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The purpose of this study was to examine Addis Ababa city schools mathematics teachers responses on the paper folding activities and perception on implementing paper folding in teaching mathematics. Exploratory survey design and quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. 75 mathematics teachers were selected by cluster and simple random sampling. Training manual activities and questionnaire were used for data collection, and analysed using mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test and qualitative analysis. Some of the findings were the primary school teachers have better perceptions than the secondary school teachers and male teachers have better perceptions than female teachers in the importance of applying paper folding in teaching mathematics than female teachers. The primary and secondary school teachers and male and female teachers have almost similar challenges in implementing paper folding in teaching mathematics. In addition, some of the teachers challenged in drawing of perfect figures, cutting or folding the papers to get the properties of mathematical expressions. Therefore, some of the recommendations were training on paper folding should be given at the beginning of the year for mathematics teachers; paper folding is included in the design of the curriculum; and necessary materials should be provided.

The paper deals with the evaluation of the mechanical properties of the crepe paper and chickpaper. The thickness of crepe paper was 300 m with the surface mass 150 g*m-2 and chickpaper paper thickness was 100 m with the surface mass 40 g*m-2. Crepe paper and chickpaper are usually used for chicken breeding. Longitudinal and transversal tensile properties were studied. The tensile behavior was monitored on the motorized test stand ANDILOG STENTOR 1000 (Andilog Technologies, Vitrolles, France).There were measured the tensile properties as modulus of elasticity, maximal elongation, maximal tensile force, tensile strengths, tensile index and strain at break of the longitudinal and transversal samples by testing paper strips. Mean values of the maximal elongation b of longitudinal chickpaper samples were three times smaller than maximal elongation of transversal samples. Mean values of maximal tensile force Ft, tensile strength btensile indexwand maximal strain at break T of longitudinal chickpaper samples were two times smaller than maximal quantities of transversal samples. Mean values of the tensile modulus of elasticity of longitudinal and transversal chickpaper samples were almost equal. Chickpaper mechanical properties in tension were different in the longitudinal and transversal direction of the original paper surface. Mean values of the maximal elongation b and maximal strain at break T of longitudinal crepe paper samples were sixty times smaller than maximal elongation and maximal strain at break of transversal samples. Mean values of maximal tensile force Ft, tensile strength bandtensile indexwof longitudinal crepe paper samples were fourth times smaller than maximal quantities of transversal samples. Mean values of the tensile modulus of elasticity of longitudinal samples of crepe paper were thirty eight times smaller than values of transversal samples.

In the optics of attention was the story of the Japanese writer Komatsu Sake "Paper or hair", written in 1963. According to the content, the loss of paper changed the usual way of life of people, becoming a source of existential fears. As we believe, the artistic narrative anticipates the events of our time associated with the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19. An artistic description of the situation by a Japanese writer, a phenomenological immersion in reality and theoretical reflections by M. Heidegger's work on the existential of fear helped to reconstruct the psychological States of people in the context of a pandemic and to identify the structure of fear. In modern life, fear manifests itself in three aspects: before-than fear, fearfulness and about-than fear. As a result of the all-embracing nature of fear, the fearogenicity of being is born, which violates the stability of the individual's existence, its being in, dwelling in, and mastering with. The above leads to the individual's awareness of the direction of life towards death, which forces him to adapt to new conditions. As a support of the personality in its opposition to fear, we can call hope and effective manifestations that perform the role of care.

This paper continues the series of publications on the morphology of the dialect of Staroshvedskoye (Sw. Gammalsvenskby), which is the only surviving Scandinavian dialect in the territory of the former Soviet Union. The village of Staroshvedskoye is located in the Kherson region, Ukraine. Its Swedish dialect historically belongs to the group of Swedish dialects of Estonia and goes back to the dialect of the island of Dagö (Hiiumaa). The dialect of Gammalsvenskby is of interest to slavists as an example of a language island in the Slavonic environment. From around the 1950s, the main spoken language of all village residents, including dialect speakers, has been surzhik. Due to the complete lack of studies of the present-day dialect and because of the severe endangerment in which the dialect is currently situated, the most urgent task is to collect, classify, and publish the factual material. This paper introduces comprehensive material on nouns in the conservative variety of the present-day dialect. It lists all masculine nouns of types 1b, c, d, and e together with their cognates from Estonian Swedish dialects; comments on the history of the forms are given as well. The sources for the material presented here are interviews with speakers of the conservative variety of the dialect recorded by the author during fieldwork in the village from 2004 to 2013. We plan to publish nouns of other types in later articles.

