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Solid waste always produce negative impacts to the environment, thus effective solutions must be implemented. However, most people are not concerned of the importance of recycling. At the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) which has already launched the sustainable campus programme in 2007, the initiative to managing the solid waste and conducting the recycling programs were advocated through the Zero Waste Campus Initiative (ZWCI), where the team are committed to do the awareness, practices and enforcement regarding solid waste management in UKM. It would be undesirable if these initiatives to educate the majority of the community of UKM were not put into practice. To solve this problem, a study has been conducted to determine an effective method of recycling management at UKM in providing quality service that encouraged UKM's community to recycle. The effectiveness of recycling programs is influenced by a number of factors such as proper service facilities and good management system. Paper recycling boxes in each office which is one of recycling component that play important role to educate UKM staff and awareness of importance recycling system in waste management campus. This paper discusses the efforts carried out at UKM to create an operational system and implement efficient recycling management by improving the current management system.

This paper reports on an on-going action research that enquires into the academic writing of a project paper by international post-graduate students enrolled at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Preliminary observations reveal that many of these students are underprepared for the task, citing cross-cultural limitations stemming from differences in teaching and learning styles vis-avis here and their home countries. They also claim that they are not prepared for the autonomy that is presented in the data collecting process and the writing of the paper. This action research aims to address the problem with a focus on the Statement of Problem. Data for the study were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. The researchers believe that if intervention is provided at the early stages of the writing, these novice writers should be able to achieve academic socialization.

This paper aims to examine the relationship between users’ characteristics towards adopting the LLMTG. These relations were found correlated in its intention to adopt this type of glass in building structures. Despite the indication provided by numerous empirical studies, the organizations that adopt the LLMTG will gain more competitive advantage and improvement. It is strongly believed that this attempt would contribute both to knowledge of the diffusion of innovation and to implications for practice by assisting the industry to understand the important factors when adopting innovation. Rich data will be collected using questionnaire among managers from all industrial in Malaysia.

Thus far no effort has been undertaken to facilitate foodservice operators to measure their performance, identify and deploy appropriate measures to improve the requirements and expectations of a Halalan Toyyiban Foodservice modus operandi. This paper looks into developing the tools to measure the Halal Foodservice Service Quality based on previous literature and in-depth interviews to be conducted among selected Muslim Clergies and the general public followed by validation process using statistical analysis. This tool could be used to minimize the occurrence of halal service failures, improve recovery efforts, increase customer satisfaction, and generate positive re-patronage behaviour at food service establishments.

Current studies agree on the need of training university students in various competences. Among them, writing stands out as an essential competence. This study analyzes the abstract produced by Spanish PhD candidates in the context of an academic writing workshop. These abstracts were rewritten as a result of peers’ and supervisors’ reviews. The purpose is to analyze the construction of this type of text in relation to its content categories. The results attest a series of challenges faced by students and help teachers in the design of their teaching instruction.

Negotiation is a pervasive feature of relationships among auditor-clients, buyer-sellers, as well as being a part of tax audits. Various forms of negotiations occur between the taxpayer and the tax authorities but nothing is mentioned in the literatures on the processes and procedures of how both parties arrive at a settlement that is amicable to both parties. This study reviews the literature on how concession timing negotiation strategies adopted by the tax authorities and the tax practitioners’ aggressiveness impact negotiation outcomes.

Ethics and communication with patients are basic transversal skills for the Degrees in Medicine, Physiotherapy and Nutrition. In this model, senior students use video to create simulated clinical cases with ethics and communication components, and conduct academic mentoring using these cases. To ensure quality video recordings, the students are introduced to visual language by students of the Master's in Communication, thus completing the learning cycle.

The differences in communicating methods between teachers who have learned to study in paper based context and students who are more familiar with screen based context can cause problems in classrooms. This paper discusses issues and concerns in interacting with students who grew up surrounded by multimedia and digital devices, in other words, screenagers, in classrooms. Based on the recent projects and research findings, four key themes are discussed regarding interacting through personal learning devices, communicating with the students in the way they do using social media, appropriate amount of exposure when using audiovisual resources, and possible side effects of using personal learning devices. Finally, teachers’ roles and responsibilities in dealing with screenagers are discussed, and suggestion for using teaching models and teacher training are provided.

The Resource-based View (RBV) of the firm is a strategic management theory that is widely used by managers in project management. The RBV has to date been a promising theory that examines how resources can drive competitive advantage, especially project management (PM) capabilities that have been customized to a specific organizational environment and developed over time. However, Despite the advantages offered by the RBV to practitioners and scholars alike, the theory has been under attack by opponents claiming that there is an overenthusiasm for what the theory can deliver, especially concerning a lack of criteria for generalizability and definitional ailments. This position paper will give an overview of the supporters and opponents of the application of the RBV in PM practice and research. The position of the authors of this paper, which is in favour of the continued application of the theory to PM contexts, will be detailed and supported by conceptual and empirical findings from the literature. This paper will end with future research recommendations that will highlight research that can be done to curb criticisms of the theory and enhance and rejuvenate its use in practice.

The development of alternative energy fuel technology at present many are produced from biological resources, eg the manufacture of biodiesel and biodiesel as a fuel substitute for gasoline. This study aims to obtain biogas from chocolate rind that can be used as an alternative energy and find operating conditions that produce appropriate levels of CH4 in the standard Indonesian. The first stage is done by preparing 1 liter of raw materials chocolate rind and water are then mixed with a starter (cow dung) 10% of the volume of raw materials and the addition of yeast and grass after it is mixed until blended. Then put into containers/bottles that have been fitted hose, water manometer, and the gas holder. The research was done in stages with the conditions that you run. Variables that run is a comparison of raw material (1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2; 1.5:1; 2:1), observation time (5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30 days), and the variable addition of grass (50 gr, 100 gr, 150 gr, 200 gr). From the results of this reasearch found the greatest level of 74.22% in comparison 1 (water): 1.5 (chocolate rind) with the addition of 150 g of grass while low levels of 60.04% in comparison 2 (water): 1 (chocolate rind) with the addition of 200 g of grass.

