulating the anti-oxidative stress system of animal body through auxiliary anti-oxidation and the role of trace element zinc in preventing PSE meat production, to provide reference for effective prevention and reduction of PSE meat production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant polysaccharides are a kind of macromolecule polymers widely existing in natural plants, which have biological activities such as antiviral, antioxidant and regulate immune. The paper reviews the biological activities of plant polysaccharides and the research progress of plant polysaccharides substitute for livestock and poultry antibiotics, to provide reference for further exploration of antibiotic substitutes in livestock and poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation of feed with enzyme has a broad development prospect, because the fermentation of feed can shorten fermentation cycle, improve feed utilization rate, reduce production cost and improve animal body resistance. The paper summarized the common strains, enzymes and production technology, and review their application in livestock and poultry production, in order to provide a reference for development of microbial enzyme co-fermentation feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate amount of tannin in the diet can inhibit the excessive degradation of protein in the rumen, improve the absorption and utilization of protein in the intestinal tract, to improve the production performance of ruminants. Tannins can reduce the methane emissions by effecting the active of methanogens. The paper reviews the nutritional properties of tannins and the effect on ruminant production performance and methane emissions, to provide a reference for the application of tannins in ruminant diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are rich in protein, unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, polysaccharides and trace elements. Microalgae can provide nutrition for laying hens, improve the disease resistance, stress resistance and antioxidant capacity, which can improve the production performance of laying hens, increase the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in eggs, reduce the content of cholesterol in yolk, improve the color of yolk, and prolong the shelf life of eggs. The paper reviews the application of microalgae in layer feed, to provide a reference for layer breeding practitioners to develop microalgae feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective zinc oxide is a kind of zinc oxide with high efficiency, high utilization rate and low dosage, which can effectively replace the conventional zinc oxide with high dosage. Protective zinc oxide can improve animal growth performance, reduce diarrhea rate, and improve coat condition. The paper reviews the types, characteristics, biological functions and application effect, of protective zinc oxide on weaned piglets, to provide reference for further research and comprehensive development and utilization of zinc oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high temperature weather has caused economic losses to livestock and poultry breeding industry. It is necessary to take appropriate measures to alleviate heat stress. Chinese herbal extracts have the properties of antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, maintaining intestinal health and improving growth performance. They are natural antioxidants that can effectively relieve heat stress of livestock and poultry. The paper reviews the effect of heat stress on the safety of livestock and poultry breeding, the effects of Chinese herbal medicine extracts on heat stress of livestock and poultry, to provide reference for practical livestock production and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection and development of local high-quality chicken is one of the important measures to promote rural revitalization in Hebei Province. More and more research is carried out around Hebei high-quality local chicken, Taihang chicken and Bashang long-tailed chicken. The paper reviews the nutrient requirements and feed research status of Taihang chicken and Bashang long-tailed chicken, to provide reference for the development of local high-quality chicken industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsaicin has obvious antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, which can improve the growth performance of broilers, improve immunity, promote intestinal development. Capsaicin has potential value of replacing antibiotics in poultry breeding industry. As a broiler feed additive, capsaicin can improve the performance and health status of broilers, increase the breeding benefits of broilers. The paper reviews the effect of plant extract capsaicin on growth performance and economic benefits of broilers, to provide reference for further application of capsaicin in poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Songliao black pig is a lean black maternal breed in northern China, which has good roughage-resistance. In order to systematically describe the tolerance of Songliao black pigs to roughage. The paper reviews the research progress on the effects of silage corn stover, fermented corn stover, alfalfa grass meal and other roughages on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, carcass traits, immune ability, reproductive performance and other aspects of Songliao black pigs. The tolerance of Songliao black pigs to different forage types and crude fiber levels was summarized, in order to provide a reference for the application and development of forage in pig industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]