An assessment is made the biological and economical chemical indicators of 11 samples Burley tobacco, which 10 new promising hydrides in first generation and standard Pliska 2002 variety. As a result, the study found that the most favorable biometric indicators is presented Hybrid 1595A. With the short vegetative period is characterized Hybrid 1594, and the longest such – standard Pliska 2002 variety. All new selection lines excel at length of the vegetative period standard Pliska 2002 variety. The highest yield is represented by Hybrid 1595A, followed by Hybrid 1593. The highest percentage of first grade is derived from Hybrid 1593А, which gives the lowest percentage of third grade. With favorable ratio of grades is formed and Hybrid 1593. All new lines superior the standard variety Pliska 2002, to as yield, so and percentage of first grade. The studied hybrids, according to their biometric indicators, are grouped into two clusters, and two main components influence the clustering of the hybrids and explain 77.17% of the total variation. Depending on their economic indicators, the hybrids are arranged in two clusters, and in them, too, two main components are the cause of 89.27% of the total variation. Complex assessment of biological and economic indicators shows that with the best parameters differs Hybrid 1593, and work with it should continue with production testing. All new lines superior the standard variety Pliska 2002, to as yield, so and percentage of first grade, which is an indicator of the success of the selection work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on variants and their classification at different levels of linguistic structures. The erratic use of variants in papers on linguistics is revealed. A suggestion is put forward that the problem of erratic use of variants in the scientific functional style of the Croatian standard language should be solved.

Due to the rapid expansion of irrigated agriculture, effi cient use of the limited water resources in arid and semi-arid regions is becoming more and more vital. However, water salinity is a major problem due to its negative infl uence on the yields of many crops. It reduces citrus trees’ growth and causes physiological disorders. Primarily salt-stress lowers net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and water potential of citrus tree leaves, in addition to accumulation of excessive concentration of Chloride or Sodium in leaves. A great deal of research indicates that citrus have the genetic potential to be salt-sensitive; however inheritance studies in citrus are scarce. In this paper the adverse of effects of salinity on physiological aspects of citrus are reviewed. The review summarizes the prevailing state of knowledge about the responses and tolerance of citrus trees to salinity.

Paper and paper products play an important role in every area of human activity. Its importance is determined by its use for recording, storage and dissemination of information, as a material for wrapping and packaging, as well as for constructive application. This determines the unlimited possibilities and application of paper materials. The aim of the present work is to study the interdependencies between the components of the paper - fibrous materials from which the papers are obtained, the technological mode of their processing and ecological chemical auxiliaries in view of the possibilities of obtaining papers with multifunctional properties and special barrier properties such as water resistance, biocidality, durability, mechanical strength. The paper is characterized by a heterogeneous capillary-porous structure formed by drainage under certain conditions of a highly dilute aqueous dispersion, representing a reversible thixotropic-coagulation system. The elements of this system are both different in nature and suitably treated fibres, as well as different fillers and various chemical auxiliaries. The chemical auxiliaries added to the plant fibres form, above all, the necessary properties of the paper sheet, support the production process and enable the saving of fibrous material. When processing paper and cardboard by physicochemical methods, composite materials having a new supramolecular structure are obtained. The processes of coating, impregnation, etc. also belong to the physicochemical processes for processing papers and cardboards. The preservation of the reinforcing role of cellulose fibrils and fibres at all stages of the transition to paper and its processing is possible only due to the targeted change in the physical (relaxation) state of the polymers. The transition of the amorphous regions of the cellulose to a highly elastic state and the preservation of its crystal structure ensures the intermolecular interaction between the cellulose and the other polymer components. After selection of suitable fibrous materials and