The paper aims at expanding the body of research on innovation pedagogy and competence assessment by exploring the teaching and learning of innovation-related competences in an Erasmus Mundus Master program in Research and Innovation in Higher Education (MaRIHE). It does so by comparing the results of two quantitative case studies on MARIHE teachers’ and students’ self-assessment of innovation-related competences. Results reveal that teachers’ perceptions of facilitating innovation-related competences and learners’ perceptions of acquiring them are generally favorable and complement each other. Nevertheless, there is considerable incongruity between the two stakeholder groups with respect to specific innovation-related competences. Furthermore, overall student satisfaction with their competence level is lower than teacher satisfaction with their contribution to its development. The study offers a practical approach to the assessment of innovation-related competences that brings together the perspectives of different stakeholders, highlights possible gaps in teaching and learning, and advances innovation pedagogy in higher education.

This paper which introduces strategic planning for foreign vassals during recession period is the result of a research project. This project has been done for Yazd Government, therefore due to security issues; statement whole of this project is not possible and therefore only some of permitted information could be mentioned. As a basic model Bryson's model was selected and the research group did its stages after each other. During this process, the group used observations, questionnaires, interviews and official national and international documents, analyzed internal and external different stakeholders, defined strategic issues and finally proposed possible strategies for the Yazd government. The procedure of strategy planning is illustrated briefly in this paper. In the end of project, the research group presents its findings and results to the client with a one year operating plan. In the next sections a short report of this project will be depicted.

The research presented in this paper is set in a Spanish University, and describes why and how group ‘learning to learn’ tutorials were introduced within an Action Research project designed to help students take greater control of their own learning. The paper shows how discoveries made during the project impacted on the implementation of the tutorials while discussing some of the perceived benefits of this approach.

Purpose. To identify and to systematize the factors of stakeholder trust and to present the impact of trust factors on a particular stakeholder trust. Methodology. Comparative analysis and systematization of the scientific literature. Results. This paper reviews that the main factors of stakeholder trust are corporate reputation and organizational trustworthiness. Such factors as emotions, propensity to trust, experience with the organization and sociocultural factors, same as inborn factors or acquired during growth; factors related with the environment where the person lives or other factors are analyzed fragmentary in the scientific literature. The scientific literature has revealed that consumer trust is impacted by: emotional appeal, products and services, vision and leadership, competence, benevolence of the organization, inborn factors or acquired during growth, factors related with the environment where the person lives, emotions, propensity to trust, experience with the organization, sociocultural and other factors. Employee trust is impacted by: emotional appeal, financial performance, vision and leadership, workplace environment, social responsibility, competence, benevolence and transparency of the organization. Shareholder trust is impacted by: emotional appeal, financial performance, vision and leadership, competence and integrity of the organization. Finally, the community trust is impacted by: emotional appeal, social responsibility, competence, transparency and responsibility of the organization. With reference to psychological and marketing literature, we propose grouping trust factors into controllable and uncontrollable by the organization. Finally, we supposed two propositions: 1) controllable factors have a direct impact on every stakeholder trust; 2) uncontrollable factors have an indirect impact on the consumer trust. These propositions were reflected in a developed theoretical model of the impact of trust factors on stakeholder trust. A theoretical model can be used for further empirical studies. The theoretical contribution. The trust concept is being analyzed for many years, but there is a lack of a clear approach on factors, which influence stakeholder trust. The analysis of stakeholder trust initiated that stakeholder trust is often analyzed in the context of organizational trustworthiness. Whereas the other factors impacting stakeholder trust are analyzed fragmentary. With reference to this situation in the existing scientific literature, we identified and systematized the factors of stakeholder trust and also presented the impact of trust factors on a particular stakeholder trust. Keywords: trust factors, stakeholder trust, controllable trust factors, uncontrollable trust factors. Paper type : Theoretical paper.

The focus of this paper is on the methodological considerations of a PhD study which evaluated a guidance counsellor education programme,offered by a University in Ireland. The programme is offered as a two-year part-time course, which is delivered over four semesters and two summer schools.Good practice and areas for improvement were identified, acknowledged and affirmed throughout the study. However in doing so a number of methodological complexities were considered. The model selected for evaluating the programme negotiated the sensitive nature and the contextual dimensions of guidance counselling while also ensuring a depth in findings. Underlying the term ‘evaluation’ in the context of the study was the motivation to seek knowledge, explore and illuminate new learning in the area of guidance counsellor education. Therefore the study can be described as principally an evaluation with illuminative and exploratory characteristics.This paper explores the strengths and limitations of the methodological approach adopted.

Implementation of renewable energy projects (RES) involves very complex processes which are based on the latest creative techniques to give adequate solutions teaching practitioners of this multidisciplinary field. The need for a complex transfer of knowledge at the administrative level, technical level and technological level of RES projects, constitute prerequisites for success in projects implementation of this type. The present paper proposes using creative educational methods for implementing investment projects in renewable energy using a combination of methods of Goldratt. To exemplify bottleneck situations in the management of certain flows within the supply chain of the RES implementation projects, the paper proposes Drum-Buffer-Rope philosophy. In order to underline the effectiveness in fast obtaining and implementing the right solutions along the lifecycle of RES projects, the paper illustrates the steps of Theory of Constraints Thinking Process (TOCTP) integration by problem diagnosing, designing the solutions plan and integrating the solutions plan through the conceptualization of adequate diagrams communication within these types of projects.

