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In this paper, the method of ultra performance liquid chromatography was established, eight kinds of polyphenols in tobacco leaves were rapidly analyzed, and the effects of different columns, pH of the mobile phase and methanol on the separation of polyphenols were investigated. The relative standard deviation was 0. 1 %- 1. 4 %, recovery rate was 93. 0 %- 102. 1 %, and detection limit was 0. 5- 7.83 ng/m L. Within 6 min, 8 kinds of polyphenols were completely separated to implement a simple, efficient and rapid effect, meanwhile the polyphenols in upper tobacco leaves of eight different origins were measured. The result showed that the chlorogenic acid and rutin were in higher levels. The polyphenols from different origins had different contents, the highest content of chlorogenic acid was in Xiang county, next to Jiangxi Xinfeng. In some samples, kaempferol and catechol had less content, and none was detected in most origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper was based on the experiment comparing total ash content of Yunnan Mengku large-leaf-variety Pu'er tea sample before and after the treatment of high-voltage pulsed electric field (HPEF). During this experiment, the differences of total ash content were measured based on different processing technic of tea (fermented and unfermented), different producing years and different grades. The results showed that the difference of total ash content was notable between fermented and unfermented tea produced in the same year, and the total ash content of non-fermented tea was lower than that in fermented tea. The amount of total ash of the Pu'er tea in different ages was increasing as the time of storage increased. The lower the level of the tea was, the higher the amount of the total ash was. In 16 group of samples, there were 3 groups containing exceeded amount of total ash that were beyond the international regulation. The total ash content was also reduced in the tea samples by the different HPEF processing. The results of this study provide the physical means of reducing total ash of tea, which has important significance in mastering the ash limit values of tea as well as detecting and monitoring the total ash in Yunnan Pu'er tea. Besides, it is also highly significant in improving the health condition and the quality of Yunnan Pu'er tea and promoting the export. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper,the effect of Pu'er tea on the biochemical indexes of bone metabolism in serum of rats was investigated. A total of100 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 groups for 10 rats in each group. The first group was designated as the control group administered with pure water by gavage. Nine groups were designated as treatment groups with daily oral administration of fermented Pu'er tea, unfermented Pu'er tea and green tea extract at the dosages of 0. 5, 1. 0 and 2. 0 g/(kg·dw), respectively. After 90 d of treatment,the rats were sacrificed,and the biochemical index of bone metabolism in serum was determined by ELISA. Compared to the control group,there were no significant differences of parathyroid hormone levels among these groups, except for the group of treated with high dose of fermented Pu'er tea (P > 0. 05). There were significant differences between the control group and the groups of treated with medium dose of fermented Pu'er tea and medium, high dose of Green tea (P > 0. 05) for the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The contents of αNTX and estradiol among all groups had no significant difference (P > 0. 05). Under the experimental conditions, this batch of fermented and unfermented Pu'er tea had no adverse effect on the bone metabolism of rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to prolong the shelf life and slow down the quality is the key to fresh-cut vegetable fresh-keeping storage, and cleaning is the important link of fresh-cut vegetable processing. In order to investigate the effect on edible quality and safety of fresh-cut potato during cold storage by different cleaning methods, this paper took the fresh-cut potato as experiment material, used pure water immersion cleaning as CK, aqueous sodium hypochlorite solution and chlorine dioxide water solution of 50, 100 and 150 mg/L concentration as cleaning treatment,after all treatment by cold storage at 4℃ in 0, 1,2, 5, 8 and 12 d, the all treatment of fresh-cut potato's number of aerobic bacterial count and coliform bacterial, and residues of trichloromethane was detected, and its sensory was evaluated. The results showed that 100 mg/L sodium hypochlorite clean of fresh-cut potatoes could effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms, keep the good sensory quality. The chloroform residues was 0. 3 μg/L after cleaning under the national drinking water's safety standard of trichloromethane limit 0. 06 mg/L, and no toxicological harm to human body. The results of this study could provide important experimental data for investigating the effect on the quality of fresh-cut potato by different cleaning methods, and it also could provide reference for the safe production of fresh-cut potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taken the seedlings of wheat (Yumai 49) as tested materials, the effects of different N forms on the autioxidant enzyme activities, MDA, chlorophyll content, the root biomassand and root activity of different periods of wheat growth and different periods of wheat growth on its absorption of N, P and K were studied in this paper. The results showed that the antioxidant enzyme activities in the leave and root of wheat significantly increased compared to the control under the urea and many elements long-acting ammonium bicarbonate, whereas the MDA content remarkably decreased, meanwhile the chlorophyll content had the same regulation to the antioxidant enzyme activities. According to the study on the root biomass and root activity in different periods of wheat growth, the results indicated that the regulations of root biomass and root activity firstly increased and then decreased in the urea and many elements long-acting ammonium bicarbonate, however, the root biomass and root activity in different periods of wheat growth were significantly higher than that of control. Meanwhile, it was found that the accumulation patterns of N and K were similar in different periods of wheat growth, all the content of N and K performed increasing gradually, whereas the P content in filling stage of wheat was decreased. All the results suggested that long-acting ammonium bicarbonate could overcome the disadvantages of the traditional ammonium bicarbonate volatile, high input costs, etc, at the same time it had the feature of slow-release fertilizer effect similar with the urea. So it had a better future in agricultural production application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological identification and ITS and TUB2 sequences systematical analysis of the pathogen was given in this paper,and the influence of various temperature, pH value,photoperiod,different carbon and nitrogen source, fungicide on the growth and conidiophores germination of a fungi isolate from Buxus microphylla were studied. The results showed that the fungal belonged to the genus of Pestalotiopsis sp., 25- 30 ℃ was the