subsequent treatment, selected chemical auxiliaries are added to the paper suspension to obtain special properties of the papers. There is a mutual connection between the different functional properties of the obtained papers. Different methods can be used to achieve certain properties of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to explore the tendencies of integration between specifi c methods of education in the contemporary educational environment, in which each person combines types and levels of educational services on their own, and the teachers more and more frequently develop and realize lessons as a group. Basic methodical approaches are examined and presented as the core of a ‘meta-method' for education. They are organized around the condition of forming transversal personal competencies as a goal of contemporary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under consideration is an operationalization of the Weintrop taxonomy of computational thinking through some test items from the competition papers of the “Chernorizets Hrabar” math tournament for primary school students. A didactic analysis was made on a sample of educational objectives that require certain activities classified as types of computational thinking in the taxonomy. Based on statistical processing of the students' achievements, conclusions are drawn about the possibilities of forming and developing certain types of computational thinking in the primary education. It is illustrated by examples how specific educational goals are related with corresponding computational thinking in different contexts. The benefit of early development of computational thinking in students for their potential realization in STEM professional fields is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes the competition paper for university students from the regional round of the International mathematical competition “European Kаngarоо” in 2015. Methodological solutions of the problems are considered and an analysis of the results is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of selected papers on the constructivism in education is presented. The sources are published in 2012 and 2013. It is expected this thematic bibliography to help the reader to understand the meaning and use of this new educational paradigm that seems to be hard to introduce in the Bulgarian school practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some recommendations on English transliterations of Bulgarian geographic names were given which can be usable in preparing scientific papers. Examples of the following types of names were presented: I. names well known in English; II. transliterated Bulgarian names: complex names, names of mountains and mountains consisted only by a single massif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the challenges facing Nigerian universities are traceable to inadequate funding. The sector often blames the government for inadequate funding of public universities while the government complains of scarce resources. The incessant closure of universities as a result of unresolved issues between labour/student unions and management, as well as the government is usually as a result of funding such as unpaid outstanding allowances and dilapidated facilities among others. This paper explored other alternatives to funding university education in Nigeria as the beneficiaries of university education were identified because every rational individual will contribute to a project because of the benefit they will get from it. The paper recommended that all beneficiaries of university education should be informed through approprite medium to contribute their quotas to the funding process. Managements of universities are also challenged to judiciously use available resources.

These critical notes challenge the interpretation of the authors of the article that the volcanic source of the described tuffs on the island of Lemnos (Greece) is the source of Dazhdovnitsa tuffs (beginning of the Oligocene) and that it is located in the Bororvitsa caldera, Eastern Rhodopes. However, there are large regions between this caldera and the island of Lemnos (e.g. between the villages of Podkova and Dobromirtsi in the southern part of the Eastern Rhodopes), where no pyroclastic layers are found at the base of the Oligocene section, corresponding to the stratigraphic position of the Dazhdovnitsa tuffs. It has been suggested that the volcanic source of Lemnos tuffs may be located in the Kalotiko volcanic region, situated essentially in Northern Greece. It has a multi-phase Rupelian volcanic activity, but it is not dated in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in the period 2019 - 2020 in the field of the Experimental Station for Tobacco - Rila, at the Institute of Tobacco and Tobacco Products - Markovo. Two new lines of oriental