This paper presents the current situation of the university–industry–government partnership in Indonesia, in the context of university readiness to contribute to the government strategy as outlined in the MP3EI (Master plan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development) 2011-2025. Since the higher education system is highly diversified in term of its capacity to contribute, the paper reviews the status in 3 different types of institutions: research, production, and human resources development oriented. Initial finding shows that the government allocated very small budget for research (0.08% of GDP) and universities play a critical role in the national research capacity. Although research is still considered as very low in the government priority setting, the number of patents and international publications has significantly increased in the last few years. Collaborative activities have been carried out to date include, service and training, patenting, collaborative R&D, networking events, industrial collaboration for education, incubators, SME support, and science parks. University and industry appear to be still in the state of “institutional sphere” instead of “consensus space” lacking understanding about each other. The uncertainty about institutional framework available for universities drives academics to develop partnership with industries individually instead of institutionally. Universities feel that there are only few domestic companies with interest and/or capacity to innovate, with the bulk of industry concentrated in assembly operations. Implementation of MP3EI outside Jawa might require expertise and capacity that are only available in institutions in Jawa, that it is essential to develop mechanisms for building local institutional capacity. We conclude that all 3 institutional spheres require further development before each can take purposeful action. Having said that, the study team found a number of cases whereby the 3 parties are willing, even eager, to develop partnerships. With an appropriate and comprehensive strategy, there is significant potential to create productive environment to be developed into knowledge, consensus, and innovation space.

As part of a broader Europeanization process, the general guidelines and principles of the European spatial planning documents have been uncritically overtaken in the last two decades in the Romanian spatial planning system. One of them is represented by the growth pole concept, which was widely used not only in the selection process of the cities as growth poles but in the delimitation of the metropolitan zones as well. The Regional Operational Program (ROP) 2007-2013 has incorporated the above logic, the priority axe 1 sustaining the urban growth poles with 30% of the budget allocated to the whole ROP. The future prospects for 2014-2020 are going in the same direction. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the process and outcome of establishing the urban growth poles as key elements of the new regional policy in Romania. In particular, we will address the process of establishing the urban growth poles as high priority development goal. The paper highlights the failure of regional policy in attaining its essential objective, the reduction of regional disparities. Driven by the growth of the capital region Bucharest-Ilfov, regional polarisation is at a historical high, as the regional policies applied in Romania being unable to influence this process. Although we have at this time no exact evaluation on their regional impact, we can assume that the urban growth poles program has rather contributed to the intensification of regional imbalances.

The phenomenon discussed in this paper is the conflict in Indonesia Football Federation, PSSI (recognized) by Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) with the rebel KPSI. The unexpected conflict, unfortunately, started after the fall of previous regime of Chairman of PSSI, which was followed by the restructuring of the organization along with on-going policy, especially about the prime league and the replacement of national team coach. The increasingly dispute then followed by the formation of the new organization, KPSI, to counter the PSSI, which was continued by dismissal of some core staff that support the rebels. In this paper, two methods for analyzing social conflict Drama Theory and Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) would be utilized. Drama theory is an approach to study the transition of preference toward some states payoff. The entanglement of emotion or new parties might be responsible to this shifting. On the other hand, GMCR is utilized to identify all possible states, along with spotting the equilibrium. In this research, I would like to analyze all discord states, followed by analyzing all possible end results (equilibrium) of the conflict. Previous research showed that some parties were trapped to lose- lose situation that harmed all involved parties, even though there were other states that provided better payoff for them. Therefore, I would like to model the Indonesian Federation conflict with similar approach. It would be very interesting to get insight about the reasons that lead to both PSSI and KPSI to continue their strife rather than mutually exchanging any proposal that might consequence to punishment from FIFA.

Purpose. An accounting reform of public finances was initiated at the beginning of the 2010s. The need arose to respond to the increase in the pace of the overall indebtedness of the Czech Republic, to which the indebtedness of local government (municipalities and regions) contributes significantly. Furthermore, it was necessary to ensure greater transparency in the management of local governments in accordance with the requirements of the European Union. Accounting policies and principles are the basis of accounting. There are two different accounting principles - accrual approach and cash approach. Simplified bookkeeping is characteristic of the cash approach. Its main feature is the recording of transactions only if cash is received or paid. This accounting principle was used by local governments until the initiation of the accounting reform. Cash accounting is outdated today. The main reason for the transition to accrual accounting is the need to obtain comparable and reliable information on the economic situation of the accounting entity. However, accounting policies and principles used in the private sector have not been fully transferred to the public sector accounting. The method of their application and implementation is also significantly different from business accounting. Especially in the case of depreciation of assets, creation of provisions, reserves and accruals. Finally, the scope of application of accounting policies and principles in the public sector is insufficient. They do not apply to all business entities that may obtain public funds, or manage public property. Methodology. Logical methods are used to process the paper. In particular, induction and deduction, analysis, synthesis and abstraction, and concretization. The theoretical background of the paper is based on the review of information from monographs, specialized scientific journals, legislation, Czech and International Financial Reporting Standards. Results. The paper presents proposals for the utilization of selected instruments of the principle of prudence (depreciation, residual value of assets, provisioning) in a manner that makes it easier to fulfil the principle of true and fair view of reality. The theoretical contribution. Defining the theoretical background for the proper use of the principle of prudence in accounting in the Czech public sector which will allow accounting cases to be entered, valued and reported in a uniform manner within globally accepted accounting statements. Practical implications (if applicable). Demonstration of problems related to insufficient implementation of accounting policies and principles in public sector accounting on specific examples. Improper application of accounting principles, in particular the principle of prudence, distorts information about the condition and management of local governments and forms the basis for incorrect decision-making of the public corporation as well as other entities that enter into economic relations with it. Full application of certain accounting principles in the conditions of management of small municipalities with a population of several hundred in the Czech Republic, is highly expensive and ineffective. Small municipalities do not have extensive property and do not report receivables from local fees to be collected from their citizens reaching thousands of Czech Koruna. The share of such small municipalities in the Czech Republic in the total number of municipalities is more than 50 %. The above insufficiencies lead to expressing the value of assets, liabilities, amount of costs, revenues and financial results that do not correspond to reality. Keywords: Accrual principle, principle of prudence, accounting reform, public finance.

