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Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease which progresses slowly, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. A total of 29 papers reporting the risk factors for PBC from different perspectives were obtained through Google Scholar search and screening, consisting of 19 reviews and 10 reports of investigational studies. By summarizing the objects and methods in 10 investigational studies and the conclusions of all the 29 papers, the induction mechanism of risk factors for PBC is clarified, and the control strategy for PBC is put forward. Since the literature included was studies on foreign populations conducted by foreign scholars, the applicability of these findings in China should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal liver function is biochemical and pathological changes in the liver caused by damages from pathogens, which can be found in viral hepatitis, fatty liver, alcoholic liver diseases, autoimmune liver diseases, and some non - liver diseases. Due to the diversity in etiology, it is difficult to make a diagnosis for a few cases. This paper summarizes the changes in biochemical indices of the liver due to various liver diseases, and the value of a combination of diiferent indices in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases. This paper concludes that biochemical examination of the liver not only provides hints for the etiological diagnosis of abnormal liver function, but also evaluates the severity of the disease. Moreover, the etiological diagnosis of abnormal liver function also depends on the collection of a detailed history of disease physical examination, serology, imaging, and liver biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiviral therapy is the most important treatment for chronic hepatitis C. This paper reviews the progress in antiviral treatment over recent years, including the combination therapy with polyethylene glycol - Interferon (PEG - IFN) and ribavirin (RBV), specific target therapy, and gene therapy. T e paper believes that the anti - hepatitis C virus treatment needs more effective drug combination therapies, shorter courses, less side effect, higher drug resistance threshold, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early diagnosis and timely treatment of hepatic steatosis is very important for controlling the development and improving the prognosis of disease. This paper introduces the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), a novel non - invasive method to quantitatively assess hepatic steatosis. This paper briefly describes the advantages of CAP compared with other methods for detecting hepatic steatosis : CAP is simple, fast, repeatable, and generally accepted by patients. CAP is of great value for early detection of fatty liver. Moreover, this paper reviews the optimal cut - off values of CAP for detection of fatty liver in different studies. CAP can be used to dynamically monitor the progression and regression of fatty liver as a guide to clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is the first liver disease which has proved responsive to glucocorticoids, and the standard therapeutic; method is hormone combined with azathioprine. Given that some patients fail to reach the standard of immunosuppressive therapy, and the long - term use of immunosuppressive therapy has many adverse effects, it is necessary to reasonably use anti - inflammatory and liver - protecting drugs to minimize the dose of immunosuppressants, control liver inflammation, reduce the damage of liver cells, and delay the progression of the disease. This paper reviews the advances in the application of anti - inflammatory and liver - protecting drugs in the treatment of AIH, in order to help clinicians make rational decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis and mainly manifests as a rapidly elevated serum creatinine level, a reduced glomerular filtration rate, and oliguria or anuria. Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome ( HRS - 1 ) is a special type of AKI, and patients with untreated HRS - 1 have an extremely high risk of death. Early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance. This paper summarizes the latest diagnostic criteria for hepatorenal syndrome ( HRS) type of AKI and research advances in the treatment of HRS - 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are derived from the mesoderm, and exhibit multipotential differentiation. MSC can alleviate liver fibrosis and improve liver function through paracrine cytokines and cell-cell interactions, but their therapeutic mechanism remains unknown. MSC are derived from various tissues, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord tissue, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, and adipose tissue. However, there are different advances in MSC with various sources in experimental studies and clinical treatment of liver fibrosis. This paper summarizes the possible therapeutic mechanisms of MSC in alleviating liver fibrosis, as well as the advances in experimental studies and clinical application of MSC with various sources. MSC transplantation is a new therapeutic method for liver fibrosis and has a broad application prospect in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious neuropsychological complication in advanced liver disease, and is a major cause of death in patients with liver disease. The paper briefly introduces the advances in application of HE grading, examination methods, and electroencephalography (EEG) in the diagnosis of HE, and points out that EEG has been developed greatly in the field of HE, with huge potentials for the diagnosis, evaluation, prognosis, and guidance for treatment of HE. However, the clinical value of EEG monitoring in HE has not been widely acknowledged in the medical world, and further investigation is still