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Žita su sa agronomskog i privrednog značaja najvažnija gruparatarskih biljaka. Tritikale je savremeno žito, odnosno hibrid dobijen ukrštanjempšenice i raži, s tim što je nasledio sposobnost raži da preživi jake mrazeve, ali imaveću proteinsku vrednost, dok je veći prinos zrna i povećanu tolerantnost na ražanuglavnicu nasledio od pšenice. Na koji će se način koristiti tritikale zavisi od osobinasorte. Sorte krupnog i ujednačenog zrna sa povećanim sadržajem ukupnih proteina uodnosu na skrob i koje su po hemijskom sastavu bliže pšenici, koriste se za pripremukoncentrovane stočne hrane, kako za živinu, tako i za nepreživare i preživare. Sortekoje obrazuju veliku biomasu, slično raži, služe za spremanje voluminozne stočnehrane kao sveže ili silaže, senaže i sena. Hranljiva vrednost zrna tritikalea je na nivoupšeničnog, s tim što ima nešto više aminokiseline lizina. U pogledu zastupljenostiesencijalnih aminokiselina, pojedinih minerala i vitamina, zrno tritikalea možezadovoljiti značajan deo potreba domaćih i gajenih životinja. Tritikale, kao i ostalazrnasta hraniva, standardni su deo obroka za ishranu domaćih i gajenih životinja,posebno u većem procentu kada je životinjama potrebno više energije. U zavisnostiod vrste domaće životinje kao i tipa obroka, tritikale može činiti njegov značajanprocenat. Prednost tritikalea nad drugim pravim žitima je taj što ima veći prinos,brži prolećni porast i mogućnost dužeg roka kosidbe za zelenu stočnu hranu jerogrubi kasnije nego npr., raž ili ovas. Zbog navedenih prednosti tritikale je pogodanza setvu, posebno u zemljama u razvoju., Grains have great agronomic and economic importance and they are one of the most important plants. Triticale is modern cereal grain, hybrid of wheat and rye, which inherited the ability of the rye to survive the high frosts, but has a higher protein value than rye, while higher grain yields and increased tolerance to diseases were inherited from wheat. The way in which triticale will be used depends on the characteristics of the variety. Triticale varieties of large and uniform grains which have more proteins then starch are used as concentrated feed for poultry, ruminants and nonruminants. Varieties that form large biomass, similar to rye, can be and are grazed, or harvested for silage or hay and straw. Triticale grain has nutritional value like wheat but with slightly more lysine amino acid. Triticale as a feed grain with good essential amino acid balance, minerals and vitamins is primarily included in livestock diets especially as an energy source. Depending on the type of domestic animal and meal, triticale can be used in significant percentage. The advantage of triticale over other cereals is that it has higher yields, a faster spring growth, and a longer mowing time as a green animal feed, than for example rays or oats. Because of all these advantages, triticale is suitable for planting especially in developing countries.

Žita su sa agronomskog i privrednog značaja najvažnija gruparatarskih biljaka. Tritikale je savremeno žito, odnosno hibrid dobijen ukrštanjempšenice i raži, s tim što je nasledio sposobnost raži da preživi jake mrazeve, ali imaveću proteinsku vrednost, dok je veći prinos zrna i povećanu tolerantnost na ražanuglavnicu nasledio od pšenice. Na koji će se način koristiti tritikale zavisi od osobinasorte. Sorte krupnog i ujednačenog zrna sa povećanim sadržajem ukupnih proteina uodnosu na skrob i koje su po hemijskom sastavu bliže pšenici, koriste se za pripremukoncentrovane stočne hrane, kako za živinu, tako i za nepreživare i preživare. Sortekoje obrazuju veliku biomasu, slično raži, služe za spremanje voluminozne stočnehrane kao sveže ili silaže, senaže i sena. Hranljiva vrednost zrna tritikalea je na nivoupšeničnog, s tim što ima nešto više aminokiseline lizina. U pogledu zastupljenostiesencijalnih aminokiselina, pojedinih minerala i vitamina, zrno tritikalea možezadovoljiti značajan deo potreba domaćih i gajenih životinja. Tritikale, kao i ostalazrnasta hraniva, standardni su deo obroka za ishranu domaćih i gajenih životinja,posebno u većem procentu kada je životinjama potrebno više energije. U zavisnostiod vrste domaće životinje kao i tipa obroka, tritikale može činiti njegov značajanprocenat. Prednost tritikalea nad drugim pravim žitima je taj što ima veći prinos,brži prolećni porast i mogućnost dužeg roka kosidbe za zelenu stočnu hranu jerogrubi kasnije nego npr., raž ili ovas. Zbog navedenih prednosti tritikale je pogodanza setvu, posebno u zemljama u razvoju., Grains have great agronomic and economic importance and they are one of the most important plants. Triticale is modern cereal grain, hybrid of wheat and rye, which inherited the ability of the rye to survive the high frosts, but has a higher protein value than rye, while higher grain yields and increased tolerance to diseases were inherited from wheat. The way in which triticale will be used depends on the characteristics of the variety. Triticale varieties of large and uniform grains which have more proteins then starch are used as concentrated feed for poultry, ruminants and nonruminants. Varieties that form large biomass, similar to rye, can be and are grazed, or harvested for silage or hay and straw. Triticale grain has nutritional value like wheat but with slightly more lysine amino acid. Triticale as a feed grain with good essential amino acid balance, minerals and vitamins is primarily included in livestock diets especially as an energy source. Depending on the type of domestic animal and meal, triticale can be used in significant percentage. The advantage of triticale over other cereals is that it has higher yields, a faster spring growth, and a longer mowing time as a green animal feed, than for example rays or oats. Because of all these advantages, triticale is suitable for planting especially in developing countries.

Funkcionalna hrana je hrana koja ima povoljan uticaj na ljudsko zdravlje mimo uobičajenih nutritivnih funkcija. Biološki aktivna jedinjenja su nosioci povoljnog dejstva funkcionalne hrane. Brojni naučni dokazi govore u prilog tome da je ishrana bogata pojedinim namirnicama direktno u vezi sa smanjenim rizikom od hroničnih, nezaraznih bolesti. Funkcionalnu hranu nije lako obuhvatiti jedinstvenom definicijom, ova hrana je pre svega koncept, a ne dobro definisana grupa prehrambenih proizvoda. Funkcionalne namirnice, imaju pozitivne efekte po zdravlje ljudi i najčešće se koriste u očuvanju optimalnih gastrointestinalnih funkcija, podizanju nivoa aktivnosti antioksidativne odbrane organizma, smanjenju faktora rizika uključenih u etiologiju kardiovaskularnih oboljenja i kancera. Najčešći funkcionalni sastojci koji se koriste pri obogaćivanju živinskih i ostalih animalnih namirnica su: selen, omega-3 masne kiseline, vitamin E i konjugovana linolna kiselina (CLA). U ovom radu prikazane su neke od mogućnosti da se dodavanjem u hranu za životinje organskog selena, lana, konjugovane linolne kiseline, utiče na dobijanje namirnica animalnog porekla sa većim sadržajem selena ili povoljnijeg masnokiselinskog sastava. Navedeni sastojci atraktivni su prvenstveno zbog toga što se već niz godina u razvoju funkcionalne hrane teži dizajniranju većeg broja proizvoda za očuvanje zdravlja kardiovaskularnog sistema i smanjenje prekomerne telesne mase, budući da su to najveći problem modernog načina života., Functional foods are foods that have a favorable impact on human health by the usual nutritional functions. Biologically active compounds are holders of a favorable effects of functional foods. Numerous scientific evidence supports the fact that a diet rich in certain foods directly related to reduced risk of chronic, noncommunicable diseases. Functional food is not easily included in a single definition, this food is primarily a concept, not a well-defined group food products.Functional foods have positive effects on human health and is commonly used in improving the gastrointestinal function and activity of antioxidant systems, reducing the risk factors involved in the etiology of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The most common functional ingredients used in the enrichment of poultry and other animal foods are: selenium, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). This paper presents some of the possibilities that adding the feed of organic selenium, flax, conjugated linoleicaci deffect on production of food of animal origin with a higher content of selenium or a more favorable fatty acid composition. Those ingredients are attractive primarily because for many yearsin the development of functional food saims to designa large number of products for the health of the cardiovascular system, and reduction of overweight, as they are the biggest problems of the modern life style.

