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1. The chromatographic behavior of a large number of plant growth regulators and allied compounds has been studied with special reference to indole compounds. RF values of the compounds in a large number of solvents, their color reactions and ultraviolet fluorescence have been studied. 2. Isopropanol-ammonia-water and pure water have been recommended for use as developing solvents in one dimensional or two dimensional chromatography of indole compounds. With water results may be obtained in about two hours. For the aromatic acids also isopropanol-ammonia-water was found to be the best of the solvents tried. 3. The relationship between the structure of compounds and RF values has been discussed. The partition theory in relation to chromatographic separation of indole compounds on paper has been examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper chromatograms of ether and ethanol extracts of cells of the three algal species: Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus quaddricauda and Chlamydomonas reinhardi were tested on agar plates with the bacteria Bacillus subtilis. Inhibition zones were found at the starting line of the paper chromatograms as well as at the solvent front. The inhibition zone at the starting line only occurred after illumination and was due to a light-induced transformation of chlorophyllides. The inhibition zones at the solvent front were caused by two different kinds of substances. The first substance was, like chlorophyllides, a derivative of chlorophylls and only showed inhibiting action after illumination. The second substance had no relation to plant pigments. In extracts from Chlamydomonas it acted only after illumination, but in extracts from Chlorella and Scenedesmus it produced inhibition zones both in the light and the dark. By extraction of culture solutions from the three algal species chlorophyllides were found in the extracts which produced substances inhibiting the growth of Bacillus subtilis both in dark and light. It is suggested that chlorophyllides play a part as an antibacterial substance in natural waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses paper electrophoresis patterns of enzymes involved in polyglucoside synthesis in oscillatoria princeps and its low temperature strains. The technique of paper partition chromatography and paper electrophoresis for the study of genetically different tissues have recently found application in the field of genetic studies. These methods should prove of considerable interest in the detection of differences between enzymes having the same properties and functions in the different species.

The formation of certain indole compounds in Acetobacter xylinum was investigated by paper chromatographic methods supplemented with preliminary bioassays. The results indicate the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and tryptophol (Tr-ol) when the bacterium is cultivated on a medium containing peptone. IAA and Tr-ol were also produced when washed bacterial cells were in- cubated for 24 hours with DL-tryptophan (1 g. pr L). The yield of IAA was of the order of 5 % of the tryptophan. When sodium hydrosulphite was present in the incubation medium, the yields of IAA and Tr-ol were considerably reduced, but under these circumstances the formation of small amounts of indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAId) could be demonstrated. These results are in agreement with the view that IAAId is the immediate precursor of IAA and Tr-ol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that one of the most serious limitations to the study of naturally occurring auxins bas been the lack of any sensitive methods for their separation and chemical identification. Similar difficulties are met when dealing with the synthetic auxins, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acids where the only sensitive chemical test is completely non-specific, being given by a whole range of homologues. In the last few years, however, rapid improvements in the methods of chromatography have enabled plant physiologists to adapt this technique to the study of auxins.

The growth substances occurring in roots and shoots of sugar cane at various stages in its development have been characterized by a combination of paper chromatograph, bioassays, and colorimetric reactions. From 12 days after germination of the vegetative bud to maturity the predominant growth promoter is an acid with properties similar to those of IAA. A number of other growth promoters and inhibitors also occurred in both the roots and shoots at various stages in development. Relatively less IAA was detected in roots if, prior lo extraction, there had been a large increment in growth of the shoots, or of adventitious shoots ("tillers"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion‐exchange fractionization, paper chromatography, and soybean callus bioassay have partly resolved an apparent discrepancy in the sequence of cytokinin appearance in developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruit compared to the sequence reported in corn (Zea mays L.). Cotton fruit cytokinins were separated into three fractions: A combined n‐butanol and ethylacetate extractable fraction comprisedc. 10% of the cytokinin activity, a fraction not retained by a polymethacrylate weakly acidic cation‐exchange resin comprised c. 45%, and a fraction that was retained by the resin, c. 45%. The latter fraction differs from cytokinin fractions reported in corn. However, like cytokinin ribonucleotides, its cytokinin activity remains below Rf 0.3 on paper chromatograms developed with water‐saturated sec‐butanol, thus complicating studies of sequential cytokinin appearance in cotton. An anion‐exchange resin did not retain the cytokinin activity of this fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a new lateral root initiation assay based on the stimulation or inhibition of indoleacetic acid-induced root initiation in excised root segments of Pisum sativum cultured in vitro, a study has been made of ether-and alcohol soluble inhibitors extracted from seedling roots of Pisum and separated by paper chromatography. Substances with characteristic Rf values in a given solvent system were eluted directly from paper sections into a sterile nutrient medium in which root segments were allowed to develop new root primordia under the influence of added auxin. The detection of an inhibitor was dependent on the