In Nigeria, there is a need for a paradigm shift from the existing teacher–centred learning environment to a learner-centred instructional environment where learning is enhanced and students acquire the necessary 21 st century knowledge and skills. Educational Technology create changes in all aspects of human endeavour especially in training and research as it provide resources for trainers and researchers leading to comprehensive learning as well as extend the learning process. This paper discusses how Educational Technology gadgets could be used effectively in educational training and also the constraints to effective use of the gadgets. The paper proffers recommendations to prospective trainers, researchers and the government on enhancing service delivery in educational settings by integrating Educational Technology.

This paper aims to present a recent research on collocation of adjectives inside nominal syntagmata. It examines how their collocation is influenced by diverse linguistic factors, mostly of semantic, syntactic, idiomatic or even prosodic character. The research was based on the “Corpus do Portugues” ( www.corpusdoportugues.org ) and used statistical methods to prove our hypotheses about idiomatic and phonetic influence on adjectives’ positioning. The paper also includes a short discussion of problems encountered during the data processing, like weaknesses in POS definition and distinction (noun / adjective, adjective / quantifier) due to their morphological similarities. Statistical instruments and approaches are also mentioned.

Summarization: This paper investigates the application of real-time route diversion policies, with or without off-ramp closure, to address recurrent motorway traffic congestion created due to a saturated off-ramp. In particular, the proposed route diversion policies attempt to avoid the off-ramp queue spill-over onto the motorway mainstream and the resulting motorway congestion by re- routing the motorway vehicles through nearby off-ramps towards the same destination. This paper addresses the case where real-time route guidance strategies, based on user-optimum considerations, are not sufficient to resolve the spill-over and motorway congestion problem, which may call for harsh measures (off-ramp closure) to force route diversion; while other cases are treated in a companion paper. The proposed route diversion concepts are tested for a hypothetical, but quite typical network infrastructure and traffic scenario by use of macroscopic simulation. The obtained simulation results are compared to the case where no route diversion is employed, and reveal interesting features and the potential for significant improvements. Παρουσιάστηκε στο: 16 th Meeting of the EURO Working Group on Transportation

Scratch is a free graphical programming language designed for children to create their own interactive games, animations, simulations and stories. Scratch provides a virtual space where children use some mathematics ideas in order to build their own animated artefacts. This paper reports on some preliminary findings from a research project where two elementary teachers in an urban New Zealand school introduced Scratch to nine and ten year old children in their classrooms. In each of the classrooms a small number of computers and an interactive whiteboard (IWB) were utilised. This paper uses a case study approach to describe how engagement with Scratch and independent use of the IWB enabled children to work collaboratively to solve design challenges. Initial results indicate that the Scratch program is engaging for children. It created an environment where the children were, by necessity, using problem-solving processes such as goal setting, and generating and testing of ideas. The interactive whiteboard afforded rich opportunities for children to collaborate and share their thinking. Some questions and implications for the learning and teaching of elementary school mathematics are explored at the conclusion of the paper.

The present study focuses on competency-based approach in higher engineering education. Today engineers are required to be socially, culturally and communicatively skilled and able to act in constantly changing sociocultural environment. Presently the development of engineers’ sociocultural competency is of great importance, which is seen from the criteria for accrediting engineering programs of numerous international organizations, e.g. ABET. The paper presents some methods of sociocultural competency training based on the techniques of gaming simulation. Here we describe the educational games “Intercultural communication” and “The art of presentation” for the students of Elite Education Department of National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University. The results of incorporating the gaming technologies in education contribute to the effectiveness of engineers’ sociocultural competency training. The paper ends by pointing out gaming simulation which is a cutting-edge pedagogical approach which allows students to participate in realistic scenarios and develop sociocultural competency.

The current issue of financial literacy is addressed at the international level and the trend suggests that increasing the level of population knowledge in this direction can be more than useful. Financial literacy is a set of knowledge and skills necessary for people to financially secure themselves and to behave actively in the market of financial products and services. Financially literate citizens are well versed in issues of money and prices, and are able to manage their personal budget responsibly. Finances are important part of everyday life and financial literacy is the best way to prevent over-indebtedness of citizens. Therefore it should be taught at schools. The government of the Czech Republic has approved the National Strategy for Financial Education. The survey focused on mapping the level of knowledge of financial markets of the students was conducted and the results are presented in the paper. In addition to the survey, extensive surveys of information available on the Internet and information in many databases were conducted. Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using statistical software Statistica SPSS. The key problems encountered by consumers were identified and methodologically described. At the end of the paper new methods are proposed for effective teaching of financial literacy.

This article studies disasters during the development phase of construction projects and seeks for effective recovery methods. Disasters can be based on various reasons -i.e., natural, technical etc.-, can be observed in many cases -i.e., the mountain sliding during the tunnel opening at Tempi, Greece; the explosion of the British Petroleum (BP) oil pumping platform in the Gulf of Mexico; and the San Esteban mine collapse in Chile- and question the risk estimation and analysis methods that had been performed before project's commencement, and the business readiness of the project organization. Moreover, disasters can cause significant delays and cost rises to a project, while they can lead to construction's cancellation in cases of extensive damages or of site's natural disasters. In this context, this paper aims to structure a generic model that consists of principles and processes, which can recover a construction project after a disaster effect. Various terms (i.e., hazard and risk analysis, safety planning and disaster) and the international project management standards are explored for the purposes of this paper and accurate existing disaster recovery frameworks and models are investigated. The outcomes of this analysis are used for the composition of the proposed model. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed model for a wide area of projects was tested via a survey, which was performed on a group of expert engineers in construction management. Experts’ perspectives and experiences were questioned regarding the proposed disaster recovery model and their answers used for the revision of the proposed model.

