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Acidolin was isolated from skimmilk cultured for 48 hours with Lactobacillus acidophilus (CHR. HANSEN's Laboratory strain 2181). It was extracted from the skimmilk with methanol and acetone and was further concentrated and purified by Sephadex G-25 gel filtration, high voltage electrophoresis, and thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. Ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectra results are presented for the antibiotic. Acidolin has a low molecular weight (-200), is acidic in nature, possesses a yellow-brown color, and is highly hygroscopic and thermostable. Acidolin exhibits antimicrobial activity against enteropathogenic organisms and sporeformers and only limited activity against lactic-acid bacteria. It is non-toxic to tissue culture cells (H-Ep-2) and is more active against vaccinia than polio virus.

Addition of aromatic acids to the culture medium of Streptomyces caelestis results in the production of antibiotics different from the celestosaminides normally produced by the organism. The new antibiotic produced when 4-aminosalicylic acid was added to the culture medium was isolated and characterized as desalicetin 2'-(4-aminosalicylate). Although biological evaluation of this antibiotic is not complete, its in vitro antibacterial spectrum is identical to that of celesticetin.

Flavomycoin is a polyene antibiotic isolated from the mycelium of Streptomyces roseoflavus ARAI 1951 var. jenensis nov. var. JA 5068 as yellow-green crystals. It shows inhibitive activities against yeasts and fungi as well as protozoa. It is optically active, exhibits an ultraviolet spectrum without fine structure with maxima at 363 nm and 263 nm. Analytical studies indicated that the molecular formula of the antibiotic is C41H68O10 and the molecular weight 721. These results were confirmed by degradation to the parent hydrocarbon and by catalytic hydrogenation. As flavomycoin is different from the related substances mycoticin and flavofungin, it must be considered as a new antibiotic.

Two metabolites, active against gram-positive bacteria, have been isolated from a strain of Actinomycetales. The chemical structure of one of the two, named tetrenolin, has been previously described1). The present paper deals with the description of the producing organism, the isolation and properties of the two metabolites.

A new antibiotic, cryomycin, was isolated from the culture filtrate of a facultatively psychrophilic streptomycete. As a result of taxonomic studies, it was considered a new subspecies for which the name Streptomyces griseus subsp. psychrophilus, YOSHIDA, TANI and OGATA, is proposed. The type strain is AKU 2881. This organism grows at 0-37°C and produces cryomycin at 0-18°C. Cryomycin is a peptide antibiotic containing a rather large amount of glycine in its molecule. It darkens at 214-217°C with decomposition. This antibiotic is highly active against Gram-positive bacteria in vitro. The LD50 in mice by intravenous injection is 150 mg/kg.

Kitasatoa kauaiensis, a new species of the genus Kitasatoa, belonging to the family Streptoplanaceae, produces 3 kinds of antibiotics in a culture broth. These antibiotics were identified as chloramphenicol, bottromycin and fradicin based on their physico-chemical and biological properties. A new differential bioassay method for chloramphenicol and bottromycin produced in the same culture broth was established.

Two new compounds, pyracrimycins A and B, have been isolated from a Streptomyces species named Streptomyces eridani Coronelli et al. n. sp. The morphological and physiological characteristics of this strain are described in the present paper together with the production and properties of the two metabolites. Pyracrimycin B is biologically inactive whereas pyracrimycin A is active in vitro against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Sclerothricin is a new strongly basic antibiotic obtained from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces sclerogranulatus SHIMAZU et YONEHARA nov. sp. The antibiotic is active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and some fungi. Sclerothricin (C16H30O8N6) seems to belong to the streptothricin group. It has two N-methyl, a free carboxyl and two N-terminal groups. No carbamoyl group is present.

Isolation, purification and physicochemical properties of the antibiotic complex YA-56, a family of phleomycin-bleomycin group, are described. The antibiotic YA-56 complex was found to be composed mainly of two active components named YA-56 X and Y. These components were clearly differentiated from the reported phleomycins and bleomycins by their physicochemical properties. However, by direct comparison, YA-56 X was found to be identical with zorbamycin reported recently. YA-56 Y was recognized to be a new antibiotic.

The fate of the orally effective antibiotic D-cephaloglycin and its much less active L-enantiomer has been studied in the rat. D-Cephaloglycin-14C is metabolized by two pathways, (1) hydrolysis of the amide linkage to form D-2-phenylglycine-14C and (2) deacetylation to form deacetyl-D-cephaloglycin-14C. D-Cephaloglycin is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract at least in part as the intact antibiotic, L-Cephaloglycin-14C is rapidly metabolized to L-2-phenylglycine-14C and its metabolites. In contrast to the results with D-cephaloglycin-14C, no intact L-cephaloglycin-14C or deacetyl-L-cephaloglycin was excreted in the urine of rats.

Dianemycin is an antibiotic previously reported to affect cation transport and to be effective in treating coccidiosis in chickens. It is isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The compound was found to be primarily active against gram-positive organisms. The chemical properties of dianemycin indicate a close relationship to monensin and other acidic cation complexing compounds.

When Streptomyces shoivdoensis (N2-209-56) mycelia were grown in the presence of sodium acetate-2-14C, the radioactive carbon from acetate-2-14C was fairly well incorporated into the showdomycin molecule ; with approximately 14 % of the total radioactivity of the added sodium acetate-2-14C being incorporated during a 10-hour incubation. Although three antibiotic substances were detected in the fermentation broth, the radioactive carbon from acetate-2-14C was incorporated only into showdomycin. The radioactive showdomycin was extracted with methanol from the lyophilized powder of the fermentation broth, re-extracted with n-butanol, and finally purified by chromatography on a silicic acid column. Over 98.1% of the total radioactivity of this preparation was due to the 14C-showdomycin and approximately 0.33 μCi of the preparation corresponded to 1μmole of showdomycin. About 2.8 % of the radioactivity of the added sodium acetate-2-14C was recovered as that of the purified showdomycin-14C.