degree of suppression of root initiation. Inhibitors of lateral root initiation were detected in both the alkaline and the acidic ether-soluble fraction of a cold absolute ethanol extract of seedling pea roots. A detailed study of the alkaline fraction separated by paper chromatography showed that two inhibitor spots were present. The first compound with Rf0.2-0.3 in an n-butanol-ammonia-water solvent showed a bright-blue fluorescence in ultraviolet light, an orange-red color after spraying with Salkowski reagent and a yellow color with Ehrlich's reagent. The compound was not further characterized. A second compound in the alkaline extract, which appeared to be the most active inhibitor, had an Rf of 0.7-0.8 in the same solvent system, showed no UV-fluorescence. formed a purple-brown color with Salkowski reagent but no color with Ehrlich's reagent. When chromatographed at 23°C, with water-saturated ethyl acetate as the solvent, the compound was apparent as an oily spot at Rf 0.3-0.6. From solubilities, its slightly acidic nature, its reducing properties, its reaction to a variety of color tests, and its ultraviolet absorption characteristics, the inhibitor has been tentatively identified as a phenolic compound. Its possible physiological role in controlling the site of lateral root initiation in pea seedlings has been suggested, but elucidation of its role awaits further physiological study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of the organ sites and chemical nature of root-promoting substances in Lycopersicon esculentum seedlings was made. Results of organ excision indicated that the young cotyledons were the primary site of root-promoting substances. As the cotyledon matured, its root-promoting activity decreased while that of the developing plumular leaves increased. Application of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) at 10 3 M in lanolin to the hypocotyl below the cotyledonary node significantly prevented root formation. Bioassay, using a new tomato rooting test, of the basic, acidic and bound fractions of the cotyledon extracts after paper chromatography showed biological activities in all three fractions. Gas-liquid chromatography of selected active regions of the paper chromatogram resulted in a partial tentative identification of indolepropionic acid, 5-methylindole, 5-hydroxyindole and 3-indoleacetonitrile. The combined evidence indicated that the root-promoting substances in tomato seedlings resemble auxin compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root-promoting substances were extracted from softwood cuttings of Salix alba L. by centrifuging them with water or by shaking the ground freeze-dried stems with water. Rooting substances were partitioned by paper chromatography or chemical fractionation and their rooting activity was tested by mung bean cuttings. Both extracts indicated three major root-promoting fractions at mung bean cutting. Both extracts indicated three major root-promoting fractions at Rf 0-0.1, 0.7-0.8, and 0.3-0.4 in a decreasing order of their activities when paper chromatographed with isopropanol: ammonia: water 8:1:1 v/v. The strongest one indicated an apparent synergistic rooting effect with indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) regardless of the extraction method. The results indicate that water can extract from freeze-dried sample the similar rooting substances found in the centrifugal diffusates. The Rf 0-0.1 fraction consisted of at least four fractions and the strongest one did not move from the starting line on the chromatogram when isopropanol: ammonia: water 8: 1: 1 was used. This starting line fraction was extremely strong in rooting activity and its highest concentration resulted in 8.7 times as many roots as controls. More thain additive rooting effect between IAA and the fraction was found only at the highest concentration. The fraction was very soluble in water but insoluble in chloroform or ethyl ether and only stimulated rooting of mung bean cuttings when it was applied within 3 days after cuttings were made. It had no effect in lengthening roots. The starting line fraction was further found to have four root-promoting sub-fractions at Rf 0.05, 0.35, 0.65, and 0.85 when it was chromatographed in 60% isopropanol. Among these four, the subfractions at Rf 0.65 and 0.35 were strongly root promotive and displayed more than additive root promotion with IAA at the highest concentrations studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique for following the root elongation of rooted cuttings of Populus tremula on moist filter paper is described. Aminotriazole caused inhibition of root elongation, when applied to the mature leaves in quantities of 0.1 mg. per plant or more or to the growth solution in concentrations from 3x10-5 M. In both cases the response was delayed about 24 hours. Only high concentrations applied to the roots caused a considerably more rapid response. The onset of the inhibition was usually accompanied by the appearance of necroses in the extending part of the root, while the meristem and the mature parts of the root showed no visible injuries. In spite of this injury the root tip, at moderate concentrations of ATA, continued to elongate at a slow rate. The inhibition of root growth appeared before chlorosis or other injuries to the leaves become visible. The roots of wheat seedlings grown in the dark showed a similar sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of ATA, while the roots of pea seedlings were less sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The responses of pea seedlings roots to various growth substances were studied. The substances were applied in three ways: 1. To the hypocotyl of seedlings growing on moist filter paper in polyethene sacks. 2. To the solution used for moistening the filter paper with the same culture method as in 1. 