The aim of this paper to present some findings on the construct of glass ceiling in organizations and its role in driving women professionals in Malaysia to venture into business as entrepreneurs. The researcher used the qualitative method known as ‘phenomenology” to explore the phenomenon of glass ceiling. The concept was said to be created by Western academics in the 1970s to describe a situation where women professionals found barriers in progressing in the organizational hierarchy in generally all types of organizations whether firms or governmental organizations. For many women professionals especially in the West, the lack of promotional opportunities in the corporate world had driven them to involve in businesses. This paper wanted to determine whether this situation had driven women professionals in Malaysia to venture into business. The samples were women professionals in the legal firms. Interviews were conducted with 20 women professionals. It was found that 6 professionals had set up their own legal firms while 14 had set up their business firms not connected to the legal business. In terms of performance, their firms were observed to be doing well exceeding the three-year gestation period. Generally bankers believe that if a start-up firm can survive the first three years of its establishment, then it is on its way to become successful in whatever business it is in. The average length of the businesses that the Malaysian women professionals were involved in was five years. This is an indication that the said women professionals had successfully transformed themselves into entrepreneurs. It can be said that the glass ceiling phenomenon has a positive effect in this regard as it had spurred the creation of women entrepreneurs among the legal professionals.

This paper outlines current work on the construction of a high-quality, richly-annotated and register-diversified parallel corpus for the English-Spanish language pair, as currently carried out within the framework of the MULTINOT project. The corpus consists of original and translated texts in both directions and is designed as a multifunctional resource to be used in a number of disciplines such as corpus-based contrastive linguistic and translation studies, machine translation, computer-assisted translation, computer-assisted language learning and terminology extraction. The paper describes the structure of the corpus –which includes four subcorpora: English originals (EO) and Spanish originals (SO), English translations (Etrans) and Spanish translations (Strans)-, the registers selected for inclusion in the corpus, and the methodology used to guarantee the quality of the processing steps to enrich the corpus with linguistic information at different levels.

As considerable attention has been paid in recent years to variability within fixed sequences (e.g. Biber, 2009 ; and Gray and Biber, 2013 ), this paper describes the use of a Corpus Linguistics technique, the Part-of-Speech-gram (usually abbreviated to PoS-gram), that allows potential variability across all slots, and is extremely effective for the discovery of phraseologies that might otherwise remain hidden. A PoS-gram is a string of Part-of-Speech categories ( Stubbs, 2007 ) the tokens of which are strings of words that have been annotated with these PoS tags. Hence, in each slot of the PoS-gram, any word can occur as long as it belongs to the PoS category of that particular position. Despite the vast potential of this technique, it has up to now been largely underused. This paper will illustrate the utility of PoS-grams by way of analysis of a 450,000 token corpus composed of travel journalism texts from the BBC website. The PoS-grams extracted are compared with a database of PoS-grams obtained from the 100 M token BNC. While a large number were found to be statistically significant, in-depth analysis was conducted on PoS-grams containing the inflected superlative adjective form AJS, a feature previously recognized as being central to tourism/travel-writing though without reference to corpus-based techniques (e.g. Dann, 1996 ).

This paper aims to provide a clearer picture of the main functions of short-term expatriate assignments. It is based on the results from an empirical study with involving 84 interviewees from different companies located in different host countries. The interviewees were managers mainly from Malaysian, Australian, and Singaporean companies that operated internationally. The duration of the interviews was in average of 1 hour 30 minutes. Extensive notes and voice recordings were made during the interviews. Thematic analysis and the converging interviewing technique were used to analyse the data to develop categorisations, that formed the nature of the short-term assignments. This paper discusses the reasons of short-term expatriate managers were sent overseas instead of long-term expatriate managers and provides useful knowledge about the differences between short and long-term assignments to human resource managers.

The literature dealing with general management recognizes two important phases of any project's and product's life cycle, the solution development and solution implementation. Both of the phases have been explored on the case of IT industry and the model recognizes two important variables: number of agents and level of interdisciplinarity. This paper will try to determine whether such an approach is also appropriate for the construction industry and will also try to prove whether design and build is an appropriate method of integrating the design (solution development) and construction (solution implementation) phases of a construction project because even though design and build is an integral part of many other manufacturing industries, that is not always the case in construction industry. This proposed solution is in line with the knowledge based approach of the previous research because it enables the design team and the implementation team to work together from the earliest phases of the project, therefore enabling the iterative design process and learning from one another. The results of the paper would be useful not only to further scientific research but also as evidence to support the implementation of design and build in the countries in which the legislation discourages its use.

The paper is aimed at presenting an insight into a specific poetry translation model for poetry translation assessment and, in a broader context, for a poetry translation theory for a practical analysis of the English and Latvian translations of the poem “May 24, 1980” written by Joseph Brodsky. The theoretical setting of this model is briefly explained and nine theoretical principles of poetry translation are presented. The paper shows that the cross-linguistic, cross-cultural and interpretative components form an indispensable unity; the proposed principles are both theoretically relevant and applicable in poetry translation practice.

This paper presents a mode choice model for bike-and-ride using the data combined with RP and SP surveys from the neighborhoods within the distance of 500 meters away from the public bike spots in Xi’an Economic and Technological Development Zone. Compared with the previous researches, this model adds the factors of the owning of vehicles or not and trip purpose besides of the socio-economic characters, trip features and the service and facility level. The significant factors which can influence the mode choice behaviors of the bike-and-ride are identified and the results show that the age, owning of bikes, trip distance and the convenience of the service and facility of bike-and-ride have large impacts on the mode choice of bike-and- ride. Besides, car available and the income per year can also influence the mode choice of bike-and-ride and trip purpose has a small effect on the mode choice of bike-and-ride. Finally, this paper provides the policy suggestions for well implementation of the public bike projects in Xi’an Economic and Technological Development Zone according to the model analysis results to encourage more people choosing this mode pattern, which includes: (1) simplifying the transfer procedures, shorten the distance between bus stops/rail stations and public bike spots, and generalize the using of the transport card (containing both of the transit service and public bike service); (2) increasing the number of the public bike sports in the large commercial, residential, office areas and bus stops/rail stations where is densely populated; (3) planning and designing bike lanes in the road reconstructions.

