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To clarify the prognostic role of the Gustave Roussy immune (GRIm) score in lung cancer. The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched up to March 30, 2024. The primary outcomes included overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the associations between the GRIm score and survival, and subgroup analyses were performed based on pathological type (non-small cell lung cancer vs. small cell lung cancer), tumor stage (advanced vs. limited stage) and treatment approach (immune checkpoint inhibitor vs. surgery vs. chemotherapy). Eight studies with 1,333 participants were included. The pooled results showed that a higher GRIm score predicted worse OS (HR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.54–2.49, P < 0.001) and PFS (HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.22–2.21, P = 0.001). Subgroup analyses for OS and PFS showed similar results. However, subgroup analyses for PFS indicated that the association between the GRIm score and PFS was nonsignificant among patients with small cell lung cancer (P = 0.114) and among patients treated with chemotherapy (P = 0.276). The GRIm score might serve as a novel prognostic factor for lung cancer. Additional studies are still needed to verify these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition is essential for peripheral nerve function, yet dietary factors associated with chronic chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) remain poorly characterized. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine differences in diet quality and macronutrients for cancer survivors with and without CIPN. Cancer survivors (e.g., ≥3 months post platinum and/or taxane-based neurotoxic chemotherapy) with (i.e., ≥1/4 PRO-CTACE™ Numbness and Tingling Severity) and without CIPN completed the VioScreen Research Graphical Food Frequency Questionnaire. The association among diet (Healthy Eating Index [HEI]), macronutrient intake (average percent caloric intake), and CIPN severity were analyzed using generalized linear regression models, adjusting for caloric intake, body mass index, age, and sex. Results revealed that for each one-point increase in diet quality, PRO-CTCAE severity decreased by −0.06 (95% CI: −0.10, −0.02, P < 0.01). Participants without CIPN reported higher diet quality than those with CIPN (HEI mean: 70.11 vs 68.45) (OR = 0.94, P = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99). Participants with CIPN had significantly higher carbohydrate consumption than participants without CIPN (OR = 1.11, P = 0.04, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.22). There were no significant differences in consumption of proteins or fats between groups. Further research should be pursued to discover the potential benefits of dietary interventions for CIPN management among cancers survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is critical to screen and assess malnutrition in cancer patients early. However, there is no uniform standard for nutritional risk screening and malnutrition assessment. We aimed to analyze the effects of the Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS2002) in screening for nutritional risk among adult cancer patients, using the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) as the reference standard. A systematic search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, and China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP). Studies comparing NRS2002 with PG-SGA in adult cancer patients were included. To assess the quality of the included studies, the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) was used. The combined sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated. In addition, sensitivity, subgroup, and publication bias analyses were performed. Thirteen articles involving 3,373 participants were included. The combined sensitivity, specificity, DOR, and AUC were 0.62 (95% CI, 0.60–0.64), 0.86 (95% CI, 0.84–0.88), 11.23 (95% CI, 8.26–15.27), and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.82–0.88), respectively. For adult cancer patients, NRS2002 has moderate sensitivity, high specificity, and high AUC in screening for nutritional risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin B12 plays a role in DNA methylation, influencing the 1-carbon cycle; However, its effect on colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality remains uncertain. This study assessed the relationship between vitamin B12 intake and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality among CRC patients. We analyzed data from the NHANES from 1999 to 2018, using multivariable Cox regression, competing risk model, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and stratified analysis with interaction effects. The studied involved 4,554 cancer patients (mean age 65.8 years, 47.6% males). Results from multivariate Cox regression indicated that each additional 1 mcg/day of dietary vitamin B12 independently increased the risk of all-cause (HR, 1.07; 95% CI: 1.04–1.09, p < 0.001) and cancer-specific mortality (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves indicated a higher risk of all-cause mortality with increased vitamin B12 intake (Log rank p = 0.01). Subgroup analysis suggested that higher vitamin B12 intake correlated with increased all-cause mortality risk, especially in individuals with higher protein (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; p = 0.019) or carbohydrate intake (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05; p = 0.04). Thus, higher vitamin B12 intake correlates with increased all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in CRC patients, particularly those with higher protein or carbohydrate intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional status is an essential factor in the occurrence of complications in patients with esophageal cancer. We sought to assess the relationship between malnutrition and complications using various nutritional assessment indicators. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of medical databases for articles published up to July 2023. The primary outcome indicator is the occurrence of complications, for which we combined 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and odds ratios (ORs) for postoperative complications and analyzed them using a random effects model. The analysis was carried out using STATA15.0 software. A total of 33 study groups from 22 publications with 5,675 subjects were included. Pooled results show that nutritional indicators are strongly correlated with the occurrence of postoperative complications (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.30–1.62). In the subgroup analyses, comprehensive indicators and the skeletal muscle index were significantly associated with complications, whereas laboratory indicators were not associated with complications (comprehensive indicators OR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.80–4.00; skeletal muscle index OR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.44–5.99; laboratory indicators OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.96–1.16). Patients with normal body mass index and hospitalized patients were more likely to develop complications. Malnutrition is strongly associated with the development of complications. Nutritional indicators and patient characteristics influenced this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between coffee consumption and lung cancer risk remains inconsistent. To quantitatively assess this association, we conducted a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. We searched PubMed and Web of Science databases along with hand searches for eligible studies published up to July 2023. A total of 26 prospective studies, including 30,305 lung cancer cases and 1,795,158 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RR for high vs. low coffee consumption was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.11–1.53) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 72.0%, p <.001). For never smokers, however, the pooled RR was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.999–1.38) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, p =.53). By adjustment for body mass index (BMI), there was no significant association between coffee consumption and lung cancer risk in studies that adjusted for BMI (RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.87–1.30) (Pdifference =.01). Further analysis of studies that adjusted for BMI in never smokers found that coffee consumption was not associated with lung cancer risk. In conclusion, the association of high coffee consumption with lung cancer risk was attenuated when the confounding effects caused by smoking and BMI were controlled. Our results, therefore, imply that coffee consumption does not seem to be a risk factor for lung cancer incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study (CRD42023464989) aimed to explore the effects of pre-operation immunonutrition on safety and