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Abstract This work demonstrates a novel-type paper-based solid electrolyte (PBSE) and its application in Al-air battery, which is targeted for miniwatt applications. Benefited from the solid-form electrolyte, a liquid-free operation of the Al-air battery is realized, eliminating the potential leakage hazard and therefore improving the battery practicability. The PBSE is prepared by impregnating gel electrolyte into porous cellulose paper, followed by a solution casting process to solidify the gel. The as-prepared PBSE can either be used in mechanical rechargeable Al-air batteries, or be integrated into single-use flexible Al-air batteries. Currently the PBSE can achieve a moderate battery performance with a peak power density of 3.8 mW cm-2 and an Al specific capacity of 900.8 mA h g-1. Properties of the PBSE can be further improved by a comprehensive parametric study on its fabrication parameters, such as gel concentration, casting temperature, casting time, porosity and pore size of paper substrate, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In remote areas, such as India, Africa and Southeast Asia, typically not connected to the natural gas distribution network, tissue paper production is currently carried out using a Yankee cylinder and two hot air hoods heated with saturated steam produced in conventional boilers. In this way the drying air is heated at medium temperature, around 160-180 °C, with consequent low levels of dried paper production. In this context, the present study intends to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of using a wood biomass fixed bed downdraft gasification plant for the production of syngas to be used as fuel in gas hoods, in order to reach high drying temperatures (around 500 °C), comparable with those of the current modern hoods powered with natural gas. Using previously developed calculation codes, an evaluation of energy performance of the paper drying system and of the gasification plant has been performed. The present study also evaluates the possibility of applying a CHP plant, powered by biomass, for the production of steam and electric, this last obtained adopting a steam turbine, thus covering all the electrical and thermal needs of the paper mill. Results show that, for a paper mill with a production of about 80 t/day of paper, two gasification reactors with a thermal output of about 1.95 MWt, and a consumption of dry biomass of 0.86 t/h, are required. For the steam system, the net electric power needed to meet the needs of the paper mill is about 3100 kW with a consumption of 4.72 t/h of moist biomass and a net efficiency of 23.9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the economic and environmental benefits of recovered paper and potential contribution of the recovered paper to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Vision 2030. The Vision 2030 is an inclusive development policy, recently launched, with the objectives to build the best future for the country. The Vision 2030 is based on three ambitious goals: making the country a vibrant society, a thriving economy and an ambitious nation. It is estimated that by 2030, 5.05 million ton of waste paper would be recovered in the country. About 11.3 billion SAR (US $3.01 billion) would be added to the country’s GDP and would create about 16,536 new jobs if the recovered paper industry is built in the country. Moreover, a net environmental benefit of 9.6 million crude barrel oil savings and 4.5 million ton of CO 2 savings from GHG emissions could be achieved by 2030 only from the paper waste recovery in the country. The potential benefits of paper waste recycling in KSA highlight the needs of effective measures to optimize the economic and environmental opportunities inherited in the waste paper industry. These measures should focus on capitalizing the local waste paper processing industry, restrict the export of raw waste paper materials, and enhance the waste paper collection process and quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify the indicators needed to analyze the competitiveness of major countries' energy technologies and to conduct empirical analysis accordingly. In this paper, nine measurement variables were derived as an index centered on patents and papers for energy technology competitiveness analysis. For each of the nine set measurement variables, the index for each of the major energy technologies (photovoltaics, fuel cells, and secondary batteries) was calculated, compared, and analyzed for each of the eight major countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the production and expansion potential of Pulp and Paper Industry is an important indicator of social and economic development. The Pulp and Paper Industry is one of the largest carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emitters in world manufacturing. The industry emits GHG emissions around 10% or approximately 20.5 Mt of CO 2 by Thai manufacturers. Investigations of GHG abatement using CO 2 Abatement Cost Curves (ACC) can be used as a tool for investigating GHG reduction measures and technologies in the Pulp and Paper Industry. The results of this study assesses the cost-effectiveness and the total technical potential for carbon dioxide emission reduction in this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green Energy efficiency is becoming more important because of the resulting cost reduction and image of green society which helps