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But evidence for the latter comes from experiments in mice showing that they start to gain weight and develop gut inflammation after receiving transplants of gut microbes from people with obesity and inflammatory bowel disease respectively. "Despite the growing science linking the gut microbiome and the chemicals it produces with dozens of health outcomes, what defines an optimum or "healthy" gut microbiome is still not absolutely clear", says Tim Spector at King's College London, who is a co-founder of personalised nutrition company ZOE. He and his team have also shown that, in mice susceptible to Alzheimer's-like disease, those without a gut microbiome have fewer of the disease's characteristic protein clumps and tangles in their brains than those with gut microbes. A 2018 study found that, in vaginally born babies, bacteria from the mother's vagina are found in the baby's gut for only a few days, while the mother's gut bacteria continued colonising the baby's gut for months after the birth. [Extracted from the article]

B. oleracea is the species name of at least 16 different vegetables that come in an incredible range of forms, from the bite-sized Brussels sprout to the giant Jersey cabbage, native to the Channel Islands, which grows into a sort of tree that can be up to 4 metres tall. Features I STUDY the dogs of the plant world" That is the answer you will get if you ask Chris Pires what he does for a living. Mabry and Pires were unable to sample Atlantic wild-growing cabbages in their genetic analysis. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the genome editing techniques. It states that the significance of the CRISPR gene editing technique in terms of biomedical research, and mentions that the debate over the creation of genetically engineered humans and the germ line gene editing. It notes the mechanism of the CRISPR technique, which comprises the targeting of DNA sequences of interest with the help of Cas9 protein, and cites possibilities of using the method in medicine.

BIOLOGISTS have created gene-edited tomatoes that offer a new plant-based source of vitamin D, as the UK government prepares to change the law to allow such "precision-bred" food to be sold in supermarkets. However, despite the UK government introducing a bill on 25 May to treat gene-edited food differently to genetically modified organisms, the tomatoes face a series of technical and economic hurdles before they can become widely available. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the synthetic biology industry, focusing on the complications and controversies surrounding the development of products using genetically modified yeast. Topics include the production of the antimalarial drug artemisinin originally derived from the sweet wormwood plant, a potential shortage of the drug due to the yeast process, and the use of the technique in the food industry for flavorings like valencene and vanillin.

The article reports on legislation passed by parliament of Great Britain on January 20, 2022 designed to aid trials of gene-edited crops and mentions use of CRISPR technology to edit DNA of organism in version of natural breeding.

Teenagers on a voyage to save humanity learn that they are being drugged. Gregory Wakeman finds out what happens next [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the future of genetically modified plants as of October 1998. Mention of a dream of plant engineers to create easy-to-pulp trees; The effort under way to engineer potatoes to double up as vaccines; Suggestion that timber and pulp will increasingly come from high-technology plantations where the trees are all clones; The exploration of ways of using Arabidopsis genes to prevent flowering.

Many people hold strong opinions about genetically modified food, but it is important to remember these concerns are cultural rather than scientific, writes James Wong [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology's plan to conduct a clinical trial of a genetically modified version of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine for COVID-19 protection.

The article states that the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District on November 19, 2016, approved a plan to release genetically engineered male mosquitoes (GM) over local objections.

The article discusses the results of a 2016 clinical trial in Piracicaba, Brazil which suggest that genetically modified mosquitoes may help reduce diseases such as dengue.

The article focuses on the study of genetically modified organisms (GMO) in plant grafting in which it applies the method of transplanting one plant onto another so the two parts fuse and continue to grow.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to the article "Are GM mosquitoes the key to wiping out the Zika virus?" in the January 19, 2016 issue, regarding the emergence of the flat Earth theory, and the nutritional content of cat food from cat-food maker Arden Grange.

The article discusses the editing of the gene TEM-1 ß-lactamase to create an artificial amino acid that allows regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), referencing a study co-authored by the scientist Andrew Ellington in the journal "Nature Chemical Biology."

The article presents information on the cloning of race horses. Tarn Dalyell wants to legalise the cloning of race horses. This would be disastrous for the horse-breeding industry, which depends upon the horseracing industry, which in turn depends upon the gambling industry. If there is a sure-fire winner, the bookmaker must either face certain losses, or withdraw from making odds. If horse cloning, and then horse genetic engineering, were allowed, all horses would eventually be engineered and the status quo would resume. But before this could happen there would be a period when some horses were certain winners. Under these conditions, bookmakers would withdraw from horse racing and turn to other, less predictable, sports and the punters would follow them.

Focuses on the technique developed by two scientists to identify rogue genetically modified organisms before they are released into the environment. Basis on the technique; Views of environmentalists on the technique; How the technique was developed; Experimental results of the technique used in fish and plants.

The article discusses the development of genetically engineered mosses to plant on planet Mars by students at the University of Copenhagen in Copenhagen, Denmark. An overview of the Martian soil, including the students' attitudes and confidence regarding whether the mosses can survive on Mars, is provided.

