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Cooling through solid-state electrocaloric materials is an attractive replacement for vapor compression. Despite recent efforts, devices that are potentially commercially competitive have not been developed. We present an electrocaloric cooler with a maximum temperature span of 20.9 kelvin and a maximum cooling power of 4.2 watts under the moderate applied electric field of 10 volts per micrometer without any observed breakdown. Moreover, the maximum coefficient of performance, even taking into account energy expended on fluid pumping, reaches 64% of CarnotÕs efficiency as long as energy is properly recovered. We believe that this demonstration shows electrocaloric cooling to be a very promising alternative to vapor compression cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oldest known hominin remains in Europe [~1.5 to ~1.1 million years ago (Ma)] have been recovered from Iberia, where paleoenvironmental reconstructions have indicated warm and wet interglacials and mild glacials, supporting the view that once established, hominin populations persisted continuously. We report analyses of marine and terrestrial proxies from a deep-sea core on the Portugese margin that show the presence of pronounced millennial-scale climate variability during a glacial period ~1.154 to ~1.123 Ma, culminating in a terminal stadial cooling comparable to the most extreme events of the last 400,000 years. Climate envelope-model simulations reveal a drastic decrease in early hominin habitat suitability around the Mediterranean during the terminal stadial. We suggest that these extreme conditions led to the depopulation of Europe, perhaps lasting for several successive glacial-interglacial cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelectric technology has been widely used for key areas, including waste-heat recovery and solid-state cooling. We discovered tin selenide (SnSe) crystals with potential power generation and Peltier cooling performance. The extensive off-stoichiometric defects have a larger impact on the transport properties of SnSe, which motivated us to develop a lattice plainification strategy for defects engineering. We demonstrated that Cu can fill Sn vacancies to weaken defects scattering and boost carrier mobility, facilitating a power factor exceeding ~100 microwatts per centimeter per square kelvin and a dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) of ~1.5 at 300 kelvin, with an average ZT of ~2.2 at 300 to 773 kelvin. We further realized a single-leg efficiency of ~12.2% under a temperature difference (DT) of ~300 kelvin and a seven-pair Peltier cooling DTmax of ~61.2 kelvin at ambient temperature. Our observations are important for practical applications of SnSe crystals in power generation as well as electronic cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing high-efficiency cooling with safe, low–global warming potential refrigerants is a grand challenge for tackling climate change. Caloric effect–based cooling technologies, such as magneto- or electrocaloric refrigeration, are promising but often require large applied fields for a relatively low coefficient of performance and adiabatic temperature change. We propose using the ionocaloric effect and the accompanying thermodynamic cycle as a caloric-based, all–condensed-phase cooling technology. Theoretical and experimental results show higher adiabatic temperature change and entropy change per unit mass and volume compared with other caloric effects under low applied field strengths. We demonstrated the viability of a practical system using an ionocaloric Stirling refrigeration cycle. Our experimental results show a coefficient of performance of 30% relative to Carnot and a temperature lift as high as 25°C using a voltage strength of ~0.22 volts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelectric materials transfer heat and electrical energy, hence they are useful for power generation or cooling applications. Many of these materials have narrow bandgaps, especially for cooling applications. We developed SnSe crystals with a wide bandgap (Eg ≈ 33 kBT) with attractive thermoelectric properties through Pb alloying. The momentum and energy multiband alignments promoted by Pb alloying resulted in an ultrahigh power factor of ~75 mW cm–1 K–2 at 300 K, and an average figure of merit ZT of ~1.90. We found that a 31-pair thermoelectric device can produce a power generation efficiency of ~4.4% and a cooling DTmax of ~45.7 K. These results demonstrate that wide-bandgap compounds can be used for thermoelectric cooling applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocaloric (EC) cooling is an emerging technology that has broad potential to disrupt conventional air conditioning and refrigeration as well as electronics cooling applications. EC coolers can be highly efficient, solid state, and compact; have few moving parts; and contain no environmentally harmful or combustible refrigerants. We report a scalable, high-performance system architecture, demonstrated in a device that uses PbSc0.5Ta0.5O3 EC multilayer ceramic capacitors fabricated in a manufacturing-compatible process. We obtained a system temperature span of 5.2°C and a maximum heat flux of 135 milliwatts per square centimeter. This measured heat flux is more than four times higher than other EC cooling demonstrations, and the temperature lift is among the highest for EC systems that use ceramic multilayer capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooling devices based on caloric materials have emerged as promising candidates to become the next generation of coolers. Several electrocaloric (EC) heat exchangers have been proposed that use different mechanisms and working principles. However, a prototype that demonstrates a competitive temperature span has been missing. We developed a parallel-plate active EC regenerator based on lead scandium tantalate multilayer capacitors. After optimizing the structural design by using finite element modeling for guidance and to considerably improve insulation, we measured a maximum temperature span of 13.0 kelvin. This temperature span breaks a crucial barrier and confirms that EC materials are promising candidates for cooling applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses researches in science journals. Topics including passive radiative cooling technology uses the infrared atmospheric window to allow outer space to be a cold sink for heat; topological spin textures hold promise as robust carriers of information and have been observed in bulk materials with a specific crystal structure; and Inhibin B secreted by the ovarian follicle in response to follicle-stimulating hormone plays an essential role in the pituitary-gonadal feedback loop.