Intenziviranje stočarske proizvodnje dovelo je do toga da reprodukcija, kao primarna fiziološka funkcija svakog živog organizma sa ciljem produženja vrste, u odnosu na biološke zakone i potrebe bude višestruko ugrožena, odnosno rezultira evidentno slabijim rezultatima. Ispoljavanje genetskog potencijala za proizvodnju životinja je u neposrednoj zavisnosti od ishrane. Nepravilna i deficitarna ishrana, pored toga što dovodi do smanjenja obima proizvodnje (mesa, mleka, jaja), izuzetno nepovoljno se odražava i na uspeh reprodukcije. Nepovoljan uticaj ishrane se manifestuje poremećajem ili izostankom estrusa, smanjenom koncepcijom, resorpcijom ploda ili pobačajem, rađanjem avitalnih ili mrtvih mladunaca itd. Nasuprot navedenom, pravilna ishrana reproduktivnih grla, čiji organizam treba da podnese sve napore višegodišnje intenzivne proizvodnje, omogućava njihovo duže zadržavanje i eksploataciju u proizvodnji. Plodnost životinja predstavlja jedan od osnovnih faktora ekonomičnosti proizvodnog procesa. Među brojnim faktorima koji utiču na nastanak poremećaja reprodukcije i plodnosti, po svom značaju izdvajaju se nutritivni faktori (energetska vrednost obroka, sadržaj proteina, mineralnih materija i vitamina). Kroz brojne oglede ishrane utvrđeno je da, kako nedovoljna količina, tako i veća količina hranljivih materija može u velikoj meri da utiče na proces reprodukcije. Osnovni problemi su vezani za stepen suficita, deficita ili disbalansa u ishrani reproduktivnih domaćih životinja. Pored toga, u hrani za životinje mogu da se nađu i štetne materije (estrogen biljnog porekla, ili sekundarni metaboliti plesni) koje mogu u značajnoj meri da naruše reproduktivni ciklus u svim njegovim fazama. Najbolja preporuka je da se životinjama obezbedi izbalansiran obrok u svim hranljivim sastojcima koji zadovoljavaju prethodno normirane nutritivne zahteve i preporuke., Intensification of livestock production has led to the fact that the reproduction, as the primary physiological function of every living organism with the aim of extending the species, in relation to biological laws and requirements became multiple compromised, or to result in evidently lower performance. The manifestation of genetic potential for animal production is highly dependent on nutrition. Irregular and deficient diet, in addition of leading to a reduction in the volume of production (meat, milk, eggs) extremely adversely affects the success of reproduction. The adverse effects of eating disorder is manifested or absence of estrus, reduced conception, fetal resorption or abortion, giving birth to non-vital or dead cubs etc. In contrast to stated, the proper nutrition of reproductive animals whose organism should endure the difficulties of many years of intensive production enables their longer retention and utilization in manufacturing. Fertility represents also a basic factor of economical production. Among many different factors that affect fertility and reproductive disorders by its significant stand out nutritional factors energy value of diet, content of protein, minerals and vitamins. Through the many feeding trials, it has been documented that insufficient quantity as well as a greater amount of nutrients can significantly affect the process of reproduction. The main problems are related to the degree of excess, deficit or imbalance of nutrients in the diet of domestic reproductive animals. In addition, the feed can contain harmful substances (estrogens of plant origin, or secondary metabolites of molds) that can significantly impair the reproductive cycle in all its phases. The best recommendation is to provide to animals a completely balanced meal in all nutrients that meet previously established nutritional requirements and recommendations.

Intenziviranje stočarske proizvodnje dovelo je do toga da reprodukcija, kao primarna fiziološka funkcija svakog živog organizma sa ciljem produženja vrste, u odnosu na biološke zakone i potrebe bude višestruko ugrožena, odnosno rezultira evidentno slabijim rezultatima. Ispoljavanje genetskog potencijala za proizvodnju životinja je u neposrednoj zavisnosti od ishrane. Nepravilna i deficitarna ishrana, pored toga što dovodi do smanjenja obima proizvodnje (mesa, mleka, jaja), izuzetno nepovoljno se odražava i na uspeh reprodukcije. Nepovoljan uticaj ishrane se manifestuje poremećajem ili izostankom estrusa, smanjenom koncepcijom, resorpcijom ploda ili pobačajem, rađanjem avitalnih ili mrtvih mladunaca itd. Nasuprot navedenom, pravilna ishrana reproduktivnih grla, čiji organizam treba da podnese sve napore višegodišnje intenzivne proizvodnje, omogućava njihovo duže zadržavanje i eksploataciju u proizvodnji. Plodnost životinja predstavlja jedan od osnovnih faktora ekonomičnosti proizvodnog procesa. Među brojnim faktorima koji utiču na nastanak poremećaja reprodukcije i plodnosti, po svom značaju izdvajaju se nutritivni faktori (energetska vrednost obroka, sadržaj proteina, mineralnih materija i vitamina). Kroz brojne oglede ishrane utvrđeno je da, kako nedovoljna količina, tako i veća količina hranljivih materija može u velikoj meri da utiče na proces reprodukcije. Osnovni problemi su vezani za stepen suficita, deficita ili disbalansa u ishrani reproduktivnih domaćih životinja. Pored toga, u hrani za životinje mogu da se nađu i štetne materije (estrogen biljnog porekla, ili sekundarni metaboliti plesni) koje mogu u značajnoj meri da naruše reproduktivni ciklus u svim njegovim fazama. Najbolja preporuka je da se životinjama obezbedi izbalansiran obrok u svim hranljivim sastojcima koji zadovoljavaju prethodno normirane nutritivne zahteve i preporuke., Intensification of livestock production has led to the fact that the reproduction, as the primary physiological function of every living organism with the aim of extending the species, in relation to biological laws and requirements became multiple compromised, or to result in evidently lower performance. The manifestation of genetic potential for animal production is highly dependent on nutrition. Irregular and deficient diet, in addition of leading to a reduction in the volume of production (meat, milk, eggs) extremely adversely affects the success of reproduction. The adverse effects of eating disorder is manifested or absence of estrus, reduced conception, fetal resorption or abortion, giving birth to non-vital or dead cubs etc. In contrast to stated, the proper nutrition of reproductive animals whose organism should endure the difficulties of many years of intensive production enables their longer retention and utilization in manufacturing. Fertility represents also a basic factor of economical production. Among many different factors that affect fertility and reproductive disorders by its significant stand out nutritional factors energy value of diet, content of protein, minerals and vitamins. Through the many feeding trials, it has been documented that insufficient quantity as well as a greater amount of nutrients can significantly affect the process of reproduction. The main problems are related to the degree of excess, deficit or imbalance of nutrients in the diet of domestic reproductive animals. In addition, the feed can contain harmful substances (estrogens of plant origin, or secondary metabolites of molds) that can significantly impair the reproductive cycle in all its phases. The best recommendation is to provide to animals a completely balanced meal in all nutrients that meet previously established nutritional requirements and recommendations.