optimum temperature for colony growth and conidiophores germination. Different illumination had no obviously influences on isolate growth, but illumination was beneficial for conidiophores germination of Pestalotiopsis strain. NO-3was the optimum sole nitrogen source to the strain growth, while there were no significant effects on the strain growth with different carbon source. The optimum pH value for conidiophores germination was 8. Chlorothalonil had the most antifungal effect on this strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the infrared spectra detections for two quarantine bacterial disease—Bacterial Wilt of Corn or Stewart's Wilt and Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight were studied, their IR spectra were baseline corrected and normalized, and the band assignment by discriminant analysis were conducted. The result showed that the technology was not only in the detection and identification of the two kinds of diseases, but also could be used for the detection and identification of the actual sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Manihotesculenta Crantz. cv. M. South China 9 (SC9) seedlings were treated with NaCl solution under concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mM, and the expression levels of its superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were analyzed. The results showed that compared with control,the low NaCl concentrations (≤100 mM) had no significant inhibition for the growth of SC9, and the expression levels of SOD, APX and GR were increased; While expression levels of SOD and APX were decreased with the increase of salt concentrations (≥150 mM), but GR expression level was increased with high salt concentration,and the growth inhibition of SC9 also increased with the increase of salt concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effects of Pb2+stress on the physiological characteristics and Pb2+uptake of paspalum distichum L. were studied by water cultivation experiments. The results showed that in the preliminary stage of the stress of Pb2+, the new sprout number, chlorophyll content, the activity of the peroxidase (POD) and the catalase (CAT) of the plant increased apparently,and the maximum were 7,1. 67 mg/L, 790 U/g FW,160 U/g·min,respectively; But with the increase of concentration of Pb2+, these declined, the minimum were 0,0. 62 mg/L, 110 U/g FW,60 U/g·min; The SOD activity in the P. distichum indicated a trend of decline with the increase of concentration of Pb2+; The Pb2+was mainly distributed in the cell wall of leaves (45. 07 %- 34. 54 %, respectively), next in the cytoplasm, and less in the mitochondrion and chloroplast in P. distichum. The Pb2+contents in shoots of P. distichum usually enhanced with the increase of Pb2+concentrations in water. Respectively for 22 days growing in the water spiked with 80 g/L Pb2+, the maximum of Pb2+content in plant shoots was 773. 43 mg/kg. The results suggested that P. distichumis had a good future for rehabilitating soil and water contaminated by Pb2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the rubber yield and some physiological parameters between Reken 523 and other conventional clones (PR107, RRIM600) were comparatively analyzed. The result showed that Reken 523 was an active metabolism and high-yielding clone,the latex easy flow but low sucrose content in latex. It suggest to control the tapping intensity in latex production. The result would provide the theoretic basis for new latex/timer clone Reken 523 to design the appropriate taping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, taken a high-yield variety ‘Dongnong 253' as experimental material, the experiment was carried out in Harbin area of northeast of China, planting density was 90 000 plants/hm2, and four nitrogen levels of 0-N (no N), 70-N (195 kg/hm2), 100-N (279 kg/hm2) and 130-N (362 k/hm2) were set up to study the effect of nitrogen application rate on the spring maize photosynthetic physiological, nitrogen metabolism and yield under high density planting conditions. The results showed that 100-N (279 kg/hm2) nitrogen caused the maximum value of SPAD of maize functional leaves,and leaf area index, canopy light transmittance, the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance reached the best values. The activities of the nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of its functional leaves were the highest compared to other treatments. 100-N (279 kg/hm2) in jointing period was suitable for Dongnong 253 yield potential,and the highest yield reached 13 147. 78 kg/hm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, yield, basic seedling, tillering, panicle, total grain number, grain number, seed rate, plant height, panicle length, 1000 grain weight were used as the positive indicators, and the whole growth period,powdery mildew, aphids as negative index, barley new lines of 2013- 2014 annual regional tested were evaluated by the TOPSIS method to provide a reference for the registration and application. The results showed that if a variety had the smaller individual positive index, no significant difference of other indexes with other lines,and the larger negative index, its comprehensive evaluation should be low; the quality evaluation ranking was inconsistent with the yield ranking,and it was restricted by actual production needs and other traits; Baodamai 10-J5,Baodamai 11-J8 and Yunsimai 8, Yun 13YD-16 could be popularized in the whole province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptocaryon irritans Brown is an important pathogen related to sea-fish, the study on invasion mech blocker showed great significance. In this paper, c-type lectin LvCTL3 from shrimp Litopenaeus Vanname was cloned and expressed by genet ic engineering methods, and then the recombinant protein was used to agglutination test with Cryptocaryon irritans Broon including Protomont and Theront. The results show that both Protomont and Theront has good aggregation effect with recombinant protein r-LvCTL3, furthermore, the vitality of Theront was restrain obviously. The result mean that rich of glycoprotein molecules, which may be diverse, distribute on the surface of Protomont and Theront, resulted in aggregation effect with r-LvCTL3 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the chilling requirement of main fruit trees in sunlight greenhouse in Ningxia,the warning device was studied to calculate the cumulative value of chilling requirement of fruit trees under different environments, and the environmental management measures were appropriated promptly. In this paper, using the method of flooding and temperature observations on eight grape varieties and three branches of peach cultivar in Ningxia, and their chilling requirement and effective cryogenic accumulation with the Utah model were studied. The re sults showed that: the chilling requirements of two varieties of peach ‘Chunxue’ and ‘Zhongyoutao No. 5' were 826 C. U., requirement of ‘Zhongyoutao No. 4' was 942 C. U. . The chilling requirements of grape varieties ‘Hongdiqiu’ , ‘Aogusite’ , ‘Wuhuzao-hong - were 930 C. U., while the chilling requirements of ‘Meirenzhi' , ‘Weike’ , ‘Xiangfei' , ‘Zaoheibao’ , ‘Aodiyawuhe’ were 798 C. U. . Based on study above, the warning device of sunlight greenhouse acquisition and data analysis of environment factors, which was