Higher-efficiency, lower-cost refrigeration is needed for both large- and small-scale cooling. Refrigerators using entropy changes during cycles of stretching or hydrostatic compression of a solid are possible alternatives to the vapor-compression fridges found in homes. We show that high cooling results from twist changes for twisted, coiled, or supercoiled fibers, including those of natural rubber, nickel titanium, and polyethylene fishing line. Using opposite chiralities of twist and coiling produces supercoiled natural rubber fibers and coiled fishing line fibers that cool when stretched. A demonstrated twist-based device for cooling flowing water provides high cooling energy and device efficiency. Mechanical calculations describe the axial and spring-index dependencies of twist-enhanced cooling and its origin in a phase transformation for polyethylene fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing human reliance on energy-inefficient cooling methods such as air conditioning would have a large impact on the global energy landscape. By a process of complete delignification and densification of wood, we developed a structural material with a mechanical strength of 404.3 megapascals, more than eight times that of natural wood. The cellulose nanofibers in our engineered material backscatter solar radiation and emit strongly in mid-infrared wavelengths, resulting in continuous subambient cooling during both day and night. We model the potential impact of our cooling wood and find energy savings between 20 and 60%, which is most pronounced in hot and dry climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proxy records show that before the onset of modern anthropogenic warming, globally coherent cooling occurred from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. The Long memory of the ocean suggests that these historical surface anomalies are associated with ongoing deep-ocean temperature adjustments. Combining an ocean model with modern and paleoceanographic data leads to a prediction that the deep Pacific is still adjusting to the cooling going into the Little Ice Age, whereas temperature trends in the surface ocean and deep Atlantic reflect modern warming. This prediction is corroborated by temperature changes identified between the HMS Challenger expedition of the 1870s and modern hydrography. The implied heat loss in the deep ocean since 1750 CE offsets one-fourth of the global heat gain in the upper ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) involves spontaneously cooling a surface by reflecting sunlight and radiating heat to the cold outer space. Current PDRC designs are promising alternatives to electrical cooling but are either inefficient or have limited applicability. We present a simple, inexpensive, and scalable phase inversion–based method for fabricating hierarchically porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) [P(VdF-HFP)HP] coatings with excellent PDRC capability. High, substrate-independent hemispherical solar reflectances (0.96 ± 0.03) and long-wave infrared emittances (0.97 ± 0.02) allow for subambient temperature drops of ~6°C and cooling powers of ~96 watts per square meter (W m−2) under solar intensities of 890 and 750 W m−2, respectively. The performance equals or surpasses those of state-of-the-art PDRC designs, and the technique offers a paint-like simplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal management through personal heating and cooling is a strategy by which to expand indoor temperature setpoint range for large energy saving.We show that nanoporous polyethylene (nanoPE) is transparent to mid-infrared human body radiation but opaque to visible light because of the pore size distribution (50 to 1000 nanometers).We processed the material to develop a textile that promotes effective radiative cooling while still having sufficient air permeability, water-wicking rate, and mechanical strength for wearability. We developed a device to simulate skin temperature that shows temperatures 2.7° and 2.0°C lower when covered with nanoPE cloth and with processed nanoPE cloth, respectively, than when covered with cotton.Our processed nanoPE is an effective and scalable textile for personal thermal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on innovative textiles that help to cool the person who wears them. It discusses the impact of global warming on the textile industry. It is noted that the energy saving, challenges and opportunities exist for the radiative cooling textiles. It mentions that a radiative cooling textile with coupled dynamic evaporative cooling can cool the human body even when the ambient temperature is higher than the skin.