Intenziviranje stočarske proizvodnje dovelo je do toga da reprodukcija, kao primarna fiziološka funkcija svakog živog organizma sa ciljem produženja vrste, u odnosu na biološke zakone i potrebe bude višestruko ugrožena, odnosno rezultira evidentno slabijim rezultatima. Ispoljavanje genetskog potencijala za proizvodnju životinja je u neposrednoj zavisnosti od ishrane. Nepravilna i deficitarna ishrana, pored toga što dovodi do smanjenja obima proizvodnje (mesa, mleka, jaja), izuzetno nepovoljno se odražava i na uspeh reprodukcije. Nepovoljan uticaj ishrane se manifestuje poremećajem ili izostankom estrusa, smanjenom koncepcijom, resorpcijom ploda ili pobačajem, rađanjem avitalnih ili mrtvih mladunaca itd. Nasuprot navedenom, pravilna ishrana reproduktivnih grla, čiji organizam treba da podnese sve napore višegodišnje intenzivne proizvodnje, omogućava njihovo duže zadržavanje i eksploataciju u proizvodnji. Plodnost životinja predstavlja jedan od osnovnih faktora ekonomičnosti proizvodnog procesa. Među brojnim faktorima koji utiču na nastanak poremećaja reprodukcije i plodnosti, po svom značaju izdvajaju se nutritivni faktori (energetska vrednost obroka, sadržaj proteina, mineralnih materija i vitamina). Kroz brojne oglede ishrane utvrđeno je da, kako nedovoljna količina, tako i veća količina hranljivih materija može u velikoj meri da utiče na proces reprodukcije. Osnovni problemi su vezani za stepen suficita, deficita ili disbalansa u ishrani reproduktivnih domaćih životinja. Pored toga, u hrani za životinje mogu da se nađu i štetne materije (estrogen biljnog porekla, ili sekundarni metaboliti plesni) koje mogu u značajnoj meri da naruše reproduktivni ciklus u svim njegovim fazama. Najbolja preporuka je da se životinjama obezbedi izbalansiran obrok u svim hranljivim sastojcima koji zadovoljavaju prethodno normirane nutritivne zahteve i preporuke., Intensification of livestock production has led to the fact that the reproduction, as the primary physiological function of every living organism with the aim of extending the species, in relation to biological laws and requirements became multiple compromised, or to result in evidently lower performance. The manifestation of genetic potential for animal production is highly dependent on nutrition. Irregular and deficient diet, in addition of leading to a reduction in the volume of production (meat, milk, eggs) extremely adversely affects the success of reproduction. The adverse effects of eating disorder is manifested or absence of estrus, reduced conception, fetal resorption or abortion, giving birth to non-vital or dead cubs etc. In contrast to stated, the proper nutrition of reproductive animals whose organism should endure the difficulties of many years of intensive production enables their longer retention and utilization in manufacturing. Fertility represents also a basic factor of economical production. Among many different factors that affect fertility and reproductive disorders by its significant stand out nutritional factors energy value of diet, content of protein, minerals and vitamins. Through the many feeding trials, it has been documented that insufficient quantity as well as a greater amount of nutrients can significantly affect the process of reproduction. The main problems are related to the degree of excess, deficit or imbalance of nutrients in the diet of domestic reproductive animals. In addition, the feed can contain harmful substances (estrogens of plant origin, or secondary metabolites of molds) that can significantly impair the reproductive cycle in all its phases. The best recommendation is to provide to animals a completely balanced meal in all nutrients that meet previously established nutritional requirements and recommendations.

Funkcionalna hrana je hrana koja ima povoljan uticaj na ljudsko zdravlje mimo uobičajenih nutritivnih funkcija. Biološki aktivna jedinjenja su nosioci povoljnog dejstva funkcionalne hrane. Brojni naučni dokazi govore u prilog tome da je ishrana bogata pojedinim namirnicama direktno u vezi sa smanjenim rizikom od hroničnih, nezaraznih bolesti. Funkcionalnu hranu nije lako obuhvatiti jedinstvenom definicijom, ova hrana je pre svega koncept, a ne dobro definisana grupa prehrambenih proizvoda. Funkcionalne namirnice, imaju pozitivne efekte po zdravlje ljudi i najčešće se koriste u očuvanju optimalnih gastrointestinalnih funkcija, podizanju nivoa aktivnosti antioksidativne odbrane organizma, smanjenju faktora rizika uključenih u etiologiju kardiovaskularnih oboljenja i kancera. Najčešći funkcionalni sastojci koji se koriste pri obogaćivanju živinskih i ostalih animalnih namirnica su: selen, omega-3 masne kiseline, vitamin E i konjugovana linolna kiselina (CLA). U ovom radu prikazane su neke od mogućnosti da se dodavanjem u hranu za životinje organskog selena, lana, konjugovane linolne kiseline, utiče na dobijanje namirnica animalnog porekla sa većim sadržajem selena ili povoljnijeg masnokiselinskog sastava. Navedeni sastojci atraktivni su prvenstveno zbog toga što se već niz godina u razvoju funkcionalne hrane teži dizajniranju većeg broja proizvoda za očuvanje zdravlja kardiovaskularnog sistema i smanjenje prekomerne telesne mase, budući da su to najveći problem modernog načina života., Functional foods are foods that have a favorable impact on human health by the usual nutritional functions. Biologically active compounds are holders of a favorable effects of functional foods. Numerous scientific evidence supports the fact that a diet rich in certain foods directly related to reduced risk of chronic, noncommunicable diseases. Functional food is not easily included in a single definition, this food is primarily a concept, not a well-defined group food products.Functional foods have positive effects on human health and is commonly used in improving the gastrointestinal function and activity of antioxidant systems, reducing the risk factors involved in the etiology of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The most common functional ingredients used in the enrichment of poultry and other animal foods are: selenium, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). This paper presents some of the possibilities that adding the feed of organic selenium, flax, conjugated linoleicaci deffect on production of food of animal origin with a higher content of selenium or a more favorable fatty acid composition. Those ingredients are attractive primarily because for many yearsin the development of functional food saims to designa large number of products for the health of the cardiovascular system, and reduction of overweight, as they are the biggest problems of the modern life style.