detected by Arduino single chip microcomputer with a wireless cluster collection, was developed to scientifically guide the facility environmental management of fruit tree at different stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, 16SrDNA molecular detection method was used, and the distributions of five bacteria genera from fresh tomatoes were analyzed to find out the harmful factors in tomatoes. The result showed that the detected bacteria belonged to Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Enterobacter and Erwinia, respectively, in which most of them were rot bacteria which led to the soft rot of fresh tomatoes as well as the interactions between soft-rot and human pathogens would act, so the research in related fields should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, based on the climatic data of past years, the amino acid contents of 0. sinensis, polypide and stroma were measured with amino acid analyzer, and the amino acid contents of different parts of O. sinensis were comparatively studied. The result showed that the amino acid contents among O. sinensis, polypide and stroma had significant differences, meanwhile the ecological factor had a significant effect on O. sinensis. This research would provide a reference for the amino acid contents of O. sinensis by using the ecological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theanine is a characteristic amino acid of tea and also the flavor substance of green tea. The paper studied from the influencing factors of the theanine content during the processing of needle-shaped green tea to strat,comparatively studied the impact from the different species,different tenderness, fresh leaves spreading process, different fixation methods, different rolling methods, the shaping temperature, the drying temperature to theanine content changes and then comparatively analyze the changes of theanine content during needle-shaped green tea processing. The result showed that, the theanine content was significantly different among the varieties of tea and also positively correlated to fresh leaves tenderness. Spreading fresh leaves were moderately conducive to the formation of theanine. The way steaming and then hot air dehydration combined was more conducive to improving theanine content. Rolling was unfavorable to the formation or retain of theanine. The theanine content was highest when the temperature of shaping leaf came to (55 ± 2) °C, and the drying temperature about 90 °C. The trend of the theanine content during Needle-shaped green tea processing increased first, middle fall, and then rose. The overall picture was that from fresh leaves into a tea, its theanine content increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of NaCl stress with different concentrations on seed germination, seedling growth and amy that lase activities of Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. were studied in this paper. The result showed that four Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. varieti es showed diferent sensitivity on NaCl stress. And the germination rate was above 90 % of four Canarium album (Lour.) ; when Raeusch. varieties seeds were treated with NaCl concentration at ≤ 0.8 %. However, with the NaCl concentration increasing, seed water absorption in germinating was restrained, amylase activities was degraded, and germination rate, germination index and activity index all gradually decreased. But there were difference within the four Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. varieties. Seed germination of four varieties showed basically unaffected when NaCl concentration was less than ≤ 0.4 % . With the NaCl concentration increasing, radicle criticality index of stopping growth as follow : salinity index of Tanxiang was 1.0 % ; salinity index of Chaganlan was 1.2 % ; salinity index of Sanfang was 1.4 % ; salinity index of Youganlan was 1.6 % ,which meaned sensitivity of NaCl stress of four varieties was as follows: Tanxiang > Chaganlan > Sanfang > Youganlan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the fruit appearance (fruit color, kernel weight, granularity and other appearances), nutritional quality content (fruit sugar, goqi polysaccharides, moisture, total acid, vitamin C, protein, fat and ash) and the fruit health indicators content of heavy metals and pesticide residues between the eco-wolfberry and non-eco wolfberry dried fruit in different picking periods were compared, and the difference of their picking fruit character, quality and safety in different picking periods or same picking periods were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of vitamin C, total acid, protein, fat and ash of eco-wolfberry fruit were greater than that of non-eco wolfberry dried fruit, and the copper content in eco-wolfberry fruit was smaller than that in non-eco wolfberry fruit. Meanwhile the eco-wolfberry fruit optimal harvest time was determined, which was in autumn. In October, the nutritional quality content of eco-wolfberry fruit was the highest. These results indicated that the ecological fruit had excellent quality resources and broad market prospects, which would provide a theoretical basis for the realization of the economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focused on assess the genetic variability and diversity of water chestnut (Eleocharis tuberosa Schulut). Genetic relation among 24 cultivars of water chestnut was analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) makers. 11 polymorphism primers were selected from 100 ISSR primers. A total of 86 ISSR bands were obtained, that is, 7.8 polymorphic ban each primer pair, and 69 of them were polymorphic, the polymorphism ratio was 80.3 %. The dissimilarity coefficient of the 24 water chestnut cultivars ranged from 0.0909 to 0.6071, with an average of 0.3493. The 24 water chestnut cultivars were divided into 5 groups at the genetic distance 0. 34 by UPGMA. The results showed that narrow genetic diversity and close genetic relationship presented among 24 water chestnut cultivars, and the difference varied in part of those cultivar from different areas, and the same as RAPD analysis at prophase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seedlings of tomato were handled by eugenol and moroxydine hydrochloride-cupric acetate. The effects of eugenol and moroxydine hydrochloride-cupric acetate on the control efficiency of Tomatoes Yellows Leaf Curl Virus (TY), protein content, nitrate content, Vitamin C content and soluble sugar content in tomato were studied in this paper. The results showed that all the control efficiency of eugenol on TY were significantly greater than the moroxydine hydrochloride-cupric acetate under the different temperature treatments. Especially, the control efficiency in 28 °C was best. Meanwhile, it was found that the disease index in 28 °C was higher than the 20 and 35 °C. In the planting mode of different seasons, all the control efficiency of eugenol on TY were significantly greater than the moroxydine hydrochloride-cupric acetate. Especially, the control efficiency in the autumn of tomato protected field was best. The biomass, protein content, Vita min C content and soluble sugar content had the same trend in summer of tomato protected field. All the treatments of eugenol and moroxydine hydrochloride-cupric acetate significantly