Paleoclimate proxy records reveal a pervasive cooling event with a Northern Hemispheric extent ∼9300 years ago. Coeval changes in the oceanic circulation of the North Atlantic imply freshwater forcing. However, the source, magnitude, and routing of meltwater have remained unknown. Located in central North America, Lake Superior is a key site for regulating the outflow of glacial meltwater to the oceans. Here, we show evidence for an ∼45-meter rapid lake-level fall in this basin, centered on 9300 calibrated years before the present, due to the failure of a glacial drift dam on the southeast corner of the lake. We ascribe the widespread climate anomaly ∼9300 years ago to this freshwater outburst delivered to the North Atlantic Ocean through the Lake Huron-North Bay-Ottawa River-St. Lawrence River valleys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work provides a general two-step solution to trapping and cooling of atoms. The first step is magnetic stopping of paramagnetic atoms with the use of a sequence of pulsed fields. The second step is single-photon cooling, which is based on a one-way barrier. This cooling method is related intimately to the historic problem of "Maxwell's Demon" and subsequent work by L. Szilard. Here, I discuss the connections between single-photon cooling and information entropy. I also outline future application of these methods to fundamental tests with hydrogen isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelectric materials are solid-state energy converters whose combination of thermal, electrical, and semiconducting properties allows them to be used to convert waste heat into electricity or electrical power directly into cooling and heating. These materials can be competitive with fluid-based systems, such as two-phase air-conditioning compressors or heat pumps, or used in smaller-scale applications such as in automobile seats, night-vision systems, and electrical-enclosure cooling. More widespread use of thermoelectrics requires not only improving the intrinsic energy-conversion efficiency of the materials but also implementing recent advancements in system architecture. These principles are illustrated with several proven and potential applications of thermoelectrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds is one of the most important and least understood aspects of human-induced climate change. Small changes in the amount of cloud coverage can produce a climate forcing equivalent in magnitude and opposite in sign to that caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and changes in cloud height can shift the effect of clouds from cooling to warming. Focusing on the Amazon, we show a smooth transition between two opposing effects of aerosols on clouds: the microphysical and the radiative. We show how a feedback between the optical properties of aerosols and the cloud fraction can modify the aerosol forcing, changing the total radiative energy and redistributing it over the atmospheric column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrated microwave-induced cooling in a superconducting flux qubit. The thermal population in the first-excited state of the qubit is driven to a higher-excited state by way of a sideband transition. Subsequent relaxation into the ground state results in cooling. Effective temperatures as low as ≈3 millikelvin are achieved for bath temperatures of 30 to 400 millikelvin, a cooling factor between 10 and 100. This demonstration provides an analog to optical cooling of trapped ions and atoms and is generalizable to other solid-state quantum systems. Active cooling of qubits, applied to quantum information science, provides a means for qubit-state preparation with improved fidelity and for suppressing decoherence in multi-qubit systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We generated narrowband pairs of nearly identical photons at a rate of 5 × 104 pairs per second from a laser-cooled atomic ensemble inside an optical cavity. A two-photon interference experiment demonstrated that the photons could be made 90% indistinguishable, a key requirement for quantum information-processing protocols. Used as a conditional single-photon source, the system operated near the fundamental limits on recovery efficiency (57%), Fourier transform-limited bandwidth, and pair-generation-rate-limited suppression of two-photon events (factor of 33 below the Poisson limit). Each photon had a spectral width of 1.1 megahertz, ideal for interacting with atomic ensembles that form the basis of proposed quantum memories and logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence from a North Atlantic deep-sea sediment core reveals that the largest climatic perturbation in our present interglacial, the 8200-year event, is marked by two distinct cooling events in the subpolar North Atlantic at 8490 and 8290 years ago. An associated reduction in deep flow speed provides evidence of a significant change to a major downwelling limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. The existence of a distinct surface freshening signal during these events strongly suggests that the sequenced surface and deep ocean changes were forced by pulsed meltwater outbursts from a multistep final drainage of the proglacial lakes associated with the decaying Laurentide Ice Sheet margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two hydrogen ordered phases of ice were prepared by cooling the hydrogen disordered ices V and XII under pressure. Previous attempts to unlock the geometrical frustration in hydrogen-bonded structures have focused on doping with potassium hydroxide and have had success in partially increasing the hydrogen ordering in hexagonal ice I (ice Ih). By doping ices V and XII with hydrochloric acid, we have prepared ice XIII and ice XIV, and we analyzed their structures