Da bi se postiglo pove(anje proizvodnje i poboljšanje kvaliteta namirnica animalnog porekla, pored osnovnih hraniva u smeše se dodaje veliki broj aditiva koji imaju razli'ite namene. Poslednju deceniju karakteriše ispitivanje mogućnosti stimulacije rasta korišćenjem fizioloških potencijala i mehanizama životinja. Prebiotici predstavljaju nesvarljive sastojke hrane koji povoljno deluju na domaćina selektivno stimulišući rast i/ili aktivnost jedne ili ograničenog broja vrsta bakterija u digestivnom traktu, čime poboljšavaju zdravstveno stanje domaćina. Prebiotici direktno stižu u kolon domaćina, poseduju sposobnost da se selektivno fermentišu i pomažu održavanju eubioze, prvenstveno korišćenjem od strane poželjne mikroflore i povećanjem ekskrecije nepoželjne mikroflore fecesom. Pored lokalnog, prebiotici mogu ispoljiti i sistemski, imunomodulatorni efekat. Povećanje imunološkog odgovora je uglavnom rezultat dejstva prebiotika na makrofage i monocite i ogleda se u stimulisanju fagocitoze, oslobađanju arahidonske kiseline, leukotriena, interleukina, interferona i tumor nekrozis faktora. Na opisane načine prebiotici doprinose povećanoj vitalnosti životinja, smanjenju gubitaka i poboljšanju iskorišćavanja hrane, Čime se postižu optimalni proizvodni rezultati i povoljan ekonomski efekat pa već duže vreme u svetu predstavljaju integralni deo mnogih industrijski proizvedenih smeša za ishranu životinja., In order to achieve increase in production and improving the quality of foodstuffs of animal origin, beside of the basic nutrients a large number of additives, which have a variety of purpose, is added in to a feed mixtures. The last decade is characterized by the examination of possibilities for stimulating the use of physiological potential and mechanisms of animals. Prebiotics are indigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of species of bacteria in the digestive tract, which enhance the health of the host. Prebiotics are delivered directly to the colon of the host and have the ability to be selectively fermented and thereby they help in maintaining of eubiosis, primarily being used by desirable microflora and increasing excretion of undesirable microflora throughout feces. Beside the local, prebiotics may exhibit systemic immunomodulatory effect. Increase of the immune response is mainly due to the prebiotic effects on macrophages and monocytes, and is reflected by stimulation of phagocytosis, the release of arachidonic acid, leukotriene, interleukins, interferons and tumor necrosis factors. On the basis of described mode of action, prebiotics contribute to the increased vitality of the animals, reduce losses and improve feed efficiency, thus achieving optimal production results and a favorable economic effect and because of that, for a long time, in the world, they represent an integral part of many industrially produced feed mixtures.

Da bi se postiglo pove(anje proizvodnje i poboljšanje kvaliteta namirnica animalnog porekla, pored osnovnih hraniva u smeše se dodaje veliki broj aditiva koji imaju razli'ite namene. Poslednju deceniju karakteriše ispitivanje mogućnosti stimulacije rasta korišćenjem fizioloških potencijala i mehanizama životinja. Prebiotici predstavljaju nesvarljive sastojke hrane koji povoljno deluju na domaćina selektivno stimulišući rast i/ili aktivnost jedne ili ograničenog broja vrsta bakterija u digestivnom traktu, čime poboljšavaju zdravstveno stanje domaćina. Prebiotici direktno stižu u kolon domaćina, poseduju sposobnost da se selektivno fermentišu i pomažu održavanju eubioze, prvenstveno korišćenjem od strane poželjne mikroflore i povećanjem ekskrecije nepoželjne mikroflore fecesom. Pored lokalnog, prebiotici mogu ispoljiti i sistemski, imunomodulatorni efekat. Povećanje imunološkog odgovora je uglavnom rezultat dejstva prebiotika na makrofage i monocite i ogleda se u stimulisanju fagocitoze, oslobađanju arahidonske kiseline, leukotriena, interleukina, interferona i tumor nekrozis faktora. Na opisane načine prebiotici doprinose povećanoj vitalnosti životinja, smanjenju gubitaka i poboljšanju iskorišćavanja hrane, Čime se postižu optimalni proizvodni rezultati i povoljan ekonomski efekat pa već duže vreme u svetu predstavljaju integralni deo mnogih industrijski proizvedenih smeša za ishranu životinja., In order to achieve increase in production and improving the quality of foodstuffs of animal origin, beside of the basic nutrients a large number of additives, which have a variety of purpose, is added in to a feed mixtures. The last decade is characterized by the examination of possibilities for stimulating the use of physiological potential and mechanisms of animals. Prebiotics are indigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of species of bacteria in the digestive tract, which enhance the health of the host. Prebiotics are delivered directly to the colon of the host and have the ability to be selectively fermented and thereby they help in maintaining of eubiosis, primarily being used by desirable microflora and increasing excretion of undesirable microflora throughout feces. Beside the local, prebiotics may exhibit systemic immunomodulatory effect. Increase of the immune response is mainly due to the prebiotic effects on macrophages and monocytes, and is reflected by stimulation of phagocytosis, the release of arachidonic acid, leukotriene, interleukins, interferons and tumor necrosis factors. On the basis of described mode of action, prebiotics contribute to the increased vitality of the animals, reduce losses and improve feed efficiency, thus achieving optimal production results and a favorable economic effect and because of that, for a long time, in the world, they represent an integral part of many industrially produced feed mixtures.

Da bi se postiglo pove(anje proizvodnje i poboljšanje kvaliteta namirnica animalnog porekla, pored osnovnih hraniva u smeše se dodaje veliki broj aditiva koji imaju razli'ite namene. Poslednju deceniju karakteriše ispitivanje mogućnosti stimulacije rasta korišćenjem fizioloških potencijala i mehanizama životinja. Prebiotici predstavljaju nesvarljive sastojke hrane koji povoljno deluju na domaćina selektivno stimulišući rast i/ili aktivnost jedne ili ograničenog broja vrsta bakterija u digestivnom traktu, čime poboljšavaju zdravstveno stanje domaćina. Prebiotici direktno stižu u kolon domaćina, poseduju sposobnost da se selektivno fermentišu i pomažu održavanju eubioze, prvenstveno korišćenjem od strane poželjne mikroflore i povećanjem ekskrecije nepoželjne mikroflore fecesom. Pored lokalnog, prebiotici mogu ispoljiti i sistemski, imunomodulatorni efekat. Povećanje imunološkog odgovora je uglavnom rezultat dejstva prebiotika na makrofage i monocite i ogleda se u stimulisanju fagocitoze, oslobađanju arahidonske kiseline, leukotriena, interleukina, interferona i tumor nekrozis faktora. Na opisane načine prebiotici doprinose povećanoj vitalnosti životinja, smanjenju gubitaka i poboljšanju iskorišćavanja hrane, Čime se postižu optimalni proizvodni rezultati i povoljan ekonomski efekat pa već duže vreme u svetu predstavljaju integralni deo mnogih industrijski proizvedenih smeša za ishranu životinja., In order to achieve increase in production and improving the quality of foodstuffs of animal origin, beside of the basic nutrients a large number of additives, which have a variety of purpose, is added in to a feed mixtures. The last decade is characterized by the examination of possibilities for stimulating the use of physiological potential and mechanisms of animals. Prebiotics are indigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selective stimulation of the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of species of bacteria in the digestive tract, which enhance the health of the host. Prebiotics are delivered directly to the colon of the host and have the ability to be selectively fermented and thereby they help in maintaining of eubiosis, primarily being used by desirable microflora and increasing excretion of undesirable microflora throughout feces. Beside the local, prebiotics may exhibit systemic immunomodulatory effect. Increase of the immune response is mainly due to the prebiotic effects on macrophages and monocytes, and is reflected by stimulation of phagocytosis, the release of arachidonic acid, leukotriene, interleukins, interferons and tumor necrosis factors. On the basis of described mode of action, prebiotics contribute to the increased vitality of the animals, reduce losses and improve feed efficiency, thus achieving optimal production results and a favorable economic effect and because of that, for a long time, in the world, they represent an integral part of many industrially produced feed mixtures.