The article discusses the naturally-occurring genetic modification (GM) of the monarch butterfly from the transfer of a wasp's virus, referencing a study coauthored by scientist Jean-Michel Drezen published in the journal "PLoS Genetics." An overview of the parasitic wasps' laying their eggs in caterpillars, including its leaving a virus in the caterpillar to inhibit its immune defenses, is provided.

The article discusses the use of genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes designed by the laboratory Oxitec of Abingdon, Great Britain to fight dengue fever in Piracicaba, Brazil. Topics include the use of GM male mosquitoes to mate with native females, passing on a gen that causes larvae to die and reducing the population of dengue-transmitting Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and Oxitec's efforts to win approval for trials in Florida from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration where dengue is present.

The article reports that two independent research groups have created genetically-modified Escherichia coli which require artificial amino acids to function and mentions the research is aimed to create genetically-modified organisms that are unable to survive in the wild.

Discusses the move toward genetically modified (GM) food crops as of October 1998. Areas where genetically engineered crops of soya bean, maize, oilseed rape and potatoes are growing; When scientists began manipulating the genes of bacteria; The debate about the pros and cons of living in a GM world.

The article discusses a report within the issue on a 20-year genetic engineering project in which researchers created resistance to an Asian fungus in the American chestnut tree that can be passed to their offspring and the role of genetic modification (GM) in conservation.

The article discusses the approval by Brazil's government of the commercial use of genetically modified (GM) Aedes aegypti mosquitos designed by British biotechnology firm Oxitec to control the spread of dengue fever.

The article reports that a research team led by Xueping Chen has genetically engineered fish to glow green when exposed to oestrogen-like chemicals, allowing scientists to detect the chemicals, which feminize male fish and reduce fish reproduction, in bodies of water.

The article offers a look at the problems surrounding the European Union (EU) concerning unauthorized genetically modified (GM) crops. According to the author, the laws designed to govern GM crops and products in EU are not working well and are causing the livestock industry 150 million Euro. He also describes the state of the zero-tolerance law on GM contamination.

The article discusses research on malaria vaccine. It references a study by Nirbhay Kumar and colleagues, published in "PLoS ONE." Study authors utilized genetically modified bacteria to make proteins identical to some of those involved in the sexual development of Plasmodium and injected them into mice and baboons. They found that a shot of the vaccine led to a 93 percent decrease in malaria transmission.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to an article about genetically-modified organisms (GMO) in the January 10, 2009 issue.

The article focuses on the increase in number of experiments on genetically engineered animals in Great Britain. From 8 percent in 1995 to 33 percent in 2005, the proportion of all procedures performed on genetically engineered animals has quadrupled. Jon Richmond, chief of the animal procedures division at the Home Office, said that about two-thirds of the animals are simply used for breeding.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to an article about genetically modified organism by David James in the March 11, 2006 issue.

The article focuses on scepticism of consumers regarding new genetically modified (GM) crop. One of the biggest hurdles in selling genetically modified crops to sceptical consumers, especially in Europe, has been that there was nothing in it for them. All the traits commercialised so far, such as herbicide resistance, benefit farmers. So it is a major surprise to find that the agribiotech company Monsanto Agricultural Co. has created a crop specifically to appeal to health-conscious westerners. This is not food for poor people, like rice rich in vitamin A or potatoes packed with protein, but the first commercial GM crop designed for well-heeled consumers.

Genetically modified bacteria that release HIV-blocking proteins might prevent people who have unprotected sex from becoming infected by the virus. With an effective HIV vaccine many years away and condoms not always popular, interest is growing in microbicides, vaginal medications that can protect against infection. And as women control their use, such "chemical condoms" could have added value in developing countries where women have little power in relationships, and where they might be forced to have unprotected sex. One hurdle is ensuring that chemicals that look good in the test tube do not harm the vaginal mucous membrane, making women more susceptible to infection.

Bacteria genetically modified (GM) to make a drug have been given to people for the first time. The bacteria are designed to treat inflammatory bowel disease by producing a human immune protein that dampens inflammation. GM bacteria are widely used to make food and drugs. But the prospect of drug-producing gut bugs getting into the wrong people or swapping genes with other bacteria is of particular concern. To address such fears, the bugs have been altered so that although they can thrive in the human gut, they should die within days when discharged to the environment in faeces. For now, the 12 patients at the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam, Netherlands, being given the bacteria are being kept in isolation. "They can't go out, and all their faeces are collected, analysed, then destroyed," says Lothar Steidler, now at the University of Cork in Ireland, who heads the group pioneering the therapy. Steidler's team chose the Lactococcus lactis bacterium because we already consume tonnes of it in dairy products such as mozzarella and Gouda cheeses.