needed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha ( HNF4α ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has a high expression level in ma­ture hepatocytes. HNF4α can regulate hepatocyte - specific gene expression at a transcriptional level, promote hepatocyte development and differentiation, participate in establishment and maintenance of hepatocyte polarity, and enhance the synthetic, metabolic, and detoxifying functions of the liver. Through inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells, reversing epithelial - mesenchymal transition, and inhibiting the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of hepatoma cells, HNF4α may be involved in the development and progression of various liver diseases including liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This paper elaborates on the biological functions of HNF4α , and summarizes and analyzes the research advances in the mechanisms of action of HNF4α in the pathological process of liver diseases, in or­der to provide references for further investigation of the potential targeted therapies for liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is one of the major causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues can control disease progression. However, they cause very low HBsAg clearance or seroconversion rates and relapse in most patients after treatment withdrawal. In recent years, the further understanding of the interaction between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and host gives birth to a large number of novel drugs that hold promise for successful cure of CHB. This paper reviews several novel drugs against HBV in phase I, II, or III clinical trials, and points out that these novel drugs against HBV have preliminarily indicated a bright future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic encephalopathy is one of the most common complications of liver failure and has a high incidence in hospitalized patients. Most patients with hepatic encephalopathy have varying degrees of malnutrition. In recent years, more and more clinical trials have confirmed that the nutritional support therapy is beneficial to patients with hepatic encephalopathy, and more attention has been paid to nutritional therapy. This paper introduces the pathogenesis of malnutrition in hepatic encephalopathy, and reviews the methods for nutrition evaluation and nutritional therapy in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hepatic nodular lesions in the progression of various chronic liver diseases are hot topics all the time. There is a close relationship between hepatic nodular lesions and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the former is the precancerous lesions of the latter. This paper summarizes the pathological features and imaging findings of hepatic nodular lesions, as well as the transition from hepatic nodular lesions to HCC. It is believed that early diagnosis and timely intervention are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high proportion of the causes of liver failure remain unknown. This paper reviews the progress in the epidemiology, etiology, treatment, and prognosis of liver failure of unknown etiology. The possible causes of liver failure of unknown etiology may include occult hepatitis B virus infection, herpesvirus infection, transfusion-transmitted virus infection, hepatitis G virus infection, human parvovirus Bl9 infection, autoimmune and hepatitis. Aciclovir can be considered in the empirical treatment for patients with liver failure of unknown etiology. The mortality in patients with liver failure of unknown etiology is high. The research on the etiology and treatments should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital biliary atresia is considered a neonatal rare disease with multiple causes and phenotypes, whose pathogenesis remains unclear. At present, the etiological study of congenital biliary atresia mainly focuses on viral infection, immune disorder, and dysplasia. This paper summarizes the main etiological hypotheses about congenital biliary atresia nowadays and the connections between them. The research progress provides valuable clues and evidence for the etiology and control of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by chronic and progressive cholestasis, which has a tendency to develop cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of PBC is complicated and still unclear. This paper reviews the atest research progress in mmunological mechanisms and therapies for PBC in recent years, which focuses on the relationship between the development of PBC and autoantibodies, immune cells, and mportant cytokines. The review ndicates that immunological factors play a key role in pathogenesis of PBC, and further research on mmunological mechanisms might be quite mportant for the dentification of pathogenesis and clinical treatment of PBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been confirmed that the body's response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) is not only associated with virus, but also associated with some cytokines and their gene polymorphisms. In this paper, the current research on some cytokines associated with HCV and their gene polymorphisms is reviewed. And it is shown that interleukin - 28B is closely associated with the course and prognosis of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Therefore, it is of great significance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CHC to investigate host cytokines and their gene polymorphisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erlotinib achieves antitumor activity by selective inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor. This paper summarizes the results of phase II - III clinical trials of erlotinib in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Two phase II clinical trials demonstrated the modest