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Introduction: The aim of this study is to examine the trends in the mortality rates of the population between the ages of 0-24 in various income groups around the world in 1990 and 2021 by age groups and gender in comparison with Türkiye. It also aims to determine whether there is a significant difference in stillbirth rates between Türkiye and income groups in the last 22 years. Materials and Methods: Data on child deaths and stillbirths between 1990 and 2021 were extracted from the United Nations child mortality database and analyzed by age groups <1 year, 1-4 years, 5-14 years, 15-24 years, gender and country income groups. Prism statistical analysis package program was used for comparative graphics and analysis. Results: Mortality rates in all age groups in the population aged 0-24 years are on a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. While the mortality rate at age <5 years decreased by 62% in the high-income countries group, it decreased even more in Türkiye, reaching 88%. Similarly, stillbirth rates in Türkiye decreased significantly, approaching the level of high-income countries. In 2020-2021, for the first time in Türkiye, the mortality rate in the 15-24 age group was lower than in the high-income countries group. In general, the male population has a higher mortality rate than the opposite sex across income and age groups. Conclusion: Although mortality rates between 0-24 years of age have shown a certain downward trend in each income group, the rate of mortality varies according to the income level of countries. In recent years, there has been a significant decrease in the 0-24 mortality rates in Türkiye. However, in order to further reduce these rates, countries need to improve their own access to health services and gender equitable preventive measures such as nutrition and immunization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many studies conducted so far have shown that sleep has a great impact on physical and psychological health. In parenting, on the other hand, the sleep quality of the person deteriorates and problems such as depression and eating disorders may occur. In this study, it was aimed to shed light on the effects on the psychological and physical health of parents by examining the relationship between sleep quality and eating attitude and anxiety-depression of parents who have babies aged 0-24 months. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted prospectively on 260 parents who had babies aged 0-24 months, who applied to the Pediatrics Polyclinic of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Medical Faculty Hospital between August-November 2019. A questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PUKI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), Eating Attitude Scale (EAS) were filled in by face-to-face interview method. Statistical analysis R 3.5.1. program and statistical significance level was accepted as p<0.05. Results: The mean PUKI score was significantly higher in women than in men (p<0.001). As the child's waking frequency increases, both the parent's PUKI score (p<0.001) and the frequency of poor sleep quality increase significantly (p=0.002). The frequency of poor sleep quality was significantly more common in women (69.3%) than men (46.3%) (p=0.002). There is a moderately positive correlation between the total PUKI score and the HAD depression score (r=0.41, p<0.001), and a strongly significant positive correlation between the total PUKI score and the HAD anxiety score (r=0.50, p<0.001). There is a strong and significant positive correlation between HAD depression and HAD anxiety score (r=0.64, p<0.001). There was a weak and positive correlation between HAD depression score and total EAS score (r=0.19, p=0.010). There is also a moderately significant positive correlation between HAD anxiety score and total EAS score (r=0.27, p<0.001). Conclusion: It should not be forgotten by every healthcare professional that not only mothers but also fathers are affected by the problems experienced in the postpartum period, and that parents should be followed up as well as the baby in the follow-up and management of this process in health services after birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is among the common bacterial infections in pediatric patients. These infections are more common in girls over one year old. This study aimed to investigate the bacterial distribution and drug resistance status in urine cultures of pediatric patients in our center. Materials and Methods: Urine culture results of patients who were presented to the outpatient clinics or were admitted to the Sivas Cumhuriyet University hospital between January 2017 and December 2022 were included in the study. The hospital automation system, patient files, and laboratory information management system were examined retrospectively. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 22.0 software. A P-value of <0.05 was deemed significant. Results: Significant growth was observed in the urine cultures of a total of 1287 pediatric patients, 889 (69.1%) girls and 398 boys (30.9%). The patients included in the study were between the ages of 0-17, and children aged 1-6 (37.6%) were diagnosed with UTI more frequently than other ages. The most common UTI agent in the pediatric age group was Escherichia coli (56.6%). The first agent isolated in girls and boys is E.coli. Additionally, the prevalence of K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and K. oxytoca bacteria was higher in boys (p < 0.05). E. coli isolates showed minimal resistance to such as amikacin (0.6%), fosfomycin (1.0%), nitrofurantoin (1.4%), ertapenem (2.4%), imipenem (0.7%) and meropenem (0.9%). Conclusion: In this study, low resistance levels were detected for amikacin, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin and carbapenem group antibiotics, which are important alternatives in the empirical treatment of UTI. On the other hand, due to the high resistance levels detected, it is thought that more caution should be exercised in the empirical use of amoxicillin-clavulanate, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and cefixime. If these antibiotics are to be preferred, waiting for the antibiogram results is an appropriate approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To draw attention to possible causes of atypical radiological condition with a "secondary view" in atypical pediatric acute appendicitis cases. To offer solutions in order to minimize possible false negative ultrasonographic evaluation in atypical cases. Materials and Methods: 51 cases were included in this retrospective study. These cases were referred to our hospital because of an atypical acute appendicitis clinic, although ultrasonography was interpreted as normal in other centers in the last 24 hours. All cases were operated on with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis by "second look ultrasonography" performed in our department. Results: None of the cases had typical acute appendicitis clinic. Reasons such as perforation/plastron of the appendix, an atypical localization of the appendix, inflammation only in the distal part of the appendix, visualization of the appendix only with deep-compression, and failure to establish adequate communication with the patient for various reasons were conditions that could lead to atypical acute appendicitis and make imaging difficult. One or more of these were present in all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals can make appropriate health decisions, access health services, and understand and apply the treatment given. The aim of this study is to evaluate the health literacy level of the parents of patients diagnosed with one of the chronic neurological diseases of childhood. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by applying a questionnaire containing the Turkish Health Literacy Scale-32 (TSOY-32) to the parents of pediatric patients followed up for chronic neurological diseases. Results: Three hundred thirty eight people (53.3% female, 46.7% male) participated in the study. According to the participants' health literacy level according to the TSOY-32 scale; 15.4% (n=52) were inadequate, 24.6% (n=83) problematic/limited, 34% (n=115) adequate, 26% (n=88) excellent. The health literacy level of 40.2% of the parents of the patients followed up with epilepsy, 58.8% of the parents of the patients followed up with neuromuscular disease and 52.6% of the parents followed up with neurodegenerative diseases was found to be insufficient or problematic-limited. Conclusion: 40% of parents of children with chronic neurological diseases do not have sufficient health literacy. This rate increases in cases where the incidence of chronic neurological disease is low. It would be appropriate to organize training programs to increase social awareness and health literacy in chronic neurological diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by non-specific signs and symptoms caused by various pathogens. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical and laboratory findings. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are the predominant etiologic agents. In our study,we aimed to evaluate the types of microorganisms grown in neonatal blood cultures and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Gram-negative agents. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 2566 blood culture results. Samples from blood culture bottles with growth were passaged on blood agar. The growing colonies were identified by MALDİ-TOF MS. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed on a fully automated device. The results were evaluated according to EUCAST standards. Results: Growth was detected in 12.1% of the samples. 59.5% of the patients with growth were male. 66% of the patients were at term and 53.7% had early-onset sepsis. 74.6% of the cases were cesarean section and 59.5% were above 2500 grams. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most common organisms grown in early and late-onset sepsis. 73.9% CNS, 9% Gram-negative enteric and nonfermentary bacilli, 2.9% Gram-positive bacilli and 0.1% fungi were grown. 40% of S.aureus were methicillin resistant. The most antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative agent was Klebsiella spp. Klebsiella spp. isolates were resistant to amikacin 9%, ampicillin 100%, cefepime 72.7%, ceftazidime 81.8%, gentamicin 81.8%, meropenem 9.1%. Extended spectrum beta lactamase was positive in 90.9%. Acinetobacter spp. isolates were resistant to amikacin 42.8%, ampicillin 42.8%, gentamicin 42.8%, meropenem 42.8%. Conclusion: Microorganism species and antibiotic susceptibilities in intensive care units vary over time and between clinics. