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Self-monitoring characterizes individual differences in a person's ability and propensity to regulate self-presentation (M. Snyder, 1974, 1979). On the basis of this idea and existing scale items (R. D. Lennox & R. N. Wolfe, 1984; M. Snyder, 1974), a 23-item 2-dimensional Chinese Self-Monitoring Scale was devised with subscales measuring the Ability and the Propensity to regulate self-presentation according to situational cues. The two subscales displayed different correlational patterns with the Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Lie subscales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ; S. B. G. Eysenck & H. J. Eysenck, 1975). The new scale, with stable factor structure and satisfactory internal consistency, may discriminate among self-presentational styles beyond the prototypes of high and low self-monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article details the development of a Hindi version of the Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire (GWPQ). The GWPQ measures the behavioral tendencies associated with psychologist J.A. Gray's three-emotion systems model of personality. The GWPQ provides subscales corresponding to the above animal-learning paradigms -- Approach and Active Avoidance (BAS functions), Passive Avoidance and Extinction (BIS functions), and Fight and Flight (FF5 functions). In this 120-item instrument, 10 items measure each scale; to reduce agreement response bias, 10 approximate logical reversals of each item were developed, increasing the number of items per scale to 20. In the current study, the aims was to report on the development of a Hindi version of the GWPQ, to establish normative data, and to explore sex differences in India to test the robustness and generalizability of the effects in Great Britain and Japan. In addition, we compared the GWPQ with a Hindi version of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, which measures two major dimensions of personality, extraversion and neuroticism. The comparison of GWPQ and EPI scores is relevant to the rotation of psychologist H.J. Eysenck's extraversion and neuroticism scales to form anxiety and impulsivity.

This article tests the Managerial and Professional Profiler (MAPP), a personality questionnaire developed in Great Britain for use in occupational settings, among a group of managers from Malawi. Personality tests are becoming increasingly popular. It is now well recognized that using psychometric instruments developed within one cultural context to assess human attributes in another cultural context is fraught with difficulties. One aspect of psychometric acceptability across cultures that has been largely ignored is face validity. In the very broadest sense, this concept may refer to whether the instrument appears acceptable to respondents in terms of what it sets out to achieve. Although the sample size was small, the present results suggest that, regardless of the psychometric properties of the MAPP in Malawi, the potential consumers of this personality questionnaire were, on average, equivocal about it. Authors believe that the way in which people perceive a psychometric instrument is likely to influence not only their enthusiasm for it but also the more conventional psychometric properties of the instrument. Authors suggest that all instruments could benefit from an analysis of their consumers' views, especially when the instruments are applied in a cultural context different from the one in which they were developed.

The article explores the relationship between personality and public and personal religiosity among a sample of women. Eysenck's dimensional model of personality suggests that individual differences can be most adequately summarized in terms of the three orthogonal dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Early attempts to locate religiosity in Eysenck's model of personality focused unsuccessfully on extraversion and neuroticism. The article has three main conclusions. First, the size of the correlation between personal prayer and public church attendance confirmed that, although these two measures were closely related, they were not tapping the same dimension of religiosity. Second, the EPQR-A functioned reliably for the 16- to 18-year-old age group, with satisfactory alpha coefficients for short scales, although the Psychoticism scale was less satisfactory than the extraversion and the neuroticism subscales. Third, the correlations between the psychoticism scores and the two measures of religiosity were both in the hypothesized direction and slightly significant, although neither extravers ion nor neuroticism was significantly correlated with personal prayer or public church attendance.