3. To the culture solution of seedlings growing in test tubes. With this method mainly the effect of growth-regulators on other aspects of growth than root elongation was studied. The method is thought to be suitable as an assay method for phenoxy-type auxins. With all three methods pronounced differences were obtained in the response of the seedlings to phenoxyacetic acids with auxin activity on the one hand and IAA on the other. When the substance were applied to the hypocotyl, the elongation of the roots was inhibited by smaller quantities of the phenoxy auxins than of IAA. Furthermore, the inhibition caused by IAA was followed by rapid growth recovery while phenoxy compounds caused a more permanent inhibition. The effects of NAA and IBA were similar to those of IAA. The root growth of seedlings grown on filter paper moistened with phenoxy auxins in concentrations giving only moderate growth inhibition in the beginning of the experiment decreased progressively with time and most roots stopped growing in a day or two. Also when the seedlings were grown in 10 ml, nutrient solution in test tubes the effects of added phenoxy auxins were enhanced with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1) We have confirmed the wide occurrence of shikimic acid in gymnosperms by paper partition chromatography. Shikimic acid was found in 30 species out of 34 species tested. 2) Shikimic acid was present in concentrations of 1-10 mg. Per g. fresh weight in species of Taxodiaceae and Pinaceae, while it was present in concentrations of 0.5 mg. Per g. fresh weight in species of Taxaceae and Cu-pressaceae. 3) We have isolated shikimic acid from the leaves of Pinus Thunbergii Parlatore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seeds of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were cold-stratified for 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days. Endogenous growth regulators were extracted from these seeds, and also from the germinating and the 28-day warm stratified seeds. Partially purified extracts were separated on chromatographic paper. The chromatograms were cut into 10 equal segments, and these were tested for biological activity using three different bioassays. The results indicated that the unstratified seeds and those stratified up to a period of 28 days contained very little or no growth promoter (GA-like substances), and a relatively high concentration of an inhibitor (presumably abscisic acid). Following 42-day stratification, the promoter concentration gradually increased while the inhibitor level fell almost to zero. A high level of promoter but no inhibitor was detected in germinating seeds. No auxin-like activity was noted in the unstratified seeds. This activity slowly increased up to a period of 28 days and remained at this level for the subsequent stratification periods. However, the activity greatly increased in the germinating seeds. Very little changes in the levels of growth regulators were noted in warm-stratified seeds as compared to the unstratified controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excised shoots and potted plants of Coleus blumei Benth. were subjected to different treatments with kinetin solutions. Control treatments were made with water. Free and bound auxin were extracted with ether. The acid fractions were purified by electrophoresis to remove all traces of kinetin, and were then analyzed with the Avena straight-growth test. As compared with the controls, kinetin treatment increases the bound auxin, whereas the corresponding free auxin is unchanged. Also methanol extracts of treated stems contain more acid auxin than corresponding extracts of water-treated stems. This indicates that in methanol extraction not only free auxin but also some bound auxin is obtained. The extracted auxin behaves like indoleacetic acid in paper chromatography with four different solvent systems, as well as in gel filtration through Sephadex. New formation or decreased breakdown of auxin seem the most likely explanations for the observed effects of kinetin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of growth regulators active in the Avena coleoptile straight-growth test in sprouting buds and seedlings of Norway spruce (picea abies Krast.) was investigated. The acid either fraction contained a growth stimulator, the Rf of which in isoproponol : ammonia: water was 0.2-04. This substance behaved as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in electrophoresis, in chromatography in various solvent systems on paper and on a Sephadex column. It gave the colour typical of IAA when sprayed with Ehrlich reagent and its fluorescense characteristics corresponded to IAA. Acid ether-soluble inhibitors showed most activity at Rf 0.4-0.7, but due to tailing they interfered with the determination of the stimulator at the Rf of IAA in the bioassay. They also masked the activity of other stimulators. Colour reactions were obtained with Ehrlich reagent in the inhibiting chromatogram zone. When eluates from this zone were tested in high dilutions or after gel filtration growth stimulation was obtained. The acid fraction of seedling shoots also contained a stimulator with Rf 0.7-0.8. In the neutral-basic ether-soluble fraction growth stimulation was obtained at Rf 0.5-0.7. The extracts also contained stimulatory substances insoluble in ether but soluble in n-butanol and partly in ethyl acetate. When the butanol fraction was hydrolyzed in 1 M NaOH a substance behaving as IAA when chromatographed was released. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theory for the geotropic movements of the Helianthus annuus hypocotyl has been given earlier by Johnson et al. In the present paper this theory is tested by extensive experiments. The magnitude as well as the rate of geotropic curvature are found to be in agreement with the theoretical predictions. Further, the geotropic reaction time, defined as the time between the start of geotropic stimulation and the start of the geotropic reaction is determined as a function of the stimulation angle with respect to the plumb line. A slight variation found in the reaction time is included in the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bark samples were removed from 1-year-old stems of Italian prune trees at intervals throughout the growing season (June-August). Glucose, fructose, sucrose, traces of raffinose and a polyol were detected in ethanolic extracts of the bark. The polyol was isolated and shown to be D-glucitol. The use of insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone proved to be the best method for decolorizing bark extracts prior to quantitative analysis of ethanol-soluble carbohydrates by paper chromatographic methods. Glucitol was the major carbohydrate in the bark throughout the season. Sucrose was the major sugar, decreasing gradually as the season advanced Fructose and glucose were found in lesser and about equal amounts The amount of glucitol, glucose and fructose was high in June, decreased to a minimum in mid-July, increased sharply in late July and early August and decreased later in the season.

