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The need for an effective Human Resources Development is critical for many organisations, especially to those tasked with service provision in the public domain. The purpose of this paper to investigate the challenges In Human Resource Development Implementation within the Botswana Public Sector Setting, with a focus on management perception. The paper was a qualitative study, and utilised content analysis to gather and analyse secondary on the subject matter. The study concluded that there is a need for management should engage personnel matters of employee motivation to ensure that serving in the public sector have the necessary professional and personal development required to service in the public domain. Furthermore, there should be elements of technology introduced in HRD implementation in the public sector setting. The paper recommends that HRD implementation courageous leadership and effective planning be at the forefront from HRD implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing data in the medical sector requires a high level of sensitivity due to the potential risk of violating the fundamental rights and freedoms of data subjects. Medical data is particularly sensitive as it concerns an individual's most intimate sphere, revealing information about their physical and mental health. Regulation 2016/679 defines medical data as personal information related to the physical or mental health of a natural person, including the provision of healthcare services, which discloses information regarding their health status. This clear definition effectively bridges the gap that has existed in defining medical data. Moreover, the classification of medical data as about both physical and mental health is in line with the ruling of the European Court of Justice. The court emphasizes the utmost importance of safeguarding personal data, especially medical data, as a fundamental means of ensuring an individual's right to privacy, as guaranteed under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Domestic legislation will ensure and implement necessary measures to prevent any violation, communication, or dissemination of personal medical data that may contravene the guarantees of Article 8 of the Convention. The Albanian Constitutional Court has acknowledged the core role of sensitive data in private and family life in one of its rulings, following international practices. This paper investigates the definition of sensitive data, its handling within national and international legal frameworks, and how jurisprudence approaches this concept. While it cannot comprehensively cover all aspects related to data protection in healthcare due to the dynamic nature of this topic, it provides a thorough analysis of the subject as it pertains to personal data collection. This paper serves as a starting point for broader debates and further studies. The authors present their perspectives objectively, without subjective evaluations. The methodology employed is analytical and descriptive, and illustrative, thought suitable for achieving the objectives of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this research paper was to investigate the impact of covid-19 pandemic on students learning in higher education and its impact on their mental health: case of Botswana tertiary institution. The findings from the literature revealed that higher education students in Botswana were affected by the impact of covid-19. It was also found out that there day to day wellness and emotional well-being (mental state) of the students in higher education were affected with some having depression, anxiety. In addition, they were need to shift from face to face interaction amongst student with teachers to online teaching platform. The exploration also tackles how student managed pressure. Different studies proved that the use of technology has been considered the most appropriate (if not the only) alternative to keep educational systems functional in many parts of the world, including Botswana. Hence it is established that students need to keep up and adapt to the online teaching to be in track with the educational system, as we all know that Education is the key to success. This research paper comes up with appealing findings and recommendations for future literature on the subject and that can be integrated by social workers who will now have to attend students who have not yet coped with covid-19 trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local government has the right and the ability to regulate and administer an essential part of public affairs under their responsibility and in the interest of the community and the right to plan, finance and organize the exercise of a function. One of the main aspects is the support of local government in finding possible solutions for the financing and implementation of capital investment projects, also through policy improvements at the local level advocated by local government associations. In our legal framework, it is provided that the financing of the local self-government units is made from the revenues provided by taxes, fees and other local revenues, from funds transferred from the State Budget and funds that come directly from the allocation of taxes and national taxes, local borrowing, donations, as well as other sources provided for in the law. On the other hand, this paper will highlight the importance of implementing the principle of equality from the central to the local level, so that the latter can fulfill its functions where one of these functions is the expansion of financing sources. The implementation of local government investment projects depends on their ability to find the necessary funds by combining their own resources and external financing. Debt financing enables municipalities to carry out more infrastructure projects in a short period of time compared to financing from their own funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the role of foreign trade liberalization in the changes occurring on the labor market in Tunisia. A two-equation model for employment and wages was estimated relying on a two-dimensional approach, time and sector. The main results firstly revealed that imports and exports are the least significant variables because of their marginal effect on labor demand, whereas production and delayed employment are the most explanatory variables, without being sector specific. Secondly, the real wage level determination depends on imports and exports which have different short- or long-run effects that are sector dependent (exportable or importable). Moreover, skilled and unskilled workers employment and productivity were found to be explanatory variables that may have a sectoral specification. As for production, it operates differently, depending on the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans