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Henry Kissinger, former secretary of state and Cold War statesman, passed away at the age of 100. Despite being a government employee for only eight years, Kissinger's life and tenure have been heavily debated. While he has been accused of war crimes and genocide, his alleged offenses were not unique and were executed with the consent of the cabinet and under presidential orders. Kissinger's most enduring contributions include his book "Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy," in which he challenged the doctrine of massive retaliation and advocated for a policy of flexible response, which remains the declared U.S. policy today. However, Kissinger's greatest blind spot was the importance of ideology, which led to criticism from both the anti-Communist Right and the human-rights Left. Overall, Kissinger's legacy is complex and continues to shape U.S. foreign policy. [Extracted from the article]

The seeds of China's reform period after Mao had been planted in "On the Ten Major Relationships", a secret speech Mao gave in 1956. Dikötter, who has written more than a dozen books about China since the communist revolution, is a commanding narrator of the story: of Mao's maneuvering to secure his legacy, and of Deng's to save the party. China after Mao: The Rise of a Superpower, by Frank Dikötter (Bloomsbury, 416 pp., $30.00) The Cultural Revolution, Mao Zedong's last grand scheme, was finally petering out, having ravaged the People's Republic of China. [Extracted from the article]

In the article, the author discusses the alleged Cold War between the U.S. and China as of December 2020. Also cited are how journalist George Orwell coined the term 'Cold War' in 1945, his view on totalitarianism, how the Cold War between the U.S. and Russia ended, and the false belief that political liberalization will be achieve in China after its economic modernization.

The article discusses the accomplishments of the U.S. in Iran and the developments in the relationship between the two countries. Other topics include U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt's with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in Iran in 1943, how the U.S. preserved Iran's territorial integrity, and how Iran was involved in the Cold War between the U.S. and Russia.

The author contends that aggression by the Russian government and tension in its relations with the U.S. during the early 21st century is a direct result of the Soviet Union's loss in the Cold War. The article also discusses the significance of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and its stance toward Russia.

The article examines the importance of presidential elections in the U.S. by analyzing the 1980 election pitting Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter and the issue of the Cold War during the period. Also cited are the rise of communism and Russian power during the period, and the claim by President Donald Trump that the 2020 election is the most important in history.

The author argues that the U.S. and China are engaged in a cold war that mimics the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the U.S., while also urging that the U.S. develop a national industrial strategy to prevent China and multinational corporations from rearranging the U.S. economy.

The article discusses U.S. president George H.W. Bush's leadership during the end of the Cold War and U.S. involvement in expelling Iraq from Kuwait during the Gulf War. It compares his presidency to that of former U.S. president Dwight Eisenhower, particularly what the authors identify as their principled and gracious approach to the office and foreign relations.

Irv remembered his mother pointing out cars and naming them for him As they walked down to Market Street, Ford, Buick, Packard … And once walking back home he started Naming them for her, to her surprise, For although he couldn't read And his eyes were only at hubcap level, What he heard and saw blended into a murmur Of recollected names, amid Sleek convertibles filled with teenagers, The points and angles of a tail-fin-crazy world, Radio aerials whipping the air With raccoon tails flying from them. We Shall Bury You … a billboard said In large letters underneath Khrushchev's giant head, A Cold War threat that resonated; But graffitied under it, in beautiful cursive Catholic-school handwriting that only a nun Could have taught, in black crayon, was inscribed In God We Trust … The past rolls on and the older You get the less you resist, and the farther away The brighter it seems. [Extracted from the article]

Thirty years have passed since the November night when the young and the old suddenly found that they were free to go through the huge and fortified wall that divided [...]

The article focuses on aspects of American conservatism. Over the years anti-Communism is referred to as the single most important factor binding together the conservative movement. The Republican success in the 2002 elections marks the rise of political conservatism apart from economic and social conservatism. Support for strong national-security policies and rollback of international Communism reflects patriotic anti-Communism. The influence of national security conservatism and patriotic conservatism has declined with the end of the Cold War.

The article focuses on the field of Middle Eastern studies in the United States. When the field of Middle Eastern studies was introduced in the 1940s and 1950s, it was part of a broader movement known as area studies. Americans did not know enough about parts of the world they would have to encounter during the Cold War, such as the Soviet Union and Latin America. The Middle East also developed as an academic field. The field of Middle Eastern studies was developed so that it should not merely understand current realities but also advocate positive changes. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Middle Eastern studies professors did not give importance to the threat posed by Islamic radicalism.