Reports that the genetically modified mosquitoes created to eliminate malaria will survive for a longer time, with lesser inbreeding. Experiments conducted to study the breeding and feeding behavior of the genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes; Need for creation of diverse strains of GM mosquitoes.

Reports on the intentions of the British government to force biotechnology companies to use DNA bar coding for identification of genetically modified organisms. Need for DNA bar coding; Patent granted to the National Institute of Agricultural Botany in Cambridge, England for a DNA bar-coding technique; Attitude of biotechnology companies toward the issue.

Features the genetically engineered bugs that do the same job as the components of a microchip. Comments from physicist Michael Simpson at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee on the bacterial logic gate; Modification of the Pseudomonas putida cells to produce AND and OR gates.

Offers news briefs related to science as of March 17, 2001. Reliability of Internet security; Exaggeration of reports regarding the deaths of monarch butterflies in Mexico; Admission by the New Zealand Green Party that they gave misleading testimony concerning genetically modified organisms.

Presents science-related news briefs as of February 24, 2001. Excavation of dinosaur and fauna fossils in the Argentinian province of Chubut; Decision of mission controllers at the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to continue communications with the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous craft; The European Union's adoption of new rules for releasing genetically modified organisms into the environment.

Reports on a study which shows that a mariner element gene being used by genetic engineers can cross the barrier between species. Risk of spreading the gene to species in the environment; Details of the process by which the gene transposes itself; Evidence which suggests that the gene has moved between tsetse flies and humans; Discovery of the mariner element.

Discusses several science-related topics. The British government's removal of employees with connections to the biotechnology industry or environmental groups from the genetically modified field trials advisory committee; Dangerous waves caused by high-speed ferries along the coast of Europe; Failed attempts to eradicate the rat population in the Pitcairn Islands.

Focuses on the decision by European Union officials to toughen the policy on releasing genetically modified (GM) organisms into the environment. Rejection of a proposal by industry to allow 'low-risk' GM organisms; Testing system for approving GM products as safe; Proposal that the threshold for a product to be considered GM should be lowered; How this revision of the GM policy must go to the European Parliament for ratification, a process that will take years.

Discusses the gene food debate, which is the response to the public's discovery that they have involuntarily purchased products that may have involved genetic engineering. Research findings that claim the better informed people are about a controversial issue involving science and society, the more likely their disquiet; Peter Sanders' formula for risk communication; Australia's food industry battle against labelling food products; Consumers desire to base choices on their ethical framework.

Discusses the United Nations 1999 Biodiversity Convention in Cartagena, Columbia. Failure of the attendees to agree on a treaty to regulate international trade and transport of genetically modified organisms; Involvement with the World Trade Organization.

Focuses on the appearance of AIDS symptoms in people infected with a weakened form of HIV. Failed attempts to produce immune responses by injecting HIV viruses with sections of the key gene nef deleted; Experiments with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) and monkeys; Reports in volume 340 of `The New England Journal of Medicine' and the February, 1999 `Nature Medicine'; Dangers of mutant HIV; Assessments of the feasibility of nef-deleted immunizers.

Focuses on the continuing development of methods of treating AIDS which involve introducing genes into blood cells which would then create RNA `scissor' enzymes, called ribozymes, which would attack and shred the genes of the HIV viruses. Methods using transplanted bone marrow stem cells and using altered HIV viruses themselves, which can alter even non-dividing cells; Report in the January, 1999 `Science' by Inder Verma, et al, of the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California.

Investigates research of a method to activate a foreign gene, inserted into the body for gene-therapy purposes, without disrupting the expression of other native genes. Study by Bert O'Malley at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas; Use of modified viruses in gene therapy; Complications; The engineering of a protein that is activated by a synthetic hormone, in this case the progesterone blocker mifepristone which is the main ingredient in the so-called morning-after pill.

Reports on the conflict among Europe's agriculture ministers over the release of genetically engineered organisms designed as pesticides into the environment. Need for a detailed assessment of the risks to the environment; Replacement of national rules for the approval of pesticides; Role of national environment ministries.

Cites the result of a study pertaining to the safety of releasing genetically engineered organisms (GEO) into the environment. Claim of biologists that microbes living in water bodies are capable of swapping genetic material with the GEO; Effect of the findings on the efforts of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development to frame a legislation governing the release of GEO; Role of bacteriophages in introducing DNA from previous hosts into their new host.

Reports on a collaborative effort between a team from the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), London and Peter Goodfellow's team at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, which reversed the sex of a female mouse embryo. Implantation of a single gene from the Y chromosome of male mice; The Sry and SRY genes; Genetic engineering; Testes determining factor; More.

Reveals the mounting tension between European biotechnology companies and the environmental authorities who must approve their work. Signs of the stress when the European Commission presented a policy document to community ministers that contradicts other directives; Regulation of products of genetic engineering; Genetically modified organisms (GMOs); More.