In order to determine whether personality changes occur in teenagers during 1-month homestays in Japan, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) was administered to 154 exchange students and to 112 control students who did not travel abroad. The CPI was administered prior to the exchange, again at its conclusion, and a third time 4 months later. Antecedent information was collected using a pre-exchange questionnaire. Analysis of covariance was used to determine whether the pretest and posttest scores for the two groups were significantly different. Nonparametric tests were used to determine whether overseas group antecedent subpopulations changed differently. The overseas group increased in flexibility and independence and became less conventional compared with the control group. Exchangees who were the first members of their families to travel abroad and those who personally paid a high percentage of their trip expenses changed the most. Travelers who had studied a foreign language for one or two semesters experienced no significant changes; those with no previous language study and those who had studied a language for three or four semesters changed significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three purposes of the present study were (a) to investigate how various task orientation conditions affect need for achievement (n Ach) scores on both the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire (WOFO), (b) to compare scores on the TAT and various scales of the WOFO, and (c) to compare the different measures of n Ach and how they relate to performance on an arithmetic task under different task orientation conditions. College students (N = 120) served as subjects. The intrinsic task orientation condition, designed to arouse n Ach, yielded the highest scores on both the TAT and the three WOFO scales. The extrinsic task orientation condition also yielded higher n Ach scores than the neutral task orientation condition for the TAT and WOFO, with the exception of the Competitiveness scale of the latter. Except for the Competitiveness scale the n Ach scores were positively related to task performance under the intrinsic task orientation condition only. Additional results suggest that n Ach comprises different independent dimensions rather than a single global trait. Sex differences were also found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic relation between season of birth and personality variables has been postulated from different theoretical standpoints. The present study was especially aimed at an empirical comparison of the positions of astrology and chronobiology, considering also the possibility of an unspecified, not yet explicable relation between season of birth and personality. The hypotheses were formulated after the data for another, earlier study with completely different aims and hypotheses had been collected. In it, 154 women had been tested with paper-and-pencil self-report inventories (the Guilford-Zimmerman, 1949, Temperament Survey and Budner's, 1962, Scale of Intolerance of Ambiguity) and an experimentally oriented cognitive test battery with 10 different tasks. For the present study, these data were submitted to a further analysis that considered the previously ignored influence of season of birth. These hypothetical influences could not be demonstrated with a significance greater than could have been expected by chance. In comparison to the much larger sample sizes of some other studies, the empirical argument has its definite limits. In addition to the empirical results in the discussion, the different standpoints are compared in respect to their theoretical deductive arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) was back translated into Thai and administered to a sample of 116 male and female Thai University students. The EPQ items were then submitted to item analyses and a rotated factor analysis and the results were compared with those from a large British sample. Neuroticism (N), Extraversion, and Social Desirability were shown to be valid in Thailand and special scales were constructed to compare the Thai and British personality. The Thais scored higher than the British on N and this finding is discussed in the light of previous studies of Thai personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 161 male and female adults, newly admitted to a large community mental health center, was given the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire on social functioning, an abbreviated version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The results indicate support for a link between stressor events, as measured by the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and emotional dysfunction. The outcome suggests that life events are important, though not sufficient, ingredients in the onset of dysfunctioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 336 male and 318 female Australian adults was administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (E.P.Q.), and the items were intercorrelated and factor analyzed. Results were compared with the results obtained from an English sample of 2312 males and 3262 females, using indices of factor comparison. Identical factors corresponding to the major personality dimensions of Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E), and Neuroticism (N) were found, together with a largely independent L (Lie or dissimulation) scale, which has also been found to measure conformity. Australians seem to have significantly higher P scores, and significantly lower L scores, suggesting possible conformity with national stereotypes relating to Australians and English; such differences await replication before they can be taken very seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken comparing the responses of schoolchildren (ages 10-15 years) in Japan (N = 1091) with those in England (N = 2320) on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Factor analyses showed that identical factors could be found in both samples, corresponding to P (psychoticism), E (extraversion), N (neuroticism), and L (a Lie or dissimulation factor, also often interpreted as a factor measuring conformity). Several items in each factor showed a lack of correspondence in loading pattern between the countries and had to be substituted by others in order to obtain scales useful for measurement of personality in Japan. Reduced scales were also constructed from items having similar loading patterns for the two countries, and comparisons made between the two groups on these scales. Japanese children had very significantly higher P scores, but did not differ appreciably with respect to E, N, and L from English children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological effects of having an unusual first name were studied in three groups of undergraduates by means of scores on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). In the first study, scores of 116 men and women with unusual names were found to be no lower than those of common-named counterparts; in fact, unusually named women scored significantly higher on a number of scales. The second study found no differences in the