have a direct impact on culture evolution. Similar or adaptable behaviour, mindsets and beliefs between people constitute the foundation of social interaction. Facts about topics that are unrealistic to the Albanian culture are being introduced to our society more and more frequently. Differences in opinions, actions, and preferences were largely acknowledged, but the most challenging ones are those related to sexual orientation. This paper aims to address the position of the LGBT community in employment relations in the city of Tirana. Based on the qualitative methodology of research, the author aims to identify the level and degree of prejudice, social exclusion, stigmatization or discrimination of those who are different from the rest of the employees. The paper deals with the aspects of inclusion in the work process of individuals of the LGBT community, from the moment of interviewing until their final employment. Upon the analysis, the author concludes that there is little to no workplace discrimination against members of the LGBT community, with the exception of occasional harassment and incendiary remarks about sexual orientation which only occur when people are first confronted with the reality of their situation. No employee from the LGBT community has ever had their employment terminated because of their sexual orientation. The paper also provides a number of recommendations to the Albanian government, groups that defend their rights, and the LGBT community itself in an effort to raise societal awareness of their acceptance and equal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aims to address the significance of risk management and cybersecurity while exploring the interconnections between the adoption of digitalization and risk management. Additionally, the study seeks to highlight the accelerated pace of digitalization within organizations over the past three years, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has led to an increased number of organizational risks and cyberattacks. From a theoretical standpoint, this paper demonstrates the close relationship between risk management and digitalization, as the latter introduces both new risks and opportunities that necessitate effective risk management strategies. The transformative impact of digitalization on business operations, communication, and information exchange is evident, as it enables easier access and sharing of data on a global scale. However, this increased connectivity also amplifies the risk of cybersecurity threats, data breaches, and other digital risks. These risks can have profound implications for organizations, including financial repercussions, damage to brand reputation, and loss of customer trust. To explore the concepts of risk management and digitalization, this research utilizes bibliometric techniques to analyze existing literature. Structured reviews and content analysis are then employed to identify the connections between these two concepts. Furthermore, the relationship between risk management and digitalization is visualized using VOS Viewer software, a commonly used tool in academia for conducting network analysis of concepts. This paper also provides statistical data related to the analyzed concepts, offering valuable insights to researchers, scholars, managers, and entrepreneurs regarding the current digital risk management model and its potential impact. The findings of this study contribute to bridging the existing gap in the literature and provide a foundation for further exploration of the dynamic interplay between risk management, digitalization, and cybersecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of monetary policy depends on the ability of the central bank to stabilise the financial markets. The monetary policy is more potent during financial crises because a massive monetary policy must provide in the economies to adjust the money supply and avoid deflation. The objective of this paper is to examine the instruments of the monetary policy in front of crisis. In this paper, we present the origins and effects of the financial crisis and examine the monetary policy of European Central Bank and Federal Reserve in front of crisis especially the 2008 financial crisis and the European debt crisis. In the empirical analysis, we calculate the probability and density of the liability of open market paper in period of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual harassment in the workplace is a pervasive issue that affects millions of individuals and organizations worldwide. It undermines the dignity and well-being of victims, disrupts workplace culture, and exposes organizations to legal and financial consequences. A primary reason for the pervasiveness of sexual harassment in the workplace is that women regard sexual behavior in the workplace as unacceptable and improper, while men more often view the same conduct as proper and jointly desired1.Conduct in the workplace that many men view as commonplace and acceptable may insult women co-workers. Furthermore, when some women lodge complaints against male co-workers' or supervisors because of what they perceive as offensive workplace conduct, they are frequently advised that such conduct should be expected in the workplace. This paper highlights the importance of recognizing sexual harassment as a criminal offense, understanding the challenges in prosecution, and implementing comprehensive measures to create a safe and respectful work environment. It discusses the definitions and types of sexual harassment, the impact on victims and the workplace, the criminalization of such behavior across various jurisdictions, and prevention strategies. The paper also highlights high-profile cases with criminal offense implications, providing recommendations for addressing workplace sexual harassment more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper will give an overview of the entire fundamental, social rights and freedoms fixed on the Albanian Constitution. Part of the article will be focused on the comparative study on the reform of social assistance legislation from 90ties till now and the transformations which affected mostly the target of vulnerable people and victims of violence. Through a comparative study of social assistance laws, the evaluations of the achieved results of their implementation, the paper aims to achieve some reflections and critical opinions on what need to be improved and how the stakeholder should act to fulfill their duties. In Albania [World Bank (2018)], the economic aid scheme constitutes 25% of social aid and this occupies 1.35% of GDP. In 2019, 73.5% of Economic aid beneficiaries represent 30% of the poorest part of the population (ISTAT). The World Bank notes that the treatment with economic aid of approximately 9% of the population in the country, with poverty levels at 30.8% of the population, requires an emergency