increased compared with the control. At the same time, it was found that the treatments of eugenol were higher than the treatments of moroxydine hydrochloride-cupric acetate. However, all the treatments of eugenol and moroxydine hydrochloride-cupric acetate significantly reduced the nitrate content in tomato. In the autumn of tomato protected field, the bio mass and protein content had the same trend. Vitamin C content and soluble sugar content had the same trend. All the results suggested that eugenol can prevent and control TY effectively, and promote yield and improve quality of tomato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, taken weedy rice ‘JS-Y1' and rice cultivar ‘Nanjing 44' as tested materials, the field experiments were conducted to study the effects of fulvic acid (FA) soaking rice seeds with different concentrations (FA concentrations 0, 4, 6, 8 g/L) on the photosynthetic performance, root activity and yield components of cultivated rice under the stress of weedy rice with different densities ( 0, 4, 8 plants/m2). The results showed that the weed suppressed the physiological stress indicators of cultivated rice in varying degrees at different growth stages comparing with the control, and weedy rice affected the normal physiological functions of cultivated rice at the different developmental stages. The inhibition rates of SPAD, dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, root system oxidizing power and root sap bleeding reached to 5. 61 %， 24. 91 %， 18. 00 %， 25. 23 %， 20. 52 %， respectively, which resulted in the decrease of cultivated rice yields by 10. 02 % - 23. 06 %. The treatment of FA soaking significantly improved the photosynthetic performance and root activity of cultivated rice, enhanced the cultivated rice physiological functions under weedy rice stress and alleviated the adverse effect of weedy rice on cultivated rice. It was concluded that the adverse effects of weedy rice on cultivated rice were decreased by increasing the competitiveness of cultivated rice treated with fulvic acid soaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, one novel full-length Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) gene (SsSOD-la, GenBank Accession number KJ002571) cD-NA sequence was cloned by blasting the sugarcane EST database using sorghum SOD gene (GenBank Accession number XM 002445626. 1) cDNA sequence as a querying probe. The full-length sequences were 703 bp, containing 36 bp of 5 untranslated region (UTR) and 43 bp of the 3 UTR, and a 624 bp open reading frame encoding a 207 amino acid sequence of the protein which has a conserved domain of Superoxide Dismutase belonging to SOD family. The putative SsSOD-1a protein sequence and Cicerarietinum, sorghum, com and other species homologous evolutionary analysis, have shown a high conservatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the genetic diversity analyses of 23 varieties were conducted by 35 SSR primers. The result showed that 342 DNA fingerprints were obtained from 23 varieties by 35 SSR primers, of which 288 polymorphic DNA fingerprints occupied 84. 21 % of all. There were significantly resistant differences among 23 varieties with 8. 20 % - 75. 93 % for the DPR and 2. 19 - 52. 67 for the DI. Genetic similarity analysis based on SSR molecular marker showed that the genetic similarity of paired varieties ranged from 0. 614 to 0. 954, and mean was 0. 740, while that of single varieties was from 0. 686 to 0. 778. The means of genetic similarity of 11 varieties were lower than that of the total (0. 740 ), while the means of 12 varieties were higher than 0. 740. The 23 rice varieties were clustered into 5 genetic groups at 0. 75 similar coefficient. The varieties with different growth periods (the most differences reaching 11 days) were clustered into the same group, while the varieties with the same growth period were existed in different groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, Juncao was used to cultivate Tremella, and Tremella cultivated with cotton seed shell and basswood separately were used as basis to measure their output and quality indicators. The results showed that the production of Tremella with Juncao cultivation was similar to that with cotton seed shell. There was not gossypol in Juncao Tremella. The main quality indicators were far lower than those of relevant standards. Content of crude ash, crude fat, crude fiber and crude protein of Tremella with Juncao cultivation were averagely higher than those with cotton seed shell and basswood. Especially by comparing Tremella cultivated with Juncao and that with cotton seed shell, basswood, the crude protein content was 14. 56 % and 88. 05 % higher; Total sugar content was slightly lower; However, the crude polysaccharide content was 26. 12 % and 10. 42 % higher. It illustrated that the quality of Tremella with Juncao cultivation was as good as that with cotton seed shell and basswood. It was really practical that Tremella could be cultivated with Juncao under the natural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The afforestation tree leaves are absorber of atmospheric pollutants on the environment purification. By analyzing the content of fluorine in 22 kinds of afforestation trees (different functional areas) in Xinxiang, the results indicated: the content of fluorine in leaves in polluted areas was higher than that in afforested areas. The heavily polluted industrial area of all tree species had higher fluorine content than those in afforested campus. Different kinds of afforestation trees had significant difference in fluoride content, Euonymus japonicas had higher content of fluorine than others. The content of fluorine in these afforestation trees were listed as follows: Buxus smgistophylla > Robiniapseudoacacia > Prunus cerasifera > Ligustum lucidum > Syringe oblate > Sophora japonica m Populous canadensis snonencC > Hispanic paper-mulberry > Euonymus alatus > > Ailanthusaltissma > Magnolia grandiiora L. > Paulownii tomentosa > Photiniaseemlat > Prunus persica = Melia az edarach L. > Salix matsudana > Nerium indicium mill > Plantanus hissanica > Salixbabylonica > Cornus alba > Ulmuspiimila L. The content of fluorine in the diversity of afforestation trees showed significant differences in different functional areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Navel orange cracking would result in such unfavorable conditions as fruit abscission and rotting, which were not suitable for storage and affected its quantity, quality and commodity. In this paper, the experiments of Navel orange treated with applications of different proportions of N, P and K in compound fertilizers and spraying different mineral nutrient elements of different combinations in foliar fertilizer were conducted to prevent cracking. The result showed that the effect was the best with the fertilizer ratio of N: P2O5 : K2O = 20: 10: 10 in Spring, N:P2O5：K2O = 16: 8: 16 in Summer and Fall and spraying of 0. 