immune related factors in colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Wanfang databases to collect all clinical randomized controlled trials of the application of pre-operation immunonutrition for patients with colorectal cancer, published until July 2023. The primary outcomes were safety and immune related factors. A total of 16 studies were finally included. Preoperative immunonutrition could reduce the postoperative infection rate (risk ratio (RR) = 0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36, 0.88; p =.01), and wound infection rate (RR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.70; p <.001) in patients with colorectal cancer. For length of stay (mean difference (MD) = −1.10, 95% CI: −2.70, 0.49; p =.17), it was similar between groups. Meanwhile, patients in the pre-operation immune nutrition group also had significantly increased infiltrative lymphocytes CD16+ (MD = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.06; p <.001), and CD56+ (MD = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.06; p <.001) cells in the tumor tissues, compared to the control group. Immunonutrition intervention has the potential to reduce postoperative infectious complications and improve tumor infiltrative lymphocytes in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This hospital-based, cross-sectional study aimed to explore the association between diet and fluctuating intestinal bacteria in early-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) (Atopobium parvulum, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Solobacterium moorei, and Bifidobacterium longum). Healthy participants (n = 212) who underwent total colonoscopy at National Cancer Center Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) were divided into two groups according to the relative abundance of bacteria in their feces: those in the top 25% of relative bacterial abundance as cases and the bottom 25% as controls. The participants were divided into three groups (low, medium, and high) according to their intake of food groups associated with CRC. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the association between dietary intake and higher relative abundance of bacteria. Dairy products were inversely associated with a higher relative abundance of A. parvulum, A. odontolyticus, and S. moorei, with odds ratios (high vs. low) and 95% confidence interval as follows: 0.16 (0.06–0.44), 0.25 (0.08–0.82), and 0.29 (0.11–0.78), respectively. Additionally, dietary fiber was inversely associated with a higher relative abundance of S.moorei (0.29 [0.11–0.78]). No association was observed between diet and B.longum. In conclusion, healthy adults with a higher intake of dairy products and fiber had lower odds of having a higher relative abundance of CRC-associated microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the link between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and mortality in patients with colon cancer. Using a clinical database from the University of California, serum 25(OH)D measures were averaged for the time following diagnosis until either the time of death or 5 years had elapsed. Analytical methods included the use of Generalized Additive Models (GAM), logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazards models to examine non-linear relationships and the impact of 25(OH)D on 5-year mortality. This study assessed 1,602 patients with colon cancer having a median 25(OH)D of 31.8 ng/mL and a 5-year mortality rate of 22.7%. A significant association between higher post-diagnosis vitamin D levels and decreased 5-year mortality was observed. This association persisted after adjusting for disease severity and significant demographic confounders, in both a logistic regression model for 5-year mortality (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66–0.92, p < 0.001) and a cox proportional hazards model for survival (HR = 0.94, CI: 0.88–0.99, p = 0.048). GAM illustrated a steep increase in survival probability up to a plateau, suggesting a threshold effect beyond roughly 50.0 ng/mL. This study found a potential protective role of vitamin D in the survival of colon cancer patients, supporting the correction of levels below 25 ng/mL but ideally above 50 ng/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assessed potential associations between vitamin intake and leukemia in a national sample of adults in the United States. A total of 5520 participants were included in this cross-sectional study to investigate the relationship between vitamin intake (including vitamins A, C, D, and E) and leukemia. Results revealed negative associations between vitamin C and E intake and leukemia, whereas associations between vitamin A and D and leukemia were not statistically significant. For vitamin C, compared with the first tertile, the odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidential interval (CI) was 0.90 (0.75–0.95) for the second tertile and 0.82 (0.61–0.90) for the third tertile (p < 0.01). For vitamin E, compared with the first tertile, the OR and 95% CI was 0.92 (0.80–0.96) for the second tertile and 0.86 (0.71–0.92) for the third tertile (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the inverse relationship between intake of vitamins C and E and leukemia were more evident for individuals ≥60 years of age and those with a body mass index >30 kg/m2. Results of this study provide evidence suggesting that intake of vitamin C and E intake may decrease the prevalence of leukemia; however, further large-scale prospective cohort studies are needed to verify these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During treatment, children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) gain fat mass and lose skeletal muscle mass. The great majority live in low- and middle-income countries with few studies of their body composition and none addressing the hypothesis that the disease itself contributes to nutritional morbidity. At diagnosis, children with ALL were compared to their siblings on socioeconomic status (SES). Nutritional status was assessed by mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-for-age Z scores and body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Median SES scores for the patients (47.5) and their siblings (47.0) were very similar (P = 0.5). MUAC Z scores for patients aged >5 years were lower than for siblings (P < 0.001). On DXA siblings had a higher mean appendicular lean mass index Z score, a surrogate of skeletal muscle mass, than patients (P = 0.019). A logistic model to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of being severely/moderately under-nourished (classified by MUAC Z score) by SES revealed that, compared with siblings (n = 49), children with ALL (n = 60) had a higher probability of being under-nourished (OR 5.25, 95% CI 1.44–25.95, P = 0.02). The results support the hypothesis that children at diagnosis of ALL in Guatemala are more nutritionally depleted than their apparently healthy siblings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the association between dietary intake of tomatoes and lycopene with all-cause and cancer mortality among US adults with diabetes. We hypothesized that a higher intake of tomato and lycopene is related to a reduced risk of all-cause and cancer mortality among adults with diabetes. This prospective study was conducted among 9213 US adults with diabetes using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2016. Data on dietary intake of tomatoes and lycopene were obtained from two 24-h dietary recalls. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models determined the associations between tomato/lycopene intake and mortality. A higher intake of tomatoes and lycopene was significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (tomato: Q5 vs. Q1: HR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.54–0.86, p = 0.001, p for trend = 0.001; lycopene: Q5 vs. Q1: HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.64–0.95, p = 0.013, p for trend = 0.006) after adjusting for all covariates. Compared with the lowest quintile of tomato and lycopene intake, the highest quintile was associated with a lower risk of cancer mortality (tomato: HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35–0.96, p = 0.035; lycopene: HR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.40–0.98, p = 0.043). Our study demonstrated that dietary intake of tomatoes and lycopene was significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality in US adults with diabetes. High consumption of tomatoes and lycopene was also related to reduced cancer mortality in US adults with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have explored the prognostic role of the C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) in patients with bile duct cancer (BTC), but the results have been inconsistent. This study aimed to provide insight into the prognostic significance of the CAR in BTC prior to treatment using a meta-analysis. Summarized hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for prognosis