by powder neutron diffraction. The use of hydrogen chloride to release geometrical frustration opens up the possibility of completing the phase diagram of ice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations reveal that the substantial cooling of the global lower stratosphere over 1979-2003 occurred in two pronounced steplike transitions. These arose in the aftermath of two major volcanic eruptions, with each cooling transition being followed by a period of relatively steady temperatures. Climate model simulations indicate that the space-time structure of the observed cooling is largely attributable to the combined effect of changes in both anthropogenic factors (ozone depletion and increases in well-mixed greenhouse gases) and natural factors (solar irradiance variation and volcanic aerosols). The anthropogenic factors drove the overall cooling during the period, and the natural ones modulated the evolution of the cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding the effects of changes in land cover to the A2 and B1 transient climate simulations described in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change leads to significantly different regional climates in 2100 as compared with climates resulting from atmospheric SRES forcings alone. Agricultural expansion in the A2 scenario results in significant additional warming over the Amazon and cooling of the upper air column and nearby oceans. These and other influences on the Hadley and monsoon circulations affect extratropical climates. Agricultural expansion in the mid-latitudes produces cooling and decreases in the mean daily temperature range over many areas. The A2 scenario results in more significant change, often of opposite sign, than does the B1 scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As liquids crystallize into solids on cooling, spins in magnets generally form periodic order. However, three decades ago, it was theoretically proposed that spins on a triangular lattice form a liquidlike disordered state at low temperatures. Whether or not a spin liquid is stabilized by geometrical frustration has remained an active point of inquiry ever since. Our thermodynamic and neutron measurements on NiGa[sub 2]S[sub 4], a rare example of a two-dimensional triangular lattice antiferromagnet, demonstrate that geometrical frustration stabilizes a low-temperature spin-disordered state with coherence beyond the two-spin correlation length. Spin liquid formation may be an origin of such behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two global coupled climate models show that even if theconcentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had been stabilizedin the year 2000, we are already committed to further global warming ofabout another half degree and an additional 320% sea level rise causedby thermal expansion by the end of the 21st century. Projected weakeningof the meridional overturning circulation in the North Atlantic Oceandoes not lead to a net cooling in Europe. At any given point in time,even if concentrations are stabilized, there is a commitment to futureclimate changes that will be greater than those we have alreadyobserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A continuous high-resolution Western Mediterranean sea surface temperature (SST) alkenone record spanning the past 250,000 years shows that abrupt changes were more common at warming than at cooling. During marine isotope stage (MIS) 6, SST oscillated following a stadial-interstadial pattern but at lower intensities and rates of change than in the Dansgaard/Oeschger events of MIS 3. Some of the most prominent events occurred over MISs 5 and 7, after prolonged warm periods of high stability. Climate during the whole period was predominantly maintained in interglacial-interstadial conditions, whereas the duration of stadials was much shorter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium/calcium data from Southern Ocean planktonic foraminifera demonstrate that high-latitude (∼55°S) southwest Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) cooled 6° to 7°C during the middle Miocene climate transition (14.2 to 13.8 million years ago). Stepwise surface cooling is paced by eccentricity forcing and precedes Antarctic cryosphere expansion by ∼60 thousand years, suggesting the involvement of additional feedbacks during this interval of inferred low-atmospheric partial pressure of CO[sub 2] (pCO[sub 2]). Comparing SSTs and global carbon cycling proxies challenges the notion that episodic pCO[sub 2] drawdown drove this major Cenozoic climate transition. SST, salinity, and ice-volume trends suggest instead that orbitally paced ocean circulation changes altered meridional heat/vapor transport, triggering ice growth and global cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We characterize the evolutionary radiation of planktic foraminifera by the test size distributions of entire assemblages in more than 500 Cenozoic marine sediment samples, including more than 1 million tests. Calibration of Holocene size patterns with environmental parameters and comparisons with Cenozoic paleoproxy data show a consistently positive con-elation between test size and surface-water stratification intensity. We infer that the observed macroevolutionary increase in test size of planktic foraminifera through the Cenozoic was an adaptive response to intensifying surface-water stratification in low latitudes, which was driven by polar cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the transition of water to glass based on hyperquenching experiments. Exhibition of a relaxation exotherm on the reheating of water; Indication of the release of heat in slow-cooled glasses; Relevance of the revised value of the glass transition temperature to the understanding of water biomolecule interactions.