scores of 49 men and women with sexually misleading or ambiguous names as compared with common-named counterparts. The third study found minimal differences in scores of 190 men with Jr., II, III, etc. following their names as compared with men with no such attachments; however, men with Jr. after their names scored significantly lower on eight scales of the CPI than men with Roman numerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the pioneering work of Adorno et al. it has generally been believed that authoritarians are not only ethnocentric, but alienated from the rest of society as well. A study among Afrikaners in South Africa yielded conflicting results (N = 171 male and female undergraduates). Respondents scoring high on a measure of authoritarian personality were found not to be ethnocentric and not to be alienated. These findings are discussed briefly in view of the present situation in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the pattern of basic personality dimensions which has been established in factor-analytic research is reasonably consistent across cultures, modes of responses to each dimension are often not. In the present study, the responses of 365 junior high school Israeli-Jewish boys and girls on the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) were compared to the responses of 353 Israeli-Arab children at the same grade levels. Discriminant analysis of the four subgroups (according to sex and culture) revealed that greater differences were found between the two cultures than between sexes. In the broadest terms, Jews scored lower on conformity, higher on toughness, and were found to be more group dependent than their Arab counterparts. The findings are discussed in terms of national character and cultural vs. constitutional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of the present study were to explore the reasons behind gun ownership and to gather evidence concerning popular stereotypes of gun-owners. Male gun-owners (n = 37) and a matched sample of nongun-owners (n = 23) reported demographic information, reasons for gun ownership, knowledge about guns, and experience with firearms. Ss also completed several personality inventories. Results indicated that gun-owners differed greatly from nongun-owners in their knowledge and interest in firearms. It appeared that early socialization to guns was a primary factor in firearm ownership. While gun-owners stated that recreation and defense were the primary reasons for owning guns, they also had personalities which were characterized by lower sociability and higher need for power than the nongun-owners. The gun-owners on the average did not exhibit atypical personality characteristics when compared with the nongunowners or with national norms on the California Psychological Inventory. However, the small sample and the high educational level of gun-owners in this study indicate caution when generalizing these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpersonal proximity was examined as a cue in impression formation by varying factorially four interpersonal distances (2′, 3¼′, 5½′, 9½′), sex of S (4.8 male and 48 female American college students), and sex of C (three male and three female students). Interpersonal proximity in the interview situation did not directly affect Ss' impressions of the Cs as measured by the Gough and Heilbrun Adjective Check List and Schutz's FIRO-B test. Although the four distances operationalized two of the interpersonal distance zones in Hall's normative model of human spatial behavior, S s did not report the expected differences in the experiences of these two zones. The implications of the present findings for the limited role of interpersonal proximity as a cue in impression formation and for Hall's model are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships have been reported in this journal between birth month and the Eysenck personality measures (12, 14). A model is explored here suggesting that the relationships—like similar phenomena noted elsewhere—can be accounted for by a specific lag effect involving a sensitive phase other than birth and certain biological rhythms which are circannually synchronized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports a test of an astrological prediction according to which extraversion is related to being born under the odd numbered zodiacal signs, and introversion to being born under the even numbered zodiacal signs. Also tested is the hypothesis of greater emotionality for people born under the so-called water signs. Nine hundred seventeen male adult Ss and 1407 female adult Ss were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and their birthdates ascertained. Results for males and females separately and jointly support the predictions made on the basis of astrological writings at a high level of significance. Possible causes for this finding are discussed, but it is concluded that artifacts are unlikely to have produced the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS) was administered in 1956 to 37 male and 32 female Armenian Lebanese and in 1973 to 32 male and 32 females of the same ethnic background. The same test was administered to 32 male and 36 female Lebanese Arab Christians in 1956 and to 32 males and 32 females of the same group in 1973. All Ss were students at the American University of Beirut. Sex difference between males and females appeared in 1956 and 1973 but did not follow a consistent pattern except in the Change variable in which females had a higher mean than males. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance showed significant interactions between sex and ethnicity for Affiliation, Dominance, and Nurturance in the 1956 samples only. A comparison of the overall means for each ethnic group showed that the Lebanese Armenians differed from the Lebanese Arab Christians on 10 of the EPPS variables in 1956 and on only two variables in 1973. The change was mainly in the scores of the Lebanese Armenians and was interpreted as an indication of their assimilation into the majority culture overtime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Nigerian sample of 329 men and 101 women was administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire under selection conditions; so was another sample of 246 Nigerian males under conditions of anonymity. All Ss in these groups were members of the armed forces. British groups of civilians and soldiers (N = 404 men and 544 women) were also administered the same questionnaire, with both samples being matched for age, and the results for the two national groups were compared. Factor analyses of the intercorrelations of the questions in the E.P.Q. showed factor comparison indices sufficiently high to indicate that the questionnaire measured much the same traits in the two populations. Reliabilities were somewhat lower among the Nigerians, and there were certain differences in the intercorrelations between the scales. Nigerians had much higher Lie scores, and in addition the evidence suggested that they had higher Psychoticism scores (i.e., were more tough minded) and had lower Neuroticism scores. The possibility was raised of their