and clinicopathological features using fixed or random effects models. Fourteen studies with a total of 1,543 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. Elevated CAR was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.81–2.60, P < 0.001) and decreased disease-free survival or recurrence-free survival (HR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.98–3.25, P < 0.001) in BTC. In addition, high CAR was significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.12– 2.13, P = 0.008), bile duct invasion (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.54–4.54, P < 0.001), and tumor stages III–IV (OR = 3.11, 95% CI = 1.05–9.20, P = 0.040). However, there was no significant association between CAR and sex, microvascular invasion, or resection. An elevated CAR was significantly related to worse long-term and short-term survival and advanced clinicopathological features of BTC. CAR could serve as a valuable, noninvasive prognostic marker in patients with BTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cachexia index is a novel indicator of cachexia, but its prognostic implications for survival outcomes have not been systematically assessed in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the association between the cachexia index and survival outcomes in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Two independent reviewers searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify studies that evaluated the prognostic significance of the cachexia index in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The prognostic value of the cachexia index was determined by combining the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Thirteen studies were identified, including a total of 4207 patients. Meta-analysis indicated that a lower cachexia index was associated with shorter overall survival (HR 2.18; 95% CI 1.78–2.66) and disease-free survival (HR 1.72; 95% CI 1.50–1.97) in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Further stratified analysis confirmed the significant association between a lower cachexia index and shorter overall survival in different study designs, regions, patients' age, sample sizes, gastrointestinal cancer subtypes, tumor stages, and follow-up duration subgroups. The cachexia index could be utilized as a predictor of overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. However, future prospective studies are required to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the causal association between 15 dietary factors and the incidence of colorectal cancer through the application of Mendelian randomization methodology. Methods: The data associated with 15 dietary factors were derived from the IEU OPEN GWAS database, and the colorectal cancer data were sourced from the FinnGen database. The Inverse Variance Weighting method was the principal research method. Sensitivity analyses were implemented to affirm the robustness of the findings. Additionally, we conducted multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses to adjust for the intake of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results: In our research, we observed suggestive causal relationships between genetically predicted water intake and the reduced risk of colorectal cancer (OR = 0.54; 95% CI= 0.31 ∼ 0.93; p = 0.028); genetically predicted ω-3 PUFA intake (OR = 1.17; 95% CI= 1.05 ∼ 1.30; p = 0.005) were suggestively associated with the increased risk of colorectal cancer. In the multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis, the effect of ω-3 PUFA intake remains significant after adjusting for the influence of ω-6 PUFA intake. Horizontal pleiotropy was not present in this study. Conclusions: There exists a suggestive causal association between increased water intake and decreased risk of colorectal cancer, while ω-3 PUFA intake are suggestive linked to the increased risk of colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to evaluate the performance of Vitamin D/calcitriol-induced miR-589-3p in predicting the prognosis of cervical cancer patients and its role in cancer cell function. To identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) related to calcitriol treatment, the GSE61829 dataset was analyzed. MiR-589-3p expression levels were verified in cervical cancer patients. The association of miR-589-3p with overall survival was investigated using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and the multi-variate Cox proportional hazards model analysis. The effects of miR-589-3p on cervical cancer cells and calcitriol-treated cells were examined using the MTT assay and Transwell migration/invasion assay. From GSE61829 dataset, a total of eleven DEMs were identified, including miR-589-3p. MiR-589-3p was found to be decreased in cervical cancer but increased after one-year intake of Vitamin D. Low miR-589-3p after one-year intake of Vitamin D was identified as a predictive factor for low survival probability (p = 0.0059) with a significant impact on the death risk (HR: 3.04; 95%CI: 1.47-6.29; p = 0.003). MiR-589-3p overexpression inhibited the proliferation and migration/invasion of cervical cancer cells and calcitriol-treated cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, miR-589-3p can be induced by Vitamin D/calcitriol treatment and inhibit cervical cancer progression. MiR-589-3p has the potential to predict overall survival in patients with cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the prognostic value of the blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D level have yielded controversial results in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. This updated meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between pretreatment 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with survival outcomes among patients with clinically localized PCa. PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched to identify studies evaluating the association of pretreatment 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with PCSM and all-cause mortality among clinically localized PCa patients. Ten cohort studies with 10,394 patients were identified. The meta-analysis revealed that PCa patients with the lowest 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels had an increased risk of PCSM (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-1.83; p < 0.001) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.00-1.90; p = 0.047) compared to those with higher reference 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Subgroup analyses based on different sample sizes, follow-up duration, and adjusted times of blood draw also exhibited a significant association of vitamin D deficiency with the risk of PCSM. Lower pretreatment level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D may be an independent predictor of reduced survival in patients with clinically localized PCa. Measuring the pretreatment blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D level can provide valuable information for risk stratification of survival outcomes in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational studies suggests that diets and medications affect bladder cancer (BC) development, which are subject to confounding and difficult to make causal inference. Here we aimed to investigate whether those observational associations are causal and determining the potential directions and pathways. We used 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess associations of dietary intakes, medication uses and molecules with BC risk. Genetic summary data were derived from participants of predominantly European ancestry with rigorous instruments selection, where univariable MR, mediation MR and multivariable MR were performed. The results of univariable MR showed 4 dietary intakes and 4 medication uses having a protective effect on BC, while 4 circulating metabolites, 440 circulating proteins and 2 gut microbes were observed to be causally associated with BC risk. Through mediation MR, we found 572 analytes showing consistent mediating effects between dietary intakes or medication uses and BC risk. Furthermore, 9 out of 16 diet-medication pairs showed significant interactions and alterations on BC when consumed jointly. In summary, the findings obtained from the current study have important implications for informing prevention strategies that point to potential lifestyle interventions or medication prescriptions to reduce the risk of developing BC. The current study extends observational literature in showing the importance of diets and medications on bladder cancer prevention. The associations of diets and medications on bladder cancer prevention might be through circulating metabolites, circulating proteins and gut microbiota Our results provide a new understanding of interactions in certain diet-medication pairs which should be taken into account by both physicians and patients during the development of a treatment strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary fiber and phytonutrients can protect against