Presents a study which demonstrated that a marine sediment core from the Iberian margin was affected by cooling and advection of arctic water masses during some Heinrich events in the North Atlantic region as of August 2000. Implications of high-resolution paleoclimatic records to glacial climate; Influence of Heinrich events.

Age estimates for the opening of Drake Passage range from 49 to 17 million years ago (Ma), complicating interpretations of the relationship between ocean circulation and global cooling. Secular variations of neodymium isotope ratios at Agulhas Ridge (Southern Ocean, Atlantic sector) suggest an influx of shallow Pacific seawater approximately 41 Ma. The timing of this connection and the subsequent deepening of the passage coincide with increased biological productivity and abrupt climate reversals. Circulation/productivity linkages are proposed as a mechanism for declining atmospheric carbon dioxide. These results also indicate that Drake Passage opened before the Tasmanian Gateway, implying the late Eocene establishment of a complete circum-Antarctic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the Bose-Einstein condensation of more than 10[sup5] Li[sub2] molecules in an optical trap starting from a spin mixture of fermionic lithium atoms. During forced evaporative cooling, the molecules are formed by three-body recombination near a Feshbach resonance and finally condense in a long-lived thermal equilibrium state. We measured the characteristic frequency of a collective excitation mode and demonstrated the magnetic field-dependent mean field by controlled condensate spilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents experimental data on values of the tracer diffusion coefficient of samarium (Sm) and Neodymium (Nd) in garnet and apply them to address the problems of closure temperature and cooling rates. The two ways modeling in the experiments were carried out.

The article discusses the development of a metamaterials, offering information on its holding the exotic properties. It informs that the metamaterials holds the optical properties that is used in the cooling the room-temperature objects and throwing out the heat with the infrared (IR) thermal radiation. Nocturnal radiative cooling is used in cooling the buildings in the warm climates, where the passive radiative cooling needs no electricity for cooling.

A review is presented of the article "Radiative human body cooling by nanoporous polyethylene textile" by Po-Chun Hsu, Alex Y. Song, Yi Cui, and others concerning passive cooling of objects by allowing the efficient passage of thermal radiation through a nanoporous fabric.

A summary is presented of an article published online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav9334 on the role of transient receptor potential melastatin member 8 (TRPM8) in sensing cooling agents and lipids. It states TRPM8 is a calcium-permeable ion channel allowing humans to detect cold, and reports it is also activated by icilin and menthol. It mentions how phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binding in TRPM8 engages subdomains from the cytoplasmic domain and transmembrane domain.

The article discusses the development of passive radiative cooling materials that shed sunlight and heat and looks at its application to a cooling paint that could reduce the cost of cooling buildings. It covers how this approach compares to traditional methods of using white paint to reflect sunlight.