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials started early with suspicion of sepsis without culture confirmation can be replaced with agentspecific narrow-spectrum antimicrobials when growth is detected in culture,monotherapy can be switched or treatment can be terminated early. This may contribute to the prevention of resistance development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are defined by the World Health Organization as one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in childhood worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the importance of vitamin D level and iron deficiency in the clinical course of the disease in patients aged 6-24 months with LRTI. Materials and Methods: In this study, we included patients who were hospitalized in the pediatric unit due to LRTI at Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty from 6-24 months old. Patients with vitamin D and/or hemogram levels were selected between September 2019 and December 2021. In control group, we choose who applied to our hospital for any reason without LRTI and have vitamin D and or hemogram level in our record. When retrospectively scanned, 82 patients with LRTI s and 84 people in the control group were included. Clinical findings, laboratory values and demographic values of both groups were collected retrospectively. SPSS 22.0 program was used for statistical analysis. A p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: In patient group; 27 (32.9%) were female and 55 (67.1%) were male, in the control group; 46 (54.8%) were female and 38 (45.2%) were male. There was no statistically significant difference between the patients with LRTI and the healthy control group in regard of gender and age. Mean Vitamin D level and Vitamin D level were determined to be significantly lower in the patient group respectively; p=0.01, p=0.037. We evaluated by Vitamin D and hemoglobin level, there was no statistically significant result between the two groups in terms of hospitalization, treatments and clinical severity of LRTI. Vitamin D levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in patients who received vitamin D prophylaxis compared to those who did not (p=0.043). Conclusion: We think that it would be appropriate to evaluate the patients for vitamin D value who followed up with LRTI . Therefore, think that vitamin D supplementation will also prevent recurrence of LRTIs in these patients, should be kept in mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Malnutrition is held responsible for more than 50% of death in childhood. Malnutrition in children, who is so sick that hospitalization is needed, is much more serious since effecting length of stay, morbidity, mortality, quality of life and costs. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between malnutrition and nutritional status of hospitalized children during admission together with some demographic factors set by us. Materials and Methods: In this study, 293 children aged 1 month to 18 years old who were hospitalized and monitored in Child Health and Disease Department in Meram Medical Faculty Hospital of Necmettin Erbakan University between November 2014 and January 2015 were included. The survey type information form prepared to collect data about the socio-demographic factors was filled with the consent of the family. Results: Of the 293 cases, 117 (39.9%) were girls, 176 (60.1%) were boys, and the age range was 1 month to 18 years, with a mean age of 5.97±5.59 years. The average weight of the patients was 22.46±23.71 kg, the average height was 101.59±37.82 cm, and the average body mass index was 16.33±3.42. Malnutrition was not stated in any case. Out of 293, in 154 (52.5%) cases acute malnutrition according to Gomez classification was detected immediately during admission. Out of 293, in 84 (28.6%) patients acute malnutrition according to Waterlow classification was detected immediately during admission. Out of 293, in 131 (44.7%) patients chronic malnutrition was detected immediately during admission. Conclusion: The nutritional risk with child patients during their admissions to our hospital is 52.5% according to Gomez classification, and 28.6% according to Waterlow classification. Hospitalization of children does not have a negative impact on their nutritional status, and unfortunately does not reduce the frequency of high malnutrition which is the main cause of morbidity and of mortality. There is a need to raise awareness of the health professionals about this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute leukemias are the most common malignancy of childhood, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common subtype. In this study; we aimed to asses to acute endocrine and metabolic complications which occurs during treatment. Newly diagnosed ALL patients were included in the study. Materials and Methods: The endocrine and metabolic complication of 293 patients aged 1-18 years old who were newly diagnosed ALL between January 2007 and December 2017 in Uludağ University Faculty, Department of Pediatric Hematology were analyzed. Patients' age, gender, risk groups, leukemia subtypes, and chemotherapy phases at the time of endocrine complications were noted. Results: In total, 250 patients were follow-up with B-ALL and 43 patients with T-ALL. 64% (n=188) of patients were male and 36% (n=105) were female. In our study, 36.4% of patients were in the high risk group but ten of the patients died before the risk group could be determined. During the two-year treatment, We found that 83% of the patients developed at least one endocrine complication. Hyperglycemia, osteoporosis and avascular necrosis were observed more frequently in patients older than 10 years at the time of diagnosis. The difference between the sexes was found only in vitamin D and was lower in girls. In regression analysis, only to be high risk group were found to be effective for the development of endocrine complications. Conclusion: Although the chemotherapeutics used today have prolonged the survival time, they have caused an increase in the incidence of complications. We think that these complications can be reduced by determining the risk factors in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Determining the knowledge and attitudes of medical students is important in planning interventions to increase vaccination rates and reduce the incidence of vaccine hesitancy. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitudes of medical students about adult and childhood vaccines and the factors affecting them. Materials and Methods: The population of the cross-sectional study consisted of 404 students studying in the 1st and 6th grades at a medical faculty in the 2018-2019 academic year. No sample selection was made and it was aimed to reach the entire population. The dependent variable of the study was the knowledge and attitude score calculated from the answers of the participants, while the independent variables were the sociodemographic characteristics and vaccination status of the participants. In the data collection process, a 74-question questionnaire form created by the researchers by reviewing the literature was used. Knowledge score was calculated from 22 questions asked to measure the level of knowledge about vaccines. Attitude score was calculated from 28 questions asked to measure attitudes towards vaccines. Results: Three hundred thirty eight (83%) people participated in the study. The mean knowledge score was 9.4±5.7 and the mean attitude score was 62.7±10.9. Period 6 students had a higher knowledge score and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). According to the multiple analysis, the knowledge score on vaccines was found to be lower in first graders, those who did not receive Hepatitis B vaccine, those who did not know about paid vaccines and those who said I would not have my children vaccinated/I do not know if the government pays for paid vaccines. Attitude scores were lower among those who did not know about paid vaccines and those who said that they would not/do not get paid vaccines for their children. Conclusion: While the level of knowledge of medical students about vaccines was found to be low, their attitudes towards vaccines were positive. It is recommended to include more activities that will positively affect the knowledge and attitude towards vaccines in the medical education process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Benign acute myositis of childhood (CABM) is a self-resolving clinical picture that usually affects school-age children, characterized by symmetrical calf pain and sudden refusal to walk, and is accompanied by elevated creatine phosphokinase (CK). The aim of our study is to reveal the characteristics of our CABM cases. Materials and Methods: Patients who applied to the Pediatric Emergency Department and Pediatrics Outpatient Clinic of our hospital between October 2019 and March 2020 with an upper respiratory tract infection and were diagnosed with CABM were included retrospectively. The patients' chronological age, hemogram, CRP, AST, ALT, LDH, CK, CK-MB levels recorded in the hospital information management system were evaluated. Statistical analyzes were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows 22.0 software. Results: Of the 52 cases with a mean age of 6.4±2.9 (5.0-12.9) years, 71.2% (n=37) were male. While 92.8% (n=48) of the patients presented with complaints of inability to walk following an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), 5.8% (n=3) had URTI and abdominal pain; 1.9% (n=1) applied with complaints of URTI and chest pain. The mean serum CK level measured at the first admission was 1777.4±2320.5 (188-11383) IU/L, and a significant decrease was found on the 4th day of admission, with a mean level of 1104.3±1720.5 (81-7190) IU/L (p=0.011). Similarly, significant improvement was observed in AST, ALT, and LDH levels on the 4th day (p=0.053, p=0.001, p=0.043). Conclusion: We found that CABM was observed 2.4 times more frequently in boys than in girls, and the CK level decreased significantly on the 4th day of admission. Although it is a worrying situation due to the sudden and rapid initial findings; It should be kept in mind that it is a benign picture due to its spontaneous and rapid recovery and results in recovery without sequelae, and unnecessary and repetitive examinations should be avoided in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hematological and oncological diseases in children in our country; if appropriate diagnosis and treatment methods are not applied, it has particular importance due to the high rate of death, disability, and late side effects. It is aimed to analyze the last ten years of placement and post-graduation period in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology in Turkey. Materials and Methods: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Specialization Education Core Curriculum, Minor Specialization Education Entrance Examination (YDUS), State Service Obligation (DHY) Settlement List, Optional rules for appointment by inter-provincial relocation, Higher Education Academic Search Engine and Additional Payment Regulations examined. Results: In the last ten years, 190 of the 340 places have been settled, and 150 remain vacant. 