Paper chromatographic determination of amino acids separately from the embryo and endosperm of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during germination and seedling growth without added nutrients for 8 days has been made. After different hours of germination the endospermic protein is hydrolysed and other amino acids appear and are translocated to the embryo. Arginine, tryptophane, tyrosine and ornithine are detected in the embryo during its growth but absent in the endosperm. Their appearance in the embryo is suggestive of interconversion by transamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemberg (1947) reported that there was an acidic growth inhibitor present in the peel of freshly harvested potatoes, which disappeared when the potatoes were stored for several months. He suggested that the presence of the inhibitor is responsible for the failure of potatoes to sprout immediately after harvest. The present work was undertaken in order to investigate further this theory of Hemberg. The amount of acidic inhibitor in the area of the peel around the eyes of potato tubers at various stages in the dormant period was investigated using the Avena coleoptile straight growth test. Four varieties of potatoes were stored at four temperatures and sampled at approximately monthly intervals from time of harvest until sprouted. The buds plus the tissue immediately surrounding them were extracted with ether. The extracts were separated into acidic and neutral fractions and chromatographed on paper with isopropanol, ammonium hydroxide, water (8 : 1 : 1). Segments of the chromatograms were assayed by the Avena coleoptile straight growth test. No difference in content of acidic inhibitor was found among potatoes in various stages of dormancy. Sprouting of potato buds was also used as a bioassay. Pieces of potato tissue weighing about one-tenth gram and containing an eye were planted in sand in aqueous solution in contact with segments of the chromatograms. The time until a sprout was visible was recorded for each eye piece. No delay in sprouting was found when eye pieces were treated with chromatogram segments containing the inhibitor. Treatment with the unchromatographed ether extract also failed to cause a delay in sprouting of the eye pieces. Peels from which the eyes had been removed and the inner tissue of the tuber each had approximately one-fifth as much acidic growth inhibitor by Avena assay as did the eye, or bud tissue. No delay in sprouting of eye pieces was found upon treatment with ether extracts of peel and inner tissue of tuber. Eye pieces treated with chromatogram segments containing the acidic inhibitor and pieces treated with blank segments of the chromatogram were extracted with ether and the extract assayed by the Avena coleoptile straight growth test. Extracts of those pieces which had been in contact with chromatogram segments containing the inhibitor caused a suppression of coleoptile growth. The applied inhibitor thus was present in the eye pieces, athough no delay in sprouting had occurred. it was concluded that the presence of the acidic growth inhibitor is not the cause of failure of freshly harvested potatoes to sprout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is concerned with a study of the uptake and metabolism of sulphur and related problems in deseeded wheat plants. For this purpose tracer techniques in combination with paper chromatography of the amino acids and determinations of the Kjeldahl nitrogen of different fractions have been applied. A critical discussion is given of the isotope methods used and possible errors involved in them. There is a general difference in the growth of roots and shoots, perhaps connected with the deseeding procedure. This is illustrated by data from plants on complete nutrient solutions as well as by changes in fresh weight relations and nitrogen metabolism induced during conditions of sulphur deficiency. A comparison of the quantitative changes in insoluble nitrogen and sulphur of the shoots during - S conditions leads to the conclusion, that at least two different protein types are present. High sulphur proteiu is broken down whereas low sulphur protein is still synthesized to some extent. The amino acid composition of the plants has been investigated and is tabulated. - In all fractions both the methionine derivatives and eyst(e)ine become radioactive at the same time when the plants are allowed to absorb S35. A translocation of sulphur takes place from the old to the young parts of the shoot during development; nevertheless symptoms of S deficiency are obtained before the sulphate reserve of the plant is totally exhausted. A back transport from the shoots to the roots can also be established as well as a leakage into the solutions. Sulphate uptake is independent of the pH of the solution. The rate of the uptake of radiosulphate is higher during the first minutes than after some time has elapsed. The possible significance of this is discussed in connection with current views on ion uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper (B) a torsion balance method for transpiration measurements in excised leaves or shootshas been described, and values obtained in experiments with Vaccinium myrtillus cited. In the present paper the results of further measurements by the same method are reported. Two more species of Vaccinium have been fairly well investigated, viz.. V. uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea. Besides, less extensive series of experiments have been made with samples of the following species: Alchemilla alpina, A. glabru, A. glomerulans,, Antennaria dioica, Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Mianthemum bifoiumi, Pingucicula vulgaris,. Potentilla palustris. Rubuns Chamaemorus, Salix herbacea, Saussurea alpina, Saxifraga aizoides, Sibbaldia procumbens, and Viola palustris. In many cases samples of the same species were taken from several ecologically distinct localities. The course of the transpiration decline curves obtained in these experiments is described elsewhere (7). In the present paper the transpiration values calculated from the curves are reported and their significance discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1) Paper chromatographic analysis revealed that citrulline is the predominating free amino acid in the root nodules of A. incana and A. glutinosa throughout the year. In autumn its concentration has increased 5-10 fold, compared with the summer value. 2) The nodules of A. incana contain in addition to citrulline much γ-amino butyric acid, which evidently is formed from L-glutamic acid, since L-glutamic acid decarboxylase aclivity was found to be present in the insoluble residue of the crushed nodules. 3) The roots of A. glutinosa contain in addition to citrulline much arginine and ornithine but the nodules have only traces of them. The concentration of free amino acids in the roots near to the nodules is about 5 times that in the more remote parts if calculated per unit dry matter. 4) The completely unnodulated roots of uninoculated alders grown on combined nitrogen also contain citrulline, hence, it is not a compound specific to nitrogen fixation. 5) The stems and especially the leaves of alder contain considerably less citrulline and soluble nitrogen in general than the roots of the same plant. 