This article explains how former U.S. President Ronald Reagan won the Cold War. In 1982, Reagan predicted that with the help of a strong Western alliance freedom and democracy will reign and will inevitably lead to the collapse of Marxism-Leninism. He knew that any economy based upon centralized planners' dictating production, consumption, and the distribution of social rewards will inevitably lead to disaster. Reagan likened the Soviet Union to a sick bear. His sick bear theory was based on the notion that the economy of the Soviet Union is faltering because strict centralized control has destroyed incentives for innovation, efficiency, and individual achievement. Reagan realized that appeasement would only increase the appetite of the bear and incite further aggression. It was the vision and leadership of Reagan that led to the victory of the U.S. in the Cold War.

The article explains that people in the United States are asking whether China should treated as a competitor or as an enemy. China's expansion as an economic and military power makes this question all the more important. This questioning by the people is not surprising as they could be suffering from enemy-deprivation syndrome since the end of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. There are several factors that make China as a leading candidate to becoming the United States enemy and competitor. Leading foreign policy thinkers in the United States are divided over how to deal with China.

The article reveals an evidence on the role of the U.S. President Ronald Reagan administration's in the decline and fall of the Soviet empire as well as the end of the Cold War. It describes top-secret presidential directives indicating that the President Reagan and a few advisors began a strategic offensive aimed at attacking the weaknesses of the Soviet system in 1982. The strategy was most evident in the National Security Decision Directive 75 which was signed by the president in early 1983. It declared a policy of rolling back Soviet power.

This article suggests the re-establishment of Western imperialism in the twenty-first century. It is ideal to establish a unitary First World, in which Western standards of living and political opportunity are extended to all. This idea centers on the seven pillars of twenty-first century wisdom. The first pillar focused on the improvement and enlightened use of the United Nations idea. Two factors contributed to the activation of the Security Council system. It include the end of the cold war and the return of Russia to the civilized community of nations. The second pillar of the new wisdom proposed the transformation of collective security from a reactive and negative force into something that is engaged in foreseeing and forestalling the prevention of crimes and disasters. Moreover, it is imperative to develop international contingency-planning measures. The Security Council must learn to develop diplomatic, military and logistical plans for foreseeable disturbances.

The article ponders on the question of whether the U.S. must continue to deploy military forces globally in 1992. Such issue had been debated during the first U.S. presidential election of the post-cold-war era. The issue was reopened by the struggle between the U.S. Congress and the executive branch concerning defense-spending levels. Under the 5-year plan of the administration of U.S. President George Bush, U.S. military forces would experience a reduction by 25%. Furthermore, more than 600 overseas military installations and facilities of the U.S. would either be turned over to host nations or closed, with the expectation that the overseas basing structure of the U.S. will be decreased by approximately 40%. Such reductions would leave a U.S. military force that is smaller than at any time since before the Korean War.

Reports on the various institutions of liberal intellectualism and foreign-policy that suffered from the manner in which the cold war ended. Liberal notion that the cold war's end would be marked by some sort of mutual accommodation which would leave both superpowers intact rather than a unilateral Soviet surrender; Accountability of the Democratic Party; Protestantism and its attitude toward Communism; Failures of political-science scholarship; More.

Examines the impact of the end of the cold war between the U.S. and Russia on conservatism. Fallacy of the precept that the movement's death is based on the fall of anti-Communism instead of anti-liberalism; Conservative definition of the national interest; Concern over the reversal of U.S. traditionalist systems; Recognition of the opposite positions of Pat Buchanan and Bill Safire.

Offers the perceptions of James Burnham on the alternative choices of the international community in the wake of the end of the cold war between Communist and Democratic countries. Overview of the events on the surrender of Communism by Erich Honecker; Failure of reform Communism to deliver economic recovery; Views on post-communist philosophy in the book "The Machiavellians"; Proposal by Burnham for an American empire.

Contemplates the characteristics of the cold war of the past forty years. Analysis of popular thought that the cold war is coming to an end; Proposes an alternative view of the cold war as an ongoing process; Thoughts on the interdependence thesis on the cold war.

The article considers the career of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. In the author's view, Thatcher was the most significant peacetime British Prime Minister in the 20th century, and was former U.S. President Ronald Reagan's most steadfast ally during the Cold War. He credits her with having created a new political consensus in Britain.

The article presents a profile of college history teacher Eugene D. Genovese. Genovese's evolution from a strong advocate of Marxist economics and a sympathizer with Communism from the 1950s until the fall of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War to an opponent of Marxism and an advocate for historians examining the crimes against humanity of the Soviet Union is considered.