intervention with long-term social policies. INSTAT data shows that, women are more at risk of living in poverty than men at the level of 23.8% versus 22.2%. The victims of domestic violence as beneficiaries benefits only 0.2% of Economic Aid funds, which constitutes 0.5% of the total EA fund for 2020. As long as the law connects the right to monetary compensation with the status of a victim of domestic violence, obtained by a final court decision without paying attention to the socioeconomic situation, the levels of poverty will be higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a very real global phenomenon, which requires urgent solutions both at the international level and at the level of each domestic legal order. The climate crisis and the fight for women's rights have more in common than it seems at first sight, as climate change reinforces discrimination against women in dealing with issues related to sustainable development. After having identified some effects of climate change on women's rights, this paper is going to explore in detail the direct and indirect links between notions of gender, sustainable development and Climate Change, with a view to formulating appropriate proposals for the improvement of international policies for the protection of women's rights. While efforts are already palpable towards mainstreaming gender in international level, the desired "parity" or "representativeness" of women is not still an acquired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this paper, the author analyzes the nature of medical leave granted under the conditions of Emergency Ordinance no. 158/2005 on leave and social health insurance benefits and under Law no. 136/2020 on the establishment of measures in the field of public health at epidemiological and biological risk. The paper is divided into two sections, the first aimed at identifying the nature of medical leave as regulated in Romanian legislation, and the second following the particularities of medical leave granted in case of infection with Sars-CoV-2. Finally, brief conclusions were drawn regarding the reliability of the regulatory framework regarding medical leave for quarantine or isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze gender based discrimination, defined as discrimination that affects a person due to gender. Gender based discrimination can affect both women and men even men. Therefore, the paper focuses on gender equality in the employment relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this theoretical paper is to build a proposal which can help to overcome the problem that online platforms misclassify their workers as independent contractors, thus depriving them of traditional employment benefits. The article uses insights mainly from labour and employment law literature to develop the concept that the current default presumption – that the gig worker is an independent contractor – should be changed. It supports the argument that the rebuttable presumption in favour of an employment relationship should be established when dealing with workers who carry out work through Internet platforms but in a real (not virtual) world. Judges in common law countries could take as starting points the ‘dependency’ test and the ‘right to control’ test while judges in civil law countries could primarily rely on the ‘concept of subordination’. The indicia mentioned in the ILO’s Employment Relationship Recommendation, 2006 (no. 198) could be helpful in determining the gig worker’s status. The legal qualification of a relationship as one of employment or self-employment can be conducted by using the typological method consisting in recognising and identifying which features – those typical/specific for employment relationship or for self-employment – prevail (prevailing features/dominant features). Finally, the author comments on a long-awaited proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on improving working conditions in platform work (of 9 December 2021), according to which, under certain circumstances all platform workers would be considered employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this paper, the author analyzes the legislative framework that regulates the work schedule for judges. The paper is divided into three sections, the first aimed at the express regulation of the flexible work schedule for judges in the legislation prior to the new internal Rules of Procedure of the courts, and the second aims at analyzing the current regulatory framework, while the author aims to provide a key interpretation for current regulation, in the light of the tendency of judges to work more flexibly. The third section is related to the conclusions, being proposed some solutions of lege ferenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this paper, the author analyzes the rest time, as regulated in the first Romanian Labor Code, adopted in 1950. The paper is divided into three sections, the first aimed at identifying rest time regulations in the legislation prior to the first Labor Code, the second on the analysis of the provisions of the Labor Code 1950 and the third containing considerations on the acceptance of the provisions regarding the rest time in the Labor Codes of 1972 and 2003.Finally, brief conclusions were drawn regarding the evolution of the legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote work has become a constant reality in Europe. During the pandemic we witnessed some major changes related to work provided through information technology, but, correlatively, we noticed the emergence of new problems, not properly treated until that moment, such as computer fatigue, loneliness, social distancing, lack of group cohesion, burn-out, etc. Along with the reconfiguration of the manner in which work is provided, the European institutions proposed the adoption of protective measures for workers against the inherent risks of the digital environment, and the right to disconnect is such a measure. This paper analyzes, in the first part, the reconfiguration of some classic notions of labor law, such as working time and rest time, and in the second part, the proposal for a directive formulated by the European Parliament, through the Resolution of January 21, 2021, regarding the right to disconnect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting is an art and the accuracy of macroeconomic forecasting requires understanding the interplay between measurement and theory and between the current state and the future of macroeconomic forecasting. Forecasting provides the opportunity to exploit a riche base of information and the past few years have seen considerable progress towards the goal of exploiting the wealth of data. Despite this enormous progress, the macro econometric models have had little effect on practical macroeconomic forecasting and policymaking. The objective of this paper is to examine the