5 % calcium nutrient solution on leaves. After analyzing the ratio of N/K, N/Ca and Ca/K in leaves, it was found that the ratio of N/K, N/Ca in the tree had a positive correlation with cracking, the greater the ratio was, the more severe cracking would be, while the ratio of Ca/K in the tree had a negative correlation with cracking. Analyzing the correlation between N, K, Ca in leaves and cracking rate, there was a positive correlation between the leaf N level and cracking rate, the correlations between the leaf K, Ca levels and cracking rate were negative correlations, there was a significantly negative correlation between the leaf K level and cracking rate, and a extremely significantly negative correlation between the Ca level and cracking rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has great significance for screening pepper germplasm or breeding new cultivars to identify accurately the resistance levels of peppers. In this paper, the resistance levels of pepper seedlings to Phytophthora root rot at different growth stages were investigated by irrigating inoculation with zoospore suspension of Phytophthora capsici isolates that belonged to prevalent race 3 from Yunnan. The results showed that resistance, moderate resistance and susceptible pepper seedlings against Phytophthora capsici had significant differentiation under 20 - 25 °C when inoculated at 20 d ( cotyledon stage ), 40 d ( 3 - 4 leaf stage ), 60 d ( 5 - 6 leaf stage ) and 90 d ( early squaring ). That is, resistance levels from strong to weak at different growth stages of pepper seedlings were 90 d > 60 d > 40 d > 20 d, which suggested that resistance levels of peppers were positively correlated with seedling ages. The pepper seedlings inoculated by irrigation at 60 d ( 5 - 6 leaf stage ) could reflect the true resistance of different pepper cultivars. This study defined the suitable growth stage for resistance evaluation of Phytophthora root rot disease on pepper and also provided a scientific basis for screening and identification of the pepper germplasms or resistance cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide the theoretic basis for the scientific application of pesticides controlling the small brown planthopper(SBPH) , Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)，droplets coverage and density of pesticide were assayed with DepositScan software after pesticide collected with the relevant collection device and water-sensitive paper. Meanwhile, the tracer material was also used to estimate the amounts of pesticide deposition. Then the relationship between the pesticide droplets deposition distribution of 2 collection sites in the wheat base under two kinds of spray methods and control efficiency of SBPH was illustrated. The results showed that frequency distribution of droplets coverage under tilting spray with a mist sprayer( TSMS) tended to high-value range and the average values of 2 collection sites were 2. 52 % and 0. 48 % , respectively. Compared with the droplets coverage under drifting spray with a mist sprayer ( DSMS), the average values of 2 collection sites showed significant and non-significant differences respectively. Between the two spray methods, no significant effects of droplets density were ob served. Results of pesticide deposition experiment indicate that the amounts of pesticide deposition under TSMS were more than that under DSMS and the amounts made statistically significant differences. The mean amounts of 2 collection sites under TSMS were 0. 427 mg • m-2 and 0. 422 mg • m-2 respectively. Because of larger droplets coverage and pesticide deposition, the control efficacy of SBPH under TSMS was better than that under DSMS and the best control efficacy was up to 86. 10 % after 5 days of spraying pesticides in wheat field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea material rich in cellulase activity was used to trial-produce instant tea in the present paper. The cellulase properties were re searched through single factor experiment, and the extraction technology of instant tea was studied through orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the optimum reaction condition of cellulase was temperature of 30 - 60 °C, and pH value of 3. 5 - 5. 5 . When temperature was 30 - 40 °C, pH value was 3 - 5, the cellulase was relatively stable. Its residual enzyme activity was 40 % after kept at 50 °C for 60 min. The best extraction technology of the instant tea was temperature of 60 °C, liquid to solid ratio of 20, extraction time of 50 min. The extraction rate of polyphenol was 85. 6 %, compared to tea material, the content of amino acids, soluble sugar and coffein increased 23. 7 % , 6. 3 % , 2. 9 % respectively, and the water extract rate was high to 96 % under the best condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seedlings of wheat ( Yumai 49) were treated with different N forms, and the effects of different N forms on the distribution of N, P and K, utilization efficiency, harvest index, group structure and yield in wheat were studied in this paper. The results showed that the regulations of N and P were kernel > leaf > stem and sheath under the urea and many elements long-acting ammonium bicarbonate, where as the regulation of K was stem and sheath > leaf > kernel. The utilization efficiency and harvest index of N, P and K were similar and did not have the significant difference between urea and ammonium bicarbonate. The group of wheat was 6. 68 x 107 and 6. 41 x 107/hm2 in the urea and ammonium bicarbonate treatment, respectively, which significantly increased compared with the control. Under the urea and ammonium bicarbonate treatment, the ear length and actual spikelet were 11. 9 % ， 11. 6 % and 10. 9 % ， 10. 6 % higher than that of control, and the thousand kernel weight, kernels per spike and yield were 13. 8 % ， 15. 2 % ， 15. 2 % and 14. 5 % ， 10. 0 % ， 14. 2 % higher than that of control, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between urea and ammonium bicarbonate. So the ammonium bi carbonate had high fertilizer effect, meanwhile it could reduce the N loss compared with the urea. All the results suggested that many elements long-acting ammonium bicarbonate could be used as a new type N fertilizer with the high effectiveness and low input, and it had the good prospect in agricultural production application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different protein (5 % ， 6 % ， 7 % ， 8 % ) and fat content ( low-fat 3 % ， full-fat 8 % ， high-fat 12 % ) on the texture, rheological properties, water binding capacity and sensory of New Quarg were studied in this paper. The results showed that the firmness, adhesiveness, gumminess of New Quarg increased significantly with the increase of protein or fat content (P < 0. 