tobacco and three varieties of high quality tobacco ecotype Dupnitsa - Rila 82, Dupnitsa 160 and Rila 544 (standard) are included. Lines 505 and 506 were created as a result of inter-varietal hybridization between varieties of Dupnitsa ecotype and introduced variety of Prilep ecotype (Republic of Northern Macedonia). Biometric measurements were performed on the following indicators: plant height (cm), number of leaves, length and width of 14- leaf. Yeald (kg / da) and quality of dry tobacco were reported. А chemical analysis was performed for the most important chemical indicators - nicotine, sugars (soluble carbohydrates), total nitrogen. Mathematical evaluation of morphological and economic features was performed by analysis of variance.The data show that the lines 505 and 506 have a higher yield compared to the control and significantly exceed it in quality. A valuable source material for the selection of oriental tobacco ecotype Dupnitsa has been created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is research in the scientific literature on the coping strategies preferred by a particular age group for coping with stress, and comparisons have been made between different age groups on their preferred coping strategies. The focus of the present study is a comparison between Generations X, Y, Z, and Baby Boomers (the paper generation) on their preferred coping strategies. The BEFO26 questionnaire, authored by Heim, Augustiny, Blaser, and Schaffner (1991), was administered to allow for the examination of individual types of coping, grouped into cognitive, emotional, behavioral, adaptive, relatively adaptive, and maladaptive coping. The participants were 313 Bulgarians from Generation Z (approximately between 18 and 26 years old), 143 Bulgarians from Generation Y (approximately between 27 and 41 years old), 186 Bulgarians from Generation X (approximately between 42 and 56 years old), and 46 Bulgarians from the "paper generation" or Baby Boomers (approximately between 57 and 75 years old). It was found that the cognitive adaptive coping strategy Maintaining composure was significantly more preferred for coping with stress by Baby Boomers and Generation X compared to Generation Y and Generation Z, with the tendency for this coping strategy to be increasingly preferred as we grow older. The cognitive adaptive coping strategy Problem analysis was most preferred for coping with stress and difficulties by Generation Y compared to the other three generations. The cognitive relative adaptive coping strategy Making Sense was more preferred by Generation Z and Generation X compared to the other generations. The cognitive adaptive coping strategy Readjusting one’s value was more preferred by Generation Z and Generation Y compared to the other generations. The emotional relative adaptive coping strategy Dilution of Emotions/Emotional Relief was most preferred by the youngest generation among those surveyed, Generation Z. The emotional adaptive coping strategy Optimism was preferred by Generation Y and Generation X. The behavioral maladaptive coping strategy Withdrawal, or social withdrawal, was preferred by the youngest generation among those surveyed, Generation Z. The behavioral adaptive coping strategy Seeking advice was preferred by Generation Y and Generation X. These findings signal that people across generations differed primarily in the different adaptive coping strategies they preferred to use to cope with stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a continuation of previous research, which attempted to show that in the studied Bulgarian migrant languages in Ukraine and in the South Slavic languages there are several names that are related to Ukrainian Carpathian dialects. The aim of the paper is to investigate the white/red colloquialism in the ritual text of Bulgarian migrant languages in Ukraine and in the Carpatho-Balkan area. The object of the linguistic analysis is the folkloric discourse from the speech of the village of Vinogradovka (Burguzhi), Odesa region, Ukraine, which has not been the subject of scientific research so far. Dialectological material from the speech of the village of Kubey and some other Bulgarian migrant languages is used for comparison. The objects of the study are individual lexical items with the root *bel-: white rakija 'sign that the bride was a virgin on the first wedding night' and white mouse 'weasel'. In order to achieve the goal, it was necessary, first of all, to make a brief description of the studied speeches, comparing them with other Slavic in the metropolia and in Ukraine. This necessitated the use of the descriptive method on the one hand and the comparative method on the other. Some more interesting manifestations of the verbal expression of the content of the main colours white and red in the folkloric discourse in the Bulgarian migrant speeches in Ukraine