100% placement rates in the first two years, the data of which were analyzed, decreased to 7% and 17% in the last two years. The 10-year average settlement rate in all centers was calculated as 44%. With a minimum score of 46 and a maximum score of 85, placement in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology was achieved, and the average score of all centers was 65 points. Out of 212 people placed by ÖSYM, 139 who completed the assistantship process and were appointed were identified. Istanbul (22) and Ankara (16) took the lead in DHY draws, including the Spouse and Excuse draw; 12 people were assigned to Diyarbakir, followed by Sanliurfa with 11 experts. The total number of academicians reporting the field of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology in the YÖK database is 168, and 98 professors have been identified. Conclusion: While an average of 14 Pediatric Hematology and Oncology specialists have been trained every year until now, it is predicted that 2 to 3 specialists will be trained in the next period. The Ministry of Health has planned to work with 177 Pediatric Hematology and Oncology specialists in 41 provinces of Turkey in the Personnel Distribution Chart. The appointment of 3 times as many experts in the last ten years as the PDC envisaged in Batman, Malatya, and Sivas shows that there are problems in some provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the prenatal, natal and postnatal risk factors that premature babies may encounter and to determine the risk factors affecting this situation in babies with neurodevelopmental retardation. Materials and Methods: In this study, between February 2009 and February 2011, the files of 107 patients (53 girls, 54 boys) which were born before 37 weeks of gestation and continued their outpatient clinic controls in Dr. Behçet Uz Pediatrics Health and Surgery Training and Research Hospital were retrospectively scanned. Neurological examination, cranial MR (magnetic resonance imaging) and Bayley test results of the cases were evaluated. Results: In cases with pathological neurological examination; convulsions (p=0.02), hyperbilirubinemia (p=0.02) and cranial MR pathology (p=0.05) were more common, the increase in head circumference and weight gain in the 4th week were less. With cranial MR pathology; week of gestation (p=0.05), 5th minute APGAR score (p=0.00), gestational diabetes (p=0.01), PDA (patent ductus arteriosus) closure treatment (p=0.02), sepsis (p=0.01), convulsion (p=0.03), anemia (p=0.01), and grade 3 and higher intracranial bleeding (p=0.00) were found to be significantly correlated. When the Bayley test is evaluated; it was determined that those who underwent mechanical ventilation, those who were administered surfactant, those who had convulsions, those with pathological neurological examination, those with EEG (electroencephalography) pathology, and those who remained in the intensive care unit had lower scores (p<0.05). In addition, with the increase in head circumference in the 2nd month, the 6th month psychomotor development index (PDI) score increased in the patients, and the 12th month PDI also increased with the increase in the APGAR score (r>0.5 and p<0.05). Conclusions: In the neurodevelopmental follow-up of premature babies, the presence of gestational diabetes, low weight gain and a reduce in head circumference growth, sepsis, anemia, and a low 5th minute APGAR score were found to be important risk factors, it is important to protect babies from these risk factors for improved neurological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Follow-up of healthy children is one of the most important parts of primary care preventive health services. It is of vital importance that healthy child follow-ups are fully implemented in order to raise a healthy society. In this study, we aimed to determine the knowledge levels and attitudes of family physicians and their relationship with their sociodemographic characteristics.Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on family physicians in Turkey. The sample size was calculated as 380 and 402 physicians were included in the study. The 65-question questionnaire, which aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of family physicians about healthy child follow-up, was developed by the researcher using the literature and guidelines, and was administered to volunteer physicians either face-to-face or via the internet. Data analysis was done with SPSS 21.0 package program. Results: Of the 402 physicians participating in the study, 42.0% (n=169) were male. The mean age of the physicians was 34.75±9.51 years and the mean working time in the profession was 9.90±9.56 years. Of the participants, 46.5% (n=187) were family physicians, 35.3% (n=142) were family medicine research assistants, and 18.2% (n=73) were family medicine specialists. The mean knowledge score of the physicians was 28.09±12.75 (minimum: 2, maximum: 64). A statistically significant difference was found between gender, institution of employment, time allotted to follow-ups, education about follow-ups, utilization of an algorithm/guide while making follow-ups, and knowledge levels. The mean score of attitude was 46.96±4.40 (minimum: 20, maximum: 60). The Cronbach's alpha value of the attitude questionnaire was found to be 0.663. Conclusion: Level of knowledge of family physicians on healthy child follow-up is below the average, but it is hopeful that their attitudes on this issue are positive. In our study, the subjects with an accuracy rate of less than 50% are obesity, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, developmental dysplasia of the hip, undescended testis, visual acuity, blood pressure, and we think that further studies are needed on these specific subjects. In addition, most of the physicians found it wrong to evaluate these follow-ups with negative performance, and this shows that new policies should be developed to encourage physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mandatory sedentary life due to quarantine, disruption of exercise programs, excessive caloric intake and worsening of glycemic control in patients diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). In our study, we planned to evaluate the changes in glycemic control and daily insulin needs during the Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic of the cases followed up with the diagnosis of type 1 DM in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The 1-year follow-up data of the cases followed up in the pediatric endocrinology clinic with the diagnosis of type 1 DM, before and after March 2020, when the first COVID-19 case in Turkey was seen, were analyzed. The data of 350 patients who were followed up were retrospectively analyzed. After the patients who did not meet the study criteria were excluded, 36 of the remaining 167 cases were evaluated separately because of the insertion of an insulin pump during this period. As a result, files of 131 patients, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values and daily insulin doses were evaluated. Results: No significant difference was found in the subjects' height, standard deviation score (SDS), body weight, body weight SDS, body mass index (BMI), and BMI SDS values compared to the pre-pandemic period. There was no worsening in glycemic control (HbA1c value) (p=0.16). The mean daily insulin dose of the cases increased significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period (p<0.001). While no worsening was observed in glycemic control in the groups younger than 12 years of age and older, an increase was observed in daily insulin doses (respectively; p=0.620/0.180, p=0.003/0.004). Conclusion: In our study, no significant increase was found in the HbA1c levels of the cases compared to the pre-pandemic period. This has been attributed to the provision of telemedicine services to these patients even during the full closure period. However, due to the inactivity of the patients, insulin doses had to be increased in order to achieve good glycemic control. In conclusion, our study has shown that glycemic control will not be impaired if standard diabetes care is maintained during the pandemic period. Materials and Methods: The 1-year follow-up data of the cases followed up in the pediatric endocrinology clinic with the diagnosis of type 1 DM, before and after March 2020, when the first COVID-19 case in Turkey was seen, were analyzed. The data of 350 patients who were followed up were retrospectively analyzed. After the patients who did not meet the study criteria were excluded, 36 of the remaining 167 cases were evaluated separately because of the insertion of an insulin pump during this period. As a result, files of 131 patients, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values and daily insulin doses were evaluated. Results: No significant difference was found in the subjects' height, standard deviation score (SDS), body weight, body weight SDS, body mass index (BMI), and BMI SDS values compared to the pre-pandemic period. There was no worsening in glycemic control (HbA1c value) (p=0.16). The mean daily insulin dose of the cases increased significantly compared to the pre-pandemic period (p<0.001). While no worsening was observed in glycemic control in the groups younger than 12 years of age and older, an increase was observed in daily insulin doses (respectively; p=0.620/0.180, p=0.003/0.004). Conclusion: In our study, no significant increase was found in the HbA1c levels of the cases compared to the pre-pandemic period. This has been attributed to the provision of telemedicine services to these patients even during the full closure period. However, due to the inactivity of the patients, insulin doses had to be increased in order to achieve good glycemic control. In conclusion, our study has shown that glycemic control will not be impaired if standard diabetes care is maintained during the pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study is to examine the anxiety levels and fever management of parents of children with fever. Materials and Methods: The population of the study consisted of 180 parents who came to the pediatric emergency clinic of the specified hospital between October 2020 and May 2021 who had a child with fever aged between 0 and 6 years, had no communication problem, and were literate. The sampling method was not used and the study was completed with 165 parents. "Child and Parent Descriptive Information Form", "State Anxiety Inventory", and "Parents' Fever Management Scale" were used to collect the data of the study. Results: All of the parents took the temperature of their child when the child had fever, 73.9% of them still had fever at presentation, 57.6% of them had taken their children to the hospital due to fever before, 90.9% of them were anxious about the fever, 61.2% of them were afraid that their child would suffer a seizure, 52.7% of them took the temperature of their children from their forehead, and 79.4% of them knew the normal limits of the fever; 47.9% of them considered the range of 38-38.9 °C as fever, 42.4% of them considered the range of 38-38.9 °C as worrisome, 38.8% of them undressed the child as the first application in case of fever, 48.5% of them performed warm application with warm water, and 56.4% of them had not received information about fever. Conclusion: It was determined that the parents of the children with fever had low level of anxiety and their fever management was high. The parents, who were university graduates, were residing in the city, had social security, and had an income higher than expenditure, had a high mean score of fever management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Our aim in this study is to evaluate the data of native and transplant kidney biopsies in our tertiary pediatric nephrology center in terms of demographics and clinico-pathology, to determine biopsy indications and to evaluate the compatibility of indication and histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: In our study, the files and biopsy results (a total of 134 biopsy results) of 126 pediatric patients aged 1-17 years who were followed up in our Pediatric Nephrology clinic and underwent percutaneous kidney biopsy between 2011 and 2021 were evaluated retrospectively. All patients' age, gender, biopsy adequacy, compliance with the indication and histopathological diagnosis, and follow-up status were recorded. Results: Of 126 patients who underwent kidney biopsy, 62 (49.2%) were male; 64 (50.8%) were girls; mean age was 9.5±4.1 years. The most common biopsy indication was nephrotic syndrome (32.5%). Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) was the most common histopathological diagnosis (23%). The concordance between clinical preliminary diagnosis and histopathological diagnosis was as high as 82.6%. Conclusion: The high rate of compatibility between the histopathological diagnosis and our preliminary diagnoses should not question the necessity of pathological evaluation, and even all kinds of examinations should be used to reach the most accurate diagnosis with the contribution of genetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sudden deaths in athletes during or immediately after sports activities worry the athletes, their families and clubs. There has been still no consensus on how to conduct pre-participation evaluations of the sports. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the results of cardiac examinations of children and adolescents performed before participating in sports and to review the literature. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between January 2019 and January 2020 in the pediatric cardiology outpatient clinic. One-hundred and fifty three children and adolescents were included in the study. Beside history taking, physical examination, electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography (ECHO) examinations of the cases, Exercise test and rhythm Holter examination results were evaluated. Results: Of the cases, 108 (70%) were male and 45 (30%) were female. They were divided into three groups according to their age; 6-9 years (n=23), 10-13 years (n=78) and 14-17 years (n=52). As a result of the cardiac evaluation of 153 children who applied for a report before participating in sports, it was found appropriate for 137 children to participate in all kinds of sports activities. It was decided that ten children would be able to perform light sports activities suitable for their cardiac conditions. These children had being followed up for various mild acquired or congenital heart diseases. Six children with severe heart disease were not allowed to perform any sports, stating that it may be risky for their health. Conclusions: After detailed preparticipation cardiac evaluation with history taking, physical examination and ECG by physicians, we consider that to refer risky cases to pediatric cardiology is important to avoid undesirable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cockroach sensitivity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma and allergic respiratory diseases. It was aimed to investigate the incidence of Blattella germanica (German cockroach) sensitivity in atopic children in Bursa and its surroundings and possible risk factors that may be associated with the presence of Blattella germanica sensitivity. Materials and Methods: 1382 children aged 0-12 years, who were followed up with a diagnosis of any allergic disease and defined as atopic by detecting sensitivity to at least one allergen in skin prick tests with inhalant allergens, were included in the study. The data of the cases (skin prick test results with inhalant allergens, serum total IgE levels and total eosinophil counts, allergic disease diagnoses, et al. characteristics) were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The overall sensitivity rate to Blattella germanica was found to be 2.7% (n=38) in atopic cases (n=1382) in the study group. Blattella germanica sensitivity was found in 3.6% of asthmatics, 3% of allergic rhinitis and 4.9% of patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Asthma prevalence (69.4%) in those with Blattella germanica sensitivity was significantly higher than those without Blattella germanica sensitivity (49.2%) (p=0.017). Blattella germanica monosensitization was not detected in any of the patients. It was observed that sensitivity to mite allergens was the highest among all inhalant allergen groups (57.7%), and grass pollen (28.5%) was the second rank. Blattella germanica sensitivity rates were found to be 2% in the 0-3 age group, 2.2% in the 4-7 age group, and 4.1% in the 8-12 age group (p=0.129). It was observed that the presence of canine sensitization was negatively correlated with Blattella germanica sensitivity. Conclusions: In this study, which was conducted for the first time in a large population of atopic children in the Bursa region, the incidence of Blattella germanica sensitivity was found to be 2.7% in the entire study population, while it was found to be higher (4.1%) in the 8-12 age group. In addition, Blattella germanica sensitivity is seen at a higher rate (4.9%) in the coexistence of asthma and allergic rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is an increasingly common health problem not only in adults but also in children all over the world. Obesity rates in Turkey vary between 4.5% and 15.9% according to regions. Regular and adequate sleep is important for maintaining a healthy life as well as for physical, cognitive and emotional development. The aim of the study is to determine the level of sleep problems in primary school children, their causes and their relationship with obesity. Materials and Methods: The study is descriptive. The sleep disorder scale in children, which was developed by Bruni to evaluate the sleep disorder of the children and whose Turkish validity was verified by Akçay, was answered by the parents of children of primary school age with questions containing the socio-demographic information of the participants. The data were evaluated in the SPSS program, p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 519 students between the ages of 6 and 14 participated in the study. 12.5% of the students (65 people) were found to be obese. The rate of students with sleep disorders was found to be 59.0% (306 people). While the rate of sleep disorders was higher in children with poor economic status, sharing the same bed with their parents, having chronic illness, having mobile phone, and low education level of their father, no significant relationship was found between obesity and sleep disorders. Conclusion: The rate of children with sleep disorders is quite high. Since child development and cognitive functions of the child are taken into consideration, it is important to eliminate sleep disorder and the factors that cause it. Although our study could not show a relationship between sleep disorder and obesity, policy makers' attention should be drawn to the issue by revealing the relationship between obesity and sleep disorder more clearly with larger-scale studies to be conducted at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the incidence, density and reciprocal relationships of Health Care Associated Infections (HCAIs) detected in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Medicine Hospital as a general perspective. Materials and Methods: In this study, data of 91 PICU and 158 NICU patients who developed HCAIs between 2012-2018 years, taking into account the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2015 and the Turkish National Hospital Infections Surveillance Network (UHESA) 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. Results: The HCAIs rate was higher in NICU (9.6% vs 14.9%; respectively, p <0.001), but the infection density was lower (9.9 versus 7.8/1000 patient days, p=0.061). Stay of length for all patients in NICU was found to be longer (19.1 days vs 9.7 days; p <0.001), and the median length of stay with HCAIs in PICU and in NICU was 41.5 days versus 49 days respectively (p=0.1). The median time of HCAIs diagnosis was 17 days in PICU vs 15 days in NICU, p=0.6). In NICU, according to birth weight, HCAIs rates and infection densities were 7.8% and 2.7/1000 patient-days in <750 g patients; 23.2% and 6.2/1000 patient-days in 751-1000 g patients, 6.1% and 4.9 patient-days in 1001-1500 g patients, 44.7% and 9.2/1000 patient-days in 1501-2500 g patients, and %24.6 and 13.8/1000 patient-days in >2501 g patients. HCAIs rates were found to be higher in babies with >1501 g. Conclusions: There may be differences in the rates and prevention strategies in PICU and NICU and continuous and high quality maintenance is important for infection control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The seizure is one of the most common neurological problems in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Its frequency and etiology differ between preterm and term babies. This study aimed to investigate the properties, causes, response to treatment, and prognostic factors of neonatal seizures in term and preterm babies. Materials and Methods: The files of patients with a diagnosis of neonatal seizure in the NICU between 01/01/2014 and 01/09/2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Gross motor function classification, hearing test results and epilepsy rates were examined for neurological outcomes. Results: A total of 86 patients (43 preterm and 43 term infants) were included in this study. The most common etiological factors were hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) (35%) in term infants and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm infants (54%). The most common seizure type was subtle seizures in preterm babies and clonic seizures in term babies. The first seizure day was more on the first day and between the 4-7 days in term babies and after seventh days in preterm babies (p <0.05). The onset time of seizures in preterm babies was more after seven days at IVH, and on the first day at HIE (p<0.05). Status epilepticus frequency is higher in preterm (30%) than term (9.3%) (p = 0.015). The response rate to phenobarbital treatment was 71% in term infants and 50% in preterm infants (p = 0.06). According to the criteria (death, epilepsy, hearing loss, autism and gross motor function scale> 2) in our study, the poor prognosis rates were (52%) in term infants and (75%) in preterm infants (p = 0.051). Conclusion: In the etiology of neonatal seizures, IVH in preterm infants and HIE in term infants were the first. The neurological outcomes of patients who had convulsions in the neonatal period should be followed closely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, clinical and demographic features of childhood multiple sclerosis(MS) diagnosed in a single center for 10 years are presented. Materials and Methods: In this study files of 23 patients with multiple sclerosis who were admitted to Department of Pediatric Neurology between January 2006 and January 2016 were investigated retrospectively. The data of 19 cases were evaluated since 3 cases were excluded due to lack of attending the control visits for more than 2 years and 1 case died in a traffic accident. Gender, current age, family history of MS, onset ages of symptoms, age at diagnosis, duration of disease follow-up, initial symptoms, magnetic resonance(MR) findings, cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) oligoclonal band positivity, visual evoked potential(VEP), somatosensory evoked potential(SEP) findings, treatments and a number of attacks were evaluated. Results: Of the 19 patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, 13 were female (68.4%), 6 were male (31.5%), and the female/male ratio was 2.16. The mean age of onset of symptoms was 14.09 years. The mean age of diagnosis was 15.2 years, and the mean follow-up period was 2.17 years. Family history was positive in 3 patients (15.7%). When the initial symptoms of our patients were examined, motor, sensory and brainstem findings were present in 11(57.8%), 9 (47.3%) and 7 cases (36.8%), respectively. Two patients (10.5%) presented with cerebellar findings and 6 patients (31.5%) with visual impairment. The oligoclonal band of CSF was found to be positive in 17 (89.4%) of the cases. Conclusions: In this study, gender, age, family history, age at onset of symptoms, initial symptoms, MR findings, CSF findings, VEP, SEP findings, treatments used, and the number of episodes were evaluated. Multicenter, prospective, and longitudinal studies with larger study populations are needed to understand multiple sclerosis onset in the pediatric period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Though predicting the emerging hyperbiluribinemia