05 )， however, there was no effect on springiness. Surface synersis of New Quarg was unaffected by casein content, and water binding capacity of samples with full fat cheese was the best. New Quarg was pseudo plastic fluid, and its flow curve could be well fitted by modified Hoerl model. Viscosity of sample was positively correlated with protein and fat content respectively. Samples with 6 % protein content and 8 % fat content had the best sensory score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the change level of N and K absorbing and biomass growth of tobacco were studied in the western Sichuan, sourthern Sichuan and northern Sichuan tobacco soil. The results showed that the supply and absorption of N were good in the western and northern Sichuan, southern Sichuan was poor; the supply and absorption of K were good in Western Sichuan and southern Sichuan, the K content of tobacco leaves was lower in northern sichuan; the N, K content were very high at 15 days after transplanting, were lower in mid stage and were short in last stage; the biomass growth of tobacco and N, K supplying were unbalanced. So, firstly, the supplying content of N, K were decreased in early period, were increased at 45 - 75 days after transplanting, their content were maintained after 5 days, effective regulation and improvement of environment in rhizosphere soil of planting tobacco, enhanced the bioavailability of K in soil, improve tobacco biomass and K content of tobacco leaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve okra pickle browning, soft rotten, poor taste and other process quality problems is the key to develop okra pickle leisure food. In this paper, the okra tender pod used as test materials, the single factor test and L9 ( 34 ) orthogonal test of blanching temperature, zinc lactate, sodium erythorbate and calcium lactate were used to study the optimal keep green and crisp scheme to solve the problem of okra pod browning and soft rotten in okra soaking process, and in order to improve the process quality of okra pickle, L20 ( 45 ) orthogonal test of sesame oil, salt, I + G ( flavor nucleotides ) , sugar and lactic acid was used as a test factor to study the best seasoning recipe to solve the problem of poor taste after okra soaking, and in order to satisfy consumer habits and health care demand. The results showed that the primary and secondary effect factor of keeping okra pod green and crisp was zinc lactate > sodium erythorbate > lactate > 90 U blanching time ， and the optimal keep green and crisp scheme was the zinc lactate 0. 06 % ， sodium erythorbate 0. 2 % ， calcium lactate 0. 08 % and 90 °C blanching time 4 min, and the verification testing also found that using this keep green and crisp scheme comprehensive score was 98. 2 which could effectively maintain the green color and crispness in the process of okra soaking. The primary and secondary effect factor of okra pickle flavor was sesame oil > I v G > Salt > sucrose > lactic acid, and the best seasoning recipe was sesame oil 6. 0 % ， I + G 0. 15 % ， salt 0. 5 % ， sugar 2. 0 % and 0. 5 % lactic acid, and the verification testing also found that using this seasoning recipe comprehensive score was 94. 7, which could produce bright green color and spicy flavor okra pickle leisure food after okra soaking. This study obtains the optimal keep green and crisp scheme and the best seasoning recipe of okra pickle, which has important theoretical guidance significance to develop okra pickle leisure foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, pot experiment and field testing were conducted to study the effect of different crops, soil types and irrigation modes on bio gas slurry disposition. The result showed that when silage maize, sweet sorghum and Chinese cabbage were planted in purple soils, the amounts of disposed biogas slurry were of 3. 8 , 10. 5 and 2. 3 tons/667m2 ， respectively, while the amounts of disposed biogas slurry were changed to 4. 7, 10. 5 and 2. 7 tons/667m2 corresponding to silage maize, sweet sorghum and Chinese cabbage planted in yellow soils. Besides, the treated amounts of biogas slurry by Chinese cabbage in purple soil were 2. 4 and 1. 8 tons/667 m2 ，respectively under the conditions of sprinkling irrigation and tube-well irrigation. These results showed that each of crops, soils types and irrigation modes could influence the disposition of biogas slurry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the soil quality status of the Yellow River valley Laxiwa area of Eastern Qinghai and to elucidate the effects of its different soil quality difference, in this paper, the additional soil quality status of Laxiwa area of the Yellow River valley in development and consolidation of major project were comprehensively analyzed and evaluated with the method of main factor analysis. The results showed that: In the newly increased cultivated land of Yellow River Valley of Qinghai eastern area, among 50 soil profiles surface sample points 94 % soil quality was in the inferior and inferior level, 4 % at grade level and 2 % in good grade level; The contents of organic matter, available phosphorus and total phosphorus content were main factors to restrict the soil quality of the added region. It was concluded that the soil quality was relatively poor, and soil improvement should pay special attention to the organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer in the future, which would provide a scientific basis for these regional land utilization and improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, taken Phalaenopsis amabilis Lind leaves as tested materials, the effects of salicylic acid( SA) on the activity oxygen system, soluble sugar, soluble protein, MDA, proline and membrane permeability of Phalaenopsis amabilis Lind leaves were studied under condition of cold treatment of 4 V. The results showed that appropriate concentration of SA significantly enhanced the capacity of anti-low temperature of Phalaenopsis amabilis leaves, and the POD activity, soluble sugar and soluble protein presented a upward-downward curve. MDA and membrane permeability had slowly upward trend, however, proline had slowly downward trend. H2O2 content and the release rate of activated oxygen O2- performed a upward-downward curve. In a certain range, they indicated contrary trend. The trial proved that appropriate concentration of SA could increase the low-temperature-resistant ability of peony leaves, but high concentration of SA would produce a certain harm to plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the cultivated tomato material with Ty-5 was introduced, its resistance of Ty-5 gene was determined and evaluated, and its molecular marker was detected. The results showed that Ty-5 had high resistance to TYLCV. The utilization of this gene would lay the foundation for breeding of new tomato variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the Three Gorges Reservoir area of Chongqing Fengdu as an example in this paper, and from the point of view of soil nutrient absorption capacity and crop demand for nutrients, evaluation of livestock manure assimilating capacity of the farmland soil-crop system was conducted with the aid of the spatial analysis and geostatistics techniques on a field basis in Chongqing Fengdu. The results showed that 69.83% of agricultural land's consumptive capacity for manure was below the normal level, and distribution map of nitrogen nutrient absorptive capacity in this region showed a block mixture distribution, the overall presenting a trend for the south strong and north weak. The soil absorptive ability was higher in Wuping and other towns located in the flat areas were suitable for the development of large-scale livestock breeding; and the soil absorptive capacity was lower in Nantianhu and other towns located in the mountains were not suitable for large-scale development of livestock breeding. Therefore, this study provides an important technical reference for the scientific development of beef cattle industry in Fengdu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil nutrient is the basis for stable and high crop yield. Mastering soil's nutrient content of cultivated land is the precondition for　implementing soil test and formula fertilization. Investigations of soil's pH value and nutrient