6) The presence of urea and the identity of citrulline were tested paper chromatographically using p-dimelhylaminobenzaldehyde reagent. Only in unnodulated roots was urea found and then only in very small quantities (about 0.005 per cent of dry wt.), possibly as the result of a secondary splitting. The identity of citrulline in all extracts was confirmed. 7) The arginase activity of the alder nodules, roots and leaves was tested. No activity could be detected. 8) The amino acids extracted with ethanol were separated from many impurities in the extract by means of alkaline ion exchange resin Dowex 2. 9) L( + )-citrulline was also isolated from the nodules of A. incana as the Cu-salt. This was identified by means of the mixed melting point with the authentic Cu-L(+)-citrullinate. 10) In the nodule extract of A. incana two unknown compounds were found, possibly peptides, which disappear in the HCl-hydrolysis. Simultaneously alanine, glutamic acid, some glycine and possibly γ-amino butyric acid are set free. 11) Citrulline was noted to break down to a great extent to ornithine in the HCl-hydrolysis. 12) In one preparation citrulline was also determined photometrically by diacetylmonoxime reaction. 13) Hypotheses are advanced on the significance of the observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Experiments with enzyme preparations produced from Chaetomium globosum grown on various polysaccharides showed that xylanase is an adaptive specific enzyme, which is only produced in the presence of xylan in the medium. 2. Paper-chromatographic tests proved that the principal products of hydrolysis are xylose, besides a small amount of arabinose and a water-soluble, enzyme-resistant polysaccharide. This polysaccharide does not move on the paper chromatogram, and yielded on acid hydrolysis xylose, arabinose, and glucose in approximately equal amounts together with a comparatively slight amount of a uronic acid. 3. When proper xylanase preparations are used a series of spots moving slower than the pentoses and the hexoses and with regularly decreasing Rf values appear on the chromatogram. These spots are interpreted to represent molecular fragments with increasing number of xylose units, resulting from random scission of the glycosidic linkages of the polyxyloside chain. The fastest moving of these compounds may consist of two xylose units and be an analogue of cellobiose. 4. Heating or storing of xylanase preparations resulted in almost complete removal of the power to produce xylose, whereas slower moving spots representing intermediate products of hydrolysis still appeared on the chromatogram, suggesting that two components are present in the xylanase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of apparatus for recording temperatures over long periods has been constructed. A photographic plate is subjected to radioactive radiation, and the illuminated spot is moved as a function of temperature. If the apparatus is placed under varying temperatures one may after a certain period develop the photographic plate. By photometer measurements the temperatures that occurred during the registration period are found, and the duration of each temperature interval is given. The same principle may be used, with slight modifications, also for recording other factors than temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is described permitting the detection and approximate determination of adenine and guanine in various materials by the aid of specifically reacting fungal mutations, the purines in question first having been separated by filter-paper chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokinins in cotton fruits were detected by the soybean callus bioassay on the 1st day after anthesis. Peak cytokinin activity occurred from the 4th to the 9th day and then declined to little or none by the 18th day after anthesis. The principal cytokinin remained below Rf 0.2, when chromatographed on paper with water-saturated sec-butanol, and predominated throughout the period of cytokinin activity. Another cytokinin, migrating to Rf 0.8, remained less active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An acid ether-soluble, strongly growth-stimulating substance revealed by the Avena coleoptile straight-growth test in methanol extracts from bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was identified as indol-3yl-aspartic acid (IAAsp). Points of agreement between synthetic IAAsp and the investigated growth stimulator were indicated by chromatographic behavior, elution stimulator were indicated by chromatographic behavior, elution volume in gel filtration, mobility in paper electrophoresis, "colour reaction" with DMCA reagent, ability to form indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) and aspartic acid after hydrolysis and, finally, biological activity in the Avena test. Furthermore, some experiments demonstrated the occurrence of an inhibitor in extracts from light-grown tissue. This masked the stimulation of IAAsp in the Avena test when the extracts had been chromatographed in isopropanol: NH3 : H2O. A comparison of the levels of IAAsp between green and etiolated tissue did not reveal any distinct difference, demonstrating that the IAA conjugate IAAsp does not participate in the regulation of the photomorphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wheat coleoptile elongation bioassay was used for determination of growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting substances in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit tissues, during development and maturation. Growth-promoting activity was found in two zones on paper chromatograms developed with isopropanol : ammonia : water (10:1:1 v/v): Rf 0.30-0.50 and Rf 0.8-0.9. Growth inhibiting activity was found in three different zones: "A" Rf 0.0-0.2, "B" (abscisic acid) Rf 0.6-0.8, and "C" (l-acetoxy-2,4-dihyroxy-n-heptadeca-16-ene) Rf 0.85-1.0. Higher levels of auxins were found in seed tissues than in the mesocarp. No correlation was found between fruit growth rate and level of extractable auxins in the mesocarp. The amount of abscisic acid (ABA) in the mesocarp was constant during fruit growth. A gradual and consistent increase in l-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-n-hepta-deca-16-ene was found during fruit growth, reaching a maximum when the fruit attained maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a refinement of a previously published theory for geotropic movements of Helianthus annuus hypocotyls. The introduction of a logarithmic relation between growth rate and auxin concentration means an extension compared with the previously published approach. It is theoretically and experimentally shown that the refined theory can successfully be linked with reported measurements on lateral auxin transport in geotropically stimulated plant stems. The non‐linear character of the theory is discussed in connexion with theoretical descriptions on circumnutations of the hypocotyls. The refined theory is shown to predict the amplitude of the circumnutations reasonably well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possible hormonal interactions between soybean roots and the Rhizobium initiating nodule proliferation in this genus were studied. A cytokinin has been isolated by column and paper chromatography from an effective strain of Rhizobium japonicum grown in pure culture. The substance promotes cell proliferation in a cytokinin-requiring soybean callus tissue. The bacteria are capable of conditioning a cytokinin-free soybean culture medium so that it is