colorectal cancer, yet their consumption is low in the US. Avocados are a potential source of these beneficial nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the relationship between avocados/guacamole consumption and colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. We assessed avocados/guacamole consumption by using a food frequency questionnaire. We classified participants into three consumer groups: <1 serving/month, 1–3 servings/month, and ≥1 serving/week with one serving defined as ½ avocado or ½ cup. Colorectal cancer cases were ascertained through the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program cancer registries. Cox proportional hazards models of colorectal cancer were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals across avocados/guacamole intake groups in each sex overall and by anatomic subsite (i.e., right colon, left colon, and rectum) and race and ethnicity. Of 192,651 eligible participants, 62.8% reported consuming <1 serving/month avocados/guacamole, 26.7% reported 1–3 servings/month, and 10.5% reported ≥1 serving/week. When adjusted for relevant covariates, there was no significant association with incident colorectal cancer overall, for subsites, or within racial and ethnic subgroups (all p for trend ≥ 0.06). In this large prospective cohort study, we did not find that consumption of avocados/guacamole was associated with colorectal cancer risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate differences in dietary factors between young-onset (diagnosed at ages <50) and older-onset colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC patients diagnosed from 1998 to 2018 reported to the Puget Sound Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry were recruited using mail and telephone. Consented patients completed questionnaires assessing demographics, medical history, and CRC risk factors, including dietary factors. We used multi-variable logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing dietary intake in young-onset vs. older-onset CRC. Analyses included 1,087 young- and 2,554 older-onset CRC patients. Compared to older-onset CRC, young-onset CRC patients had lower intake of vegetables (OR for highest intake vs. lowest = 0.59 CI: 0.55, 0.64) and fruit (OR for highest intake vs. lowest = 0.94 CI: 0.88, 0.99) and higher intake of processed meat (OR for highest intake vs. lowest = 1.82 CI: 1.11, 2.99) and spicy food (OR for highest intake vs. lowest = 1.69 CI: 1.09, 2.61). There was no statistically significant difference between young- and older-onset CRC patients for red meat consumption. Dietary patterns differed between young- and older-onset CRC; young-onset CRC patients had lower intake of vegetables and fruit and higher intakes of processed meat and spicy food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low dietary fiber consumption is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. The average daily fiber intake has declined over recent decades. Notably, Black Americans exhibit lower fiber consumption than other racial/ethnic groups, possibly influencing their elevated colorectal cancer rates. We hypothesize that there has been a significant increase in dietary fiber consumption in the United States from 1999 to 2017. The study encompassed 59,204 adult NHANES participants and observed variations in caloric intake over survey years. Although there was a slight overall increase in dietary fiber intake compared to 1999, the most substantial increment occurred among individuals classified as Hispanic (AD: +2.86 g, P < 0.001), followed by non-Hispanic Black (AD: +1.64 g, P < 0.001), and finally non-Hispanic White showed a decrease in fiber intake (AD: −0.86 g, P < 0.001). The findings suggest a modest rise in fiber consumption from 1999 to 2017, but disparities persist, particularly with non-Hispanic Black individuals consuming the least fiber. This emphasizes the need for interventions to promote fiber intake and address racial/ethnic inequalities in dietary habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effects of an animated Patient Decision Aid (PtDA) about dietary choices on decisional conflict and decision regret. A prospective, observational, two-group comparative effectiveness study was conducted with patients (n = 90) from a southern Taiwan oncology inpatient unit. Data included the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), laboratory results, 16-item Decisional Conflict Scale (sf-DCS), and 5-item Decision Regret Scale (DRSc). Data were collected at admission (T0), after the first-cycle of chemotherapy but before discharge (T1), and after the six-cycle chemotherapy protocol (T2) (around 3 months). Group A received standardized nutrition education and a printed brochure, while Group B watched a 10-minute information video during a one-on-one inpatient consultation and engaged in a values clarification exercise between T0 and T1. The percentage of women with a MUST score ≧1 in Group A sharply increased over time, but not in Group B. Decision aid usage significantly increased patients' hemoglobin and lymphocyte values over time (p < 0.05). The digital PtDA contributed to less decisional conflict and decision regret in at-risk patients and improved their nutritional well-being. Decision-aids help patients make healthcare decisions in line with their values, and are sustainable for use by busy clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal adiposity is associated with tumor development and poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer (BC) and can be identified by the measurement of waist circumference (WC) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This study aimed to evaluate the association between waist circumference (WC) and imaging measurement of central adiposity according to age group in women with BC. Abdominal adiposity was assessed by WC and VAT, obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Body mass index (BMI) was assessed. The presence of inflammation was investigated by measuring C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels. Multivariate linear regression models were applied to verify the association between WC and VAT. The significance level adopted for all tests was 5%. This study included 112 women with a mean age of 55.5 ± 11.4 years. After adjusted models, WC remained associated with VAT and for every centimeter increase in WC, there was an increase of 3.12 cm2 (CI: 2.40 − 3.85; p < 0.001) in VAT. WC was associated with VAT in women with breast cancer, proving to be a simple, fast, and noninvasive approach that can be used as a proxy to identify visceral fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood cell biomarkers, such as the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), have been recently used as prognostic markers in tumors. In this study, we investigated the association between NLR and PLR with sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric, and quality of life factors of hospitalized women with non-metastatic breast cancer. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a reference center for oncological treatment in Southeast Brazil. Female participants aged over 18 years, with a histopathological diagnosis of stage I, II or III breast cancer, in any phase of antineoplastic treatment, were included. Our study revealed a high risk for participants, with high mean values of NLR and PLR, indicating low antitumor activity and worse prognosis. The binary logistic regression model showed that there was a significant association of the NLR marker and marital status (OR = 3.1; 95%CI = 1.06-8.57; p = 0.03) and, in relation to PLR, a trend was shown for a higher chance in women of black ethnicity to have increased PLR compared to white women (OR = 4.13; 95%CI = 0.96-17.70; p = 0.05). However, the inflammatory markers (NLR and PLR) did not show any significant association with nutritional factors. NLR and PLR are inflammatory biomarkers that can be easily obtained and measured in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impaired vitamin D status is highly prevalent among women with UFs. The objective of this first-ever systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the size of uterine fibroids (UFs). We performed a comprehensive literature search for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to September 2022. Five trials including 511 participants (256 cases and 255 controls) were included. Pooling results from five trials, which compared size of UFs between experimental and placebo groups, revealed that vitamin D supplementation could significantly decrease the size of UFs (standardized mean difference [SMD]: −0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.66, −0.31) and cause improvement in serum level of vitamin D compared to placebo group (SMD: 3.1, 95% CI: 0.66, 5.55). A significant effect was observed in the subset of trials administering vitamin D supplementation for >8 wk (SMD: −0.62, 95% CI: −0.88, −0.37). In conclusion, vitamin D supplementation significantly increases serum levels of vitamin