The general formula, proposed earlier for the natural streptothricins E, D, C, B, A and for the biosynthetic streptothricin X was shown to be valid. 1. The presence of a common moiety in streptothricins F, E, D, C, B and A was demonstrated by isolation of N-guan-streptolidyl gulosaminide from preparations of all these antibiotics. 2. It was shown that streptothricins D, C, B, A and X contain unbranched peptide chains, in which residues of β-lysine are linked by their e-amino groups, whereas β-amino groups are free.

Partial hydrolysis of streptothricin was most readily carried out in dilute acid solution. The hydrolysate had no antimicrobial activity, and its toxicity was six times that of streptothricin. From this inactive substance the original active antibiotic was regenerated with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.

Moenomycin contains phosphorus which is present in diester linkage. During hydrolysis a phosphoric monoester, P4, is obtained which is converted into the polyhydroxycarboxylic acid D4 by enzymatic dephosphorylation. The structure of P4 has been identified as D-phosphoglycerate. The position of the phosphate group is still not clear. D4 is identical with D-glyceric acid.

Purpuromycin (C26H18O13) is a new antibiotic isolated from the culture broth of Actinoplanes ianthinogenes proposed as a new species on the basis of its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics. The antibiotic, obtained as purple crystals, belongs to the naphthoquinone group of antibiotics and resulted to be related to rubromycins. The isolation and purification procedures and the chemico-physical properties of the product are reported. Purpuromycin is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria at 0.005-0.02μg/ml, at 1-20μg/ml on Gram-negative bacteria and at 0.2-0.5 μg/ml on fungi.

A new amino acid antibiotic, amiclenomycin is produced by Streptomyces lavendulae subsp. amiclenomycini OKAMI. The chemical structure of amiclenomycin is L-2-amino-4-(4'-amino-2', 5'-cyclohexadienyl)-butyric acid. The antibiotic inhibits growth of mycobacteria and this activity is reversed by biotin and desthiobiotin. α-Methyl-desthiobiotin is coproduced along with amiclenomycin.

A new crystalline antimicrobial compound, geldanamycin, has been discovered in the culture nitrates of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus var. nova. Geldanamycin is moderately active in vitro against protozoa, bacteria and fungi. It is also active against L-1210 and KB cells growing in culture and against the parasite Syphacia ohlevata, in vivo. The fermentation, assay, chromatography and isolation as well as its biological and chemical properties were investigated. On the basis of its physical and chemical properties, geldanamycin is a complex molecule consisting of an unsaturated moiety attached to a quinone.

Melinacidin is a crystalline mixture of closely related antibacterial agents produced by Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus var. melinacidinus. Melinacidin inhibits a variety of Gram-positive bacteria in vitro but is found to be toxic and ineffective in the treatment of experimental bacterial infections in mice. Melinacidin which inhibits the growth of KB and L-1210 cells in tissue culture appears to belong to the "3, 6-epidithiadiketopiperazine" group of antibiotics.

Scopafungin is the major component of the non-polyenic endomycin complex which was extracted from Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. enhygrus var. nova and purified by partition column chromatography or silica gel column chromatography followed by crystallization. It is a white crystalline compound which contains carbon (60.95%), hydrogen (9.00%), nitrogen (4.01%) and oxygen (26.46%) and melts at 119.3°C. In methanol, 0.1N HCl in methanol, and 0.1N KOH in methanol, it exhibits maximum UV absorption at 231nm and is dextrorotatory in dimethylformamide, [α]25D+20. Titration in glacial acetic acid indicates an equivalent weight of 1268. Scopafungin is soluble in lower alcohols, glacial acetic acid, acetone - water (3:2) and water-saturated 1-butanol, but is insoluble in water, acetone, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride, chloroform, butanol or ether.

A new antibiotic O-2867 inhibiting the growth of Piricularia oryzae, a plant pathogenic fungus of rice, was isolated from a Streptomyces sp. Antibiotic O-2867 is water-soluble, amphoteric and consists of 2 components, O- 2867-α and β. O-2867-α was obtained as an amorphous powder and O-2867-β as colorless needles. Both antibiotics are active against P. oryzae in vitro but are not effective in pot tests using rice plants infected with P. oryzae.

During an antibiotic screening programme, a new biologically active complex was isolated from an unidentified Streptomyces, strain Ac6 5691), which was obtained from a garden soil in Calcutta, India. This antibiotic complex was found to contain two water-soluble active fractions of which the major one was designated as boseimycin. This commuication describes the isolation, purification and characterization of boseimycin. It was found to have a close relationship to the streptothricin group of antibiotics but was differentiated from them on the basis of its physico-chemical and microbiological properties.

A new antibiotic XK-19-2 is produced by Streptomyces sp. MK-19 and it is a basic peptide antibiotic containing lysine, threonine or serine, arginine, glycine, proline, aspartic acid, histidine, alanine, isoleucine and phenylalanine. This antibiotic has antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but has no antitumor activity. In this paper, some characteristics of the strain, the isolation and some properties of this antibiotic are reported.

AKASAKI et al.1) reported that the Streptomyces strain IN-183-T, resembling S. lavendulae as described by Waksman et Henrici2), produced a new water-soluble basic antibiotic yazumycin. In this paper, we wish to report the identification of yazumycins A and C as racemomycins A and C.3, 4)

This paper reports the isolation and characterization of tirandamycin, a new acidic antibiotic which has the molecular formula C22H27NO7. This compound was isolated as the crystalline sodium salt and appears to be structurally related to streptolydigin.