having higher Extraversion scores, but the evidence is somewhat contradictory. A discussion is given of certain cultural differences which may account for some of the observed differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempted to determine the relationship between personality judgments from voice and vocal properties of the voice, particularly with reference to the speaker's sex. The taped voices of 57 American college students (25 males and 32 females) were played to 100 raters (also American college undergraduates) who rated the voices on 10 personality traits. Measurements were made of six vocal characteristics for each of the taped voices. There were correlations between personality judgments from the voices and the vocal characteristics of the voices. Raters also used different cues for rating male voices as opposed to female voices. The results were considered in terms of cultural sex role stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid rate of acculturation of Hawaii's ethnic groups, personality differences still persist at the third-generation level. The present study focused on the interpersonal needs of Japanese-American and Caucasian-American college students in Hawaii. Schutz' FIRO-B was administered to 238 Ss, and the findings analyzed for both ethnic and sex differences. Ethnic differences were observed on the wanted control and expressed inclusion scales; sex differences were found on the expressed inclusion and expressed affection scales. Conceptualizations were presented to understand these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information on 270 women and 270 men was taken from the 1972-1973 edition of Who's Who and compared with data from a 1956-1957 sample, in which occupations were grouped according to value definitions in the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values. Although more women are now listed in careers which relate to men's highest ranked values (Theoretical, Economic, and Political), the largest group of women are still in occupations which relate to a value most highly esteemed by women (Aesthetic). The only masculine category in which the ratio of women to men shows a significant increase is Economic. While merely 6% of the eminent men have not married, 38% of the eminent women are unmarried, and those who married have fewer children than the men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is argued that the low correlations of summation predictions with semantic differential attitude scores have been due to two problems: (a) the cueing effects of the semantic differential scales themselves; and (b) the elicitation of nonsalient, as well as salient, subject beliefs. An experiment was conducted that eliminated these limiting methodological characteristics. Summation theory predictions were found to correlate with attitude .77 (p < .001), a significantly higher correlation than those usually obtained. In addition, a formula for the proportion of positive to negative salient beliefs was presented and was found to correlate with attitude .60 (p < .01). Implications for attitude measurement are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality similarity and the social desirability of personality descriptions were controlled in several recent studies of attraction. Their contradictory results suggested that further research on variables correlated with similarity was warranted. In the present experiment the popularity or endorsement frequency of the information defining the stimulus persons was controlled. In addition, the generality of past research was investigated by using sentences from personality test items, rather than simply adjectives, to define the stimulus persons. The results supported the interpretation that subjects respond to both similarity and other aspects of these descriptions. American college students report greater attraction to (a) strangers defined by endorsements of popular characteristics and (b) similar others even when the popularity (as in the present study) or when the social desirability of the stimulus person's descriptions (as in previous research) is controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Comrey Personality Scales were translated into Portuguese and administered to 689 volunteer students at four universities in Rio de Janeiro. Total scores were obtained for 40 homogeneous item subgroups of four items each. These 40 variables plus two validation scale scores, age, and sex were intercorrelated and factor analyzed by the minimum residual method. Orthogonal analytic rotations were carried out by the Tandem Criteria method. The results were compared with those reported in the Comrey Personality Scales manual for an identical study with subjects from the United States. Exactly eight factors were obtained in both studies, and the correspondence between the factors was very close. It was concluded that the major factors of personality are not specific to a given culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predictive validity of the Bernreuter Personality Inventory measure of dominance-submission was examined by comparing its results with the dominance patterns observed in experimental small group situations using married couples. Out of 40 couples, the Bernreuter scale predicted the observed dominance pattern in only 23, which was not significantly different from chance. Moreover, the scale predicted least successfully when the scores of the husband and wife differed most from each other. The Bernreuter scale thus does not appear to be a valid measure of dominance-submission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between personality measures and conforming behavior. In this experiment the strategy has consisted of assessing the conformity of a group of college students as to both degree and type, after they have been given a series of personality tests, and then relating the personality measures to the conformity measures. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, a forced choice inventory of 225 items which purports to measure 15 personality variables, similar to needs as defined by Murray, was one of the personality measures used. One hundred twenty-six male college students served as subjects. They were paid and in addition received some credit toward an introductory psychology course at the University of Illinois. In Phase II of the present study cues of difference which create social pressure and anxiety may have produced the conformity. The mere presence of the same group in Phase III and the mere presence of the stimulus materials in Phase IV which had been associated with the group and the concomitant pressure in Phase II were sufficient to reintegrate cues of difference which led to conformity. Conformity was greatest in Phase II, least in Phase IV, and intermediate in Phase III. No relationships were discovered between conformity and the personality measures used in this study. The lack of a relationship may be due to an inadequate or inappropriate theory regarding conformity and its relationship to personality, and/or insensitive and inappropriate instruments for measuring the constructs and testing the hypotheses of the theory.