evolution of macroeconomic models and its role in forecasting. In this paper, we present the macroeconomic approaches and examine the evolution of macroeconomic models and methods of estimation. In the empirical analysis, we analyse and estimate the American economy with the model of Klein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The institution of "legal action" finds legal regulation in the Civil Code: "Legal action is the legal manifestation of the will of a natural or legal person that aims to create, change or extinguish civil rights and obligations". Legal actions can be considered as manifestations of the will to achieve certain goals, the legal consequences of which consist in the creation, change or extinction of legal situations, through which the autonomy of subjects is realized in private law. The sale contract, as one of the types of legal actions, is one of the most used contracts in civil circulation, with which the majority of commercial actions and civil legal actions are performed. Sales contracts, in not a few cases, are the cause of many problems, the object of conflicts that are dealt with and that require solutions in different legal ways. In this paper, through the theoretical treatment, supported by the literature review, we will try to present the meaning of the sales contract, its features and elements according to the Albanian legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freedom from forced or compulsory labour is one of the most important of the human rights coming within the sphere of competence of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Nowadays, forced labour is present in some form on all continents, in almost all countries, and in every kind of economy. Much forced labour today is in the informal economy, in remote or hidden locations in developing and industrialized countries alike. Forced labour, slavery and trafficking in persons have been issues of concern for the international community since the nineteenth century. While these concepts overlap in practice, they are defined separately in international law. It is presented a causal relationship between forced labour and some social phenomens. As a result, through Albanian case, this paper aims to identify the newst forms of forced labour and the way of prevetion according to different social economic context.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is precisely the theoretical-practical treatment of the employment contract under the Labor Code. The employment contract is an important legal instrument. The parties in agreement with each other determine their rights and obligations. The contract has great importance for the employer and it is necessary for him to be recognized with his position in the company and institution. This paper will try to express the concept and the importance of the employment contract and the rights of employees by regulating their relationship through the employment contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a multidimensional evaluation model based on various dimensions of port performance by integrating the expectations of all stakeholders and aimed at evaluating the overall performance of the commercial port of Sfax to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the port network with a view to improve the port service. To assess the performance, measurements must be taken for all dimensions: commercial, operational, financial, organizational, social, civic, stakeholder relations, value-added services, interconnections of intermodal infrastructures and integration practices. Each of the dimensions of port performance is expressed through several items that constitute the performance criteria. These items were also selected based on the literature review and the comments collected during the interviews with port stakeholders. These criteria were then structured around the factors identified in a principal component factor analysis (PCFA) based on the responses to a questionnaire submitted to the port stakeholders. Therefore, this article focuses mainly on the empirical aspects related to our problematic where we will examine econometrically, using the Tobit model, the positive impact of the various dimensions of port performance on the global performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profession of notary is a very important link in terms of legal relations, especially civil and commercial ones. The notary is a representative of the state, who has the duty to control the full and free will of persons, who want to receive a notary service. It appears to be a guarantee of the state to prevent possible conflicts for which the parties can claim to the prosecutor office or court. The role of the notary is to be impartial in order to create public credibility and to advise the parties on the legality of the legal action that indent to be established. Notary services are very early in terms of their beginnings. We can say that even today there are many similarities between notary services today and those offered in the beginnings of this profession. The notary has always been a representative of the state and a man that was well acquainted with the laws of the country and due to this kind of activity or its formation is considered an elite function. In terms of its function, the notary is considered a public function, but due to the need to have faster and more services and at more flexible schedules than those provided by the state administration, it is provided privately. For this reason, it is considered a free profession and is subject to legal provisions governing the activity of traders and companies and at the same time is considered a taxable entity. Unlike many other free professions, that of a notary has a character that can be considered "sui generis" for the reasons shown above. In the present research paper, through a legal assessment, special attention has been given to public notary acitivity in the Albanian legislation, aiming to analyze the legal provisions which regulate it, in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine issues related to the management of conflicts in the in the organization under the education sector. It focuses on alerting readers on the vitality of communication in managing conflicts. Furthermore, the most insertion of this paper is on the exploration of the nature of conflict in schools, its causes and techniques and redress. In today's rapidly changing world, where different people with different cultures work together, workplace conflict is likely to occur. A lot of managers do not have the technical competence processes in place to cab it. It is essential and unavoidable because where there is human interaction, there is likelihood of personal likes and dislikes. These agreements and disagreements usually lead to conflicts which are either positive or negative. Schools like other organizations