The article presents the research published in "Nature Geoscience" journal which shows the minor Ice Age period of modest cooling in Northern Hemisphere that lasted from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

The article discusses a report within the issue by H. Yasuoka and team which details a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique for characterizing the structure of radioactive 239Pu plutonium materials. The researchers cooled the samples to 4 degrees Kelvin in order to reduce the nuclear spin relaxation time low enough for measurement. The applications of this technology include the design of plutonium storage materials and analyzing complex environmental samples.

The article states that a methodology has been discovered wherein atoms are cooled with a one-way wall of light, providing the opportunity to experiment with over 80% of the elements in the periodic table at temperatures of just a few micro-Kelvin. The author aims to discuss the role played by entropy and information in this technique. The technique utilizes the magnetic trapping of atoms and two laser beam sheets, one of which acts as a repulsive barrier for atoms in one state and an attractive wall for atoms in another. Maxwell's demon, a mythical being in physics, is discussed.

This article reports on laser cooling of atoms. It discusses that laser cooling of atoms began more than 25 years ago which has led to spectacular advances in areas such as Bose-Einstein condensation, atomic clocks, ultracold collisions, and degenerate Fermi gases. Molecules have been slower to jump on the ultracold bandwagon but are now firmly on board due to their complexity relative to atoms. Temperature describes the transitional motion of molecules, but they also have internal energy due to vibration and rotation.

The article presents similarities between the splitting of light beam and the cooling of clouds. It mentions that splitting and reoverlapping of light beam provides the basis for optical interferometry. Meanwhile, cooling of cloud of bosonic atoms into a Bose-Einstein condensate is described in terms of coherent matter wave. The author declares that these processes can be used to provide a sensitive gravity detector. However, the atoms in the trapped cloud do interact by way of collisions unlike photons. These caused losses and induced shifts in the phase of the matter wave. Due to this, collision of atoms in the trapped cloud have limited sensitivity. A study that improved the sensitivity of the atom interferometers is also discussed.

The article focuses on the research about the world oceans. Basing on the observations, the world oceans have been warming for the past 50 years. The said findings are significant confirmations of global warming inferences based on surface atmospheric temperature measurements. Researcher John M. Lyman and associates have expanded its study to present a global temperature data set for the upper 750 meters of the world oceans. Their study uncovers a large cooling since 2003 which have implications beyond the pattern and extent of cooling.

Provides information on the formation of cold molecules. Why molecules are poor candidates for laser cooling; Approaches that have been developed for producing and detecting translationally cold molecules; Application of the Raman photoassociation technique.

The article briefly discusses research by physicist Sebastian Klembt and colleagues, reported in the journal "Physical Review Letters," on the cooling of semiconductor microcavities using laser-emitted exciton-polaritons, a type of quasi-particle, which absorb energy from lattice vibrations.

The article reports on research published in a 2011 issue of "Earth and Planetary Science Letters" regarding lava samples from a segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge, off the coast of western North America, to ascertain lava cooling rate, which produces the Earth's crust.

The article discusses a report on the so-called 8200 B.P. cooling event in the Northern Hemisphere as reported by archaeologist Anna Russell at the August 2010 International Conference of Archaeozoology. The effect of the 8200 B.P. event on human activity is discussed with reference to farming practices and livestock use that emerged in northern Syria, Turkey, and Cyprus.

The article offers information about cloud transitions with emphasis on aerosols. It notes that aerosols can produce changes in size, number, and size distribution of cloud drops, which affect how clouds change the fluxes and distributions of energy and water. The microphysical and the radiative are two major pathways by which aerosols act on clouds, the net result can either be cooling or warming.To illutrate, an image of a cloud is presented. An overview of the information given by Koren and other on the distribution of energy within the atmosphere is provided.

The article provides information on a study conducted by Robert P. Ackert Jr. and colleagues in order to determine whether or not southern Patagonia's glacial advance that created it occurred during the chronozone of the Younger Dryas. It mentions that the Ackert and colleagues measured the cosmic-ray exposure ages of the southern Patagonia's glacial moraine. Soon after the end of the Younger Dryas, moraine was deposited followed by the growth of the glacier in response to more precipitation. This suggests that Southern Hemisphere's temperature did not drop like those in the Northern Hemisphere during the Younger Dryas.