Two hundred and thirty-six male and female college undergraduates were administered the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Using raw scores, means and standard deviations were computed for each of the 15 PPS variables for a regional comparison with the Edwards Normative Population. Results in this study have shown both substantial sex variable differences in addition to population mean differences for the regional and normative groups. An explanation for these differences was attempted through reference to two recent studies on the Edwards. It was suggested that the nature of Edwards' standardization procedure might explain personality differences for state and private universities. But recent investigation in another study for a counseling client state university population revealed marked similarities to this study in a private university. The writers suggest, upon this evidence, further validation of the EPPS with known groups, both clinical and normal. In addition, further investigation for other possible determinants of PPS need variable differences should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on thematic perception test, for studying the structure of personality. It is, however, not culture-free to the same degree as the Rorschach, but is based on the cultural pattern of Europe and America. To use this important instrument with people whose social patterns are different and whose social values are oriented from another angle, it would seem necessary to adopt or modify it to make it applicable to new conditions. Granting, the justification for the criticism of the researchers TAT, it is clearly not applicable to people who have different social patterns and whose life situations are slanted from another angle. In the case of India, while in some respects, such as the joint family and the wide field of religious phantasy, there are no real counterparts in modern Euro-American society, there is also a considerable area presenting allied problems and real comparability of the European and the Indian system. Here the subject's identification with Western images is possible, given an appropriate Indian setting to the pictures.

The article focuses on a study of the personality traits of freshmen at the University of Western Australia. The university enrolls students for professional courses in Humanities and Social Sciences, Pure Science, Medicine, Dentistry, Law, and Agriculture. The total student population in 1959 was 3165 students. Tests were administered as part of the 1958 Orientation Week programme for freshmen students, and among them was Form A of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. The scores obtained on this test were analyzed, and this paper presents the scores obtained by 290 male and 138 female freshmen and compares them with the scores given for American College Students in the 16 PF Tabular Supplement. Two main points are considered: Firstly, how Western Australian university students compare with American students on the factors listed, and secondly, whether the sex differences indicated in the American group also exist in the Western Australian group. From a sociological viewpoint one might inquire as to the cultural similarities or dissimilarities as indicated by the test measures.

The purpose of the present study was to measure personality needs in second and third generation Japanese Americans in Hawaii, contrasting the two generations with each other and with an American normative group. The subjects were 320 students enrolled in undergraduate courses at the University of Hawaii. The research instrument was the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Statistically significant differences in needs were found between the Japanese Americans, as a whole, and the American normative group. Although generally failing to achieve statistical significance, differences between the several groups suggested an acculturation process with the third generation Japanese Americans intermediate between the second generation group on one side and the American normative group on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiple score personality test used at Vassar College has been administered to German and Austrian students. Intercultural differences between Vassar College students and female German university students were less significant than personality differences within each culture. Female German university students had scores similar to Vassar College freshmen in Social Maturity and Dominance and Confidence, similar to Vassar College seniors in Impulse Expression and Developmental Status, and more masculine than Vassar College freshmen or seniors on the ME scale. German students in education have means significantly lower than the other German students in Social Maturity, Developmental Status, Dominance and Confidence, Impulse Expression, and Masculine Role. Austrian students had scores similar to Vassar College seniors on Developmental Status, lower than Vassar College students in Social Maturity and Dominance and Confidence, and higher than Vassar College students in Impulse Expression and Masculine Rôle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this article is to report whatever personality and attitudinal differences result from a comparison of a group of Israeli 10-year olds, residing in rural areas, with a similar sample of children from the U.S. The ages of the children examined ranged from nine years, six months to 11 years, three months. The American sample consisted of 52 fourth-and fifth-grade children from rural Michigan. The Israeli sample, which was used as a control group in testing some psychodynamic hypotheses with Kibbutz children, consisted of 45 subjects drawn from several small villages. The samples were about evenly divided as to sex; there were 26 boys and 26 girls in the American sample, and 24 boys and 21 girls in the Israeli one. No significant differences in age and intelligence were obtained. The Sentence Completion Test was administered in groups as part of a larger battery of tests. The incomplete sentences appeared on a mimeographed sheet with ample blank space left over for completion. The youngsters with reading difficulties were particularly handicapped and were unable to complete the entire test within the allotted time of 50 minutes.