able to support the cytokinin- requiring tissue. It is concluded that the substance is a product of the bacteria rather than an artifact of purification. This unidentified cytokinin or a substance moving to a similar Rf value on the paper chromatograrn produces polyploid divisions when tested on cultured pea root segments. Some of the division figures exhibit the diplochromosomes typical of the root nodule primordium in pea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root elongation of rooted cuttings of aspen, Populus tremula L., was followed on moist filter paper. The time course of root growth during treatments which decrease of- interrupt the supply of carbohydrates to the roots was studied. At light intensities below 4000 lux, the rate of root elongation was found to he related to the light intensity over the leaves. In the dark, root growth decreased within 21 hours and the roots .stopped growing completely during the second or third day. Excision of the leaves or steam-killing of the tissue in a stem section below the leaves was followed by root growth stoppage within 24 hours. These results imply that the rate of root growth under certain conditions is determined by the supply of carbohydrates from the leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a previously published theory (Israelsson and Johnsson 1967) for circumnutations in Helianthus annuus it is possible to predict the geotropical curvatures of the hypocotyls. This extension of the theory is given in the present paper and some geotropical experiments are performed and discussed. The agreement between the theory and the experiments has been verified in the case of gravitational stimulation during relatively short stimulation periods, in the case of continuous gravitational stimulation, etc. Restrictions in the proposed model are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive trees require a period of chilling temperatures, either diurnally fluctuating, or at a constant •— but definite• •— level before inflorescences develop. In this study, bud and leaf samples were taken at weekly intervals during this critical period from trees receiving temperatures favorable for flowering and from trees under temperature conditions known to prevent flowering. Extracts were obtained from these samples, separated by paper chromatography and the different growth-active materials were bioassayed by the mung bean rooting test for the presence of promoters and inhibitors. Extracts from buds on trees under conditions unfavorable for flowering generally consisted only of promoters. Extracts from buds on trees placed under conditions favorable for flowering showed a definite and consistent pattern for the presence of rooting inhibitors and promoters. Within one or two weeks after being placed under such conditions a strong inhibitor band appeared from Rf 0.50 to 0.70. This persisted for 6 to 7 weeks, gradually decreasing in intensity, followed by promoters at these bands. During this period all other bands, at different Rf values, showed strong promoters. Extracts from leaves on shoots under temperature regimes favorable for flowering showed a pattern like the buds in the appearance and disappearance of inhibitors and at the same Rf values but with about one week lag in time. Bud extracts from defoliated shoots on trees under temperature conditions known to result in inflorescence production failed to show the characteristic inhibitor pattern associated with flowering. Such defoliated shoots do not form inflorescences. Characterization studies of these endogenous inhibitors associated with the inflorescence-producing temperature conditions indicate that they are salicylic acid and a form of cinnamic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woody cuttings of Ribes rubrum, an easy plant to root, were extracted with methanol. One fraction of this extract was both water and ether soluble; a part of it was only water soluble. From the water and ether soluble fraction a crystalline compound was isolated which was fully identified with p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHB) by m.p., mixed m.p., infrared spectrum, ultraviolet absorption in neutral and alkaline methanol and chemical analyses. For Avena coleoptiles straight growth test, p-hydroxybenzoic acid was found to have a significant growth promoting activity in the range 20-100 μg/ml, and it showed strong growth inhibition at concentrations higher than 200 μg/ml. From the same extract fraction a phenolic ester was isolated by paper chromatography which showed a weak growth inhibiting activity. This compound was identified as an ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid by micro-scale reactions. From the extract soluble only in water further amounts of crystalline p-hydroxybenzoic acid were obtained by alkaline hydrolysis. This PHB may have arisen from the breakdown of pelargonidin glucosides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From stock cultures of tobacco callus tissue grown in a salt-sucrose medium supplemented with 1 × 10-6 M indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 1 × 10-6 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), visibly-green callus cultures have been isolated both in solid and in liquid media. This green color can be maintained in continued subcultures by growing the cultures under very diffuse light conditions. Spectrophotometric determinations of the pigment contents of the green culture showed no difference in the nature of the pigment components or chlorophyll a : b ratio but contained only low concentrations (17-30%) of total pigments of that of the intact leaf in culture. The liquid culture was highly friable and green and maintained a very active growth rate in two different media, viz., IAA + 2,4-D and IAA + kinetin. Cultures growing in IAA + 2,4-D medium were extremely friable, soupy and light green whereas cultures growing in IAA + kinetin medium were less friable, much greener in appearance and slightly higher in pigment content. Pigment analysis of the liquid cultures in both media indicated only low concentrations of chlorophylls and carotenoids per g fresh weight. The round spherical green calli growing in IAA + kinetin cultures showed a higher pigment content than the mixture of cells growing in the supernatant medium. Plating of the liquid suspension containing single cells and cell aggregates on an agar plate produced visibly-green colonies within 2-3 weeks. The smallest of such a colony weighed as little as 4-6 mg fresh weight (2-3 mm diameter). These small colonies when extracted with 80% acetone showed delectable pigment separation into various components on thin-layer and paper chromatography. The results of the study are discussed suggesting that the development of chlorophyll and differentiation of chloroplasts in tissues cultured in vitro will depend on a number of chemical and physical factors employed under specific culture conditions, viz., growth factors, age of culture, light conditions, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to clarify the existing situation concerning the β-inhibitor complex in plants. Dormant flower buds of the silver maple, Acer saccharinum L., were used as the inhibitor source. Extraction was with diethyl ether or boiling ethanol, and ascending paper chromatography was used for purification. A seed germination test proved most useful as a bioassay procedure for the inhibitors. Two inhibitor zones were located