antitumor activity of erlotinib alone in patients with HCC. Additionally, two phase II clinical trials conducted in the USA showed the excellent efficacy of erlotinib combined with bevacizumab for HCC, but with an increased risk of variceal bleeding. By contrast, two phase II clinical trials conducted in Asia showed the poor efficacy of erlotinib combined with bevacizumab for HCC. Recently, a randomized controlled phase III trial failed to confirm any substantial improvement in overall survival time in HCC patients treated with sorafenib combined with erlotinib compared with sorafenib alone. Future studies should identify the candidates for erlotinib among patients with HCC based on the clinical and molecular prognostic biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the release of new oral direct - acting antiviral agents (DAAs), the interferon (IFN)- free treatment for hepatitis C comes out, and the clinical efficacy in phase II and III clinical trials is close to cure, which seems to announce the end of the era of hepatitis C. In China, an area of high incidence of hepatitis C, pegylated interferon (PEG - IFN) combined with ribavirin (RBV) (the standard of care) has been the dominant treatment regimen for hepatitis C, and it is uncertain whether it wiil be completely replaced by interferon - free treatment regimen. In this background, this paper analyzes the possible problems of DAAs and the main treatment direction of hepatitis C in China at the present stage based on the history and present situation of treatment of hepatitis C, especially the advantage of PEG - IFN combined with RBV in the treatment of hepatitis C in China, and the research advances in DAAs at home and abroad. It is found that PEG - IFN combined with RBV wiil remain the dominant treatment regimen for chronic hepatitis C at the present stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in patients with characteristics of metabolic syndrome. The main clinicopathological manifestations of NAFLD are fatty degeneration of liver parenchyma cells and fat storage, which can progress to liver cirrhosis and eventually lead to liver failure. Toll - like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. At present, the role of TLR4 in the onset of NAFLD is highly valued by clinical doctors. This paper reviews the structure of TLR4, the composition of TLR4 signaling pathway, the regulation of TLR4 expression, the function of TLR4, and the relationship between TLR4 and NAFLD, suggesting that TLR4 signaling pathway is going to be an important research field in the treatment of NAFLD in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, gut microecology has attracted increasing attention because of its close relationship with the development and progression of various liver diseases and associated complications. The impairment of liver function can disturb gut microecology, whereas the imbalance in gut microecology in turn promotes the aggravation of liver diseases. This paper reviews the relationship between gut microecology and various liver diseases, and discusses the role of modulating gut microecology in the treatment of liver diseases. A new idea is provided for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases based on the modulation of gut microecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in epithelial tissues and most epithelial - derived malignant tumors. EpCAM is associated with cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as tumor development and progression. In recent years, EpCAM has been identified as a stem cell marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This paper elucidates the roles of EpCAM in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC, which shed light on the potential molecular targeted therapy in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infection/clearance and antiviral therapy of hepatitis B virus (HBV) are affected by various factors, such as the host, virus, and environment. Recent studies have proven that interleukin 28B (IL - 28B) polymorphisms are highly associated with the clearance and antiviral therapy of hepatitis C virus. Since then, great attention has been paid to the role of IL - 28B genetic variations in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), with a research focus on the loci rs12979860, rs12980275, and rs8099917. This paper reviews the role of IL - 28B polymorphisms in the infection/clearance of HBV and interferon therapy of CHB. Despite the conflicting findings, IL - 28B polymorphisms are considered to have a potential clinical value in the field of CHB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are 400 million individuals infected with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) all over the world. The management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has been improved markedly over the last decade, primarily due to the availability of oral nucleoside analogue (NA) therapy. Among the numerous NAs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) stands out for its high therapeutic efficacy, low drug resistance, and wide disease spectrum against several types of chronic CHB that can not be cured with NAs. Thus, TDF has been widely used for clinical treatment of chronic HBV infection. This paper describes the efficacy of TDF in naive and treated patients and analyzes its effect on cirrhosis. Furthermore, the safety of TDF therapy is assessed. It is considered that TDF has low resistance rate and high safety, which provides a first - line drug for CHB treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis is one of the final outcomes of chronic hepatitis B and liver fibrosis. Extensive studies have demonstrated that antiviral therapy can slow disease progression, improve clinical outcomes, reduce complications, slow decompensated cirrhosis progression, and improve survival. At present, nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are