On a population of Air Force cadets, who had rated 50 photographed per- sons on a trait checklist, scores were computed indicating the tendency to use the trait "strict" in conjunction with favorable terms. Persons with higher scores on this were presumed to have a more favorable attitude toward authority. Internal correlational analysis confirmed the semantic assumptions involved. However, when an over-all "strict-favorable" score was correlated with other measures purporting to get at attitudes toward authority, no significant relationships were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was given to 108 Negro female students and 63 males to compare white and Negro group differences in personality. The results obtained indicate significant differences between Negro men and women, Negro males and standardization group males, and Negro females and standardization group females in many personality variables. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of possible determinants, some comparisons are made with scores of seven West Indian Negroes, the relation of the results to problems of caste and class and pat- terns of need strength in the Negro group are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to test Rorschach's hypothesis that perception in Rorschach space is related to personality, a functional relationship between the response, R, and the various parameters that may influence this response was developed: R - f(S, T, O, E, C, P), where the bracketed parameters refer to the objectively recognizable factors which can be manipulated or controlled experimentally, while P refers to personality factors which may influence the response over and above the influences attributable to the first set of five factors. Since we have not yet been able to measure the first five parameters, the hypothesis attributed to Rorschach cannot yet be tested. A concrete model which may be helpful in the conceptualization of such measurement is provided by the Information Theory Model in which the input is made to correspond with the stimulus card, the filter with the subject to whom the Rorschach technique has been applied, and the output with the response. The problem of this model is to determine the characteristics of the filter (subject) by noting the noises and distortions he produces in his responses. This model too is not yet suitable for experimental testing of the Rorschach hypothesis because of our ignorance of the basic parameters of perception. As a tentative model for the evaluation of the Rorschach technique, the interview technique has been proposed. The application of the content analysis method to Rorschach protocols has indicated that such methods are suitable for eliciting dimensions that reflect personality raings obtained from other sources. By regarding the Rorschach technique as a systematic inter- view behind the veil of ink-blots, we can bridge the gap that now exists between global Rorschach evaluations and other types of personality measures. This approach removed the projective aspects of the Rorschach completely, by eliminating the perceptual factors on which Rorschach based his theory. Until we find ways of determining how perception takes place, we have no choice but to minimize the perceptual approach at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 293 white women college students attending three different types of colleges and coming from Jewish, Protestant, and Catholic backgrounds were tested on a composite authoritarian wale, the California Psychological Inventory, and the Gough Adjective Check List. Comparisons of the schools attended, the ethnic background, and the year in college Were made on the two personality instruments with authoritarian scorn. The challenge to existing authoritarianism was found to be greatest for minority group members attending the small non-denominational liberal arts college. In general the assumptions concerning the authoritarian personality syndrome were upheld by an analysis of the personality scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. A description has been given of the research and construction for developing a third (C) form of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire which shall be essentially 100 items and 20 minutes in length, in simple English and in situations readily translatable to other languages, and capable of yielding measures on the same 16 factors as in the 4 and B forms. 2. A new design, which may be called "package factoring," has been introduced in which (a) 450 carefully psychologically chosen Extension items were reduced to 300 by dropping eccentric cuts, etc., (b) the 300 remaining were reduced through a 30 × 300 matrix to 126 items shown to be well involved in the 16 PF factor space. (c) The residual 126 were factored with the original A and B form items in 75 packages (a 75 × 75 matrix) to provide an independent proof of factor structure and soundness of rotation, etc., of the original 15 factors. (d) The packages were undone and the items in the packages loaded in a given factor were correlated with an exact factor estimate (in a 15 × 40, approximately, matrix). This design gives most of the results required from a complete 654 × 654 factorization and is thus a great saving. 3. Six items per factor could finally be obtained with loadings ranging from significance to high values. To these were added eight intelligence test items (for Factor B) and seven items to constitute a motivational distortion scale. The latter were specially designed items showing maximum change from unmotivated to motivated situations, and it was found that this scale needs to be used on two factors, H and Q2 (--), and probably on E (Dominance). The resulting 105-item test is in process of standardization and publication. The writers wish to express their indebtedness to Dr. G. M. Guthrie of Penn State University and Mr. Wylie of the University of Illinois. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of 29 Yeshivah Students and 29 College Students were compared in terms of their performance on a Group Rorschach. The two groups differed significantly in the following entries of the Munroe Group Check List: F%, ΣM, Fc, C', M, FM, FM:M, Color Shock, and W. These differences were interpreted in terms of the personality factors to which these determinants refer. It was suggested that the personality differences between the two groups might be due to a basic cultural difference between these two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the relation of the F-scale to response set to answer positively. A measure of response set to answer positively was constructed by item analyzing the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory, which is composed of 566 relatively ambiguous items. However, instead of scoring in terms of the conventional method the total number of "true" responses was calculated. No apparent meaning for such a score could be discovered in the literature. The MMPI was scored in this manner for 133 students at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The resulting scores correlated .25 with the F scale (significant at the 1 per cent level). Since previous research had indicated that the F scale tended to correlate significantly with indices of intelligence (2), it was necessary to check the possibility that the total number of items answered true on the MMPI was not serving simply as an additional measure of intelligence. When the "total number of trues" score on the MMPI was related to the Altus Verbal Aptitude Scale, the correlation was .08, which was not significant. In order to shorten the response set measure an item analysis of the MMPI was carried out.

The article presents information on social conformity scale, which is an attempt to approach personality dimensions from a socio-cultural frame of reference. Social conformity is defined as the tendencies of members of a society to manifest communality of attitudes and of behavior as a result of the restrictive influences of culture and society in personality development. The social conformity scale is an attempt to approach personality dimensions at a different level than is usual in most other personality tests. In addition it is an indirect method of attitude measurement. Social Conformity as a personality trait defined within a socio-cultural framework exists as a dimension separate from that approached by the MMPI scales. The scale utilizes the direction of perception technique of attitude measurement. The content of the items of the scale were drawn from the following determinant areas of social conformity like moral values, positive goals, reality testing, tension level and impulsivity.

A group of 137 nurses in practicum training was studied for relationships between ratings on ward-practice, scores on formal tests, and MMPI profiles. These students tended to produce predominantly elevated scores on the Pd scale, with secondary elevations on Ma and Hy. Such elevations seem favorable in the student practice of nursing, particularly psychiatric nursing. Those students who had the more abnormal looking profiles and perhaps expressed higher potential for maladjustment, tended to produce an overload of profiles representative of behavior disorders, and relatively small proportions representative of psychoses and psychoneuroses. These same students as a subgroup performed as well as the remainder so far as grades and ratings on ward-practice were concerned. In partial explanation of this the operation of some kind of control factor seems plausible, and utilitarian personality characteristics associated with elevated scores or perhaps aberration potentials seem able to compensate for these same potentials. Those students who scored as mildly "defensive" displayed better adaptation than those who produced either scores around average or who scored as highly defensive. As potential for emotional maladjustment (as measured by most of the MMPI scales) increased beyond the midpoint, personal effectiveness in the practicum situation started to drop off and then build up again as maladjustment potential increased further. This secondary Increase seemed due to compensation, some of which may have taken the form of Increased personal expression and activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief summary of Brower's work on the relation of intelligence and MMPI scores was given. He found three significant correlations (negative) with IQ: hypochondriasis, hysteria, and psychopathic deviate. In the present study 68 students randomly selected from the total population of General Psychology students at Florida State University for the spring quarter, 1950, were given the 20-minute form of the Otis Self-Administering Tests of Mental Ability (Higher form B) and the MMPI. The results indicated that the only significant correlation between intelligence as measured by the Otis and any of the nine scales of the MMPI was a positive one for paranoia. It is concluded that the small insignificant correlations which resulted for the other scales were due to chance and the hypothesis that there is no relationship between intelligence as measured by the Otis and any of the nine scales of the MMPI, except paranoia, cannot be rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article checks the interpretation of the Machover Figure Projection Test against the Morgan-Murray Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). It is especially noted that there is a transformation of the personality factors in switching from one test to the other. Most of the material gathered from the Machovers was inserted on an unconscious level, and represents the more or less unadulterated basic needs. However in the TAT the subject can, and does, integrate the needs and conflicts in the total personality expression, and the results are therefore more likely to be tinged and altered by the familiar techniques of defense. For example, a subject would be less likely to express direct hostility and aggressive actions toward his father or mother on a conscious level while writing a story to a TAT card; but a generalized reaction and expression of these feelings can be found in stories dealing with rebellion against society and its institutions, school teachers, and other dominating or superior groups or persons.