D and reduces the size of UFs. However, larger, well-designed RCTs are still needed to determine the effect of vitamin D on other parameters of UFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) has proven to be a good biomarker for lung cancer prognosis. However, its usefulness in lung cancer patients receiving checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to explore the prognostic value of the GPS in non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase were systematically searched for relevant studies up to May 31, 2023, and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were merged to investigate the prognostic value of the GPS for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Seven studies comprising 833 patients were included in the primary analysis, and the pooled results indicated that a higher baseline GPS was associated with poorer OS and PFS in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (OS: HR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.47-2.58, p < 0.01; PFS: HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.26-2.11, p < 0.01). These findings were robust after subgroup and sensitivity analyses. The GPS can serve as a biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving immunotherapy with significant prognostic value; however, these findings require more prospective evidence for validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the association of dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and its components with cancer, cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality in a meta-analysis of observational studies. A comprehensive search was conducted between electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) until September 2022. Odds ratios (OR), hazard ratios (HR), and relative risks (RR) were extracted. Eight articles (six studies on breast cancer (BC) and digestive cancers risk, and three studies on both BC and digestive cancers mortality, and all-cause mortality) were included. The present study showed no statistically significant association between dietary BCAAs and its components with BC and digestive cancers (RRBCAA: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.68–1.10, RRLeucine: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.52–1.04, RRIsoleucine: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.93–1.04, RRValine: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.55–1.05). Also, no statistically significant relationship between dietary BCAAs and its components with both BC and digestive cancers mortality (RRBCAA: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.68–1.33, RRLeucine: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.79-1.15, RRIsoleucine: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.79–1.14, RRValine: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.84–1.21) and all-cause mortality (RRBCAA: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.73–1.32, RRLeucine: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.81–1.29, RRIsoleucine: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.73–1.27, RRValine: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.79–1.32) were observed. Our findings showed no significant association between dietary BCAAs and its components with BC and digestive cancers, BC and digestive cancers mortality, and all-cause mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the role of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in tumor initiation, we hypothesized that following a diet that reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes could also reduce the risk of breast cancer. Herein, we conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between dietary diabetes risk reduction score and breast cancer risk in Iranian women. We recruited 136 newly diagnosed cases and 272 age-matched hospitalized controls from referral hospitals. A valid and reliable 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect the data on dietary intake. We used Multivariate Logistic regression to assess the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of breast cancer by the dietary diabetes risk reduction score tertiles. After adjusting for confounding variables, no association was seen between dietary diabetes risk reduction score and breast cancer risk (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.37–1.14). However, after stratification by menopausal status, a decreased risk was observed between adherence to dietary diabetes risk reduction score and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal individuals (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.19–0.99). The present study states that there is no significant relationship between the dietary diabetes risk reduction score and the risk of breast cancer. However, adherence to dietary diabetes risk reduction score could have a preventive role for breast cancer among postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to examine the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of breast cancer recurrence and summarize evidence on the role of dietary isoflavone intake in breast cancer prognosis. This prospective study included 592 breast cancer survivors who completed a dietary assessment. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Of the studies published until May 31, 2023, that were searched in PUBMED and EMBASE databases, 14 studies were selected. Adjusted HRs were combined using fixed- or random-effects models. During the median follow-up of 4.3 years, 47 recurrences were identified. The HR (95% CI) for recurrence comparing the highest versus the lowest tertile of isoflavones intake was 1.29 (0.60–2.78). In a meta-analysis of previously published data and ours, dietary isoflavone intake was associated with a better breast cancer prognosis. The combined HRs (95% CIs) comparing the extreme categories were 0.81 (0.67–0.98) for recurrence and 0.85 (0.76–0.96) for all-cause mortality. A nonlinear inverse association was observed between isoflavone intake and the risk of recurrence and all-cause mortality. Our study suggests that dietary isoflavone intake is associated with a favorable prognosis in breast cancer survivors and warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to explore the association between the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality in 2,463 adult patients with cancer from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2018. We linked mortality data from the survey to the National Death Index records up to December 31, 2019. During a median follow-up period of 70 months, 567 patients died, of whom 194 died due to cancer. Multivariate adjustment was performed for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, dietary factors, 25-hydroxyvitamin D testing period, and cancer site. Higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations up to 75 nmol/L significantly reduced the risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. When 25-hydroxyvitamin D quartiles were compared, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were 0.59 (95% confidence interval: 0.42, 0.84) for all-cause mortality (P for trend <0.001) and 0.48 (95% confidence interval: 0.29, 0.79) for cancer-specific mortality (P for trend = 0.037) in quartile 3 (79.3–99.2 nmol/L). A threshold of 75 nmol/L for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D may represent an intervention target to reduce mortalities in patients with cancer, and maintaining 25(OH)D concentrations within range (79.3–99.2 nmol/L) is beneficial for reducing all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent malignancy affecting men worldwide, and plant-based diets have been widely advocated for their health benefits. The aim of this study was to test the association between general, healthy, and unhealthy pro-vegetarian plant-based diets and PCa severity on 118 consecutive patients undergoing prostatectomy in a university hospital in Italy. Food frequency questionnaires were used to calculate scores for dietary patterns. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to test the associations. A general plant-based diet was not associated with cancer severity, while patients reporting a higher adherence to a healthy plant-based diet were less likely to have a more severe PCa (for medium/high vs. low-risk PCa, OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.88; for high vs. medium/low-risk PCa, OR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.39). Patients resulting in higher adherence to an unhealthy plant-based diet were more likely to be diagnosed with more severe PCa (OR = 6.15, 95% CI: 1.70, 22.24). In conclusion, plant-based dietary patterns may have a different impact on PCa severity depending on the quality of the foods included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the prognostic value of preoperative Naples prognostic score (NPS) on survival outcomes in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). We conducted a retrospective study about UTUC patients at West China Hospital from January 2015 to June 2019. The X-Tile program was used to identify the optimal cutoff value of NPS. Overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were the endpoints of interest. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate survival and Cox proportional hazard model was used for risk assessment. A total of 237 UTUC patients after RNU were identified and the threshold of NPS was determined to be 2. Preoperative high-NPS was associated with inferior OS (p = 0.004), CSS (p = 0.002) and PFS (p = 0.008), especially in locally advanced UTUC patients. Preoperative NPS was an independent predictor for OS (HR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.93), CSS (HR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.14) and PFS (HR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.50). The addition of NPS into the predictive model consisting of predictors from multivariate Cox regression resulted in better prediction performance. Preoperative NPS was a novel and reliable predictor for survival in UTUC patients after RNU, and should be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until now, no study evaluated the impact of optimum intake of omega-3 fatty acids on inflammatory factors. We aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on inflammatory factors in cancer patients. PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science were searched until July 2022 to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for examining the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids on inflammatory factors. Our primary outcomes were interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and albumin. The results of 33 trials (2068 participants) revealed that each 1 g/day omega-3 fatty acids (oral/enteral) significantly reduced IL-6 (SMD: −1.17 pg/ml; 95% CI: −1.78, −0.55; p < 0.001; GRADE = moderate), and TNF-α (SMD: −2.15 pg/ml; 95% CI: −3.14, −1.16; p < 0.001; GRADE = very low). Moreover, each 0.5 g/kg/day omega-3 fatty acids (parenteral) significantly reduced TNF-α (SMD: −1.11 pg/ml; 95% CI: −2.02, −0.19; p = 0.017; GRADE = low). With moderate and very low evidence certainty, each 1 g/day of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation (oral/enteral) has a beneficial effect on IL-6 and TNF-α. Each 0.5 g/kg/day omega-3 fatty acids (parenteral) could also exert a favorable impact on TNF-α, but the certainty of the evidence was low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistent findings have emerged from epidemiological research investigating the association between vitamin B6 and the risk of gastric cancer. To obtain a more precise assessment, we conducted a comprehensive search of published data and performed a meta-analysis. PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched. A total of 12 studies (5 prospective cohort and 7 case–control studies) involving 5,692 cases and 814,157 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that high intake of vitamin B6 may reduce the odds of gastric cancer (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73–0.95, p=0.006). However, this association was only observed in the case– control studies (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51–0.89, p=0.006) but not in the cohort studies (RR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.94–1.08, p=0.819). Additionally, the negative association between vitamin B6 intake and gastric cancer risk was found in the United States of America (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.62–0.82, p=10−4), but not in Europe (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.74–1.05, p=0.169) or the other regions (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.66–1.13, p=0.280). In conclusion, there is not sufficient evidence to assume that vitamin B6 intake is associated with gastric cancer risk, which needs further confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improper diet and physical inactivity are environmental risk factors for breast cancer (BC). This study evaluated the association of dietary risk factors and physical activities with different molecular subtypes of BC. We conducted a case-control study among 130 cases of BC and 150 age-matched controls. Demographic data and tissue marker status were obtained. Diet was assessed using Food Frequency Questionnaire and physical activity was determined using Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between diet and physical activity with the cancer status was evaluated by Pearson’s Correlation. Among the various dietary factors, refined oil displayed a weak albeit significant positive correlation (r=0.344) to Luminal B subtype of BC. Consumption of all kinds of non-vegetarian food exhibited significant elevation in BC risk with OR > 1.9 (95% CI 0.825–2.707). A higher odds ratio (>1.66) was observed in individuals who had a limited intake of fruits. Furthermore, a strong association was found between low physical activity and breast cancer risk, with around 14.6% of cases being distinctly linked to this risk (OR = 3.33, 95% CI 1.158–9.403, p<0.01). In essence, while dietary factors exhibited a negative correlation with breast cancer risk, the risk was heightened by physical inactivity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This present study aims to explore the influence of metformin and postoperative insulin pump use on colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who received surgery in terms of short-term and long-term outcomes. Methods: 613 CRC patients who had comorbid T2DM and received surgery at a single clinical center from Jan, 2011 to Dec, 2021 were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to find predictive factors for overall complications and major complications. Cox regression analyses was used to find prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 22.0) software. The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to show the OS and DFS between the insulin pump group and the no insulin pump group. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis reported that lower body mass index (BMI) (p<0.01, OR = 0.922, 95% CI = 0.870-0.977) and metformin use (p=0.03, OR = 0.643, 95% CI = 0.431-0.959) were independent protective factors for overall complications, and insulin pump after surgery (p<0.01, OR = 3.991, 95% CI = 2.434-6.544) was an independent risk factor for overall complications. As for major complications, metformin use (p=0.042, OR = 0.274, 95% CI = 0.079-0.956) and insulin pump after surgery (p=0.03, OR = 2.892, 95% CI = 1.107-7.552) remained independent protective factors and independent risk factors, respectively. Moreover, in Cox regression analyses, age (OS: p<0.01, HR = 1.032, 95% CI = 1.008-1.057; DFS: p<0.01, HR = 1.030, 95% CI = 1.008-1.052), tumor stage (OS: p<0.01, HR = 1.709, 95% CI = 1.244-2.346; DFS: p<0.01, HR = 1.696, 95% CI = 1.276-2.254), and Insulin pump after surgery (OS: p<0.01, HR = 2.923, 95% CI = 1.887-4.527; DFS: p<0.01, HR = 2.671, 95% CI = 1.779-4.009) were independent prognostic factors for both OS and DFS. After comparing the OS and DFS between the insulin pump group and the no insulin pump group, patients who received postoperative insulin pump had worse OS and DFS in all tumor node metastasis (TNM) stages (p<0.01). Conclusion: Diabetic CRC patients who used metformin had a lower risk of postoperative complications. However, there was no difference from patients not using metformin in terms of survival. Furthermore, patients receiving postoperative insulin pump had more postoperative complications and worse survival in all TNM stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a novel and integrated marker that has not been studied with prostate cancer. We aimed to ascertain the association between SII levels and prostate cancer. We utilized data from the 1999–2010 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between SII and prostate cancer. Additionally, subgroup analyses stratified by age, BMI, history of hypertension and diabetes were performed. A total of 8,020 participants were included in our analysis. After full adjustment, SII was associated with a 7% increased risk of prostate cancer (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.99–1.15, p=0.094). We further categorized SII values into three segments and found that individuals in the highest SII group had a 33% increased risk of prostate cancer than those in the tertile 1 group (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.01–1.81; p=0.044; P for trend = 0.046). In addition, a higher SII level was associated with a 137% increased risk of prostate cancer in the diabetes subgroup (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.08–5.21; p=0.031). The current study suggested that SII was positively associated with increased risks of prostate cancer. The SII might be an easily accessible indicator for identifying prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is a pleiotropic hormone, widely controversial for its role in the development of chronic diseases and cancers, including haematological malignancies, and