Конјуговане линолне киселине (CLA) су позициони и геометријски изомери есенцијалне линолне масне киселине. У исхрани људи CLA имају антиканцерогено, антиатерогено, имуномодулаторно и деловање против гојазности. Такође повољно утичу на имуни систем, метаболизам костију и односе ткива у телу. Највеће количине CLА налазе се у месу преживара као последица активности бактерија (Butirovibrio fibrisolvens) које изомеризују линолну киселину. Садржај CLА не разликује се само између врста меса (говеђе, овчије, свињско, живинско), већ и између различитих ткива исте животињске врсте. Исхрана има значајан утицај на садржај CLА у ткивима животиња. Бројне студије су показале да се садржај CLА може повећати како код преживара, тако и код моногастричних животиња. Код моногастричних животиња садржај CLА може да се повећа њеном употребом у исхрани или додавањем у оброк животиња њених прекурсора (вакценска киселина, омега-7 масна киселина). У исхрани живине, препарати CLА додају се најчешће у количини до 2%, што повећава садржај CLА у месу и при том не утиче негативно на производне резултате и параметре квалитета меса. Запажено је да повећан садржај CLА у месу повoљно утиче на његову оксидативну стабилност. Основни циљ употребе CLА у исхрани живине је повећање садржаја CLА у месу, чиме може да се добије производ посебног квалитета (функционална храна)., Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are positional and geometric isomers of essential linoleic fatty acid. CLA in the human diet have anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, immunomodulatory and anti-obesity functions. Also, they have a beneficial effects on the immune system, bone metabolism and interrelation of tissues in the body. The highest amounts of CLA have been found in meat of ruminant as a result of bacterial activity (Butirovibrio fibrisolvens) which have the capacity to isomerise linoleic acid. The content of CLA is not different only between various types of meat (beef, sheep, pork, poultry) but also between different tissues of the same animal species. Nutrition has a significant impact on the content of CLA in animal tissue. Numerous studies have shown that content of CLA can be increased in the ruminants such as in monogastric animals. In monogastric animals the content of CLA can be increased by their use in food or by adding in animal meal their precursors (vaccenic acid, an omega-7 fatty acid). In poultry nutrition CLA preparations are usually added in an amount up to 2%, which increases the CLA content in meat without any adverse effect on the performance and meat quality parameters. It was observed that increased content of CLA in meat favorably affect its oxidative stability. The main objective of the use of CLA in poultry nutrition is to increase the CLA content in meat in order to obtain a product of a special quality (functional food).

Ishrana ribe je jedan od najvažnijih činilaca koji utiču na proizvodne rezultate i kvalitet mesa. Kao izvor energije, ribe iz hrane pretežno koriste proteine i masti. Hrana za ribe sadrži od 30% do 35% proteina, od 15% do 25% masti i do 17% ugljenih hidrata. U ishrani riba neophodno je i prisustvo svih vitamina, kao i minerala, posebno kalcijuma, forfora, magnezijuma, gvožđa i mangana. Ribe imaju i posebne potrebe za n-3 masnim kiselinama kojih u hrani treba da bude oko 1%. U pogledu kvaliteta hraniva, salmonidne ribe spadaju među najzahtevnije. Kvalitet pojedinih hraniva i krmnih smeša koje se koriste u ishrani salmonidnih riba može da se utvrdi na osnovu hemijskih analiza., Fish diet is one of the most important factors that influence on production performance and meat quality. Fish mainly use protein and fat from food, as a source of energy. Fish food contains 30 to 35 % protein, 15 to 25 % fat and 17 % carbohydrate. In fish diet its necessary presence of all vitamins and minerals, especially calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and manganese. Fish have special needs in n-3 fatty acid which should be about 1% in food. Salmonid fish are the most demanding fish in terms of food quality. The quality of nutrients and feed mixtures used in the nutrition of salmonid fish can be determined by chemical analysis.

Kreatin je ergogeno pomoćno sredstvo koje odnedavno uživa veliku pažnju domaće i strane naučne javnosti kao potencijalni stimulator rasta u ishrani životinja. Utvrđeno je značajno povećanje ukupne telesne mase i čiste mišićne mase prilikom unosa kreatina kod ljudi, što je navelo na zaključak da bi se dodavanjem kreatina u hrani za živinu uticalo na poboljšanje proizvodnih rezultata. Utvrđena je bolja konverzija kod piladi hranjenih obrokom sa dodatkom 0,63% kreatina. Upotrebom obroka sa dodatkom 5% ili 10% kreatina smanjen je nivo masti u abdomenu kod brojlera. Histopatološke promene nisu bile uočene u ogledima na živini, što dokazuje da kreatin nema patološki uticaj na jetru, bubrege i mišiće., Creatine is an ergogenic supplement that from recently enjoys great attention of national and international scientific community as a potential growth promoter in animal nutrition. A significant increase in total body mass and lean body mass during creatine ingestion in humans was observed, which led to the conclusion that the poultry with added creatine could showe an increase in growth during the period of complementary feeding. There was a better conversion observed in chickens fed diets supplemented with 0.63% of creatine. Using a meal with the addition of 5 or 10% creatine has reduced the level of abdominal fat in broilers. Histopathological changes were not significant in studies on poultry proving that creatine has no pathological effect on the liver, kidneys and muscles.

Ishrana ribe je jedan od najvažnijih činilaca koji utiču na proizvodne rezultate i kvalitet mesa. Kao izvor energije, ribe iz hrane pretežno koriste proteine i masti. Hrana za ribe sadrži od 30% do 35% proteina, od 15% do 25% masti i do 17% ugljenih hidrata. U ishrani riba neophodno je i prisustvo svih vitamina, kao i minerala, posebno kalcijuma, forfora, magnezijuma, gvožđa i mangana. Ribe imaju i posebne potrebe za n-3 masnim kiselinama kojih u hrani treba da bude oko 1%. U pogledu kvaliteta hraniva, salmonidne ribe spadaju među najzahtevnije. Kvalitet pojedinih hraniva i krmnih smeša koje se koriste u ishrani salmonidnih riba može da se utvrdi na osnovu hemijskih analiza., Fish diet is one of the most important factors that influence on production performance and meat quality. Fish mainly use protein and fat from food, as a source of energy. Fish food contains 30 to 35 % protein, 15 to 25 % fat and 17 % carbohydrate. In fish diet its necessary presence of all vitamins and minerals, especially calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and manganese. Fish have special needs in n-3 fatty acid which should be about 1% in food. Salmonid fish are the most demanding fish in terms of food quality. The quality of nutrients and feed mixtures used in the nutrition of salmonid fish can be determined by chemical analysis.

Kreatin je ergogeno pomoćno sredstvo koje odnedavno uživa veliku pažnju domaće i strane naučne javnosti kao potencijalni stimulator rasta u ishrani životinja. Utvrđeno je značajno povećanje ukupne telesne mase i čiste mišićne mase prilikom unosa kreatina kod ljudi, što je navelo na zaključak da bi se dodavanjem kreatina u hrani za živinu uticalo na poboljšanje proizvodnih rezultata. Utvrđena je bolja konverzija kod piladi hranjenih obrokom sa dodatkom 0,63% kreatina. Upotrebom obroka sa dodatkom 5% ili 10% kreatina smanjen je nivo masti u abdomenu kod brojlera. Histopatološke promene nisu bile uočene u ogledima na živini, što dokazuje da kreatin nema patološki uticaj na jetru, bubrege i mišiće., Creatine is an ergogenic supplement that from recently enjoys great attention of national and international scientific community as a potential growth promoter in animal nutrition. A significant increase in total body mass and lean body mass during creatine ingestion in humans was observed, which led to the conclusion that the poultry with added creatine could showe an increase in growth during the period of complementary feeding. There was a better conversion observed in chickens fed diets supplemented with 0.63% of creatine. Using a meal with the addition of 5 or 10% creatine has reduced the level of abdominal fat in broilers. Histopathological changes were not significant in studies on poultry proving that creatine has no pathological effect on the liver, kidneys and muscles.