is the rational approach, timely exchange transfusion in significant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is vital. The aim of this study is to evaluate the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of newborns with significant hyperbilirubinemia, to evaluate risk factors for exchange transfusion and long-term neurodevelopmental status. Materials and Methods: Newborns who were admitted with bilirubin levels above the excahge transfusion thresholds (American Academy of Pediatrics, guideline 2004) total 104 cases were enrolled to the study. A total of 65 cases at 12-36 months were evaluated with Guide for Monitoring Child Development. The clinical and demographic characteristics, risk factors, treatment modalities, etiology of the groups and long-term neurodevelopmental status were compared between the groups with and without exchange transfusion, Results: Exchange transfusion was performed in 19 (18.3%) patients. Main factors that increase the risk of exchange transfusion were bilirubin level and bilirubin/albumin ratio. Cut-off bilirubin level and bilirubin/albumin ratio which increase the risk for exchage transfusion were 26.43mg/dl and 7.43mg/g respectively. The underlying etiologies were hemolytic disease (29.8%), dehydration and breast milk jaundice (28.8%), prematurity (26.9%). Late comers (postnatal >96 hours) were more likely to have bilirubin level ≥25 mg/dl. Development delays were detected in 13.8% of 65 cases. Conclusions: Admission bilirubin level and the ratio of bilirubin to albumin was among the factors that increase the risk of exchange transfusion. Late admission with significant hyperbiluribinemia may be prevented by identification of neonates at risk for developing significant hyperbilirubinemia before discharge or early in follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is among the most important health problems facing developed and developing countries today. Data are scarce regarding the impact of maternal obesity on preterm infants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Materials and Methods: The records of infants born at ≤34 weeks of gestation were analyzed retrospectively. Mother/infant pairs were grouped according to the mother's prepartum body mass index (BMI≥30kg/m2 and <30kg/m²) for comparison. Results: Data from a total of 100 mother/infant pairs were analyzed. Prepartum BMI was ≥30kg/m² in 33 (33%) of the mothers and defined as group 1. Those with a BMI<30kg/m2 were defined as Group 2. Mean gestational age in group 1 and 2 was 29.89±2.98 and 30.36±2.79 weeks (p=0.682) and mean birth weight was 1368±512 and 1475±515g (p=0.331), respectively. Mortality was found to be significantly higher in group 1(30.3%; p=0.009). Other preterm morbidities occured at similar rates in both groups. In regression analysis, maternal BMI≥30kg/ m2 was found to be an independent risk factor for neonatal mortality (odds ratio 4.5,95%CI 1.4-14.5;p=0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is no information about the clinical ultrasonography (US) use, opinion and experiences in neonatal physicians in Turkey. The aim of our study is to evaluate the attitudes, preferences, frequency of use and perspectives of neonatal physicians in our country regarding clinical use of US. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted through a survey with the participation of neonatal physicians in Turkey with electronically between 1 February to 1 March 2020. The information about participants' age, gender, type of institution, experience period in neonatal intensive care and academic title were recorded. The participants were asked questions such as whether they use US in the clinic, if they are using, which part of body and for which intervention, and whether they received training for this purpose. The attitudes about Clinical US were evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. Results: 120 neonatal physicians participated in the study. The average age of the participants was determined as 40.38 ± 5.24 years. While 90% (n=108) of the participants had US devices in their clinics, the use of frequency of US among the participants was found as 69.1% (n=83). There was no difference between groups in the answers according to academic title about US device availability in the clinic, use of, participation in clinical US training, pediatric radiology rotation in the neonatal fellow education program,use of US for cranial US, abdominal US and central vein catheterization (p>0,05). Lung US use was found at a significantly higher rate in the neonatology fellows group (86.7%) compared to other academic titles (p<0.05). Conclusions: The study is the first national study in its field. It has been determined that US, which has an important role in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of the critically ill group in Turkey, is not used effectively by neonatal physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are one of the leading cause of hospitalization and mortality in childhood worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of the patients hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with the diagnosis of viral LRTI, to reveal the viral agents and to investigate the risk factors. Materials and Methods: In this study; the characteristics and the respiratory tract viral panel results of the patients who were hospitalized in the NICU of a university hospital between January 2018 and March 2020 with the diagnosis of viral LRTI were examined retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups as RSV (+) and non-RSV viral agents, and the groups were compared. Results: 24 patients were included in the study. RSV-A was detected in 6 (25%), RSV-B in 8 (33.3%), and non-RSV viral agents in 10 (41.6%) patients. There were no significant difference between the sociodemographic features of RSV (+) group and non-RSV group. However presence of infiltration on chest radiography (pneumonia) was more common, the rate of receiving respiratory or oxygen support was higher and hospitalization duration was longer in RSV (+) group compared to non-RSV group (p values 0.001, 0.001 and 0.017, respectively). There was a positively, moderate level correlation between hospitalization duration and C-reactive protein (r = 0.558, p=0.005). Conclusions: RSV was the most common agent in viral LRTI in NICU, it should be emphasized that the staff in the NICU should pay close attention to the hygiene rules and that the visitors should be taken into the NICU after they are educated on this issue. It is important to increase the access to viral tests and provide wider use in order to make early diagnosis and treatment in viral LRTI and to take the necessary measures for preventing spread of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:Monogenic forms of obesity have an important place in the genetic causes of severe and early-onset obesity. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the clinical and molecular genetic analysis results of the cases followed up with a prediagnosis of monogenic obesity in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic, clinical and biochemical data of the patients had molecular genetic analysis with a pre-diagnosis of monogenic obesity in our clinic between 2016 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed and recorded. Results: 47 obese cases (20 girls, 39 pubertal, mean age 14.3±3.2 years) were included in the study. Pathogenic variant in MC4R was detected in three cases, and heterozygous variant in LEPR, was not accepted as a pathogen variant in the database in one case. The frequency of sequence variants in the MC4R gene was 6.4%, and the frequency of the sequence variants in the LEPR gene was 2.1%. Conclusions: In our study, 8.5% (n=4) sequence variant was found in children who were examined with suspicion of monogenic obesity. In these cases, obesity developed in the first year of life and at least one parent had obesity. Therefore, if early-onset obesity is accompanied by a family history of obesity, MC4R defect, one of the monogenic obesity forms, should be considered in differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is the lack of a valid and reliable scale suitable for the evaluation of postoperative pain in preschool children (1-5 years old) in Turkey. We aimed to examine the validity of the Postoperative Pain Scale in preschool Children which is one of the postoperative pain assessment tools, nurses and researchers in clinics. Materials and Methods: The study is methodological and Ankara University Cebeci Children's Hospital Pediatric Surgery Department between April-July 2019. Informed consent was obtained from the parents of the children who met the inclusion criteria which was (1) 1-5 years of age, (2) underwent surgery at the pediatric surgery clinic and had postop within the first hour, (3) children whose parents volunteered to participate in the study. Data of the study was collected by Postoperative Pain Scale in Preschool Children, FLACC-(Face, Legs, Activity, Crying, Consolability) and Sociodemographic Information Form. The ain levels of the patients were evaluated at post-op 0, 15 and 30 minutes using by TPPPS and FLACC scales. First, the language validity study of the Turkish version of the TPPPS was conducted, then expert opinions were taken for content validity. For reliability analysis, internal consistency coefficient and parallel test-ready reliability were examined. Results: According to the results of the study, internal consistency coefficient of TPPPS was found over 0.70 and highly compatible with FLACC. Conclusions: TPPPS is a valid and reliable scale for the assessment of postoperative pain in preschool children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:It was aimed to investigate the sensitivity rates against tree pollen allergens and various factors affecting tree pollen sensitivity in children with allergic asthma. Materials and Methods: 560 children aged 5-18 years with a diagnosis of allergic asthma were included in the study. Clinical, laboratory, and skin test data of the cases were analyzed retrospectively. Results: In skin prick tests of the cases included in the study, the rate of general sensitivity to tree pollen allergens [presence of sensitivity to at least one of Olea europeae (olive), Alnus glutinosa (alder), Platanus acerifolia (plane), Corylus avellena (hazel), Betula verrucosa (birch), Pinus silvestris (pine)] was found to be 17.7%. Other allergen sensitivities; mites 75.0%, grass pollen 47.3%, grain pollen 39.5%, weed pollen 18.4%, cat and/or dog 13.4%, fungi 12.9%, cockroach 6.1% was determined. It was found that the general sensitivity rates to tree pollen allergens were in the 5-8 age group (9.5%), the 9-13 age group (20.7%), the 14- 18 age group (28.8%) and increased in parallel with age (p<0,001). Tree pollen sensitivity was found to be higher in the presence of concomitant allergic rhinitis or allergic conjunctivitis (p=0.019, p=0.002, respectively), and lower in the presence of mite sensitivity (p<0.001). Conclusions: In this study, tree pollen sensitivity rates were remarkable in children aged 5-18 years with allergic asthma. The data on tree pollen and other allergen sensitivities obtained from children with allergic asthma should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment approaches of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity has become a serious health problem with increasing frequency in children and adolescents. Besides metabolic problems, it can also cause bladder-bowel dysfunction (BBD). It is known that both obesity and BBD have negative effects on the quality of life. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of BBD on the quality of life in obese children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: Obese children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years who were admitted to pediatric outpatient clinics between April 2019 and December 2019 were included in the study. The cases with normal weight, similar age and sex to the other groups, who came for respiratory tract infection and presented to the Pediatric Nephrology outpatient clinic with signs of bladderbowel dysfunction were included. The cases who scored 11 or above according to the Bladder Bowel Symptom Score (BBSS) were considered as BBD. Results: A total of 289 patients, 148 obese and 141 normal weight, with a mean age of 11.7±3.1 years were included in the study. In the obese group, the quality of life subscale and total scores were significantly lower than the control group with normal weight. In obese cases, the quality of life subscale and total scores were significantly lower in the group with BBSS≥11 (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the physical health total score and the total scale score in the obese patients with BBSS≥11. Conclusions: In this study, while the negative effects of both obesity and BBD on the quality of life were revealed, it was seen that BBD affects the quality of life even more negatively, and both of them are comorbid situations with each other. In addition, it was concluded that the quality of life is most affected when both MBD and obesity coexist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is one of the endogenous antioxidant molecules working against oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate serum PON1 activity in children with acute bronchiolitis. MATERIALS and METHODS: A total of 29 children aged between 3-21 months with acute bronchiolitis and 35 age-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Bronchiolitis patients were further classified as mild (65%) and moderate (35%). Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities of PON1 were compared between patients with acute bronchiolitis and the control group. RESULTS: Paraoxonase activity of children with acute bronchiolitis was lower than healthy controls but the difference was not significant (127.53 ± 64.17 U/L versus 153.95 ± 74.40 U/L) (p=0.13). Arylesterase activity was significantly decreased in children with mild and moderate bronchiolitis in comparison to the control group (142.43± 56.60 kU/L and 103.70± 26.03 kU/L versus 201.09± 57.26 kU/L) (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Serum PON1 activity was lower in children with acute bronchiolitis compared to controls. Increasing antioxidant capacity may be an effective means of therapy in viral induced lung disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is the most common periodic fever syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory findings of patients with PFAPA syndrome at the time of the attack and the response to the given treatments. MATERIALS and METHODS: Sixty-three individuals that applied to the pediatric rheumatology policlinic due to recurrent fever and throat infection and diagnosed with PFAPA syndrome were enrolled in this study. Patients' folders were evaluated retrospectively concerning demographic, clinical and laboratory data. RESULTS: Forty-two (66.7%) of the patients were male, 21 (33.3%) were female. The age of onset of complaints was 2.72±1.59 years. The average delay in diagnosis was 1.71 ± 1.28 years. The remarkable finding which was seen all of our patients was the high fever. Lymphadenitis was detected in 59 (93.7%) of the patients and aphthous stomatitis was found in 56 (88.9%) of the patients. As a laboratory finding, leukocytosis, the increase in C-reactive protein and sedimentation was observed in patients. Fever decreased within a mean of 2.24 ± 1.13 hours after steroid treatment. Another remarkable finding after the first steroid treatment was the resolution of exudative tonsillitis 24 hours after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Signs and symptoms of PFAPA syndrome are among the most common signs and symptoms in pediatric outpatient clinics. With increased awareness of PFAPA syndrome in clinicians, patients will be prevented from unnecessary laboratory procedures and medical treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: To determine the distribution of the traditional methods used in infant care by parents with 0-24 months old infants and to investigate their relationship with sociodemographic factors. MATERIALS and METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted between September and October 2018 in a pediatric outpatient clinic of Denizli Pamukkale University Medical Faculty Hospital. The sample size was calculated as 384. Data were collected by applying a questionnaire consisting of 56 questions to the volunteer participants using a face-to-face interview technique Data were analyzed with SPSS 15 program. RESULTS: The study had 351 participants (91.4%). The mean age of the mothers was 29.4 ± 5.6; the mean age of the fathers was 32.7 ± 5.9 years. Of the parents, 97.2% who have children between 0-24 months stated that they used at least one traditional method in baby care. The three most commonly used methods were salting (65.0%), protection from evil eye (49.9%) and perineal care (46.2%), respectively. Lower maternal age (P=0,002), living with grandparents (p=0,008), learning about infant care from non-book sources (p=0,016) are independent risk factors in applying traditional methods of infant care (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONS: Conventional methods are used by the majority of parents in infant care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it was aimed to investigate in detail the contribution of hemogram indices such as neutrophil/lymphocyteratio (NLR), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), RPR, MPR, mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet count (PLT) to the diagnosis of febrile seizure (FS). MATERIALS and METHODS: 91 FS, 116 febrile disease and 100 healthy control cases were included in the study. Significant hemogram indices in favor of FS were determined as a result of double and triple group comparisons with appropriate statistical analyzes, and diagnostic cut-off values, sensitivity and specificity were calculated for FS diagnosis according to receiever operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: NLR index was significantly higher in the FS group. The median was 2.6 in the FS group, 1.6 and 0.7 in the febrile disease and healthy control groups, respectively (p<0.001). In the ROC curve analysis, the cut-off values, sensitivity and specificities of the NLR index for FS diagnosis were determined. The 1/RPR index was found to be statistically significantly lower in FS group. It was found to be 20.5 in the FS group, 23.3 and 23.2 in the febrile disease and healthy control groups, respectively (p=0.003). Similar to the NLR, cut-off values, sensitivity and specificities were calculated for FS diagnosis in the ROC curve analysis within the 1/RPR index. CONCLUSIONS: NLR and 1/RPR indexes are cheap and easily accessible hemogram parameters that can contribute to the diagnosis of FS. They can be used simply by practitioners and pediatricians in emergency rooms and out patient clinics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric Emergency Outpatient Clinic are the units where treated the entire range of emergent and urgent medical conditions. Patients present with a wide range of complaints. Determining the general distribution, frequency and density of Pediatric Emergency Outpatient Clinic applications is of great importance in order to make appropriate future plans. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the clinical features of patients presenting with non-traumatic neurological complaints. MATERIALS and METHODS: The files of the patients who applied to the Pediatric Emergency Outpatient Clinic within one year were evaluated retrospectively. Patients with a known neurological disease who presented to the Pediatric Emergency Outpatient clinic with non neurological complaints, those in the neonatal and trauma patients were not included in the study. RESULTS: It was found that the main complaint of 628 of the patients who applied to the Pediatric Emergency Outpatient Clinic within a year was neurological symptoms. % 50,3 of the patients were found as girls and %49,7 as boys. Seizure was the most common neurological complaint. It was found that %83,1 of the patients who presented with seizures for the first time presented with afebrile seizures and %16,9 with febrile seizures. Status epilepticus rate was found to be %4,5 in patients presenting with seizures CONCLUSIONS: Seizure was the most common non-traumatic neurological presentation to Pediatric Emergency Outpatient Clinic. We believe that updating knowledge and skills on emergency approach to seizures in Pediatric Emergency Outpatient Clinic will increase the quality of healthcare services to be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The optimum dose and duration of steroid therapy for childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS) is controversial. No benefit of increasing the duration of steroid has been shown by recent data. This study was aimed to determine the effects of the dose differences of cumulative induction steroid therapy on the clinical course of NS. MATERIALS and METHODS: This retrospective study included 88 NS patients from Erciyes University Pediatric Nephrology Clinic (1982-2018). Causes of secondary NS, age <1 year at diagnosis, and steroid resistance were exclusion criteria. Cumulative induction steroid dose was explored, and dosing quartiles were determined. Total relapses during follow up, time to first relapse and medication with steroid-sparing agent were determined as the parameters for clinical course. Outcomes above and below each quartile were compared using these clinical parameters. RESULTS: Cumulative steroid dose was distributed with 1 st quartile, median and 3rd quartile doses of 2300, 2800, and 3300 mg/m², respectively. Relapsing outcomes and other clinical parameters lacked statistical difference above and below each quartile dosing (p>0,05). CONCLUSIONS: The relapsing rate and clinical outcome are not affected by the cumulative initial steroid dose regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory findings and follow up of endocrine status of pediatric craniopharyngioma cases. MATERIALS and METHODS: The patients diagnosed with craniopharyngioma between January 2010-December 2017 were included in this study. Demographic and clinical findings were retrospectively examined from medical records of Uludag University Medical Faculty Pediatric Endocinology Department. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 21. RESULTS: We identified a total of 28 patients with craniopharyngioma during this period. The age of the patients ranged from 60 to 207 months, with a median age of138.5months.Fifty-three percent (n=15) of cases were male and forty-seven percent (n=13) of the cases were female. The most common presenting complaints were headache, visual impairment, and short stature in decreasing order. Tumor size was greater than 3 cm in 71% (n: 20) of patients at the time of diagnosis. When the endocrine status of the patients were examined in the preoperative period, it was determined that 17% (n: 5) of the cases had growth hormone deficiency, 14% (n: 4) had hypothyroidism, 10%(n: 3) had cortisol deficiency, and 7.1% (n: 2) had diabetes insipidus. In the postoperative period, panhypopituitarism developed in 89.3% (n: 25) of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: Craniopharyngiomas are slow-growing tumors, the tumor is usually diagnosed lateand reaches large sizes. Late diagnosis and large tumor size often lead to more serious endocrine losses. Failure to thrive and progressive weight gain are stimulating findings for early diagnosis of pituitary masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: IgA vasculitis is the most common vasculitis during childhood and gastrointestinal system involvement and renal involvement effect disease course. So we aim to evaluate the relationship between hematological parameters and clinic of patients diagnosed as IgA vasculitis. MATERIALS and METHODS: Study population included the children diagnosed as Ig A vasculitis in Pediatric Nephrology outpatient clinic. We recorded demographic information, clinical findings, laboratory results and ultrasonography results. Leucocyte count, thrombocyte count, mean platelet count (MPV), red cell distribution width (RDW), total neutrophil count, total lymphocyte count, sedimentation, C -reactive protein (CRP), hematuria and/or proteinuria, renal function tests and ultrasonography results were recorded. Ratio of neutrophil and lymphocyte was calculated. RESULTS: Of patients 73% had joint involvement, 52% had organ involvement, 35% had gastrointestinal system involvement, 20% had renal involvement. Mean neutrophil count and ration of neutrophil/lymphocyte were higher in patients with organ involvement than without organ involvement. Mean neutrophil count, RDW and CRP levels were higher in patients with renal involvement than without renal renal involvement. As a result hematological parameters at admission may predict oragan, gastrointestinal system and renal involvement. Especially higher neutophil and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with organ, gastrointetinal system and renal involvement and higher RDW and CRP levels in patients with renal involvement were significant. Male sex and RDW levels were risk factors for renal involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Hematological parameters at admission may predict the cases with organ, gastrointestinal system and renal involvement. Especially higher ratio of neutrophil/lymphocyte in cases with organ, gastrointestinal system and renal involvement support the role of neutrophils in disease pathogenesis. Male sex and higher RDW levels were risk factors for renal involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: It was aimed to determine the parents' level of hesitation about childhood vaccinations and the individual concerns and reasons underlying vaccination refusal. MATERIALS and METHODS: The research designed mixed pattern as research methods in 2020. Family health centers in 4 districts in Istanbul. Population of the study, 276 parents are living Istanbul. Sampling criteria are having children aged 5 years or younger. The Vaccine Hesitation Scale was used to measure the level of vaccicine hesitation level. For qualitative research, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted face-to-face with 25 parents refused vaccine application. Content analysis method was used to evaluate qualitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed SPSS program. RESULTS: Socio-demographic data of 276 participants were evaluated. 87% of the participants are women, 22% are in the 20-30 age group and 55% are in the 31-40 age group, 32.6% have 2 children, 21% have 3 children, 43.5% are primary education. She was a graduate 25.4% of the mothers had attended vaccine information seminars. Participants were found to have a high vaccine hesitation level. There was no significant difference in vaccine hesitation levels of the participants according to age, number of children, education level and seminar status(p> 0.05). Qualititative research findings that vaccines are unfavorable to religion (n: 16, 64%), source and content of disease are harmful(n: 18, 72%), vaccines are useless(n: 16, 64%), insufficient information is given about vaccines(n: 14, 56%), that social media are ineffective in their decisions(n: 17, 68%), infectious diseases are not dangerous(n: 13, 52%), they are hesitant about vaccination(n: 18, 72%). CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that the reasons for this were negative attitudes towards vaccines, religious beliefs, lack of knowledge about vaccines and diseases. It may be suggested that those working in the field of child health and development should elaborate on the practices and research on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly that can be cured with surgical treatment. It accounts for 0.25 to 0.5% of all congenital heart diseases. ALCAPA is generally asymptomatic in the neonatal period. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and mitral valve insufficiency (MVI) are detected in patients with symptoms of heart failure. ALCAPA, which is a rare cause of DCM, early surgical treatment provides quite good prognosis in the first year of life. However, mortality is high in patients who do not receive surgical treatment. MATERIALS and METHODS: Six patients diagnosed with DCM at our clinic between January, 2005 and December, 2017 and detected with ALCAPA syndrome in their etiological assessment we re-evaluated retrospectively RESULTS: Of the 6 patients, 5 were female and 1 was male. The average age of diagnosis was 4,75 months. All patients had the signs and symptoms of heart failure at admission. All cases had the signs of ischemia in the chest leads, D1 and a VL in the electrocardiograms (ECGs). In all cases, echocardiography (ECHO) showed mitral insufficiency and the dilation of the left ventricle and the mean ejection fraction was 29,3% (18-39%), and the mean shortening fraction was 12,6% (8-19%) in the ECHOs. Diagnostic catheter angiography was performed for all patients and the diagnosis of ALCAPA was confirmed. All patients under went correction surgery with there implantation method. Four of the patients completely recovered after surgery. One patient died 5 days after the surgery. One patient is being followed up with medical treatment since there was no improvement in her cardiac functions after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The ALCAPA syndrome should definitely be considered in the etiology of cases diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy and it should be kept in mind that ALCAPA is completely treatable disease with early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate the musculoskeletal changes and related factors in children with hemophilia. MATERIALS and METHODS: Thirty-five children with hemophilia enrolled the study. Joint damage and its stage were evaluated by using physical examination, hemorrhage and radiological scoring in patients with target joints. In addition, the role and association of the treatment modalities, bone mineral density (BMD) and serum vitamin D levels of the patients in both target joint development and the stage of the damage were evaluated. RESULTS: Target joint was detected in 34.2% of the patients. BMD and serum vitamin D levels were similar in both groups with and without target joints. Vitamin D levels were lower than normal in 50% of the patients and BMD values were lower than normal (Z-score<-2) in 17% of the patients with target joint. No significant correlation was determined between BMD and physical examination scoring, radiological scoring or serum vitamin D levels. At the same time, there was no significant correlation between the serum vitamin D level and physical examination or radiological scoring. However, physical examination and radiological scorings were significantly correlated. BMD and vitamin D levels were not affected by patient's age, type of hemophilia or severity of disease. No iron deficiency anemia was observed in patients. CONCLUSIONS: Target joint was detected in approximately 1/3 of the children with hemophilia. Different stages of the injuries were detected in these joints by physical and radiological examinations. BMD and serum vitamin D levels had no association in development of target joint and the stage of the damage in these patients with severe hemophilia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it was aimed to determine the frequency of autoimmune thyroid disease (OITH) in children and adolescent patients who were followed-up with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) and to evaluate its relationship with other parameters. MATERIALS and METHODS: The files of 722 patients who have been followed up with the diagnosis of T1DM for the last 10 years were reviewed retrospectively. Age, gender, mean HbA1c, thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), free thyroxine(fT4), anti-thyroid peroxidase(anti-TPO) and antithyroglobulin(anti-Tg) level, weight standard deviation score(SDS), height SDS and body mass index(BMI) SDS values were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 722 patients, 607 had thyroid autoantibodies examined at least once and 72(11.9%) had anti-TPO and/or anti-TG positivity. Of these patients, 57(79.2%) had euthyroid, 7(9.7%) had obvious hypothyroidism, 5(6.9%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 3(4.2%) had hyperthyroidism. While 48(66.7%) of the patients with Hashimato thyroiditis(HT) were pubertal, 24(33.3%) were prepubertal. Fifty (69.4%) of the OITH cases were female and 22(30.6%) were male. In addition, 12(16.6%) of 72 patients with OITH had celiac disease (CD). According to the chi-square analysis, OITH was more common in girls(p: 0.01) and those with CD(p: 0.02). As the age and duration of diabetes prolonged, the prevalence of OITH increased. CONCLUSIONS: As a result; In patients with T1DM the frequency of HT increases with increasing age and duration of diabetes. Hashimato thyroiditis is more common in female gender and pubertal period. The presence of celiac increases the risk of HT in patients with T1DM. In order to prevent the negative effects of thyroid dysfunction on metabolic control, growth and development, thyroid function tests and autoantibodies should be checked periodically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of some genetic modifiers; especially by correcting the imbalance between α/non α chains on clinical severity of Turkish β Thalassemia patients. MATERIALS and METHODS: Eighty-four patients diagnosed as β Thalassemia Major (TM) or β Thalassemia Intermedia (TI) were recruited from pediatric hematology clinics of Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital and Tepecik State Hospital. The clinical and demographic characteristics (including β Thalassemia mutations) of patients were retrospectively reviewed from patients' records. Genetic analysis of patients for Xmn1 Polymorphism and α thalassemia mutations were done at Aegean University, Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Genetics. RESULTS: Xmnn1 (+/+) genotype, Xmn1 (+/-) genotype, α thalassemia gene deletion, mild β+ alleles were found in 10,1,5,6 of TI patients respectively. One or more positive genetic modifiers were found in 21 patients out of 26 TI (80,8%) patients. Xmnn1 (+/+) genotype, Xmn1 (+/-) genotype, α thalassemia gene deletion, mild β+ alleles were found in 1, 3, 4,5 of TM patients respectively. One or more positive genetic modifiers were found in 11 patients out of 58 TM (18,9%) patients. In the study, all TI patients having β0 mutations had Xmn1 (+/+) genotype. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that in cases of TI with β+ mutations most common genetic modifier factors are the type of mutation and presence of α thalassemia, while in cases of β0 mutations the most common genetic modifier is the presence of Xmn1 (+/+) genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Horseshoe kidney is the most common renal fusion anomaly. Horseshoe kidneys may be a part of certain genetic syndromes and may be associated with other anatomic malformations. Urinary malformations might require surgical treatment, and might also lead to renal scar formation and therefore chronic kidney damage. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical course and prognosis of horseshoe kidney in pediatric patients. MATERIALS and METHODS: Medical records of the patients with horseshoe kidneys followed in the pediatric nephrology department of University of Health Sciences, Ankara Child Health and Diseases, Hematology Oncology Training and Research Hospital between January 2010 and December 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-two girls (36.7%) and 38 boys (63.3%) were included in this study. Mean age of the patients were 5.3±4.2 years and mean follow up time was 38.3±3.1 months. Three patients (%5) were diagnosed prenatally. Five patients (8.3%) had extrarenal malformations, 4 patients (6,6%) had genetic syndromes. There were no significant differences in terms of serum sodium, potassium, urea, uric acid levels and creatinine clearance between the time of diagnosis and the end of the follow-up (p>0.05). Mean serum creatinine levels of the patients increased significantly at the end of the followup (p=0.02). There were no significant differences in terms of serum sodium, potassium, urea, uric acid levels and creatinine clearance between girls and boys. Nine patients had ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Among all 60 patients only one patient developed chronic renal failure. At the end of follow up period none of the patients had proteinuria or hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Horseshoe kidney require careful physical examination. Concomitant urinary system anomalies may require surgical intervention and may result in renal scar related chronic kidney disease. Patients with horseshoe kidneys should be monitored closely and carefully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory findings and treatment responses of patients with arthritis. MATERIALS and METHODS: The medical records of 111 children (0-18 years) were evaluated who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of arthritis between January 2010 and January 2019 retrospectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory findings and to investigate the treatment and prognostic features of the patients. RESULTS: A total of 111 patients, 66% were male and the mean age was 91±56 (median 83,1-215) months. The most of the patients (n=62,56%) were between 3-10 years of age. Septic arthritis was diagnosed in 60% (n=67) of the patients. This diagnosis was followed by reactive arthritis (10%), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (10%), toxic/transient synovitis (5%) and other arthritis. On admission, there were pain in 96%, joint swelling in 63%, redness in 21%, increased temperature of the joint in 41%, decreased range of motion in 64%, and inability to walk in 38% of the patients. The most frequently involved joints were knee (51%) and hip (35%). The possibility of septic arthritis was significantly higher in patients with high fever (p=0,0001). The response to ibuprofen was higher in non-septic arthritis (p=0,0001). Arthrocentesis was performed in 55% (n=61) of the cases and 34% (n=38) of the patients had underwent intra-articular debridement surgery. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes were the most common microorganisms growth in joint fluid culture. When septic arthritis and other arthritis cases were compared, the effusion amount, the amount of fluid taken by puncture were significantly higher and the level of CRP and leukocytes were higher in septic arthritis group (p=0,001; p=0,025; p=0,018; p=0,032, respectively). Osteomyelitis was observed in 19% (n=21) of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the probability of septic arthritis was found to be statistically significant in patients with fever, leukocyte>12100/mm³, CRP>3 mg/dl, and effusion measured 8.5 mm or more by ultrasonography. Also, ibuprofen response was higher in non-septic arthritis group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the levels of anxiety, depression and quality of life in mothers of children with cerebral palsy and motor impairment in children with cerebral palsy. MATERIALS and METHODS: 98 mothers with children diagnosed with cerebral palsy were included in the study. Sociodemographic information of the participants was recorded. The Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the World Health Organization Short Form Turkish version (WHOQOL-BREF-TR) scale were applied to the mothers. The Pediatric Functional Independence Measurement (WeeFIM), the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and the Bimanuel Fine Motor Function (BFMF) scores were recorded. RESULTS: Differences in GMFCS, BFMF and WeeFIM scores of children with cerebral palsy were not related to BAI and BDI scores of mothers (p>0,05). There was a significant correlation between WeeFIM score and WHOQOL-BREF-TR social relations subtitle (p<0,05). There was a significant correlation between BFMF levels and WHOQOL-BREF-TR subtitles of general health, social relations and environmental health (p<0,05). It was observed that there was no significant relationship between GMFCS level of children and mothers' quality of life (p>0,05). CONCLUSIONS: Functional disability in children with cerebral palsy negatively affects the quality of life of mothers. Depression and anxiety levels of mothers are affected independently of the functional levels of children with cerebral palsy. It was concluded that increasing the quality of life of mothers who have children with cerebral palsy with physical, psychological and economic support would be important for mothers and their children, their families, social and professional environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory myopathies can be defined in two groups as infectious and idiopathic myopathies. Infectious myositis, in which active agent can be detected, is a benign condition that usually occurs spontaneously in childhood, characterized by generalized muscle pain and difficulty in walking. The aim of this study is to provide the clinical features of our pediatric patients with acute myositis. MATERIALS and METHODS: A total of 26 patients with acute infectious and idiopathic myositis who were admitted to Health Sciences University Ankara Dr Sami Ulus Maternity, Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, pediatric neurology outpatient clinic for the last 5 years were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The patients with the mean age of 79.6 months, who had a sudden onset of muscle pain and difficulty in walking with a recent history of upper respiratory tract infection in 73.1% (n: 19) were evaluated. The mean creatine phosphokinase levels were 2596 IU / L. Infectious agents were detected in 7 patients (26.9%). These factors were influenza B (n = 3), group A beta hemolytic streptococci (n = 2), influenza A / H1N1 (n = 1) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 1). One patient was diagnosed as Escherichia coli induced urinary sepsis and 1 patient was diagnosed as sepsis due to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Most of the patients started to recover within 48 hours, but the mean duration of healing was 8.31 ± 5.8 days. CONCLUSIONS: Acute inflammatory myositis in childhood, which should be recognized rapidly due to the diseases requiring urgent treatment in the differential diagnosis, close follow-up in terms of the risk of rhabdomyolysisis, is usually resulted with a good prognosis important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Hemophilia is expected to adversely affect the child's psycho-social development and mothers' mood and attitudes toward the ill children. The aim of the study was to investigate the psychological problems of both mother and adolescent and to found out if there was a relationship between mother's mood, overprotection and adolescents' problem behaviors. MATERIALS and METHODS: The study group consisted of 19 male adolescents with severe Hemophilia A and B (between 11-16 years) and their mothers. 22 volunteer medical staff mothers and their sons (between 11-16 years) enrolled in the study as a control group. Data were collected from both mother and son with self-rated psychometric tools in one session. RESULTS: There were positive correlation between diagnosed hemophilia and anxiety, depression and oppositional and defiant behavior. Over-protective behavior of mother and sons' anxiety, depression, oppositional and defiant behavior, and mothers' depression were positively correlated. When comparing the both group's total score, mother's depression, over-protective attitudes, were found significantly different. And adolescents' oppositional and defiant behavior, depression and anxiety score were found significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Some suggestions were made in order to decrease the problematic behavious in both hemophilic adolescents and their mothers. Mothers should be informed about the disease, treatment and their overprotective attitudes and mothers must be supported to share responsibilities in care of hemophilic children. The family and the hemophiliac child should focus on what can be done, taking into account the risks of hemophilia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Wilson's Disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited copper metabolism disorder caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the patients diagnosed prior to the age of five. MATERIALS and METHODS: Between January 2005 and December 2018, the clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment and prognostic features of 64 WD patients, 13 of whom were ≤5 years old, were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Of the 64 patients in this study, 33 were male and the mean age at the time of diagnosis was 9.38 ± 3.37 years (3yr 5mo-16yr 3mo). Thirteen (20.3%) of these patients were ≤ 5 years of age (7 girls, 4.1 ± 0.6 years). Of patients ≤5 years of age 38.4% presented with hepatomegaly, 53.8% with similar family history, 76.9% with elevated AST and ALT levels, 76.9% with low ceruloplasmin level, 53.8% with increased urinary copper excretion, and 50% with an increased liver copper quantification. When patients ≤ 5 years of age compared with ≤ 5 years of age patients at the time of admission, there was a statistically significant increment on AST levels but decrement in the levels of total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and urinary copper (p=0.023, 0.009, p=0.040, p=0.011, respectively). Of patients ≤ 5 years of age (n =10) who underwent liver biopsy, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration (80%), macro-vesicular steatosis (50%), and parenchymal necrosis were observed in portal areas. While liver copper quantification was 405 ± 101.3 µg / gr in patients < 5 years of age, that value evaluated as 615.9 ± 56,4 µg / g in patients > 5 years of age. The amount of liver copper quantification, framework distortion and bridging necrosis on liver biopsy were statistically at increased levels in patients > 5 years of age (p = 0.03, p = 0.01, p = 0.005, respectively). RESULTS: As seen in this study, the chance of early diagnosis of patients with WD increasing steadily. In countries like Turkey where consanguineous marriages are common, it is difficult to diagnose WD with a single test and many tests should be performed jointly CONCLUSIONS: . Early diagnosis and treatment having a great impact on prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]