The article reports that when 150 MMPI answer sheets were item analyzed on the basis of scores earned on an E-F scale derived from the California Study (3), some 40 items were found which appeared to be linked with attitudes found on the validating scale. On a new group of 58 college students the 40 items yielded a linear correlation of .62 with the E-F scale. The high scorer on the E-F scale seems to be characterized by religious orthodoxy, unpleasant sexual attitudes, certain obsessive-compulsive traits, some paranoid trends, certain anti-social tendencies. Self-deprecatory attitudes were also apparent. The cross validating r of .62 between the 40 items and the E-F scale would appear to imply a fair amount of validity for the MMPI items, at least for students at the college level.

The article focuses on the relationship between the achievement of female college students and certain non-intellective factors measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Entering students at Santa Barbara College of the University of California were administered the American Council on Education Psychological Examination (ACE) and the MMPI. Two groups of entering female freshman students were administered the ACE and the MMPI. ACE scores and honor-point ratios were converted to standard scores. Within each group a dichotomy of achiever vs. non-achiever was obtained by computing differences between honor-point standard scores and ACE standard scores. Mean scores for the achieving and non-achieving groups on the scales of the MMPI were obtained. Differences between these means were computed; only three of these differences were statistically significant and these differences did not hold for both groups. For practical purposes, there are no profile differences to identify achievers as opposed to nonachievers.

The article determines whether there is a significant pattern to be found among the figure drawings of college students when Machover's Personality Projection in the Drawing of the Human Figure technique was modified for a group situation. For this study some 175 college students at Michigan State College in Effective Living classes were used. Effective Living is a formal general education course which draws concepts and material from the specialized fields in the areas of the humanities and social sciences that are useful in helping one to deal realistically and successfully with life's problems. In general, these are the problems of clarifying one's life goals and increasing understanding and skill in human relationships. A random sample was obtained by choosing four sections of some 58 sections among which students were divided indiscriminately at registration time. In general about 60 per cent of Effective Living students are freshmen, 30 percent sophomores and 10 per cent juniors and seniors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the prediction of suggestibility with the autokinetic phenomenon could be made from a weighted composite of selected personality variables, as measured by the Berhreuter Personality Inventory and the MMPI. After showing that a change in perceived distance of light movement could be induced by suggestion, two personality tests were administered to 20 subjects, to get measures of the traits, Introversion-Extraversion, Ascendance-Submission, Self-Sufficiency, and Hysteria. From the five factors (the above four plus suggestibility), a multiple regression was arrived at predicting suggestibility from the remaining four. Twenty other subjects were then tested with the personality inventories. No suggestibility measure was made at that time. Utilizing the multiple regression equation derived earlier, two groups of 10 subjects each were then set up: (a) those prédicted to be most suggestible, and (b) those predicted to be least suggestible. These groups were then measured for suggestibility. Significant differences between the two groups were found in what was here defined as suggestibility. This supported our major hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses personal factors in leadership among college women. An election was held in a university dormitory to select corridor leaders, each woman nominating three others who would be living there the following year. The women had been living together for some four months prior to the election. Three months after the election, in conjunction with the validation of a personality test, 204 of the subjects rated their corridor-mates on five personality factors. The results were analyzed for 168 freshmen, sophomores, and juniors, with seniors excluded since they would not be living at the dormitory the following year. The five personality traits--Sociability, Ascendancy, Responsibility, Hypersensitivity, and Refinement--were obtained from a cross-validated factor analysis of two sets of 150 personality items. A low positive relationship is found between leadership and absence of Hypersensitivity, leadership and Ascendancy, and leadership and Intelligence. It is also of interest to note the absence of relationship between Sociability and leadership. While leaders must mix with people to become known, this, in itself, is not a sufficient condition for leadership, since followers must also mix with people to follow.