of vegetable land, paddy field and fruit land in Guizhou Anshun area were carried out in this paper. The results showed that soil's pH value of cultivated land in Guizhou Anshun area was lower than 7, and the soil was overall acidic; soil nutrient was sufficient, the organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total kalium content were in the middle and upper level, but there were significant differences among different districts. The pH value was 5.75 on average and the range of measurement was 4.65-6.2; the value of organic matter on average was 31.13g/kg and the range of measurement was 13.07-94.55g/kg; the value of total nitrogen was 1.74g/kg on average and the range of measurement was 0.73-3.97g/kg; the total phosphorus value was 0.998g/kg on average and the range of measurement was 0.44-1.91g/kg; potassium value was 16.5g/kg on average and the range of measurement was 2.5-42.5g/kg. The soil's pH value for Guanling > Pingba > Puding > Ziyun > Zhenning ≥ Xixiu, the content of organic matter for Xixiu > Puding > Guanling > Ziyun > Pingba > Zhenning, the content of total nitrogen for Xixiu > Guanling > Ziyun > Puding > Pingba > Zhenning, the content of total phosphorus Puding > Guanling > Zhenning > Pingba > Ziyun > Xixiu, the content of total kalium for Puding > Pingba > Zhenning > Guanling > Xixiu > Ziyun. The difference of nutrients in different soil types was significant. The main nutrient content was highest in paddy soil, lowest in fruit land，and vegetable soil's nutrient was in between. There was a significant difference with the same soil type and the same nutrient content. The difference was the largest in organic content and was small in other nutrients. Therefore, this investigation has basically mastered the cultivated land soil's pH value and organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total kalium content and distribution in Anshun, which can provide the decision-making reference for soil test and formula fertilization in regional land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the distribution and grade of topsoil nutrients of the cucumber greenhouse with different cultivating years in Jinan were investigated, and their relationships with cultivating years were analyzed. The results showed that the nutrients of cucumber greenhouses in seedling stage were highly enriched. The mean values of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, rapidly available phosphorus and potassium were 176. 8, 197. 3, 745. 4 mg • kg-1, respectively, and their ratio was 1：1. 12:4.22. The topsoil nutrients of the cucumber greenhouse were out of tone, and the ratio of phosphorus and potassium was maladjustment. The contents of organic matter was 31.4 g • kg-1, the electrical conductivity was 1. 068 ms • cm-1, and saline matter content was overriched. The soil appeared to be alkaline, and the mean value of pH was 7. 56. From the nutrients grade, the contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, rapidly available phosphorus, rapidly available potassium and organic matter were respectively in the levels ≥ 150 mg • kg-1， ≥150 mg • kg-1， ≥ 300 mg • kg-1 ，20 - 40 g • kg-1； The electrical conductivity and pH value was respectivel y in the levels ≥ 1. 0 ms • cm-1, ≥ 7. 5 . Except for organic matter，other nutrients were in the highest level. The association of the soil nutrients with cultivating years was not obvious, and the soil nutrients increase of greenhouse in seedling stage distinctively associated with cultivating years and could be illustrated by quadratic equations. With the increase of cultivating years, the augment of soil nutrient contents decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, taken ‘Gangyou725' as a control, the field experiments were conducted to study the effects of different combination of plant density, N rate and N application pattern on grain yield and rice quality of high-quality hybrid rice ‘Yixiang4245'. The results showed that the grain yield and rice quality of hybrid mid-season rice was not significantly affected by N application patterns. The chalky grain rate, chalkiness and amylase of ‘Yixiang4245' were significantly lower than that of ‘Gangyou725', while the differences between 'Yixiang4245' and ‘Gangyou725' in grain yield, brown rice percentage, milled rice percentage and head rice percentage were relatively small, and the gel consistency of ‘Yixiang4245' was significantly higher than that of ‘Gangyou725'. Significant differences of grain yields of ‘Yixiang4245' were observed among different combinations of plant densities and N application rates，of which the highest yield of ‘Yixiang4245' was observed in combination of mid-density and mid-N rate, with average of 7. 96 t・hm-2, 5.2% higher than that of combination of high-density and low-N rate and 6.9% than that of combination of low-density and high-N rate. The rice quality of ‘Yixiang4245' was not significantly affected by combinations of plant density and N rate. In a word, it was concluded that increasing grain yield and rice quality of ‘Yixiang4245' could be achieved under the combination of mid-density and mid-N rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different heat treatments and heat treatment conditions for control of gray mold on postharvest strawberry (Feng Xiang) were evaluated in this paper. After strawberries inoculating with Botrytis cinerea spores treated by hot air and hot water, infection rate and growth rate of disease spot were measured and compared. The results indicated hot water treatment was much better than hot air treatment for inhibition of grey mold. Then the different temperature (47, 49, 51, 53°C) water for 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 min were used to heat-treated the strawberries . After 5d at 25°C, the infection rate and growth rate of disease spot were both 0% after hot water treatment by 51°C-10 min, while it were 100% without any treatment, indicating that 51°C-10 min hot water treatment could effectively control the grey mold on postharvest strawberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, photosynthesis of Saposhnikovia divaricata ( Turcz. ) Schischk. and its relations to environmental factors were measured by using LCpro + portable photosynthesis system in Baicheng, Jilin Province. The results showed that the diurnal changes in Pn of the species could be expressed as two-hump curves, reflecting a significant middy depression at noon, and the maximum values that appeared at 8:00 and 16:00 were 20. 75 and 15. 25 μmol/( m2 • s ), respectively. The decrease in Pn during midday was mainly resulted from non-stomatal limitation. The diurnal variation of transpiration rate was single peak curve, and the maximum value that appeared at 14:00 was 6. 70 mmol/( m2 • s ), the variations of stomatal conductance and water use efficiency were two-hump curves with the peaks appeared at 10:00 and 14:00. The direct effects of environmental factors to Pn were of the order: Ta > T1 > RH > PAR > Ca. There was a significantly and positively correlation between the Pn and PAR and RH ( P < 0. 