the most common antiviral agents in the treatment of decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis. This paper introduces effective antiviral agents against decompensated hepatitis B cirrhosis and discusses potential problems in antiviral treatment, suggesting that personalized medication should be achieved on the basis of standardized antiviral treatment in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the source of fibre in the liver which can produce a large number of extracellular matrix via proliferation and activation, and this is the central link of hepatic fibrosis. Following further research on hepatic fibrosis, signal transduction involved in the activation of HSCs have been researched as a pepular topic. This paper generalizes the main signaling transduction pathways involved in activation of HSCs and Hedgehog/Gli pathway, and introduces recent advances in related research. It is promising to make new breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis through in-depth study of these signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the liver is the major iron storage organ in human body, iron metabolism disorder is closely related to chronic hepatitis. So far, the mechanisms underlying iron overload in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) have not been fully elucidated. Highly complex regulation of hepcidin relies on a number of variables, including hepatic inflammatory conditions of different stages, transferrin-bound iron circulation, and intracellular iron storage. All these factors are associated with variations in hepatic iron concentrations among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver disease. This paper discusses the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis, the relationship between CHC and iron metabolism disorder, and the mechanism of inducing iron overload. In-depth understanding about iron homeostasis and the relationship between relevant signaling pathways will contribute to the control and therapy of HCV-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interventional therapy has become the first choice of non - surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to its advantages such as little trauma and marked local effect. However, the clinical efficiency is less than expected. One of the possibilities is the resistance of cancer cells to anti - cancer drugs. Increasing attention has been paid to the combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and interventional therapy in HCC treatment. This paper reviews the progress in TCM combined with interventional therapy for HCC at animal experiment and clinical study levels in recent ten years. It is pointed out that the combination therapy with TCM and intervention for HCC has a unique advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have demonstrated that coagulation function and liver microcirculation disturbance are important in the development and progression of liver diseases. ADAMTS13, also known as von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease, is a metalloproteinase produced by hepatic stellate cells, with major functions to cleave the von Willebrand factor multimers produced by vascular endothelial cells, regulate the adhesive capacity of platelets, and influence the body′s coagulation function and microcirculation. The important role of ADAMTS13 in the pathophysiological processes of various severe liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease after stem cell transplantation, and liver graft dysfunction is reviewed in this paper, and its association with the severity of liver diseases is clarified. Plasma ADAMTS13 is involved in the development and progression of various liver diseases, and measurement of its level and activity can help the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has been widely used to edit the genome in many species and cells. The system is the third generation of artificial endonuclease, which can edit DNA by recognizing short DNA sequences. This paper reviews the structural features of the system and its application in virus research, such as the functional studies of virus - related genes and the exploration of antiviral therapies (including HIV, HBV, and EB virus), looking forward to the future direction of virus research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver resection is the main method of treatment of hepatic space-occupying lesion, and pleural effusion is one of the common complications. With the technological development in recent years, this paper analyzes the pleural effusion after liver resection from the aspects of hypoproteinemia, diaphragm defects, inflammatory response, portopulmonary shunt, and hepatitis B immune complex deposition, summarizes the causes of pleural effusion after liver resection and its preventive measures, and explores the effective ways to reduce the incidence of pleural effusion after liver resection, with the purpose of providing guidance for future clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphoinositide - 3 kinase/protein kinase - B/mammalian target of rapamycin ( PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway is involved in many important biological processes such as cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. And its high - level activation is closely related to the development and progression of many malignant tumors. In this paper, mTOR and PI3K/Akt mTOR signaling pathway are introduced, and their action mechanisms in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma are expounded, and then the role of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of malignant hepatobiliary tumors is briefly described. It is thought that the PI3K/Akt mTOR signaling pathway provides new therapeutic targets for malignant hepatobiliary tumors in advanced stage and the constant development of new mTOR inhibitors provides some new hope for the patients with malignant hepatobiliary tumors in advanced stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