on chromatograms. One of these occurred at the solvent front and was found to be a weakly acidic impurity in the chromatography paper. This impurity could be eliminated by pre-washing the paper in 2% acetic acid. The second of these inhibitor zones chromatographed at Rf 0.5-0.85 in several alcohol systems. This inhibitor was acidic, and was soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, and diethyl ether. These characteristics identify it with the β-inhibitor of other investigators. Rf values, UV fluorescence, and spray reagent reactions were used to compare the inhibitor with selected phenolic compounds, including six previously identified as components of the &beta-inhibitor. The maple bud inhibitor was not identical with any of these compounds. Rf values and coupling reactions with diazotized reagents strongly suggest that the maple bud inhibitor is a phenolic compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four day-old excised roots and intact roots of wheat plant grown in the dark and in the light were extracted. The extracts were separated by paper chromatography and tested by cress seed germination and wheat root growth tests. The following results were obtained: A significant inhibiting action appeared only in the acid fraction. An inhibiting zone was detected in this fraction, judging from Rf value supposed to be inhibitor-β. The content of inhibitor-β was much higher in the root tips grown in the light than in those grown in the dark. Hence it is concluded that one of the mechanisms of light inhibition may be a light-induced increase in the content of inhibitor-β in the root tips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that the dark steps in chlorophyll synthesis in wheat leaves following irradiation are completed in about one hour at 22°C. The most evident change is the phytolization of the chlorophyllide a according to Wolff and Price (16). The main part of the protochlorophyll present in darkness is probably unphytolized and active in transformation, while a minor fraction, probably phytolized protochlorophyll remains unchanged after irradiation. It does, however, slowly disappear in darkness, but its further fate has not been elucidated. Pigment analysis of extracts from normal, green leaves, which have been kept in darkness for five hours and afterwards treated in the same way as the etiolated seedlings, reveal that the same kind of transformations also take place here. The conclusion is drawn that the same mechanism in chlorophyll formation is working in both irradiated etiolated leaves and in normal ones, although the relative concentration of unphytolized and phytolized pigments may vary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of an excess of IAA as being the germination preventing mechanism of light sensitive lettuce seeds was investigated. No IAA was found in the dry seeds. Growth promoting substances appear in seedlings, only when germination proceeds. Two acidic growth inhibiting substances were the only growth active substances present in the dry seeds. These substances apparently disappear when germination proceeds. A variety of other active substances appears during germination. The chemical nature of the growth inhibiting substances in the dry seeds, also the reaction of these substances to light are still not known. After this paper had been submitted to the press, a paper by Wareing P. E. and Foda V. entitled "Possible Role of Growth Inhibitors in the Dormancy of Xanthium and Lettuce". Nature (in press) was brought to our notice. The behaviour of the growth inhibitors found by these authors is similar to those found by us. The inhibitors are probably not identical due to differences in isolation procedure. Further investigations by one of us (S. GB) have shown that some of the acid substances extracted from lettuce seeds inhibit their germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the enzymes of a low-temperature mutant, LTV, of the blue-green alga, Oscillatoria princeps. A qualitative study of these enzymes by electrophoretic methods, showed a gross similarity of the patterns, and hence, no apparent differences between the phosphorylating enzymes of normal, N, and LTV strains. After dialysis, samples of the enzymes were withdrawn and their activities tested to insure that no loss of activity had occurred at the various pH levels. The enzymes were then studied in their respective buffers by means of the electrophoresis apparatus used.

1. The enzyme preparations tested for cellulolytic activity were from pure cultures of Streptomyces sp. QM B 814 and of four different Hymenomycetes, viz. Polyporus annosus Fr. and three strains of Collybia velutipes (Curt. ex Fr.) Quéll, i.e. two monocaryotic wildtypes L 1 and L 11, as well as the dicaryotic combination (F 29/157 X F 28/42) between two arginineless mutants. 2. The enzyme activity against cellulose sol has been measured turbidimetrically, the method being referred to as the photometric method in earlier papers. (Norkrans 1950 a, b). The activity has also been expressed in terms of reducing substances, glucose formed, and changes in average degree of polymerization (DP). Furthermore the enzyme attack has been studied by electron microscopy of the cellulose sol. 3. In all tests the preparation of Collybia velutipes (F 29/157 X F 28/42) showed the greatest total activity as well as the highest reaction rate. 4. According to the turbidimetrical readings, as to the DPn-determinations, the enzyme preparations had a great influence on the cellulose sol during the first hours of incubation. The Z-values increased rapidly, after the first twenty hours representing 60 to 90 per cent of the end-Z-values. The initial DPn-value of 338 decreased to 50-60 in four (or six) hours. 5. The paper chromatogram indicates the presence of cellobiose as well as another, slower-moving substance, presumably cellotriose, as breakdown products besides glucose. 6. A comparison between the DPn-values and the corresponding glucose values lend support to the theory of a random-splitting of the cellulose chain. 7. Expressed in terms of reducing substances, the breakdown did not in any case proceed to more than about 65 per cent of the total initial amount of cellulose. The polymerization seemed to proceed until a DPn of about 50. These limits seem to be related rather to the morphological structure of the cellulose sol particles than to the enzyme inactivation. Electron micrographs of such cellulose residues lend support to this conclusion, since they revealed a mass of distinct and fairly homogeneous particles about 300 Å long and about half as wide. These stood in clear contrast to those of the untreated cellulose sots, containing larger aggregates of longer disordered fibers forming an irregular network or unresolved lumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Leaves of Dahlia variabils, Aralia cordata, Clematis paniculata, Cryptotaenia japonica, Ilex latifolia, Inula salicina, Spiraea japonica var. ovatifolia, and Viburnum Sargentii contain among others chlorogenic acid as the agent, which gives rise to brown substance when subjected to oxidation by poly-phenoloxidase. Dahlia, Clematis, and Viburnum contain besides chlorogenic acid caffeic acid which is also oxidizable by this enzyme. The presence of these acids were detected by paper-chromatography. 