Ishrana ribe je jedan od najvažnijih činilaca koji utiču na proizvodne rezultate i kvalitet mesa. Kao izvor energije, ribe iz hrane pretežno koriste proteine i masti. Hrana za ribe sadrži od 30% do 35% proteina, od 15% do 25% masti i do 17% ugljenih hidrata. U ishrani riba neophodno je i prisustvo svih vitamina, kao i minerala, posebno kalcijuma, forfora, magnezijuma, gvožđa i mangana. Ribe imaju i posebne potrebe za n-3 masnim kiselinama kojih u hrani treba da bude oko 1%. U pogledu kvaliteta hraniva, salmonidne ribe spadaju među najzahtevnije. Kvalitet pojedinih hraniva i krmnih smeša koje se koriste u ishrani salmonidnih riba može da se utvrdi na osnovu hemijskih analiza., Fish diet is one of the most important factors that influence on production performance and meat quality. Fish mainly use protein and fat from food, as a source of energy. Fish food contains 30 to 35 % protein, 15 to 25 % fat and 17 % carbohydrate. In fish diet its necessary presence of all vitamins and minerals, especially calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and manganese. Fish have special needs in n-3 fatty acid which should be about 1% in food. Salmonid fish are the most demanding fish in terms of food quality. The quality of nutrients and feed mixtures used in the nutrition of salmonid fish can be determined by chemical analysis.

Kreatin je ergogeno pomoćno sredstvo koje odnedavno uživa veliku pažnju domaće i strane naučne javnosti kao potencijalni stimulator rasta u ishrani životinja. Utvrđeno je značajno povećanje ukupne telesne mase i čiste mišićne mase prilikom unosa kreatina kod ljudi, što je navelo na zaključak da bi se dodavanjem kreatina u hrani za živinu uticalo na poboljšanje proizvodnih rezultata. Utvrđena je bolja konverzija kod piladi hranjenih obrokom sa dodatkom 0,63% kreatina. Upotrebom obroka sa dodatkom 5% ili 10% kreatina smanjen je nivo masti u abdomenu kod brojlera. Histopatološke promene nisu bile uočene u ogledima na živini, što dokazuje da kreatin nema patološki uticaj na jetru, bubrege i mišiće., Creatine is an ergogenic supplement that from recently enjoys great attention of national and international scientific community as a potential growth promoter in animal nutrition. A significant increase in total body mass and lean body mass during creatine ingestion in humans was observed, which led to the conclusion that the poultry with added creatine could showe an increase in growth during the period of complementary feeding. There was a better conversion observed in chickens fed diets supplemented with 0.63% of creatine. Using a meal with the addition of 5 or 10% creatine has reduced the level of abdominal fat in broilers. Histopathological changes were not significant in studies on poultry proving that creatine has no pathological effect on the liver, kidneys and muscles.

U radu su ispitivani efekti suplementacije obroka brojlera organskim i neorganskim oblicima selena i različitim količinama vitamina E na kvalitet mesa i prinos mesa brojlera. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 240 jedinki podeljenih u četiri grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća sedam dana. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu pilića u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov pilića korišćena je od 1. do 21. dana, a potpuna smeša za završni tov od 21. do 35, odnosno od 35. do 42. dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama sa dodatim neorganskim selenom (natrijum selenitom) u količini od 0.3 ppm + 20 IJ vitamina E, a ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale su hranu sa dodatkom organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a) +20 IJ vitamina E, neorganskog selena (natrijum selenita) +100 IJ vitamina E ili organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a)+100 IJ vitamina E. Na kraju ogleda brojleri su zaklani i uzeti su uzorci mesa (meso grudi i jetre) za utvrđivanje sadržaja selena i masnokiselinski sastav masti bataka sa karabatakom. Na kraju tova, 42. dana, sadržaj selena u mesu grudi brojlera kretao se od 0.34 mg/kg do 0.43 mg/kg. Koncentracija selena je kod O-III grupe bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na grupu koja je dobijala neorganski oblik selena, odnosno kontrolu. Koncentracija selena u jetri brojlera iznosila je na kraju ogleda (42. dan) od 0.50 do 0.63 mg/kg i bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Dodavanje organskog oblika selena i povećane količine vitamina E u smešama brojlera pruža mogućnosti postizanja boljeg kvaliteta mesa kao i povoljnijeg odnosa nezasićene (NZ) / zasićene (Z) masne kiseline., In this paper effects of broiler meal supplementation with organic and inorganic forms of selenium and different amounts of vitamin E on broiler meat quality and meat yield were monitored. Trial was performed on total number of 240 animals divided into 4 groups, lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 phases. First phase lasted 21, second 14 and 3rd seven days. Broilers were fed with three types of complete feed mixtures of standards raw and chemical composition for broiler feeding that met or exceeded the nutrient recommendations for growing broilers (NRC, 1998). Complete starter feed mixture was used from 1st to 21st day, mixture for growth from 21st till 35th day and mixture for final growth from 35th till 42nd day respectfully. During trial control group of broilers (C) was given fed with supplemented inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-I) was feed meal supplemented with organic selenium (Sel-Plex) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-II) was feed meal supplemented with 0,3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) plus 100 IU vitamin E. At the end of the trial, broilers were slaughtered and at that time samples of breast meat and liver were collected for determination of selenium content and content of faty acid in meat of drumstick. At the end of experiment (42nd day), content of selenium in breast meat was from 0.34 mg/kg to 0.43 mg/kg. Concentration of selenium in E-III group was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared to group which was fed inorganic selenium (control group) Concentration of selenium in broiler liver ranged on day 42 of the trial from 0.50 to 0.63 mg/kg which was significant compared to control group (p<0.01). Addition of organic selenium and high amounts of vitamin E in broiler feed mixtures gives possibility for achievement of better quality meat and better ratio unsaturated (US) and saturated (S) fatty acids.

U radu su ispitivani efekti suplementacije obroka brojlera organskim i neorganskim oblicima selena i različitim količinama vitamina E na kvalitet mesa i prinos mesa brojlera. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 240 jedinki podeljenih u četiri grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća sedam dana. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu pilića u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov pilića korišćena je od 1. do 21. dana, a potpuna smeša za završni tov od 21. do 35, odnosno od 35. do 42. dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama sa dodatim neorganskim selenom (natrijum selenitom) u količini od 0.3 ppm + 20 IJ vitamina E, a ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale su hranu sa dodatkom organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a) +20 IJ vitamina E, neorganskog selena (natrijum selenita) +100 IJ vitamina E ili organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a)+100 IJ vitamina E. Na kraju ogleda brojleri su zaklani i uzeti su uzorci mesa (meso grudi i jetre) za utvrđivanje sadržaja selena i masnokiselinski sastav masti bataka sa karabatakom. Na kraju tova, 42. dana, sadržaj selena u mesu grudi brojlera kretao se od 0.34 mg/kg do 0.43 mg/kg. Koncentracija selena je kod O-III grupe bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na grupu koja je dobijala neorganski oblik selena, odnosno kontrolu. Koncentracija selena u jetri brojlera iznosila je na kraju ogleda (42. dan) od 0.50 do 0.63 mg/kg i bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Dodavanje organskog oblika selena i povećane količine vitamina E u smešama brojlera pruža mogućnosti postizanja boljeg kvaliteta mesa kao i povoljnijeg odnosa nezasićene (NZ) / zasićene (Z) masne kiseline., In this paper effects of broiler meal supplementation with organic and inorganic forms of selenium and different amounts of vitamin E on broiler meat quality and meat yield were monitored. Trial was performed on total number of 240 animals divided into 4 groups, lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 phases. First phase lasted 21, second 14 and 3rd seven days. Broilers were fed with three types of complete feed mixtures of standards raw and chemical composition for broiler feeding that met or exceeded the nutrient recommendations for growing broilers (NRC, 1998). Complete starter feed mixture was used from 1st to 21st day, mixture for growth from 21st till 35th day and mixture for final growth from 35th till 42nd day respectfully. During trial control group of broilers (C) was given fed with supplemented inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-I) was feed meal supplemented with organic selenium (Sel-Plex) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-II) was feed meal supplemented with 0,3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) plus 100 IU vitamin E. At the end of the trial, broilers were slaughtered and at that time samples of breast meat and liver were collected for determination of selenium content and content of faty acid in meat of drumstick. At the end of experiment (42nd day), content of selenium in breast meat was from 0.34 mg/kg to 0.43 mg/kg. Concentration of selenium in E-III group was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared to group which was fed inorganic selenium (control group) Concentration of selenium in broiler liver ranged on day 42 of the trial from 0.50 to 0.63 mg/kg which was significant compared to control group (p<0.01). Addition of organic selenium and high amounts of vitamin E in broiler feed mixtures gives possibility for achievement of better quality meat and better ratio unsaturated (US) and saturated (S) fatty acids.