are prone to one or other type of conflict and various conflict management strategies are adopted for handling conflict; the most among these being, intervention, negotiation, avoidance and collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-pecuniary damage in itself is related with the human being, in his inner moral, biological and existential aspect. Compensation for non-pecuniary damage and its study are of great importance. Logically, it may be raised the question: What about the individual as a human being, can he/she be valued? According to Aristotle, justice is an instrument of adapting the law to the concrete case. Whereas, referring to Scholasticism, justice is the rule of the concrete case. Through the above statements, we understand that for Aristotle justice stood in the "beyond" view of the concrete case, defining the applicable norms from the right "law" ideal, whereas for the jurists of Scholasticism, justice stood in the "inside" view of the concrete case, emphasizing all those features that justified an adaptation with the pre-existing norms, but never the creation of new norms. Therefore, it seemed that the individual was valuable for what he/she was, not for what he/she produced. In this situation, it was deemed necessary to be found a standard economic value and the compensation of the damage occurred to be personalized based on defined criteria. In the present research paper, through a legal assessment, special attention has been paid to the biological damage in the Italian legislation, aiming to analyze the legal provisions and he judicial practice of the Italian courts in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavours to investigate various collective practices in the three SADC countries being: Botswana, Lesotho and Namibia. Collective bargaining has served as an important icon for democracy, a device for increasing workers income, improving working conditions and reducing inequality, a means for ensuring fair employment relations and a source of workplace innovation, moreover the number of workers belonging to trade unions has declined in many countries and global economic integration has tipped bargaining power in favour of employers. One of the most important recommendations provided is that in both countries they should be annual conferences on collective bargaining as a way of identifying and formulating responses to industrial relations challenges and also these countries should hold regular effective communications between trade unions and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treaties are divided into three main categories: contracting, participation in construction and sales treaties. Based on the author's opinion, the most important causes of disputes in construction treaties include disputes arising from contractual and legal interpretations, disputes arising from changes, delays, costs and time, and disputes arising from the economic fluctuations. The main question of the paper is what are the fundamental roots of disputes in the construction treaty. In response to this question, according to the research conducted in the paper's text, it is stated that the main cause of disputes or roots is in the time of the tender and it is either when before and during or after the tender process; or unpredictable factors such as economic changes and fluctuations from the beginning to the end of the project or other delays and changes that occur in the project and the project has undergone changes and as a result has faced differences due to delays and changes. The legal flaws in the law, including the Civil Code, which is legal and it can be said that all jurists are more or less fluent in its issues, have flaws that have been partially addressed in specific laws and the parties can do so when concluding a treaty place in the text of your treaty. Also, the damages in construction treaties were identified as much as possible: the causes and factors of their emergence were investigated, as well as strategies to prevent such disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the weakness of the Botswana Public Service's Performance Appraisal System particular as regards errors and biases committed by public sector managers responsible for the evaluation of employee performance. Performance management systems should be built on the premise that the vast majority of people come to work to do their best for themselves and for the organisation. Management's role is to support them, help them understand what their best has to be, and how they can develop themselves as individuals. This paper therefore endeavours to come up with recommendations on how public sector managers can improve the out com9e of performance appraisal thus improve the overall organisational performance. Performance appraisal system used in isolation cannot improve performance or productivity. However, once deficiencies or inadequacies are identified and rectified within the current performance appraisal system, then the effective implementation of performance management can take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disputes in the treaties may arise for a variety of reasons, and these disputes can lead to a waste of time and increased costs in almost of projects due to the lack of a proper legal procedure; therefore, identifying and preventing the occurrence of the treaties in the construction treaties can increase productivity and achieve the goals of the treaties. In this regard the authors have been tried to examine the common legal disputes and claims in the construction treaties and the roots cause of the reasons of disputes, as well as to find solutions to prevent disputes in the construction treaties. In the case of building sales treaties, it is considered that the lawsuits are related to the difference in area of the property being traded and the non-determination of the price at the time of concluding the transaction. As well as, by examining the legal and engineering dimensions, it is possible to predict practical and realistic problems in the form as much as possible; because as stated in some recent research by experts in this domain and the requirement to start the paper, most of the differences are occurred when signing the treaty and due to lack of knowledge, awareness and mastery of the parties to the treaties, both legal and engineering issues. In fact, this paper consists of several sections that describes the prevention of disputes and dispute resolution methods in the construction treaties in accordance with the relevant case laws in Iran in several speeches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexibility of work has become, paradoxically, a balancing factor in the continuity of activities during the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic, established since 11.03.2020. With the restriction of individual freedoms, measures have been imposed