to enhance competitiveness in a globalized green market. Pulp and paper manufacturing is a large-scale industry which is generally regarded as important for national development. The Pulp and Paper industry consumes approximately 2.5% of total industrial energy consumption in Thailand by 44 factories distributed throughout the country. Therefore, energy efficiency improvement can play a significant role in the industry. Investigations of the cost effectiveness of energy efficiency measures and technologies using bottom-up Conservation Supply Curve (CSC) in the pulp and paper mill process are required. This study examines the concept, methodology, and the usefulness of the energy conservation supply curve, and the potential to create the appropriate energy policies to the Thai Pulp and Paper Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential health and environmental impacts associated with the improper management of chemically treated wood waste demands the adoption of recycling, and disposal practices. Chemically treated wood waste has several physical and chemical properties which makes it usable for the manufacture of another product to multiple use, among which the production of paper and fuel. This paper presents the initial life cycle assessment (LCA) study on wood waste used for paper production. The study boundary is limited with raw materials (raw wood or waste wood) processing and paper production itself, thus corresponds to “gate-to-gate” life cycle with a special focus on life cycle inventory data on waste wood treatment via hydrolysis process. The results of the analysis demonstrate competitiveness of the waste wood use for paper production vs. raw wood in such environmental categories as human health and ecosystem quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an essential contributor to the mitigation of climate change. CCS will require vast CO 2 storage capacity. At present only geological storage is being considered. This paper revisits an alternative CO 2 storage possibility in enclosed basins on the deep and very deep ocean floor. For example, the Indonesian Sunda trench, the Japanese Ryukyu trench and the Puerto Rico trench are more than 6 km deep. If liquid CO 2 were to be placed in such a trench, it would be 7% more dense than seawater and could remain permanently as a lake of liquid CO 2 on the ocean floor, possibly becoming a solid hydrate over time which could inhibit mixing between the stored CO 2 and ocean currents. At depths greater than about 4 to 5 km metres, seawater is under-saturated in calcium carbonate, so ocean ecosystems are significantly different. Any impact on deep marine fauna would need to be investigated. The London Dumping Convention has provisions for disposal of material into the ocean provided the absence of adverse effects can be proven. Deep ocean CO 2 entrapment is more certain than geological CO 2 storage in deep aquifers. A CO 2 delivery concept by ship and vertical pipe is suggested for exploratory trials, with subsea pipelines for permanent installations, which might be much cheaper than geological CO 2 storage. There is vast capacity for storage of CO 2 in the world's very deep ocean trenches. The Sunda trench below 6 km has the capacity to accommodate 19,000 gigatonnes of liquid CO 2 , which is greater than the CO 2 yield from all currently known global fossil fuel reserves. The Puerto Rico trench has capacity for 24,000 Gt of liquid CO 2 deeper than 7 km. Enclosed basins of limited area could easily accommodate captured CO 2 . China has the largest potential demand for CO 2 storage from power generation and industrial sources, which could be 3 Gt per year by 2050. The Ryukyu trench, which is 700 km from the Chinese coast and is in Japanese water, has two sections deeper than 7 km. Those sections of the Ryukyu trench would have the capacity to accommodate all the CO 2 captured in China at 3 Gt per year for over 200 years. In the event that very deep ocean storage of CO 2 is found to be practicable and acceptable, the minimum practical depth would need to be determined as a criterions for acceptable additional storage locations. For consideration, there is an enclosed basin on the floor of the Mediterranean Sea 60 km off Southern Greece, with capacity for 84 Gt of CO 2 deeper than 4.5 km. Also, there is an enclosed basin in the Arabian Sea, 320 km south west of Karachi, with capacity for 86 Gt of CO 2 deeper than 3.5 km. The potential storage of CO 2 in such locations would be temperature dependent. The global CCS community has previously considered ocean storage of CO 2 on the basis of ultimate dissolution and dispersion of CO 2 in ocean water. Those studies have dismissed ocean storage as environmentally unacceptable due to ocean acidification. This paper postulates that very deep ocean trenches (>6 km) and deep ocean floor depressions (>4 km) are environments for CO 2 storage, where permanent storage without dissolution, acidification or adverse effects on fauna may be possible. The purpose of this paper is to pose the question “Why not?” to the CCS community and to suggest that active research is timely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic review into the literature surrounding industrial carbon capture has been performed, with a particular focus on costs per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The authors have reviewed 250 research articles in order to extract data regarding industrial CCS, focusing on four main carbon-emitting