05 ) , and negative correlation with Ca, Ta and T1. The high temperature was the main environmental factors that influenced the Pn of S. divaricata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical compounds were compared between tobacco leaves from Yunnan tobacco new growing areas ( Wenshan, Baoshan, Puer, Lincang ) and traditional tobacco growing areas such as Henan, Guizhou, Hunan and Kunming, Yuxi, Chuxiong, Dali in this paper. Main compounds were different between Yunnan tobacco new growing areas and other areas. The result showed that the content of carbohydrates, nonenzymatic browning reaction products, phenols were higher and the content of some carotenoid degradation products were lower in Yunnan tobacco new growing areas than other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, based on the principle of TGP/7, the test guideline of pea ( TG/7/10 ) developed by UP0V and format of DUS test guidelines of China, a total of 381 germplasm resources of pea from different eco-regions were investigated, and the data of their measurements and observations for four continuous years were collected and analyzed. The result showed that the test guideline of pea which was developed could reflect current situation of breeding of China. The test guideline of pea was considered as simplify operation and would have an important significance for promoting the development of PVP and new variety breeding in [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying the sod-culture cultivation and mycorrhizal technology in the citrus production, it may reduce the production cost, promote fruit quality, improve soil physical and chemical properties and enhance the utilization ratio of fertilizer. Effects of 8 different treatments of Trifolium repen L., Lotus comiculatus L., Lolium perenne L. and AMF on Poncirus trifodiata Raf. seedling and mycorrhizal growth under the pot cultivation experiment were studied in the present paper to screen the suitable sod-culture and mycorrhizal combination in citrus orchard, and provide a reference for the application of sod-culture cultivation and mycorrhizal technology. The results showed that the sod-culture cultivation and AMF mycorrhizal could promote P. trifodiata Raf. seedling growth, increase P. trifodiata Raf. seedling N, P, K content ( except Lolium perenne L. ), increase AKP, ACP activity in P. trifodiata Raf. seedling root, promote the growth and reproduction of AMF mycorrhiza, increase the contents of protein and soluble sugar in the leaves of P. trifodiata Raf. seedling, improve SOD, POD, CAT activity and reduce the activity of MDA in the leaves of P. trifodiata Raf. seedling. Among them, the Trifolium repen L. and its combination with AMF were the best in all treatments, but only planting Lolium perenne L. effect was poor. Therefore, this study suggests that the Trifolium repen L. is suitable for citrus orchards sod-culture, and L. perenne L. is not suitable for being planted in citrus garden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Australian family test was conducted to evaluate genetic characteristics of yacheng series sugarcane parents and the effect of matching of cross. The plant height, stalk diameter, millable stalks, cane yield and brix of 41 F1 groups were studied by R sofeware, and their genetic variation, genetic variance and economic breeding value (EBV ) were analyzed. The result showed that the plant height and cane yield were restricted by additive gene and non-additive gene of parents, stalk diameter by additive gene and non-additive gene offe- male parent, brix by additive gene effect of female parent, and millable stalk by non-additive gene effect of female parent. The EBV of 17 mothers were from - 2757. 12 to 3068. 17 yuan, of which EBV of 8 mothers were above zero; The EBV of 20 fathers were from - 2334. 20 to 2337. 79 yuan, of which EBV of 12 fathers were above zero; The EBV of 41 families were from - 7276. 52 to 6173. 43 yuan, of which EBV of 20 families were above zero. Among the 17 mothers, Ya cheng71 -3 7 4, yc08-01 -10, yacheng82-96, yacheng97-46, yacheng73-226 were suggested to use in cross breeding. Among the 20 fathers, yacheng84-153, yacheng84-125, yacheng09-84, yacheng07-71, yacheng98-2 and yacheng93-26 were suggested to use in cross breeding. Among the 41 families new valiaty which has more economic benefit could be selected more easily from these cross: ROC22 x yacheng 84 -153, funong02-6427 x yacheng06-140, yacheng91-58 x yuetang93-159, yacheng82-96 x ROC22 ， yacheng93-26 x yunzhe02-2540, yacheng71-374 x ROC22, these cross combinations would be used widely in sugarcane breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The present paper aims to study the cause of disease resistance of Fraxinus hupehensis and explore new biology pesticide. 【Method】 The leaves of Fraxinus hupehensis were extracted and the fungicidal activities were tested in vitro. For locked active components further，the ethyl acetate extract was preliminarily separated by column chromatography and the fungicidal activities were tested in vitro. 【Result】 The bioassay results indicated that the ethyl acetate extract showed better fungicidal activities than other extract. In particular， the ethyl acetate extract showed bioactivity against Fusarium rot of cotton and Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali with the rate of 78. 0 % and 69. 0 % at the concentration of 500 (g/mL). The bioassay results also indicated that component 1 and component 4 showed better fungicidal activities than other components. In particular，component 1 showed bioactivity against Fusarium rot of cotton and Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali with the rate of 70. 0 % and 79. 0 % at the concentration of 500 (g/mL，component 4 also showed bioactivity against Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali with the rate of 74. 0 % at the concentration of 500 (g/mL ).【Conclusion】 The extract of Fraxinus hupehensis leaves showed a certain fungicidal activities against some fungi，that lay a certain foundation for studying the cause of disease resistance of Fraxinus hupehensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parasitism on Chinese bee Apis cerana cerana by Sclerodermus harmandi was examined in this paper. It showed that 5. harmandi could attack and parasitize pupae of male Chinese bees. The parasitism rate by 5. harmandi increased with the increasing number of parasitoid introduced. When the host to parasitoid ratio was 1: 4, the highest parasitism rate of 76. 19 % was observed. Moreover, 5. harmandi could successfully develop to adult after parasitizing pupae of male Chinese bees. Emergence rate and average numbers of progenies (larvae, pupae and progeny adults) on the bee pupae changed as the host to parasitoid ratios. The highest emergence rate reached 76. 19 % at the host to parasitoid ratio of 1 : 4 , and meanwhile the average numbers of different stages of parasitoid (7. 43 larvae ,6.57 pupae and 4.81 adults per bee pupa) were significantly higher at this ratio than those at other host to parasitoid ratios. After 6 - 8 d of exposure, 5. harmandi laid eggs on bee pupae and larvae hatched 2 -3 d later. The larval and pupal stages developed 6-9 and 15 -20 d,respectively. 5. harmandi developed one generation on pupa of male Chinese bees for about 30 d. Compared with numbers of larvae, the developmental rate of both pupae and adults of 5. harmandi decreased. This study revealed one more non-natural host for 5. harmandi, and suggested it be necessary to examine the parasitism by 5. harmandi on other insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]