also for its impact on overall survival. Observational and interventional studies are being conducted on hypovitaminosis D and haematological malignancies and their subtypes in order to improve the therapeutic management of patients. We carried out a prospective observational study over three years on a population of 251 patients followed up for newly diagnosed haematological malignancies to investigate the impact of vitamin D deficiency on this category of patients. Our population was dominated by the lymphoproliferative syndrome and included 125 patients (49.8%). Anthropometric data showed a significant difference in body mass index between the sexes with a p value of 0.001. Vitamin D levels at diagnosis were inadequate in more than half the patients (56%). This hypovitaminosis was linked to the female sex (p=0.006), obesity (p=0.031) and the digestive involvement of the lymphoma (p=0.03). There was also a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.02). This relationship was confirmed in multivariate analysis, with hypoalbuminemia being a factor associated with the deficiency (p=0.022, OR = 0.95, IC95% 0.91–0.93). However, we did not find any impact on overall survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of dietary inflammation potential and risks of colorectal cancer precursors are limited, particularly for sessile serrated lesions (SSLs). This study examines the association using the energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DIITM), a measure of anti- and/or pro-inflammatory diet, in a large US colonoscopy-based case-control study of 3246 controls, 1530 adenoma cases, 472 hyperplastic polyp cases, and 180 SSL cases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from logistic regression models. Analyses were stratified by participant characteristics, and urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGE-M) and high-sensitivity plasma C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, inflammation biomarkers. Highest E-DII™ intake was associated with significantly increased risks of colorectal adenomas (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.11, 1.67), and hyperplastic polyps (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.06, 1.98), compared with participants consuming the lowest E-DII™ quartile. A similar, but non-significant, increased risk was also observed for SSLs (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.82, 2.41). The positive association was stronger in females (pinteraction <0.001), normal weight individuals (ptrend 0.01), and in individuals with lower inflammatory biomarkers (ptrend 0.02 and 0.01 for PGE-M and hs-CRP, respectively). A high E-DII™ is associated with colorectal polyp risk, therefore promoting an anti-inflammatory diet may aid in preventing colorectal polyps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer patients are at risk of malnutrition, which influences their functional status, mental health (MH), and quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to examine the associations between nutritional status, functional capacity, and aspects of QoL in cancer patients, as well as the potential mediating role of depression and anxiety in these associations. Patients with various types of cancer (n = 152) were recruited from the Attikon University Hospital, Greece. Validated questionnaires were used to assess nutritional status (PG-SGA), QoL (SF-36 and EQ-5D-3L), functional capacity (ECOG), depression, and anxiety (HADS and BEDS). Handgrip strength (HGS) was also measured. Poor nutritional status was inversely associated with functional capacity, QoL, depression, and anxiety, after adjusting for confounding factors (all P ≤ 0.05). Mediation analysis indicated a significant indirect effect of nutritional status on various parameters of functional capacity and QoL through depression and anxiety, after adjusting for age and sex. Mediated proportion ranged from 26.3–34% to 23.1–82.8% for functional capacity and QoL, respectively. A significant proportion of the effect of nutritional status on QoL and functional capacity can be partly attributed to psychological effects, highlighting the significance of integrating all aforementioned aspects in the nutritional intervention for cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unclear whether obese renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients treated with targeted therapy have better survival. We conducted this meta-analysis to assess the prognostic significance of body mass index (BMI) in RCC patients treated with targeted therapy. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science by November 17, 2021. We calculated effect outcomes using random-effects and fixed-effects models. Fifteen articles were identified. We found that RCC patients treated with targeted therapy with BMI over 25 obtained better overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.58–0.82, I2 = 75.5%, p < 0.001) and progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.71, 95%CI = 0.55–0.92, I2 = 69.7%, p = 0.006) than patients with BMI below 25. Obese (BMI over 30) patients had remarkably better OS (HR = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.70–0.85, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.439) and PFS (HR = 0.86, 95%CI = 0.77–0.97, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.934) than patients with BMI below 25. Overweight (BMI over 25 but below 30) patients also had better OS (HR = 0.86, 95%CI = 0.79–0.93, I2 = 17.7%, p = 0.295) and PFS (HR = 0.82, 95%CI = 0.74–0.90, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.904) than patients with BMI below 25. When using BMI as continuous variable, patients with high BMI also obtained significantly better OS (HR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.88–0.96, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.806). Therefore, higher BMI was associated with greater OS and PFS in RCC patients treated with targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) has been applied as a nutritional screening tool in oncology patients. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between the risk of malnutrition defined by the NRS 2002 and adverse outcomes in patients with cancer. We comprehensively searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science until May 7, 2023. Studies investigating the association between the risk of malnutrition defined by the NRS 2002 and overall survival or postoperative complications in adult patients with cancer were included. Patients were grouped as being at risk of malnutrition (NRS2002 ≥ 3) and not at risk (NRS 2002 < 3). Twenty-two studies involving 9,332 patients were identified. The reported prevalence of the risk of malnutrition ranged from 12.8% to 80.8%. Meta-analysis indicated that cancer patients with a risk of malnutrition had a poor overall survival (hazard ratio 1.66; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.40–1.97). Furthermore, the pooled adjusted odds ratio of postoperative complications was 2.27 (95% CI 1.81–2.84) for the risk of malnutrition. The risk of malnutrition defined by the NRS 2002 is independently associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications and worse overall survival in patients with cancer. NRS 2002 can serve as a promising risk stratification tool in cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most commonly recommended screening test for determining the nutritional status of hospitalized cancer patients is Nutrition Risk Screening-2002 (NRS-2002). NUTRISCORE, on the other hand, is an outpatient cancer patient-specific nutritional screening test that is easier to administer than NRS-2002 and queries tumor location and treatment information received from the patient. We aimed to investigate the validity of NUTRISCORE, in hospitalized cancer patients. In total, 112 patients were enrolled in this study. The NRS 2002 and NUTRISCORE screening tests were performed. The data obtained with NUTRISCORE were compared to the reference test NRS-2002 using the κ test and ROC curve analysis. The NRS-2002 identified 45.5% of patients as being at risk of malnutrition, while the NUTRISCORE test identified 48.2% (k = 0.516, p < 0.005). The AUC value was 0.759 (95% CI:0.67-0.85) as shown in the ROC analysis. Using the NRS-2002 as a reference test, the sensitivity (S), specificity (SP), Positive Predictive (PPD), and Negative Predictive (NPD) values for the NUTRISCORE test were 76.5% (95% CI:63.7-86.6), 75.4% (95.CI:63.7–85), 72.2% (95% CI:59.4–83), 79%, (95% CI:67.7-88.3) respectively. NUTRISCORE can be used for screening of malnutrition in hospitalized cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among luminal types of breast cancers, ER + breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer globally. ER + breast cancer is commonly treated with SERM drugs that block ER to prevent ER-mediated cancerous growth. Our previous computational screening found pelargonidin (PG) can inhibit ER-signaling with potent bioactivity and satisfactory toxicological features. The