to adapt the traditional legal framework to new epidemiological realities. This paper examines in the first section the general framework and practical ways to achieve work flexibility in Romania, prior to March 2020. In the second section, the measures taken since March 2020 in Romanian legislation, for the same purpose will be analyzed, followed by brief conclusions on their peculiarities seen as a reaction to pandemic restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the employment has continuously changed over the years, recognizing more rights to the employees, due to its economic and social implications, as well it complexity and importance. One of the most sensitive, analyzed and elaborated issues in the labor legislation today is the termination of the employment contract. Over the years, the traditional rules governing the employment contract were characterized by a formal symmetry of each party’s rights to terminate the contract of employment, by giving notice, without the need to provide justification in its regard. Nevertheless, the consequences were different for each contractual party: termination of the employment contract by the Employee is a fundamental right, which can be exercised upon their free and full will and results in most of the cases not convenient for the Employer, meanwhile the termination of the employment contract by the Employer results in insecurity and lack of income for an uncertain period of time. This paper aims to focus on the termination of the individual employment contract, mainly on its legal regulation during an inappropriate time, such as annual leave, during and after maternity leave and temporary health disability under Albanian Labor Code and court practice in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of foreign aid in promoting growth and development in general is a debatable issue and remains unsettled at both the theoretical and empirical level. It is evident that the African continent has substantially received large amounts of foreign aid since the 1960s, but little improvement has taken place or observed in its socio-economic development. This essay considers the statement as to whether foreign aid is a blessing or a curse to Africa. Uganda will be used as a cases study in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to evaluate the employee relations model for the Botswana Public Service Sector by looking at the current practices compared to what it ought or suitable to be as per the unavoidable ever-changing working environment. The employee relations practices in Botswana public sector and policies formulated and implemented since the attainment of independence in September 1966 rarely makes reference to the manner in which organizational culture really impact in the attainment of goals and objectives. The aim is to identify arrears of concern that need attention as far as the employment relation dynamics are concerned. It will critically look in to the practices that are suitable enough to develop recommendable employee relations that is effective in order to sustain good working relationships in the public sector. The public sector is experiencing more of threats and weaknesses which pose major problems to the country's ability to compete globally in terms of providing public service. It is therefore important to investigate and come up with strategies that will improve and yield a long lasting working relationship between the employee and the employer. At the end of the study it should be possible to realise that even though the public sector's number one priority is not making profits, effective employment relations are key in any organisation to yield an effectiveness corporate culture that will benefit all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development of land use is determined by changes of the regional supply of Land Use Functions (LUFs) and the demand of future societal land use claims. LUFs are based on the ecosystem services concept, but more adapted to human land use. In this paper, we assessed 3 scenarios towards sustainable development in djerba in southest Tunisia in order to understand on Participatory assessment of the vulnerability of the fishing sector to climate change. For this, we extended an analytical framework designed to confront LUFs with land use claims identified in multi-level stakeholder strategies in a participatory manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper endeavour to investigate the influence of Human resource Management as a function in the promotion of effective labour relations in the Botswana Public Sector setting. Principle to the interface between management and employee relations is the mediatory role that requires a sound professional and unbiased human resource management practices. Human Resource Management (HRM) is an umbrella term used to describe the management and improvement of employees in an organization. HRM remains pivotal to the employee relations in an organisation including the public sector environment. Human resource as function facilitate a positive relationship between employees and hence have a very big influence on the whole performance of the organization. Although HRM is key to the performance of organizations in the sense that it brings employees together, employee and employer and the whole professional and otherwise development of the staff as well as the company, little is still known about how HRM contributes to ER and productivity. (Raeder, 2014), said until now very little is known about how HRM practices influence ER and the details of how that influence increases productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its natural and archaeological potential and its position on the border with Algeria, the Kasserine governorate remains economically and socially disadvantaged, despite some progress made since independence. Since 2012, this governorate has been ranked last in socio-economic development. Indeed, this area recorded a regional development index of 0.16 against 0.50 for Médenine, 0.69 for Ariana and 0.76 for Tunis. Then, in 2018, this index remained the last ranking at the national level with a value of 0.41 against 0.530 for Médenine, 0.620 for Ariana and 0.630 for Tunis (ITCEQ, 2018). This paper consists of an analysis of the development situation in the Governorate of Kasserine, after the revolution of January 14, 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the public sector trade unions rivalry in Botswana and its impact on union-employer relationship. The place of trade unions in socio-economic setup decides about more pluralistic or corporatist of a democratic institution. The biggest contention that that led to the simmering and skirmishes is premised on the issue of who should legitimately represent public servants at the newly formed Botswana Public Sector Bargaining Council. There are several evils in union