and in Metropolia are studied. These are: бяла Рада, бяла Мара, бял Димитър in Bulgarian speeches in Metropolia and bila dîvka, біла дівка, білий хлопець / білий легінь in Ukrainian Carpathian dialects - бяла/червена мишка and бяла/червена ракия. As a result of the research we came to the conclusion that the ritual text is the most favorable, if not the only sphere in which the meaning of words with the root *bel (бял) - 'beautiful, pretty' is realized, which is also fixed in the Carpathian languages of Ukraine. In the studied Bulgarian migrant languages we fix the variation of the lexemes white/red in the names of weasel and rakija: бяла / червена мишка and бяла / червена ракия. The colour red, considered beyond its relationship to white, is among the most widespread apotropaic colours in ancient cultures. This function is very widespread in Bulgarian folk life and folkloric discourse. The correlation between the pan-ethnic and the regional-local is traced, as well as the specificity of the ceremonial text. The examination of the semantic volume of the word бял 'white' reveals the changes that have occurred in the development of individual meanings; in ceremonial discourse it is synonymous with the word червен 'red'. The dialectal material we have brought forward can serve in the creation of the Enntolinguistic Dictionary of Bulgarians in Ukraine, highlighting the specific for Bessarabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the history of the development of different logical formalisms, explicitly modelling situations in which disagreement is present. It is structured as follows: (§1) sketches the distinction between two main traditions in logic, that have different relation to disagreement; (§2) presents Jaskowski's discussive logic and its shortcomings; (§3) develops the doctrinal paradox in social choice theory. Then we come to (§4) the probabilistic model of Lehrer-Wagner; (§5) the bounded confidence model of Hegselmann and Krause and (§6) the agent-based model of Douven and Riegler. The aim of the paper is to show that the development of these formalisms raises many questions that are yet not solved in adequate manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present critical-review paper is aimed on showing and proving the significance of the Bulgarian hydrogeochemistry for the complete and profound characterization of the Bulgarian thermal and mineral waters (from their deep formation to the consumer), based on internationally recognized achievements on priority level, covering the radioactivity of the thermomineral fluid systems (1904-1923) -- Peter B. Pentchev; their noble gases -- methodology and geochemical aspect (1926-1970) -- Nicolas P. Pentchev; their microcompounds - 30 (+ 22) trace and rare elements (since 1958), the regularities and the anomalies of their distribution and the establishment of microgeochemical criteria and indicator systems (since 1964); elucidation of genetic problems (primary and secondary) of the microchemistry (since 1966) and clarification and modeling of "water--gas--rock" interactions (WRI) (since 1970); the establishment of the migration forms of the components and particularly the unknown and unidentified before colloidal one (1976-1997) (all these priorities are due to Elka N. Pentcheva). Three researcher generations (the so called "Pentchev Dynasty") devoted their lives to the Bulgarian thermal and mineral waters, but their scientific priorities are totally ignored in the above mentioned presentation of the Bulgarian hydrothermal wealth in front of the scientific world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today citizens are increasingly becoming an equal entity with state institutions which have responsibility to ensure protection of their rights, accountability, openness and transparency in its operations - as the basic principles upon which rests the principle of good governance. The traditional model of not transparent administration today disappears step by step. Adoption of a law of free access to public information in many countries in the world which seek to enhance democracy in their societies today is a process that can not stop. Nowadays, countries that do not have such a law can not claim that they have full democracy. One of the reasons for passing this law is reducing corruption. Corruption is based on secrecy. Citizens and institutions become corrupted when the public has no insight into their work. If the work of public institutions is transparent and offered for public inspection, then the chance for them to be corrupt is smaller. This paper analyzes the Law of free access to public information in the Republic of Macedonia and its application; the situation in Macedonia after the adoption of the law; concluding that despite some inconsistencies, the law has contributed to increasing transparency and reducing corruption.