present study explored the anti-tumoral prospect of PG against DMBA-induced ER + murine mammary carcinogenesis. The female BALB/c mice were divided into control (A) and DMBA-exposed groups. Following tumor appearance, the DMBA-exposed group was divided into five groups: tumor control, PG-treated (Groups P25, P50, and P100), and tamoxifen-treated (TAM). The results indicated that PG-treatment dose-dependently reduced the mean tumor volume, reinstated body weight loss, and enhanced the percentage survival of tumor-bearing mice. In addition, we recorded a significant reduction in LPO, total cholesterol, and triglycerides and a surge in the activity of antioxidases and phase II detoxifying enzymes in PG-treated animals. PG also dose-dependently increased the serum level of unbound estradiol, an indicator of competitive ER binding by an ER agonist/antagonist. These data suggest that pelargonidin has potent anticancer potential against the animal model of ER + breast cancer that matches the efficiency of tamoxifen with conceivably fewer side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many South African children live in poverty and food insecurity; therefore, malnutrition within the context of childhood cancer should be examined. Parents/caregivers completed the Poverty-Assessment Tool (divided into poverty risk groups) and the Household Hunger Scale questionnaire in five pediatric oncology units. Height, weight, and mid-upper arm circumference assessments classified malnutrition. Regression analysis evaluated the association of poverty and food insecurity with nutritional status, abandonment of treatment, and one-year overall survival (OS). Nearly a third (27.8%) of 320 patients had a high poverty risk, associated significantly with stunting (p = 0.009), food insecurity (p < 0.001) and residential province (p < 0.001) (multinomial regression). Stunting was independently and significantly associated with one-year OS on univariate analysis. The hunger scale was significant predictor of OS, as patients living with hunger at home had an increased odds ratio for treatment abandonment (OR 4.5; 95% CI 1.0; 19.4; p = 0.045) and hazard for death (HR 3.2; 95% CI 1.02, 9.9; p = 0.046) compared to those with food security. Evaluating sociodemographic factors such as poverty and food insecurity at diagnosis is essential among South African children to identify at-risk children and implement adequate nutritional support during cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, it is unknown whether fatty acids (FAs) and primary liver cancer (PLC) are associated. The cause–effect association was established using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Eligible single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected as instrumental variables from six FAs genome-wide association studies. The outcome involved a total of 260,428 subjects and was a summary of genetic data on PLC from FinnGen biobanks. The principal method inverse variance weighted (IVW) and several other analytical approaches (MR-Egger, Weighted Median, and Maximum likelihood) were tested to determine the causal relationship between different FAs and PLC. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the stability of the results. The two-sample MR analysis revealed a negative causal relationship between omega-3 FAs and PLC. It was discovered that an increase in each standard deviation (0.53 mmol/L; SD: 0.22) in the genetic levels of omega-3 FAs reduced the risk of PLC by 62.1% through the IVW method [odd ratio: 0.379; 95% confidence interval (0.176, 0.816)]. Nevertheless, other FAs were not statistically correlated with PLC. Additionally, no pleiotropy was found between the two. According to the MR study, consuming omega-3 FAs may help prevent PLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined associations between HPV status and weight change in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). OPC patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy in Toronto, Canada were included. Relationships were assessed between HPV status and weight loss grade (WLG, combining weight loss and current body mass index); weight change during treatment; and HPV status and WLG/weight change on overall (OS) and cancer-specific (CSS) survival. Of 717 patients, WLG pre-radiation was less severe among HPV-positive compared to HPV-negative, though weight loss during treatment was greater. The adjusted odds ratio for greater WLG among HPV-positive versus HPV-negative was 0.47 (95%CI 0.28–0.78). Grade-4 WLG (worst category) experienced poorer OS and CSS (OS adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 4.08; 95%CI 1.48–11.2, compared to Grade-0); and was non-significant for HPV-negative (aHR 2.34; 95%CI 0.69–7.95). Relationships between weight change before/during treatment and survival had similar direction between HPV-positive and HPV-negative, but of greater magnitude in HPV-positive patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis was conducted to systematically evaluate the prognostic role of the Naples prognostic score (NPS) in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. A comprehensive literature search of several major databases was performed for studies published until October 16, 2022. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled by fixed-effects or random-effects models to analyze the associations between the NPS and overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and recurrence-free/disease-free survival (RFS/DFS) in GI cancers. Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled results indicated that a high NPS predicted poor OS (HR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.90–2.74, p < 0.001), CSS (HR = 2.77, 95% CI: 2.10–3.66, p < 0.001), and RFS/DFS (HR = 2.77, 95% CI: 2.26–3.40, p < 0.001). For OS-related and RFS/DFS-related studies, subgroup analyses showed that a high NPS was significantly associated with poor OS and RFS/DFS irrespective of NPS group, calculation of the NPS, and tumor type. In the study that focused on CSS, subgroup analyses by NPS group and calculation of the NPS revealed similar results. The NPS may represent an effective prognostic indicator in patients with GI cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) is used to assess the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between the GNRI and prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Methods: We performed a pooled analysis of the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the GNRI for survival in pancreatic cancer. Using pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs, we investigated the association between the GNRI and clinicopathological characteristics of pancreatic cancer. Results: Six studies were included in this meta-analysis, totaling 1,513 patients. A low GNRI was significantly associated with a poorer overall survival (OS) in the pooled results (HR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.29–2.94; p = 0.002) in pancreatic cancer. However, GNRI was not significantly associated with progression-free survival (PFS) in pancreatic cancer (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.90–2.73; p = 0.114). The pooled results indicated that a low GNRI was significantly associated with tumor location of pancreas head (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.45–3.29; p < 0.001). Conclusions: This meta-analysis showed that low GNRI was significantly associated with poor OS but not with poor PFS in patients with pancreatic cancer. The GNRI is a novel and effective risk factor and a potential biomarker for the prognosis of pancreatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is widely thought to be a risk factors of cancers, but evidence of the association remains inconclusive, especially in Asian countries where few relevant studies have been conducted. Our study aimed to estimate overall and specific types of cancer risks among diabetes patients in Southern Thailand. Patients diagnosed with diabetes who visited the outpatient clinic of Songklanagarind Hospital during 2004 to 2018 were included. Newly diagnosed cancer patients were identified using the hospital-based cancer registry. Age-standardized incidence ratios (ASRs) and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were used to estimate and compare the cancer risks among diabetes patients and the general population in Southern Thailand. Of 29,314 diabetes patients identified during the study period, 1,113 patients had developed cancer. An increased risk for overall cancer was observed in both genders, with SIRs [95% CI] of 2.99 [2.65, 3.39] in men and 3.51 [3.12, 3.96] in women. Increases in the risk of several site-specific cancers including liver cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer in both sexes; prostate cancer, lymphoid leukemia, and multiple myeloma in men; and endometrial, breast, and thyroid cancer in women were observed. Our study found that diabetes generally increased the risk of both overall and site-specific cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]