rivalries. First, they lead to jurisdictional contests, which may harm innocent and neutral employers as well as the public. Second, they limit the extent to which unions can discipline their members and make their commitments effective. Third, they limit the effectiveness of the labor movement in influencing the course of public affairs. Fourth, they result in unsympathetic publicity, which whips up sentiment in favor of punitive legislation. Such legislation may be harmful to the cause of legitimate, responsible trade unionism. This paper therefore recommends strategies for the promotion of peace in the Botswana Public Service Sector. It is strongly recommended that the warring parties must unite against the employer as opposed to being disunited and weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirituality in organizations is a research field that has not attracted much interest from Francophone researchers in management science. In fact, this new trend is very developed in North America but goes unnoticed in France and in francophone countries. The lack of French scientific papers on this topic lead us to provide a theoretical basis for further researches. This paper aims to clarify concepts of spirituality, religion and spirituality at work place as a socio-ideological dimension. We try also to correlate the concept of spirituality managerial aspects in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision to send a preliminary reference to the ECJ belongs to the national judge, if there is a doubt on the interpretation of a rule contained in an European Union act. The article argues on the need for a uniform interpretation by the ECJ on the provisions on daily rest of the Directive 2003/88/EU. The paper analyses the factual and legal situation in the context of preliminary reference principles on the necessity to send preliminary question. It also details the legal analysis of the provisions on daily rest, the discussion being about the general framework of regulation by directive and the impossibility of applying the rules on direct effect. The analysis contains also references to the Romanian national caselaw both from the perspective of the preliminary references made having as object the Directive 2003/88 / EC as well as the reference to art. 3 of this European act before the Romanian national courts. Finally, the author focuses on the European level by analysing the views of the European institutions on the application of article 3 and of the interpretations given by now on working time and rest time, especially as they come from the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of mother tongue in second language learning has been the focus of many discussions and debate among many theorists. It is a popular belief that first language has an effect on the second language acquisition, and it is claimed that L1 can interfere with the acquisition of L2. It is also believed that the role of L1 in the L2 depends on some similarities and differences between the two languages. This research paper aims to summarize some difficulties that second language learners may face to learn English. It has tried to find out factors that play an important role in the acquisition of second language and presents the similarities and differences between the first language and second language acquisition. Furthermore, this paper examines language transfer while learning and teaching EFL, respectively the language interference in the written and spoken English of Albanian students. The analysis of these transfer patterns aims at explaining the written English production by Albanian students, namely, how it is influenced by their mother tongue (Albanian) and what types of changes have taken place in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European integration is a very important process in Albania being accompanied with many requests that asks for implementing the right answers. One of these requests, in order to reach out the European values, is the fair recruitment in public administration Even though, the profile of employees in public administration is strongly related to the inside power of government and national framework, the public administration performance as a whole is a key dimension of being dressed with EU standards. The public administration reform, which started in 2013 is still a prolong process, which keeps improving also the recruitment in public administration. Basically, the most crucial changes are referred to civil service system. This paper aims to: analyze some issues of the approximation level of Albanian legislation towards recruitment according to EU standards; presenting some alternatives on how this process can be improved by strengthening institutional cooperation; giving some practical issues for recruitment in local governance, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aim to analyse one of the main concept of relationship marketing, respectively costumer's costumer relationship. Exploring relationship with customer is a complex issue because costumers despite they are individuals or are business have different perception about building good relationship, meanwhile their relationship are influenced from many different factors. In this paper we tried to find out some of the factors that have made Philips lightning company with Enviroconcept in the context of successful relationship. Until now there is lack of study in this field of relationship in the context of costumer's costumers and this will be research based in the scientifically way which will shred light in the existing discipline but new way of treatment of B2B relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of fiscal policy on private consumption. The results of our estimations shows that the size and sign of fiscal multipliers, of public consumption and tax revenues depend on fiscal policy changes. They indicate that households tend to behave in non-keynesian manner during fiscal expansions or contractions. Our results suggest that private consumption function react in a non-linear fashion to fiscal policy changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the digitization of the labor market in Albania is a relatively new process, through its analysis it is possible to identify some of the challenges and problems that this process faces and that must be resolved. Among them can be listed (i) the drafting of the legal framework, aiming for the labor legislation to create appropriate, encouraging and effective conditions for its development, (ii) the construction of the regulatory framework for the labor market with the objective of reducing discriminatory effects that digitization generates for certain categories of the active labor force, (iii) support for the development of capacities and professional skills in the active labor force to respond to the demands of the digitized labor market; (iv) interventions