The paper is focused on two movies, dedicated to the life and deeds of the Bulgarian poet and revolutionary Hristo Botev. Chronologically, the first one – “Freedom or Death” (1968), was directed by Nikola Korabov – a film director, considered as a part of so-called classical era of the Bulgarian cinematography. The second one, entitled simply “Botev” (2022), was directed by Maxim Guenchev – a contemporary movie director, known with his history-based works. In different time contexts, both movies were met with considerable criticism by the audience and cinema professionals. The paper pays particular attention to the reasons why these films provoked so many pronounced negative reactions. The first movie was not accepted positively because of the political circumstances took place in 1968. Prague Spring affected the whole socialist block. Thus, the movie by Nikola Korabov was seen as deviating from the politically correct line of the Bulgarian socialism, so its screening was stopped by the ideological censorship. The interpretation of the main character and the way the history events were shown was regarded as diverting from the socialist canon. Consequently, the movie was prohibited for public display. “Botev” movie’s reception was not particularly warm as well. The audience was influenced by the director’s pro-Russian point towards the Russian aggression in Ukraine. The same attitude was shared by the main movie character from the screen. It should be taken into account that nowadays the national-populism is in constant raise, and the dictionary of the social dialogue, dedicated to the problems of the national identity, is radicalized respectively. Concerning the artistic language of the first movie, it is defined as a style mixture with no coherent intention, as involving unnecessary Biblical reminiscences, overexaggerated aestheticization with no plot motivation. Summarizingly, the movie was seen as a display of mannerism, unfitting the idea of the national hero’s concept in its socialist version. The movie “Botev” by Maxim Guenchev leaves an impression for amateur, informal event, targeted for close friends and the families of the cast. In conclusion, the image of Hristo Botev was not properly screened either in the socialist period or in the 21 century and more than 30 years after its collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of Industry 4.0 and globalization have brought both opportunities and challenges to enterprises around the world, requiring companies to become more aware of their everchanging environment and the needs and tastes of their customers in order to stay competitive in the digital age. This research focuses on the use of IT (information technology) as it relates to marketing and supply chain management. The goal of this paper is to examine the several ways that information technology (IT) is used to improve marketing strategies, streamline supply chain operations, and promote collaboration between supply chain management and marketing. After outlining the types and forms of information technology used, as well as the benefits and drawbacks in supply chain management and marketing separately, the paper looks at how technology facilitates integration between the two. The report concludes that while information integration between supply chain management and marketing activities is challenging, including difficulties ranging from technological and financial constraints, needing skilled personnel, to legal constraints, however it also creates the opportunity to create sustainable competitive advantage based on more effective, customer-friendly, and environmentally aware management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of an empirical study focused on eco fiction as a tool for facilitating child – nature pedagogical interaction. The priorities of preschool teachers in the field of environmental education and sustainable development are analysed. Reasons are presented for value inclusion in the world of nature through various activities before, during, and after perception of environmentoriented works of fiction. Options are substantiated for innovating environmentoriented interaction by conceptualizing a model design for working with eco fiction and its content and educational-applied provision through tools of dynamic activity integrity consolidated in a positive environment for children‘s vitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study is to analyse the current state of the Bulgarian capital market within the framework of the strategic priorities for deepening of its integrational links to the European capital markets. The paper presents results from correlation analysis of indicators of integration of the Bulgarian capital market to the Eurozone. The results point to medium degree of integration of the Bulgarian capital market. Irrespective of the high degree of harmonization of the regulatory framework and market practices on the Bulgarian capital market still exist various barriers at micro and institutional levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The academic labour market in Europe and worldwilde is increasingly dynamic and competitive in terms of offering positions and requirements for candidates. The competitions are public and international. The paper’s goal is to outline the parameters of these trends. The requirements and conditions for international academic staff hiring are not a subject that is often discussed in Bulgaria, and the paper’s task is to fulfil this deficiency. This is achieved through а sample of international academic job offers published between 2021 – 2022 which is followed by empirical, comparable and content analysis of them. As a result, the actual characteristics of the international academic labour market are outlined based on 105 job offers from 91 universities in 6 continents. Examples of one scientific field (political science) are used in order to achieve a higher comparability of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The judicial administration serves and supports the judiciary, and its role in the implementation of this specific manifestation of state power is very large. On the basis of Regulation No. 14 from 22 May 2019 on the acquisition of qualifications in the profession of “judicial officer”, issued by the Minister of Education and Science, professional classes in the specialty of “Judicial Administration” have been opened in many secondary schools throughout