industries; the iron and steel industry, the refining industry, the pulp and paper industry and the cement industry. Only 25 costs were returned as part of the search, and across the four industries they suggested that the cost of carbon capture on industries after conversion to 2013 US Dollars is $20-140 per tonne of CO 2 avoided. The highest costs were found using amine scrubbing, the most mature technology, with other less mature technologies reporting lower costs, for example, calcium looping applied to the cement industry was reported to have costs of in the range of $20-75 per tonne avoided, with the only lower costs reported being in the pulp and paper industry reported between $16 and $35. However, the paucity of costing data increases the uncertainty surrounding industrial CCS, meaning that more economic data are required before any conclusive decisions can be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the building operation phase, it is recognized that the performance of building envelope elements and energy supply systems drops with time. This performance degradation usually leads to lower energy efficiency and higher life cycle costs than predicted in the early design phase. This paper quantitatively reviews the impacts of this deterioration on the whole building performance. From the findings of the reviewed literature, it can be concluded that the whole building performance is very sensitive to several deterioration factors, particularly the performance degradation of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The impact on the whole building performance mostly ranges from 20% to 30% over 20 years, according to the reviewed studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chopped carbon fibers and jute fibers were used to fabricate hybrid paperboard. The paper making process was used. Combined with unsaturated polyester resin, paperboard fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), carbon hybrid FRP and jute hybrid FRP were fabricated and the mechanical property included tensile test, bending test and Izod impact test were carried out to compared the mechanical property of these three kinds of materials. The drilled holes tensile test was also carried out to examine the drilled holes property. Scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the fracture characteristic on failure specimens. It was found due to the manufacture process of paperboard, the materials expressed obvious anisotropic property. The paperboard composite has an excellent static property but lower impact property compared with carbon hybrid FRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chopped carbon fibers and jute fibers were used to fabricate hybrid paperboard. The paper making process was used. Combined with unsaturated polyester resin, paperboard fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), carbon hybrid FRP and jute hybrid FRP were fabricated and the mechanical property included tensile test, bending test and Izod impact test were carried out to compared the mechanical property of these three kinds of materials. The drilled holes tensile test was also carried out to examine the drilled holes property. Scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the fracture characteristic on failure specimens. It was found due to the manufacture process of paperboard, the materials expressed obvious anisotropic property. The paperboard composite has an excellent static property but lower impact property compared with carbon hybrid FRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper production is a highly energy intensive process and improvement of energy efficiency in this process is considered as promising measures for reducing industrial greenhouse gases emissions (GHG). This study focuses the Pakistan's pulp and paper industry which consumes around 7% of the country's industrial energy and contributes to over 317,269 tonnes of CO 2 emissions. With rising demands for fuels and consequently as harp increase in CO 2 emissions due to the growth of the paper sector in Pakistan, this article aims to analyse the energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reductions potential through the incorporation of cogeneration technologies. The cogeneration technologies studied are agas turbine, steam turbine and combined cycle and are evaluated from the energetic and economic point of view to propose a best suitable technology for each paper mill. The proposed cogeneration technologies are selected on the basis of high energy utilisation factor, as implepayback period of five years or less with least Annualised life cycle cost. The result shows that a theoretical energy saving potential equivalent to 16.9% of the actual thermal energy requirement of mills can be achieved through cogeneration which will lead to 14.3% reduction of the present carbon emissions levels in Pakistan's paper sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper production is a highly energy intensive process and improvement of energy efficiency in this process is considered as promising measures for reducing industrial greenhouse gases emissions (GHG). This study focuses the Pakistan's pulp and paper industry which consumes around 7% of the country's industrial energy and contributes to over 317,269 tonnes of CO2 emissions. With rising demands for fuels and consequently as harp increase in CO2 emissions due to the growth of the paper sector in Pakistan, this article aims to analyse the energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reductions potential through the incorporation of cogeneration technologies. The cogeneration technologies studied are agas turbine, steam turbine and combined cycle and are evaluated from the energetic and economic point of view to propose a best suitable technology for each paper mill. The proposed cogeneration technologies are selected on the basis of high energy utilisation factor, as implepayback period of five years or less with least Annualised life cycle cost. The result shows that a theoretical energy saving potential equivalent to 16.9% of the actual thermal energy requirement of mills can be achieved through cogeneration which will lead to 14.3% reduction of the present carbon emissions levels in Pakistan's paper sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of climate change, life cycle analysis (LCA) has been acknowledged as a useful method for examining carbon footprints of products or services., Once captured and stored by trees and other plants, biogenic CO 2 would re-enter the atmosphere sooner or later after the use phase of the product. And many LCA studies did not calculate the temporary carbon storage in biogenic carbon. Thus, this paper proposed a hybrid LCA approach to provide a structured methodology for evaluating carbon footprint of copying paper in consideration of temporary carbon storage. The developed method was then applied to a paper mill of China. It is indicated that the hybrid LCA method could provide a comprehensive methodology for accounting carbon footprints as well as assessing effects of delaying GHG emissions. The results shows that the carbon footprint of 1000 kg copying paper was 647.89 kg CO 2 under scenario 1 and -5094 kg CO 2 under scenario 2. Concurrently, the effect of delaying the emission of the temporarily stored carbon in copying paper was 7.67%, 15.52%, or 23.58% for a certain period of time (i.e., 10, 25, or 30 years). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is developing fast in the lines of some of the greatest cities of the world. Graph from the last 20-25 years show that India has majorly borne a paradigm shift in development icons as such Its cities have surpassed even double to its initial infrastructure during this period. Most of these infrastructural icons have a lot to do with the IT industry boom in the country as such most of these cities (e.g. Delhi, Bombay, Bangalore, Hyderabad etc.) are further burdened with employable youth, who require transit accommodation in the same city as well. There are some other cities too who used to enjoy the tourist or the pilgrims’ inflow by virtue of some kind of religious, natural or heritage resource attached to it. But, as evident in History, India and the Indians are known to be cultural driven, Pilgrimage friendly people. As such, these Blessings to such cities are continuously turning out to be the sufferings in the light of the number of pilgrims/tourists (floating population) these cities bear on daily basis. Most of these cities lack the sustainable infrastructure to uphold these burdens and to meet the energy demands for the well-being of people and city. These infrastructural additions must contemplate the Energy demands of the built form, people and their activities. One of such vulnerable town due to Paradigm shift in its development priorities is KATRA town, which is continuously getting burdened with more and more buildings, people & loss of Rural Greens as such contemplation of energy requirements is the need of the hour. Katra town is world famous for the rich religious history attached to it as it forms the base town (Camp) of Trikuta Hills upon which (12 kms away from base town) the Holy Shrine of Goddess Maa Vaishno Devi is located. Every year millions of Pilgrims from around the globe visit the shrine & the Katra Town. The Katra town is the major contributor of J&K (Jammu & Kashmir State) economy & India at Large. Pertinently, its being projected as one of the smart cities of India in next few years in the lines of leading smart cities of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a preliminary assessment towards the potential estimation of solar process heating in paper industry in India. To begin with, data for (i) classification of paper mills on the basis of size and feedstock used (ii) extent of cogeneration in paper mills (iii) annual paper production (feed stock wise) (iv) specific thermal energy requirement for process heating etc. have been collected. Annual process heating requirement for paper production (based on feed stock used) in paper mills in India has been estimated. Availability of adequate solar resource in different states of the country was assessed for potential estimation. Some commercially available solar collectors that can supply heat at required temperature of paper industry (50-250 0 C) have been selected and an assessment of their performance has been made. Majority of paper mills in India those are using agro residues and recycled fibers as raw feedstock are located in the states with adequate DNI availability (1900kWh/m 2 ). Annual process heating potential for the paper industry in India has been estimated at 43 PJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the performance assessment study is done on a paper mill using an in-house analytics tool capable of data mining. The tool proposes a generic methodology for performance analysis and then shows its application on an industrial multi-grade paper making process. The tool