c - Met plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC), which can lead to proliferation, survival, cytoskeleton reorganization, separation and diffusion, and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Moreover, c - Met is an important prognostic factor for HCC. In HCC, c - Met acts as an activator of a series of signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, ERK/ MAPK, and Rac - Pak. In recent years, it has been reported that small - molecule kinase inhibitors can abolish phosphorylation at the intracellular carboxyl terminal of c - Met, and then inhibit the recruitment of signal converters and downstream signaling pathways, which finally achieve anti - tumor activities. Based on the carcinogenic activity of c - Met in HCC, this paper points out that selective inhibitors of c - Met hold promise for targeted therapies for HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is one of the common manifestations in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC). It is the decisive factor leading to severe complications and causes extremely poor prognosis. With the development of molecular biology and imaging techniques, both single and combined therapy modalities, including surgical resection, embolization and chemotherapy, radiation therapy, a variety of ablation therapies, and molecular targeted therapy, have achieved substantial progress. However, there are no guidelines for reasonable and effective treatments. In this paper, new progress in the treatment of HCC with PVTT in recent years is summarized to provide a standardized approach for future treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous improvement of endoscopic technology and equipment, minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stones becomes increasingly diversified. In this paper, the concept of minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stones, surgical indications and contraindications, surgical methods, and the advantages and disadvantages of surgical methods are introduced. It is shown that the application of laparoscope has laid the foundation for the minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stones, and the combined application of choledochoscope and endoscope has brought new ideas for minimally invasive treatment of bile duct stones. The combination of three endoscopes avoids the disadvantages of traditional open surgery: large trauma and long operation time, and reduces the patient's pain and complications. In the near future, the combination of three endoscopes stiil has much room for growth. As long as the indications for several surgeries are mastered and the safety and efficacy are evaluated objectively, the combination of three endoscopes wiil play the biggest role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China, with a very complex mechanism of development and progression. Clusterin (CLU) has been confirmed to play an important role in the development and progression of HCC. This paper reviews the molecular structure and biological function of CLU and its value for early diagnosis of HCC and analyzes its association with multi - drug resistance in chemotherapy and the prospect of targeted therapy. CLU holds promise as a new molecular marker of HCC and the therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic encephalopathy (PE) is one of the severe complications of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Early diagnosis mostly depends on the history of disease as well as clinical symptoms and signs. PE progresses rapidly and is often complicated by multiple organ dysfunction, and it may finally develop into multiple organ failure with a high fatality rate if not treated in time. It is currently known that demyelination is one of the important pathological features of this disease, with fat - soluble demyelination of cerebral gray matter and white matter, as well as inflammatory changes such as hemorrhage and edema. The target antigen of demyelinating lesions, however, is myelin basic protein (MBP). This paper reviews the changes in MBP levels in the demyelinating lesions of the central nervous system among PE patients, with the purpose of providing clues for the early diagnosis and prognostic study of demyelinating lesions in PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of preventing variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis is to reduce portosystemic pressure gradient. Carvedilol is a non -selective beta blocker with selective inhibition of α - 1 receptor and blockage of calcium channel. This paper reviews the role of carvedilol in reducing hepatic venous pressure gradient and preventing variceal bleeding. Analysis has shown that carvedilol is superior to propranolol in reducing portosystemic pressure gradient. Carvedilol may be similar to propranolol or endoscopic ligation for the primary and secondary prevention of variceal bleeding. Further randomized controlled trials with a larger sample size are warranted to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silymarin is a traditional hepatoprotective herb for the adjuvant therapy of liver diseases, which shows marked pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper introduces the action mechanism of silymarin in regulating liver function, ameliorating hepatic fibrosis, protecting pancreatic cells, suppressing the growth of tumor cells, and inhibiting the replication of hepatitis C virus. Silymarin is considered to be a natural medicine with little toxic or side effect at a high dose. It holds promise for anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Hepatology / Linchuang Gandanbing Zazhi is the property of Journal of Clinical Hepatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)