the country. This paper examines important aspects of secondary education management in Bulgaria. The scientific aim of the paper is to analyze some basic issues of educational preparation for the acquisition of secondary education in the profession of “judicial officer” in view of the relationship between secondary and higher education in the studying “Judicial Administration”. As a methodological basis of the research the following scientific methods are used: logical-grammatical, systematic, structural, analytical, formallegal method, method of generalization. Along with them in empirical plan we use a questionnaire survey with students of specialty “Judicial Administration”. As a result of the normative analysis, conclusions and summaries are drawn about the applicable legal framework, as well as recommendations for its improvement are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of the crises in public health includes a significant communication component in the form of warnings, risk notifications, information on evacuation, recommendations for personal protective behavior, etc. A crisis-related communication is based on both the scientific and technical knowledge of a specific risk factor and the cultural and social beliefs in relation to risk. It aims to transform the perception of risk in a protective behavior through persuasion. The aim of the present paper is to present an analysis of the perception of risk of ionizing radiation and a practical experience in communication during crises. The analysis used data for communication messages during the accident in Fukushima, 2011, and documents prepared in connection with the crisis in Ukraine in 2022. The perception of risk was assessed performing nationally representative surveys in 2019 and 2022, including 1003 and 1009 respondents, respectively. The present paper shows the results on the attitudes and perception of risks in the society. Based on the performed analysis the following important conclusions were delineated: 1) crisis-related communication and daily provision of information to public providing it in an understandable manner is an important component of the radiation protection in emergency situations; 2) the preliminary preparation of materials on health risk due to radiation and safety measures is an important part from communication with the media, and references to the sites of leading international organizations facilitates the increase of awareness and indirectly elevates trust; 3) a purposeful information campaign outside the period of crisis is required for the formation of a stable behavior within the society as the campaign must include social media and a direct communication in electronic media (questions–answers); 4) inclusion of general practitioners, whom people trust, will increase awareness and stimulate adequate protection behavior. The performed analysis will be applied for the development of crisis-related communication in emergency situations with ionizing radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses a possible way of justifying the existence of a multiplicity of cryptomorphic axiomatic theories. It is argued that what renders this multiplicity inevitable are the applications of the theory. They give rise to difficulties whose solution necessitates the application of different conceptual tools. The paper is organized as follows: (§1) introduces the concept of cryptomorphism and the canonic example for the phenomenon: matroid theory; (§2) discusses five cryptomorphic approaches to the definition of rationality in the framework of decision theory: through utility functions, weak orders, choice operators, layered permutations, and pop-stack sortability; (§3) shows that each of these different approaches can serve as a basis for the introduction of a different modification of the original theory. This establishes the heuristic value of cryptomorphic approaches in the domain of decision theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of organizing a „school in nature“ is not new. The organization of a school in nature is regulated by legal procedures. This paper will explain how the school in nature is organized from the aspect of Schultz’s theory. Bearing in mind that the school in nature must be planned by the primary school, this planning will be compared with the planning in Schultz’s theory. Based on this the school in nature is not an ordinary tourist trip but ambient learning, which is becoming more and more important, primarily because of the possible integration with other subjects. In this paper the integrative teaching won’t be discussed. This paper will explain the very organization of the school in nature with all democratic principles, so that all actors are informed and that everyone gives their opinion and consent. No other learning theories will be compared to Schultz's learning theory. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the best possible organization of the school in nature, so that all actors of the educational process are satisfied (parents, students, teachers, representatives of the law, as well as extracurricular organizers - tourist organizations, hotels). It will also compare the way in which the school in nature is organized in Serbian schools in Hungary. The primary school principals, primary class teachers and fourth grade students of several primary schools will be interviewed regarding the proposed place for organizing the school in nature as well as the plan of the school in nature. This paper will analyze the extent to which Schultz’s theory of learning has been applied in organizing a school in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today’s economies, lifelong learning has emerged as a crucial driver of economic and social development and growth. However, Bulgaria lags behind other European nations in terms of participation in lifelong learning initiatives. This article delves into the factors that influence continuing education. A field study, involving over one hundred Bulgarian enterprises, revealed that organizational culture plays a pivotal role in shaping corporate investment decisions. Companies that prioritize human capital accumulation through strategic human resource development strategies and practices, and view learning as an essential asset tend to exhibit higher levels of both participation and intensity in lifelong learning programs. These findings align with institutional theory according to which