in the legislation and in the mechanisms operating in the digitized labor market to protect personal data and to adapt the national labor market to the regional and global labor market; (v) arrangements for the proportional distribution of the benefits that digitization brings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed at scrutinizing how Botswana (Democratic State) a politically stable country for the first time since independence terminated contract for essential services section in Government abruptly, due to conditional salary increase of 5% increase, hence Trade Unions proposing an increase from 16% to 13.8%, this was during Lt General Ian Khama Seretse Khama's presidency. Failing to reach consensus, employees resorted to national strike which took eight weeks. "Ignorance of the law excuses not" and "ignorance of the law excuses no one" respectively; essential services employees, in terms of the Trade Dispute Act 2003, Cap 28: 02, (Laws of Botswana) every party to a dispute of interest has the right to strike or lockout if all the requisites of a lawful strike prescribed by the Act have been met. Even though every employee has the right to strike, it was argued that the industrial action by some of the employees was unlawful as they are classified as essential service employees. Therefore, the above statement abrupt essential services workers to strike, despite employee's grievances. In this scenario, the unions have to be blamed for not assisting the essential workers to understand the repercussion of (strike) consequences of crossing the law's path "ignorance of the law excuses not" and "ignorance of the law excuses no one" respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the purposes of translation is to produce texts of various kinds, such as religious, literary, scientific and philosophical texts from one language to another, in order to offer readers information with different interests. However, the process of translation involves not only word by word translation, but there many aspects to be taken into consideration. If language were a community of universal concepts, it would be easier to translate from the source language to the target one; moreover, the process of learning another language would be easier than it actually is. Among the most problematic factors involved in literary translation such as meaning, form, style, proverbs, idioms and many other elements, specific cultural concepts are another important point, for which the translator must follow certain procedures and strategies in order to obtain a translation as original as possible with the original text. Thus, this paper presents different thoughts and theories regarding the transmission of idioms, proverbs and phraselogical units from the source language to the language of translation, and it tries to analyze the source cultural expressions, which are conveyed in the translated text with the same semantic value from Albanian to English, and all the examples are taken by the book "Palace of Dreams" written by Albanian writer, Ismail Kadare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undeclared labor has become an increasingly present phenomenon nowadays. Due to the pandemic context, there has been a transition towards working from home or under telework regime. These particular forms of individual labor contracts allow for greater flexibility in terms of the place where a natural person works but, on the downside, they allow the parties to disguise the agreement or to avoid fulfilling the formalities imposed by the Law, such as concluding the contract in a written form and registering its elements in the General Record of Employees. In light of the aforementioned, we aim to identify if the labor inspectors have effective means of identifying the cases of undeclared labor when natural persons are working remotely. Through this paper, in the first section, we discuss the legal background both at the national as well as at the international level, in order to shed light on the concept of undeclared work. The following two sections will be dedicated to analysing if the inspection has any perspective of being an effective mean of identifying the situations of undeclared labor. Finally, several directions of action are contoured -- as de lege ferenda proposals -- so as to tackle the issue of undeclared work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competency frameworks are a factor for reconciling academic and nonacademic worlds through the formalization of skills and kownledges. Therefore, they help recognition of one's capabilities to exercise its activites. This paper exposes an approach to implement a competency framework as part of a two year training course to an audience of professionnals wishing to improve their skills in ICT sector. Firstly, our approach aims C2I2- MI certification by integrating a competency-oriented engineering in the training courses in three complemenary ways: engineering training, instructional design and engineering teaching. This allow us to propose a competency development fully integrated in the training course by mixing training goals and C2I2MI competency objectives. Finally, this paper presents means developed to help learners to make recognize and value in their business the competencies improved (or developed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the fact that evolution has occurred in the European integration process, by passing on the idea of unitary integration of the member states to accept the idea of differentiation in Member States' commitments in the EU, the paper analyzes the enhanced cooperation as a means of differentiation in the EU legal order. The paper explores the legal regime for enhanced cooperation currently existing in the European Union and, in particular, perspectives of using this tool as a solution to overcome the impasse and deepening European integration in the current political context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a research that analyzes the sociodemographic impact and initial acquisitions on the internal efficiency of Congolese higher education, based on data drawn from a survey of students in the Faculty of Economics (FSE) at the Marien NGOUABI University. The logistical model confirms the effectiveness of the C baccalaureate, while the technical baccalaureate is the least recommended. Living with a partner, wealthier social origins and residence outside the university residence of students would have a very significant beneficial effect. These results recommend an indepth analysis of the living conditions of the campus residents in order to implement an effective student housing and social assistance policy. They also plead in favor of a better high school / university pedagogical transition and finally the broadening and deepening of the evaluation analyzes of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]