Nowadays architects are challenged by constantly evolving technology and, in consequence, are provoked to explore undiscovered domains. The masterpieces of contemporary architecture would not be possible without advanced information technology. As a result, it evokes constant challenges and requirements of the education process. The paper, based on the author's pedagogical experience, addresses methods for teaching/learning of computer aided design in a changing and challenging educational setting. The impact of the Bologna Process and implementation of the Bloom's taxonomy on the assessments’ requirements are stressed. The results of students’ selected semester projects and workshops are presented, and teaching methods are discussed. Various modes of teaching applied in the projects are presented, including group work, workshop and problem based learning as compared to instructional courses. On the basis of the analytical, systematic overview of teaching experiences and approaches the paper concludes with posing some questions concerning the best methods to achieve intellectually satisfying results of high quality.

This paper analyses Organization Development theory, thinking of structure as important factor for company competitiveness. Company‘s structure is presented as important instrument Organization Development theory, author broadly analyses the change process as core point in building company structure, the level of responsiveness of organizational structure to external and internal environment fluctuations. The change concept in organization structure is discussed from the efficiency point. Organization Structure models are presented as change instrument for controlling environmental change. The process of change is in focus in this paper, soon as external environment is becoming more and more dynamic and unpredictable.

Proposed paper reports a project of dissertation thesis realized at Faculty of Education of Trnava University in Trnava (Slovak Republic). Research project of dissertation thesis is oriented towards a problem of didactics of education of programming at university, concretely by application of new teaching procedures in scope of introductory courses of programming in study field Teaching of Academic Subjects of programme combinations including Computer Science as one of subject. It concerns with application of new-developed class groups for Java, which is a part of micro-environment implementation, applying inter alia principles of Turtle graphics, well-known from programming language Logo. Problem of programming is for most of admitted students unknown at all. That causes their disorientation and involves teaching of essential fundaments required. That is a purpose of new procedure formation in scope of teaching of introductory courses of programming. Class groups of graphical robot aim to joint future-teacher of Computer Science preparation for programming by usage of graphical Logo principles with teaching of Java programming together. In research Design-Based Research as qualitative research method is used. In paper we describe prime phase of dissertation project (phase of analysis) and interpret findings and recommendations for following project phases, aimed to propose an innovative method applied within introductory courses of programming, to develop adequate device for its realization and to reflect their relevance. Outcome thesis will partially support Education Sciences development.

In this paper, a comprehensive framework for ongoing performance monitoring of urban exclusive bus lane network is introduced. The scheduled, periodic monitoring is critical to ensure the bus lane system accomplishes a specific operational performance threshold under changing traffic conditions. Unlike ex-ante and ex-post evaluation of individual project, this paper focuses on the year-to-year changes in performance of city-wide exclusive bus lane system so that more concise performance measures and efficient data collection method are required. The Framework proposed an effective evaluation procedure with the constraint of data availability. It identifies explicit quantitative performance measures from the perspective of both travellers and traffic managers. Efficient data collection and integration methods are also addressed in the framework. Finally, an application of the framework was implemented to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the 161.8km bus lane network in Shanghai. The results of the application are presented.

To effectively deal with the frequent natural disasters and make good decisions, a clear and scientific understanding of the highway network's resistant ability against disasters should be worked out. This paper aims to propose a set of comprehensive evaluation methods for this ability and its conclusion analysis. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, a comprehensive evaluation index system is established. Subsequently, based on the fuzzy mathematics, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is established, and the specific steps of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation are executed. Furthermore, according to the short plate theory, this paper adopts retrospective analysis to discuss the evaluation conclusion. Finally, in order to verify the feasibility and practicability, this paper takes Hangzhou national and provincial trunk highway network as a case study. The results show that the comprehensive score of this network is 83.429 which belongs to the “General” level. Through the conclusion analysis, this paper identifies the weaknesses of Hangzhou national and provincial trunk highway network against natural disasters. Limitations of the proposed method are also discussed in this paper.

This paper presents an ongoing doctoral study investigating the implementation of education programs carried out in the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) Melbourne, Australia. Four main aspects are the focus of the study: its policy, organisational and managerial roles, processes involved in carrying out the programs as well as the implementation, strategies and approaches utilised. The study employs qualitative case study design within pragmatic paradigm. Methods of data collection are interviews, observations and document analysis. The discussion in this paper only focuses on the data derived from the interview conducted on four NGV educators, and the observations of their teaching sessions.

2nd International Geography Symposium-Mediterranean Environment -- JUN 02-05, 2010 -- Antalya, TURKEY, WOS: 000299536700022, Agriculture, fishing, greenhousing, carpet manufacturing, granite stone engraving and tourism are the primary sources of income in Dikili, Izmir. Tourism started to develop in the region since the 1980s and recently, coastal tourism and domestic tourism have gained importance. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that beside coasts where coastal tourism takes place, Dikili, has natural and cultural sources required for development of thermal tourism and rural tourism/ecotourism. Additionally, presenting these sources give way to provide numerous opportunities as a power, is complement aim. The presence of high-flow geothermal water sources in Kaynarca and Ilica districts in Dikili provides opportunities for heating houses and performing greenhousing in the districts, however Nebiler, Bademli, Kocaoba, French hot springs and etc. offer a great potential for the development of thermal tourism. The land allocations for the establishment of two facilities in Dikili indicate that the region will soon be mentioned with thermal tourism. Except for the Aegean Sea and geothermal waters, the mountains, mountain pastures, islands, lakes, waterfalls, caves, forests, monumental trees, natural medicinal plants, wild animals and scenic beauties indicate how rich natural geography Dikili has. Local economic products (olive, olive oil, marine products, Yagcibedir carpets and etc.), ancient cities, rock tombs and ruins of castles as well as villages display the diversity of cultural sources in the region. These all sources mean great attractions for rural tourism/ecotourism and the only shortcoming is that these products have not been branded or turned into touristic products yet. In this sense, the design of tracking paths, the establishment of shopping stands and the opening of some restaurants in some villages are primarly steps and touristic products to launch tourism. Finally in the study, SWOT analysis is made and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Dikili in terms of thermal tourism and rural tourism/ecotourism are suggested. The paper has been written in the field of tourism geography and prepared after data collection, geographical observations, analysis and synthesis. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The 2nd International Geography Symposium-Mediterranean Environment