organizational culture significantly impacts investments in lifelong learning. Thus, the paper has significant practical implications for policies related to continuing education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper identifies some problem areas in the work with students with special educational needs (SEN) in the system of higher education, interprets successful national and international academic practices for their integration and justifies the necessity of the establishment of a Center for Work and Integration with students with SEN at University of Ruse “Angel Kanchev”, as an effective tool for adaptation and active support of such students for their full participation in the educational and research process and extracurricular activities. The creation of such a center corresponds to the efforts of the University of Ruse to generate a consistent policy in the field of inclusive education. Together with the already functioning similar centers at Sofia University and New Bulgarian University, the Center for Work and Integration of Students with SEN at University of Ruse can serve as a model for inclusive education in the higher education system in Bulgaria, as well as will assist in the establishment of international university networks in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's global world, the relevance and importance of volunteering as a form of social cohesion and a mechanism of civic engagement of members of a local community for a cause is growing. Volunteering as a phenomenon has its historical roots assuming different dimensions, but in the majority of cases it is seen as an activity for the benefit of other people or communities, which is carried out of one's own free will, without expecting any kind of reward in the community (Zdravkova, 2016:1; Todorova, 2013). Different meanings are attributed to volunteering in the specialized literature (Kanev, 2023; Radev 2012: 85-86; Radev 2007: 225), which aim to clarify its essential features, considering its manifestations in a larger aspect (Houle, B., Sagarin, B., Kaplan, M., 2005, 337-344). Considering its different forms and manifestations, for the purpose of this paper, volunteering will be considered as a tool, a form of social cohesion between individuals, members of a local community on the occasion of the organization and conduct of local festivals within a specific locality. The question arises: what is its function and role in the context of the construction of these events? According to Bakas, local festivals as events outside of everyday life attach great importance to active community participation, to social bonds within a community that are strengthened through these events, trust is built, and social cohesion networks are formed (Bakas et al., 2019). Holidays imply the performance of activities that live a life of their own, different from other festive rituals. They contain both the commonality and accessibility of modern values and ideas and the intimacy of experiencing authentic artistic events by a community of initiates" (Kutin, 2018, p.2). From this point of view, volunteering during the construction of these events provides an opportunity for community members to actively participate in changing the environment, providing an opportunity to manifest some of the primordial human virtues such as responsibility, dedication, kindness and empathy ( Veneva-Pauncheva, 2011). Involving local people in volunteering activities helps not only to create co-operative contacts, but also to develop communication and interaction skills with various proactive local actors. Based on the results of qualitative (in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and participatory observations) and quantitative research conducted within the project "Local Festivals: A Resource of Local Communities to Deal with Crises ", financed by the Fund Research at the Ministry of Education and Science, the role and importance of volunteering in the process of constructing local celebrations will be outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that the emergence of ChatGPT in November 2022 has become one of the most significant technological events in recent decades. The new-generation chat platform developed by OpenAI has caused a veritable "tsunami" of interest in its underlying Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI). Business organizations in all economic areas are dramatically increasing their investments in this new technology and launching pilot projects testing its capabilities. Banks are no exception to this trend. With the vast amounts of data at their disposal and ever-increasing user demands, they are quickly realizing that Gen AI promises numerous benefits both concerning customer service and in terms of internal banking processes and operations. This paper examines the characteristics of generative artificial intelligence by comparing it with traditional AI models that have been used in banks. The main factors that make banking the perfect place for the application of the new technology are brought out. Based on this, the analysis focuses on surveying the many potential benefits of its implementation – from improving customer experiences, through better risk management, to optimizing the work of back-office employees and developers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the changes in the education system, especially in the context of technological advances and changes occurring in society. It is analyzed how the traditional school loses its monopoly in the transmission of knowledge due to the presence of mass media, information and communication technologies and social networks. New models of learning and teaching are presented, including independent and active learning. The importance of interactive communication and inclusion of multimedia learning sources is highlighted. It also explains how school management should adapt to these changes and prepare students for the future, providing them with a high degree of media literacy, creative thinking and project-based learning. Finally, potential characteristics of the schools of the future are presented, including globally connected schools and students, solid teachers who will offer and make their knowledge available to all, individualized educational plans, use of digital tools, e-books and platforms, and overcoming of some commonly known educational concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]