Discusses the views of presidential candidate John Kerry on the Cold War. Evidence of anti-American views in his 1971 congressional testimony about the Vietnam War; Reaction to President Reagan's order to send American troops to the island of Grenada, which was becoming a Cuban satellite; Support for the nuclear freeze and arms control; Views on the Communist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua; Vote to deny aid to the Contras; Suggestion that Kerry sympathizes with those who distrust American assertiveness and trust international institutions.

Focuses on Arthur D. Nicholson, who was the last American to die in the Cold War, in 1985. Discussion of the organization of which Nicholson was part called the U.S. Military Liaison Mission (USMLM), which was assigned to liaise with Soviet Union forces in East Germany; Duties of the members who worked for USMLM related to gathering data on Soviet military deployments, equipment and personnel; Description of Nicholson's visits to East Germany and the types of information gathered; Dangers faced by USMLM members; Indication of the hostilities between the Americans and their Soviet counterparts.

Presents letters to the editor on articles and topics discussed in previous issues. Appreciation of Brent Bozell's analysis of Cold War; Corrections related to the August 12, 1961 issue of the journal; Statement of Bozell's dissection of Father S.J. Dunne in the August 12, 1961 issue.

Presents letters to the editor in response to articles and topics discussed in previous issues. Discussion on the possibility of the end of the Cold War; Questions about the diplomatic relations of the Catholic Church with Communist countries; Religious importance of Jerusalem to the Jewish nation and justification of Israel's desire to have complete control on the city.

Proposes a politico-economic strategy to end the Cold War. Effect of the agreements of U.S. President Richard Nixon and Soviet Union leader Leonid Ilich Brezhnev in 1972 on world peace; Russia's definition of the Cold War; View of Soviet ideologist V. N. Egorov on Communism.

Focuses on the strategies of the Soviet Union towards the U.S. during the Cold War. Information that the cold war is the latter-day adaptation of a conflict theory which is at least as old as recorded thought about political conflict; Argument that the Strategy of the Indirect Approach accords more readily with the moral attitudes and political institutions of a "closed" society than with those of an "open" society; Contention that in the cold war there are no sanctuaries.

The article reports on acts of Russian treason and spying in the second half of the 1900s. It is believed that the U.S. had been penetrated by Soviet espionage and subversion. One or another department of the Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti considered how to approach, monitor or to recruit everyone who was anyone politically in the U.S. and Europe throughout the post-Cold War period. It is said that Soviet agents had displayed a professionalism against which the British appeared defenseless as exposure and prosecution of Soviet agents might have been expected.

The article profiles African American Condoleezza Rice, the main foreign policy advisor to U.S. presidential candidate George W. Bush. She first served on the National Security Council of former President George Bush. He maintains a close relationship with George W. Bush which resulted to her appointment as head of his foreign policy team. She served as provost of Stanford University. She is interested in the nature of Soviet politics and in war generally. She believes that conservatives downplayed the significant role of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev during the Cold War.

The article comments on the position of the administration of U.S. President Bill Clinton on the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty which poses a threat to the defense of the country. It discusses the correlation between the reluctance of the U.S. government during the 1920s to enhance the development of military aircraft and the administration's defense of the treaty. It argues in favor of the Strategic Defense Initiative of the administration of former President Ronald Reagan which contributed to the strategy that won the Cold War.

This article emphasizes the need for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to redefine its post-Cold War role in the light of trend in Russia's domestic politics which favors an expansionist foreign policy. Vladimir Zhirinovsky's success in the December 1993 elections in Russia should prompt NATO to ponder its foreign policy toward Russia. Most political leaders in Russia favors in varying degree the rebuilding of the Soviet Union or an expansion of Russia's sphere of influence. The policy maneuvering of Russian President Boris Yeltsin indicates that he cannot be a reliable partner for promoting democracy in Russia and the former Soviet Union republics.

Discusses why the Communist Party of the Soviet Union collapsed in just three days after governing that nation for nearly eighty years. Transformation of active beliefs and ideology into reflex habits; Strength of Leninism-Stalinism; Experiences of the current generation; Role of Russian President Boris Yeltsin; Reflections on the Cold War; Position of the Bush administration; Outlook.

Examines the reality of the end of the Cold War. Discussion of the event as part of USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev's strategy; Similarity with the situation Vladimir Lenin faced in 1918, forcing the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany; Suggestion that there is Leninist ideology in Russia's parasitic coexistence with Europe; Reference to the West's free market payment as the injection of funds into the Marxian economy.

Reports that the end of the Cold War has created the conditions for a comprehensive Middle East settlement. Attack and counterattack between Israel and her neighbors; Parties to the Arab-Israeli conflict; Creation of a comprehensive conditions for peace.

Provides an excerpt from a 1979 column about Professor Owen Lattimore's the effects of McCarthyism on America's China policy as a means of remarking Mr. Lattimore's death.