A good road network is a critical infrastructure requirement for rapid economic growth. It provides connectivity to remote areas; provides accessibility to markets, schools, and hospitals; and opens up backward regions to trade and investment. Roads play an important role in inter-modal transport development, through links with airports, railway stations, and ports. Road network in India aggregates to about 4.2 million kilometers. This extensive road network, the second largest in the world only after US, caters to about 65 per cent of the freight traffic and 87 per cent of the passenger traffic. National Highways (NH) constitute about 70,934 kilometers which is only 2 percent of the total network. However, it caters to nearly 40% of the total road traffic. State Highways (SH) and Major Dist rict Roads (MDR) together constitute the secondary system of road transportation which contributes significantly to the development of the rural economy and industrial growth of the country. The conventional method of providing bituminous surfacing on flexible pavements require significant amount of energy for production of bituminous binder from crude petroleum, drying aggregates and subsequently production of bituminous mix at hot mix plant (HMP).Hot mix recycling is the process in which reclaimed asphalt pavement materials are combined with new materials, sometimes along with a recycling agent, to produce hot mix asphalt mixtures. When properly designed, recycled mixtures can have better or similar performance to those of new conventional hot mix asphalt mixtures. Recycling or Rejuvenating agents have been defined as organic materials with chemical and physical characteristics selected to restore properties of aged asphalt to desired specifications. In selecting the recycling agent, the viscosity characteristics of the combined aged asphalt binder and the recycling agent are the determining factors. These agents are also known as softening agents, reclaiming agents, modifiers, fluxing oils, extender oils, and aromatic oils. The choice of Recycling Agent (RA) grade will depend on the amount and hardness of the asphalt in the aged pavement. In general, the lower viscosity RA types can be used to restore aged asphalts of high viscosity and vice versa. Laboratory studies have been carried out on asphalt mixes with RAP material and rejuvenating agent and their performance has been compared with virgin asphalt mixes. Various performance tests such as Retained Stability, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), Creep test, beam fatigue test, resilient modulus and wheel tracking test has been carried out to compare the performance properties. This paper presents the results of all such performance tests carried out on asphalt mixes with RAP and virgin mixes. The laboratory results indicate that the asphalt mixes with RAP and rejuvenating agent provide better performance compared to virgin mixes. The paper also recommends that the Accelerated Pavement Testing Facility (APTF) should be put to use to evaluate the actual field performance of recycled pavements in a faster and effective manner. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of International Scientific Committee.

In the paper the results of scientific-theoretical research about influence of professional education on development of enterprise potential of young people are presented. In the conditions of performance of a strategic task to increase a share of small and medium business in Kazakhstan till 2020 year the important role its realization undoubtedly belongs to an education system. The researches of foreign scientists show that the system of professional education has a big importance on formation of business potential of students. Besides modern requirements of a labor market set a task for the graduates to have the knowledge and skills in the business sphere. The development of business potential of the student during training will lead to increase of its competitiveness in the market. The opinions of experts on existing problems in the course of training from the point of view of their focus on development at students of enterprise qualities are analyzed. The results of applied research of entrepreneurial orientation of students prove the existence by students the positive relation to business and desire to develop enterprise potential during study. Also, in the paper the main directions of improvement of system of formation and development of enterprise potential of students are formulated.

Sustainability and green transportation initiatives have been widely promoted in highway design and maintenance in recent years. While there are many definitions of sustainability and green transportation, there has mainly been a qualitative description of such initiatives in previous works. In this paper we propose a quantitative analysis of sustainability and green transportation from highway design and maintenance perspective. There is a considerable interaction between highway design and maintenance. For example, a well designed and maintained highway should jointly minimize the initial and life-cycle costs. But, generally a precise account of maintenance life-cycle cost analysis is not performed in the design stages of a highway. In this paper a highway alignment optimization problem is analyzed and evaluated based on the joint minimization of initial and life-cycle costs. An illustrative example is presented

At all times the numbers were an important part of people's culture. Where there are people there are always numbers and numerology system. In turn, the figures are included in any field of science and serve it. So linguistics is not an exception. This paper discusses the figures which were the basis of the spiritual world of the Kazakhs and Chinese, namely the mysterious sacred figures to determine their function in the life of people and open the subtle secret of their world view. In the paper we consider the numbers “one”, “two”, “three”, “four” and explore history of their origin and etymology. Through the study of numerology systems we define particular knowledge of numbers, concepts and features of the symbols. Thus we can see the similarities and differences in the numerology world of two historically neighboring countries.