U radu su ispitivani efekti suplementacije obroka brojlera organskim i neorganskim oblicima selena i različitim količinama vitamina E na kvalitet mesa i prinos mesa brojlera. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 240 jedinki podeljenih u četiri grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća sedam dana. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu pilića u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov pilića korišćena je od 1. do 21. dana, a potpuna smeša za završni tov od 21. do 35, odnosno od 35. do 42. dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama sa dodatim neorganskim selenom (natrijum selenitom) u količini od 0.3 ppm + 20 IJ vitamina E, a ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale su hranu sa dodatkom organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a) +20 IJ vitamina E, neorganskog selena (natrijum selenita) +100 IJ vitamina E ili organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a)+100 IJ vitamina E. Na kraju ogleda brojleri su zaklani i uzeti su uzorci mesa (meso grudi i jetre) za utvrđivanje sadržaja selena i masnokiselinski sastav masti bataka sa karabatakom. Na kraju tova, 42. dana, sadržaj selena u mesu grudi brojlera kretao se od 0.34 mg/kg do 0.43 mg/kg. Koncentracija selena je kod O-III grupe bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na grupu koja je dobijala neorganski oblik selena, odnosno kontrolu. Koncentracija selena u jetri brojlera iznosila je na kraju ogleda (42. dan) od 0.50 do 0.63 mg/kg i bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Dodavanje organskog oblika selena i povećane količine vitamina E u smešama brojlera pruža mogućnosti postizanja boljeg kvaliteta mesa kao i povoljnijeg odnosa nezasićene (NZ) / zasićene (Z) masne kiseline., In this paper effects of broiler meal supplementation with organic and inorganic forms of selenium and different amounts of vitamin E on broiler meat quality and meat yield were monitored. Trial was performed on total number of 240 animals divided into 4 groups, lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 phases. First phase lasted 21, second 14 and 3rd seven days. Broilers were fed with three types of complete feed mixtures of standards raw and chemical composition for broiler feeding that met or exceeded the nutrient recommendations for growing broilers (NRC, 1998). Complete starter feed mixture was used from 1st to 21st day, mixture for growth from 21st till 35th day and mixture for final growth from 35th till 42nd day respectfully. During trial control group of broilers (C) was given fed with supplemented inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-I) was feed meal supplemented with organic selenium (Sel-Plex) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-II) was feed meal supplemented with 0,3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) plus 100 IU vitamin E. At the end of the trial, broilers were slaughtered and at that time samples of breast meat and liver were collected for determination of selenium content and content of faty acid in meat of drumstick. At the end of experiment (42nd day), content of selenium in breast meat was from 0.34 mg/kg to 0.43 mg/kg. Concentration of selenium in E-III group was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared to group which was fed inorganic selenium (control group) Concentration of selenium in broiler liver ranged on day 42 of the trial from 0.50 to 0.63 mg/kg which was significant compared to control group (p<0.01). Addition of organic selenium and high amounts of vitamin E in broiler feed mixtures gives possibility for achievement of better quality meat and better ratio unsaturated (US) and saturated (S) fatty acids.

U cilju ispitivanja uticaja različitih stimulatora rasta u ishrani brojlera na zdravstveno stanje i proizvodne rezultate organizovan je ogled po grupno-kontrolnom sistemu. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 236 jedinki podeljenih u 4 grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća 7 dana. Na početku ogleda uzeti su uzoraci potpunih smeša za analizu. Tokom ogleda izvršena su kontrolna merenja telesne mase brojlera i količine konzumirane hrane. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu brojlera u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov brojlera korišćena je 1–21 dan, a potpune smeša za završni tov 21–35, odnosno 35–42 dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama bez stimulatora rasta, dok su ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale hranu sa dodatkom antibiotika (Flavomycin), probiotika (All-Lac) ili prebiotika (Bio-Mos). Brojleri kontrolne i oglednih grupa bili su skladne telesne građe, pravilno razvijenog koštanog i mišićnog tkiva, živahnog temperamenta i dobre kondicije. Perje, koža i vidljive sluznice bile su bez vidljivih promena. Apetit je bio dobar, a feces uobičajeno formiran. Sposobnost aktivnog kretanja i koordinacija pokreta bili su usklađeni, a mišićni tonus normalno izražen. Tokom ogleda nije bilo uginuća oglednih životinja. Kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena smešama bez dodatog stimulatora rasta postigla je uobičajene proizvodne rezultate za provenijenciju, dužinu tova i uslove držanja, a primenom antibiotika kao stimulatora rasta postižu se pozitivni efekti što se zasniva na većem prirastu (oko 5%), boljoj konzumaciji i boljoj konverziji hrane (oko 6%) prosečno. Upotrebom probiotika (prirast 43,17±5,02 g; konzumacija 83,50 g; konverzija 1,934 kg) i prebiotika (prirast 44,58±4,76 g; konzumacija 81,84 g; konverzija 1,836 kg) postižu se slič, The 42 day long trial was performed in order to evaluate the influence of different growth promoters (GP) in broiler nutrition on health status and performance. The trial was carried out on 236 broilers divided into four groups. The experiment was divided into three phases, which lasted 21, 14 and 7 days, respectively. At the beginning of the trial samples of feed mixtures were taken for analysis. During the experiment body weights were measured. The broilers were fed with complete feed mixtures containing standard ingredients and chemical compounds for broiler nutrition. Complete starter feed were used from 1-21st day, while growing and finishing feeds were used from 21-35th and 35-42nd day of trial. Control group of broilers was fed mixture without GP, while broilers in experimental groups, in the order (O-I, O-II, O-III), were fed mixtures with antibiotic (Flavomycin), probiotic (All-Lac) or prebiotic (Bio-Mos). Broilers of both control and experimental groups, were of harmonically physique, regularly developed bone and muscle tissue, vivaciously tempers and good condition. Feather, skin and visible mucous tissues didn’t have visible changes. Appetite was good, feces normally formed. Ability of locomotion and motion coordination were harmonic, muscle tonus normally marked. There were no losses during experiment due to death of animals. Control group (C) of broilers fed mixtures without growth promoters showed standard performance for provenience, duration of fattening and environmental conditions, but using antibiotics as growth promoters gave positive effect with increased weight gain (approximately 5%), consumption and better feed conversion (approx. 6%). Use of probiotics (gain 43,17±5,02 g; consumption 83,50 g; conversion 1,934 kg) and prebiotics (gain 44,58±4,76 g; consumption 81,84 g; conversion 1,836 kg) has shown similar performances as obtained by use of antibiotics, but undesirable effects were eliminated (residues, withdrawal period, resistance, allerg