2. Leaves of Aucuba japonica do not contain oxidase, although they contain chlorogenic acid. 3. Oxidation of chlorogenic acid by oxidase is inhibited to some extent by ascorbic acid. 4. In the leaves which had been allowed to stand at about 60° for oxidation for 5 minutes and become dark brown, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid completely disappeared. 5. From leaves of Dablia citric acid and tyrosine were isolated. 6. In leaves which bad changed into dark brown and in which chlorogenic acid bad completely disappeared, glutamic acid almost completely disappeared and the quantity of alanine, which bad been present only in a small amount, considerably increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of sugar-containing extracts from the laminae of Hevea brasiliensis is described and a one dimensional descending chromatographic method of estimating the individual sugars is given. The chromatograms are developed for 48 hours, dipped in silver nitrate, and the spots cut out and weighed; the amount of sugar or inositol present in each spot is obtained by reference to a calibration curve prepared from standard amounts of sugars developed under similar conditions. The method is simple and specific and has been applied to the preliminary investigation of the effect of varied mineral nutrient status on the sugar content of the limanae of Hevea; these results are described briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Increased amounts of a growth inhibitor were extracted with ether from the small, unexpanded leaves of Xanthium pennsylvanicum with continued extraction up to at least 12 hours at 0° C. With fully-expanded, mature leaves the same was true for extraction at both 0° C and 23° C., although after the first hour considerably more inhibitor was extracted at the higher temperature. 2. In the Avena coleoptile curvature test buffering of the agar at pH's above 4.5 showed that the best curvature with IAA alone and with IAA plus inhibitor was obtained at pH's from 4.5 to 5.5. The growth inhibition is evidently not a pH effect. 3. The inhibitory substance inhibited the growth of Avena coleoptile sections and the growth of intact Avena seedlings germinated on filter paper in the dark. 4. Cocklebur seedlings watered only with solutions of the inhibitor were injured by relatively high concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about an investigation in order to separate and show the effect of growth-regulating substances in roots of wheat, and especially to find out if there are root growth-regulating substances with actions differing from that of auxin, particularly of the anti-auxin type. It was found that the acid fraction of ether extracts of wheat roots contains at least three growth-regulating substances. A substance at the same Rf value, which increases the growth of roots, but in about the same concentration inhibits the growth of roots.

Earlier investigations have shown that potassium emerges from the yeast cell when the latter is shaken in a NaF solution. The potassium emergence seems to be caused by changed electrostatic conditions in the cell. Fluoride penetrates into the cell in the form of undissociated hydrogen fluoride. In the cell HF dissociates to a large extent into fluoride and hydrogen ions. The more acid the solution surrounding the cells is the more hydrogen ions can be carried into the cells in this way. In an earlier paper, calculations showed that the pH in the cell can hereby be decreased considerably. The changed pH in the cell will surely influence the activity of the enzymes. As a result, non diffusible anions could be transformed to diffusible ones. In this way potassium, originally electrostatically attracted to non-diffusible anions, is set free and can leave the cell. If the hydrogen ions were responsible for the potassium emergence, one would expect that other weak acids would also cause a potassium loss from the cell, that is, acids which are able to penetrate into the cell and which are not attacked by the enzymes of the cell. The aim of the present work was to examine the influence of a number of weak acids on the potassium management of the cell. The following weak acids were examined: formic, acetic, propionic. butyric. isobutyric, lactic, β-hydroxy-butyric, succinic, tartaric and citric acid. The experiments showed that the permeation ability alone of the weak acids is not decisive for a potassium emergence. It was considered if the dissociation constant of the weak acids was decisive for the potassium emergence. It appeared that only those acids, whose dissociation constant are about 10-4 cause a distinct potassium emergence. Acids with a dissociation constant about 10-5 seem already to be too weak. An increase in the concentration of these can, nevertheless, promote a potassium emergence. Independent of each other dr. H. Ussing and later professor E. J. Conway drew the author's attention to the possibility that potassium could perhaps leave the cell together with fluoride or formate ions as an ion pair. The size of the anions of the other acids, on the contrary, does not permit a permeation, and therefore causes no potassium emergence. Investigations on this subject will be presented in a coming paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this second paper induction phenomena experiments on secondary peaks of the adaption curve are discussed. These experiments make it probable that photosynthesis is inhibited by an agent which is formed during photosynthesis and acts with a certain lag of time. The secondary peaks have their origin in this slow action of the inhibitor, which may be O2 or perhaps some organic peroxide. Experiments in nitrogen with very little oxygen show that the inactivation of the adaptation factor (EB) is probably caused by an oxidation of this factor, while its activation may be caused by a reduction by the illuminated chlorophyll complex. Experiments in pure nitrogen with CO2make it probable that the initial CO2-uptake is damaged in dark under anaerobic conditions, but that recovery takes place when oxygen is present. Experiments in hydrogen confirm the supposition made in the first paper, that by heat-treatment of leaves (exposing leaves of Holcus lanatus to 48°C during 3 minutes) the connection between H-donor and chlorophyll is damaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Hydrocyanic acid production was observed in a variety of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by means of the picrate paper method and verified by the prussian-blue test. 2. The yield of HCN at 26° was about three times higher than that at 37°C. The maximum HCN concentration in the cultures was reached after 24 hours. 3. Experiments with synthetic media showed that HCN could be formed with glycine as the only nitrogen source. Cultures with glutamic acid, and asparagine did not yield amounts accesible for accurate determinations. 4. Experiments in synthetic glycine media with addition of small amounts of nutrient broth, or yeast extract suggest that these substances contain factors which accelerate the HCN production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of rhamnose bound indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was reported from acetone extract of anthers and carpels of the flowers of Peltophorum ferrugineum. Hydrolysis of the sugar ester gave IAA and rhamnose. Identification of IAA was based on physical measurements supported by bioassay. Bound and free IAA were not detected in petals, seeds and seed coats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]