The extent to which human migration has grown over the last two decades partially reflects the strategic approach that some countries have taken to address shortages in skills and expertise. Evidence suggests that migrants are however often underutilised or underachieve, leading to a sub-optimal outcome and often a result of the human capital recognition deficit, both by the migrant and the country of destination. The deficit is partly driven by the range of difficulties associated with workplace integration and acculturation, arguably part of the extensive range of losses experienced by migrants. This paper postulates the argument that a timely and appropriate intervention in the workplace integration process will alleviate the human capital recognition deficit and allow migrants to make a more significant contribution to the workplace in a shorter period of time. This paper reflects on experiences reported by South African migrants in Australia. It focusses on the narrative of workplace exposure and identifies three major groupings. First there is the overall experience of ‘not knowing’, followed by a willingness to tackle the ‘new and difficult environment’. Finally respondents report a capability to ‘respond’, and in a sense outperform their perceived diminished human capital value. Overall the paper confirms that the experiences of South African migrants in Australia mirror experiences reported in other migration studies. Personal observations and comments in the study do however confirm the benefits that an employer based support system holds in minimizing the human capital deficit. In recent times human migration has assumed significant proportions, to the extent that by 2008 approximately three (3) per cent of the world population were considered migrants ( Enderwick et al., 2011 ). While many factors facilitate global migration those countries that recognised its potential as a source of economic growth and development have also fuelled it. Through a combination of pull factors, including prominent government migration policies, countries such as the United States of America, Canada, New Zealand and Australia have succeeded in attracting significant numbers of skilled migrants to their shores. It is now generally accepted that these countries have benefitted substantially from immigration.

Public transport operation is inherently connected with uncertainty, starting from schedules created for hypothetical operational conditions and demand levels, operational disturbances, dynamic real demand uncertainty and on complex interactions between different lines and transport modes ending. In this context the realisation of the general public transport objective: maintenance in the long-term horizon the guaranteed mobility standards in the city and their surroundings with essential reduction of transport operational negative impacts, calls for Advanced Public Transportation System (APTS) based dedicated approach. In this paper the exploration of Intelligent and Integrated DISpatching CONtrol (DISCON) method capabilities using new available in APTS capabilities was proposed. The uncertainty and stochastic aspects visible in public transport operation create the demand for dedicated intelligent dispatching robust control proposals. The APTS monitoring and surveillance tools and effective communication media make it possible to realize it in “control by opportunity” mode and with dynamic intelligent control feedback. In this paper DISCON robust dispatching real-time control proposals are presented. The first in LQG robust Kalman filter based control perspective and existence of control and state operational constraints. The second one based on cooperation with multi-criteria PIACON traffic control method as multi-criteria individual traffic - public transport integrated approach with compromise solutions represented by so called “reference trajectory”. In the last case the necessary control actions are recognized by real-time detection of the bus arrival to the signalised intersection and evaluation of its measure off-schedule deviations and bus load. Next the dynamic trade-offs with conflicting intersection users demands and service standards are established by PIACON control method and admissible priority control options in terms of so called “reference trajectory” for DISCON control method are proposed. Illustrative practical examples for all new DISCON options are presented.

In this paper, an approach is present to evaluate the inequity of the investment in transportation in China. The investment in the integrated transportation is expressed with transportation investment utility based on homogenized service. The approach evaluating the inequity is composited with four methods of inequity evaluation. This paper finds that the investment in transportation in China is poorly inequitable and four suggestions improving the equity of the transportation investment are proposed.

This paper presents a simulation study of a lane assignment approach for improving the operation of freeway weaving sections. By dividing the vehicles with different destinations into different lanes, this approach offers an effective way to reduce the “friction” of lane-changing maneuvers and relieve the impacts of congestion of the through traffic on freeways. Introduction of the preliminary configuration and principal components associated with the proposed lane assignments approach contribute to the core of this research. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system, this study conducts sufficient simulation experiments based on a freeway simulator calibrated with real-world weaving section data. The results show that under heavily congested traffic conditions this system can perform better than the traditional one considering the weaving section throughput, the average vehicle delay, queue length on freeway and on ramp, the interference with freeway traffic, and the stability of the weaving section. This paper also investigates factors related to critical traffic flow that may affect the performance of such a system.

20th International Scientific Conference; Economics and Management 2015, ICEM 2015, 06-08 May 2015, Kaunas, Lithuania Corporate Social Responsibility in Poland :Businesses' Self-Presentations Barbara Mazur Bialystok University of Technology , ul. Wiejska 45 A, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland Purpose. The main purpose of the paper is to present the extent and content of businesses’ communications about corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Poland. In particular, the study investigates the CSR actions and issues discussed in web pages. Methodology. The Fortune 100 2014 ranking of businesses in Poland were used as a sample frame (purposeful sample). The study focused on corporate signature web pages. A procedure was defined to seek information about CSR in the web pages based on the investigation of 100 corporate sites. The search was limited to the web pages areas that directly referred to the responsibilities and commitment of the company either to society, environment and economy. Links to these relevant areas were searched for either in the home page or in a section providing general company information. Results. The results show that the biggest businesses in Poland do not display the same eagerness to appear as socially responsible and employ diverse means to convey social responsibility images. However, many businesses are eager to display their CSR principles and social and environmental actions in order to communicate a positive image of their identity and to gain legitimacy along with support among stakeholders. The theoretical contribution. Over the past few years, businesses and academic researchers alike have displayed increased levels of interest for corporate social responsibility. In particular, recent research suggests that CSR may be an excellent instrument to enhance the legitimacy of the firm among its stakeholders (e.g., Handelman and Arnold, 1999) and to develop positive social responsibility images (e.g., Brown and Dacin, 1997; Sen and Bhattacharya, 2001). The value of the paper to is in the coding scheme which was developed based on an analysis of 100 web pages. The coding scheme employed was based on the conceptualization of CSR as three dimensions– social, economic and environmental. Practical implications . Some studies have started to investigate how businesses use communications to highlight their commitment to CSR (e.g., Esrock and Leichty, 1998; Hooghiemstra, 2000). Against this backdrop, the present study examines how businesses in Poland communicate about CSR in their web pages. The research findings can be used to show the best practices in the respect of CSR communication . Key words : corporate responsibility, on-line communication, Polish companies Paper type : Research paper.