U cilju ispitivanja uticaja različitih stimulatora rasta u ishrani brojlera na zdravstveno stanje i proizvodne rezultate organizovan je ogled po grupno-kontrolnom sistemu. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 236 jedinki podeljenih u 4 grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća 7 dana. Na početku ogleda uzeti su uzoraci potpunih smeša za analizu. Tokom ogleda izvršena su kontrolna merenja telesne mase brojlera i količine konzumirane hrane. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu brojlera u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov brojlera korišćena je 1–21 dan, a potpune smeša za završni tov 21–35, odnosno 35–42 dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama bez stimulatora rasta, dok su ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale hranu sa dodatkom antibiotika (Flavomycin), probiotika (All-Lac) ili prebiotika (Bio-Mos). Brojleri kontrolne i oglednih grupa bili su skladne telesne građe, pravilno razvijenog koštanog i mišićnog tkiva, živahnog temperamenta i dobre kondicije. Perje, koža i vidljive sluznice bile su bez vidljivih promena. Apetit je bio dobar, a feces uobičajeno formiran. Sposobnost aktivnog kretanja i koordinacija pokreta bili su usklađeni, a mišićni tonus normalno izražen. Tokom ogleda nije bilo uginuća oglednih životinja. Kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena smešama bez dodatog stimulatora rasta postigla je uobičajene proizvodne rezultate za provenijenciju, dužinu tova i uslove držanja, a primenom antibiotika kao stimulatora rasta postižu se pozitivni efekti što se zasniva na većem prirastu (oko 5%), boljoj konzumaciji i boljoj konverziji hrane (oko 6%) prosečno. Upotrebom probiotika (prirast 43,17±5,02 g; konzumacija 83,50 g; konverzija 1,934 kg) i prebiotika (prirast 44,58±4,76 g; konzumacija 81,84 g; konverzija 1,836 kg) postižu se slič, The 42 day long trial was performed in order to evaluate the influence of different growth promoters (GP) in broiler nutrition on health status and performance. The trial was carried out on 236 broilers divided into four groups. The experiment was divided into three phases, which lasted 21, 14 and 7 days, respectively. At the beginning of the trial samples of feed mixtures were taken for analysis. During the experiment body weights were measured. The broilers were fed with complete feed mixtures containing standard ingredients and chemical compounds for broiler nutrition. Complete starter feed were used from 1-21st day, while growing and finishing feeds were used from 21-35th and 35-42nd day of trial. Control group of broilers was fed mixture without GP, while broilers in experimental groups, in the order (O-I, O-II, O-III), were fed mixtures with antibiotic (Flavomycin), probiotic (All-Lac) or prebiotic (Bio-Mos). Broilers of both control and experimental groups, were of harmonically physique, regularly developed bone and muscle tissue, vivaciously tempers and good condition. Feather, skin and visible mucous tissues didn’t have visible changes. Appetite was good, feces normally formed. Ability of locomotion and motion coordination were harmonic, muscle tonus normally marked. There were no losses during experiment due to death of animals. Control group (C) of broilers fed mixtures without growth promoters showed standard performance for provenience, duration of fattening and environmental conditions, but using antibiotics as growth promoters gave positive effect with increased weight gain (approximately 5%), consumption and better feed conversion (approx. 6%). Use of probiotics (gain 43,17±5,02 g; consumption 83,50 g; conversion 1,934 kg) and prebiotics (gain 44,58±4,76 g; consumption 81,84 g; conversion 1,836 kg) has shown similar performances as obtained by use of antibiotics, but undesirable effects were eliminated (residues, withdrawal period, resistance, allerg

U cilju ispitivanja uticaja različitih stimulatora rasta u ishrani brojlera na zdravstveno stanje i proizvodne rezultate organizovan je ogled po grupno-kontrolnom sistemu. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 236 jedinki podeljenih u 4 grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća 7 dana. Na početku ogleda uzeti su uzoraci potpunih smeša za analizu. Tokom ogleda izvršena su kontrolna merenja telesne mase brojlera i količine konzumirane hrane. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu brojlera u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov brojlera korišćena je 1–21 dan, a potpune smeša za završni tov 21–35, odnosno 35–42 dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama bez stimulatora rasta, dok su ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale hranu sa dodatkom antibiotika (Flavomycin), probiotika (All-Lac) ili prebiotika (Bio-Mos). Brojleri kontrolne i oglednih grupa bili su skladne telesne građe, pravilno razvijenog koštanog i mišićnog tkiva, živahnog temperamenta i dobre kondicije. Perje, koža i vidljive sluznice bile su bez vidljivih promena. Apetit je bio dobar, a feces uobičajeno formiran. Sposobnost aktivnog kretanja i koordinacija pokreta bili su usklađeni, a mišićni tonus normalno izražen. Tokom ogleda nije bilo uginuća oglednih životinja. Kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena smešama bez dodatog stimulatora rasta postigla je uobičajene proizvodne rezultate za provenijenciju, dužinu tova i uslove držanja, a primenom antibiotika kao stimulatora rasta postižu se pozitivni efekti što se zasniva na većem prirastu (oko 5%), boljoj konzumaciji i boljoj konverziji hrane (oko 6%) prosečno. Upotrebom probiotika (prirast 43,17±5,02 g; konzumacija 83,50 g; konverzija 1,934 kg) i prebiotika (prirast 44,58±4,76 g; konzumacija 81,84 g; konverzija 1,836 kg) postižu se slič, The 42 day long trial was performed in order to evaluate the influence of different growth promoters (GP) in broiler nutrition on health status and performance. The trial was carried out on 236 broilers divided into four groups. The experiment was divided into three phases, which lasted 21, 14 and 7 days, respectively. At the beginning of the trial samples of feed mixtures were taken for analysis. During the experiment body weights were measured. The broilers were fed with complete feed mixtures containing standard ingredients and chemical compounds for broiler nutrition. Complete starter feed were used from 1-21st day, while growing and finishing feeds were used from 21-35th and 35-42nd day of trial. Control group of broilers was fed mixture without GP, while broilers in experimental groups, in the order (O-I, O-II, O-III), were fed mixtures with antibiotic (Flavomycin), probiotic (All-Lac) or prebiotic (Bio-Mos). Broilers of both control and experimental groups, were of harmonically physique, regularly developed bone and muscle tissue, vivaciously tempers and good condition. Feather, skin and visible mucous tissues didn’t have visible changes. Appetite was good, feces normally formed. Ability of locomotion and motion coordination were harmonic, muscle tonus normally marked. There were no losses during experiment due to death of animals. Control group (C) of broilers fed mixtures without growth promoters showed standard performance for provenience, duration of fattening and environmental conditions, but using antibiotics as growth promoters gave positive effect with increased weight gain (approximately 5%), consumption and better feed conversion (approx. 6%). Use of probiotics (gain 43,17±5,02 g; consumption 83,50 g; conversion 1,934 kg) and prebiotics (gain 44,58±4,76 g; consumption 81,84 g; conversion 1,836 kg) has shown similar performances as obtained by use of antibiotics, but undesirable effects were eliminated (residues, withdrawal period, resistance, allerg