The article presents news on political and social issues in the U.S. as of April 1981. The Soviet Union warned of harsh response to U.S. activities in El Salvador. Acting Catholic Archbishop of San Salvador, El Salvador, Arturo Rivera y Damas called for the Catholic Church to take a neutral stance on the Cold War. Convicted killer Stephen Judy has been executed for the death of a young mother and her several small children. Public Broadcasting Service spent a large amount in producing a documentary starring former U.S. spy Philip Agree.

The article presents information on several socio-political developments in the U.S. Information on the opinion poll conducted by Gallup Organization Inc. regarding the relationship of high school students of Harvard with their families is provided in the article. An analysis of the impact of the cold war between the U.S. and the Soviet Union on the economy of the U.S. is given. U.S. President Jimmy Carter has appointed Richard Kneip as ambassador of the U.S. to Singapore. Eight thousand people were forced to leave their homes as a gasoline tank at the Clark Oil Co. refinery in Taylor, Michigan exploded.

Presents information on three scholars, a Frenchman, a Spaniard, an American, who address the foregathered community of conservatives from all over Europe on the problem of Western strategy in the face of the Soviet threat. Failure of Europe to generate an anti-Communist intellectual community as alert as can be found among the American Right; Address on Soviet strategy related to the Cold War; Discussion of Communism and atomic war by a high Spanish official; View of Americans on the opinions of the other two scholars.

Focuses on various implications associated with the outcome of ongoing negotiations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in Geneva, Switzerland. Purposes of the U.S. to undergo negotiations with the Soviet Union regarding nuclear disarmament; View of the author that Geneva negotiations are calamitous for the U.S.; Comment on various goals and methods of the U.S. and the Soviet Union on how to end the conflict; Expectations of the U.S. and the Soviet Union on the way the stalemate between the two countries will end; Overview of disadvantages to the U.S. if the dispute is resolved; Suggestion of possible solution to end the conflict.

Focuses on the ongoing debate in the U.S. Congress over the question of nuclear weapons. View that the Soviet's nuclear capability should not be underrated; Information on the destructive capability of nuclear power; Discussion on the Soviet missiles and rockets that can be threats to the U.S.; View that the Soviet is unwilling to end the cold war; Need for establishing an education system in the U.S. capable of producing minds that can help develop technological discoveries.

Examines the psychology of the communist leaders of the Soviet Union and how the leaders of the U.S. and Western democracies view them. Importance for leaders of the U.S. and its allies to get a correct picture of the psychology of communists; Explanation that understanding the psychology of the Soviet leaders is crucial in the fight against communist expansion; Analysis on the doctrines of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin which form the foundations of communist psychology and thinking.

Examines the failure of journalist Henry Luce to understand the nature of Communism as advocated by the Soviet Union. His views on the Communist economic theory and the appeal of Marxism; Comment on his reluctance to accept the serious threat posed by the Cold War to international security; Reasons for his opinion on the death of Communism as an ideology.

A personal narrative is presented in which the author recalls searching for his daughter's missing book on the U.S.-Russian Cold War in a hotel in Chicago, Illinois.

The article discusses the high regard held for former U.S. President Ronald Reagan in Eastern Europe. In Prague, Czech Republic a street is named after Reagan. A statue of Reagan has been erected in Budapest, Hungary. The author notes that several people he met at a dinner in Prague told him they had found inspiring Reagan's avowed determination to win the Cold War.

The author focuses on the tendency of intellectuals toward moral blindness concerning dictators. He talks about positive comments by British sociologist Anthony Giddens and political scientist Benjamin Barber concerning Muammar Qaddafi prior to the 2011 Libyan uprising and describes it as cosying up to Qaddafi. He comments on the tendency of intellectuals to embrace comments about justice and equality by Communist rulers during the Cold War and describes intellectuals as enablers of tyranny.

Discusses similarities between the late President Ronald Reagan and the late Prime Minister of Great Britain, Winston Churchill. Imaginations which extended to matters large and small; Foresight into the end of the Cold War long before anyone else in high office; Belief in the doom of Communism; Differences between them.

Offers a comparison of the Cold War and the War on Terror. Reference to "End of History," by Francis Fukuyama; "Clash of Civilizations," by Samuel Huntington; Comparison of Communism's global revolution to Islamist terrorists' jihad, or holy war; Discussion of suicide bombings as a tactic used by terrorists; Claim that the way to defeat terrorism is through military action, infiltration and large-scale propaganda; Issues of national security in the United States in reaction to the threat of terrorism; Installment of limitations on civil liberties in exchange for security.