framework facilitates data preprocessing and data mining, configuration and calculation of key performance indices (KPIs), benchmarking and gap analysis for benefit estimation. It also helps in better performance visualization and identification of the root cause of variations in performance in paper mills. To illustrate the concept, key results from performance analysis study done on a paper machine are presented and suggested measures to improve performance are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the performance assessment study is done on a paper mill using an in-house analytics tool capable of data mining. The tool proposes a generic methodology for performance analysis and then shows its application on an industrial multi-grade paper making process. The tool framework facilitates data preprocessing and data mining, configuration and calculation of key performance indices (KPIs), benchmarking and gap analysis for benefit estimation. It also helps in better performance visualization and identification of the root cause of variations in performance in paper mills. To illustrate the concept, key results from performance analysis study done on a paper machine are presented and suggested measures to improve performance are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the present time, reliability and stability of electric power have been very important when it comes to electrical systems in any plants, especially in terms of distribution. Phoenix Pulp & Paper PCL (PPPC) in Khon Kaen, Thailand, is currently generating electric power about 90% of its current needed by themselves and buys the rest from Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). Nonetheless, the protection system should be installed to protect the electrical bus when electrical generating process trips or breakdown. Otherwise, it would cause the shutdown of electrical system and lose all manufacturing. To protect electrical system, PPPC therefore has to use load shedding system for cutting the connection of the machines from the system within few minutes. Power flow of electric power from 115 kV PEA to 11 kV via 2 transformers of 115 kV/11 kV and PPPC's 3 generators are studied in this research by setting the real electric power (P), reactive electric power (Q), current (I) and voltage (V) in the protection relay of load shedding system of 11 kV switchboards. In addition, motor control panel, simulated by SKM Power Tools program, is investigated in this research work. The simulation results: P, Q, I and V will be divided into 4 cases: the trips from TG-PUC, TG2, TG3 (in-house generation) and the one from PEA. In the case that there is a trip from PEA electrical distribution, P, only generated from the first three generators in house, will be insufficient to cover the plant's electric need and require around 6,512 kW more. As a result, the machines would have to be stopped running. However, if there is a trip from its in-house generation (TG-PUC, TG2 and TG3) instead, some P can be directly received from PEA. Thus, the load shedding scheme is important to protect the blackout system from electrical system's trip in distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper mills (PPMs) generate large amount of wastewater with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. Recently, anaerobic digestion receives much attention for the treatment of PPM wastewater. Through anaerobic digestion treatment, biogas can be generated and converted to bioenergy via combined heat and power (CHP). However, there are limited studies on the systematic allocation of bioenergy from CHP to wastewater treatment (WWT) and PPM to form an integrated pulp and paper biorefinery (IPPB). Therefore, the current work explores the potential of energy integration in an IPPB through a two-stage optimization approach. In the first stage, an optimal cost effective WWT for the treatment of PPM wastewater is synthesized. Next, the generated biogas from WWT is converted into four different forms of bioenergy. The detail allocation of the generated bioenergy is then determined in the second stage optimization. A case study is solved to illustrate the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass is a renewable energy and had been recognized as a promising feedstock for producing bio-fuels. In this work, pyrolysis of black wattle residues was investigated with the aim to study the product distribution and their chemical composition and predicting the optimal condition for maximized bio-oil especially aromatics content by using a two level factorial design of experiment. The pyrolysis were performed at temperature of 380 – 580 o C, Under screw feeder carried the biomass residues and weight of dolomite as catalyst of 1-5 wt% inside pyrolyzer with nitrogen gases flow rate of 20 to 80 cm 3 /min The detention time was controlled by reactor screw feeder at feeding rate of 120 to 240 rpm. Based on the analysis from a design-expert program to determine the appropriated condition of experiment was 515.18 o C, 120.01 rpm of feed rate and 20.00 cm 3 /min of nitrogen flow rate using 5.00wt% of dolomite catalyst. The elemental and physicochemistry analysis of bio-oil were determined, the chemical composition also investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1 H NMR. The composition of bio-oil mainly oxygenated compound with high molecular weight and phenol. The results show that the biomass residual can be considered as a potential alternative fuels and relevant to valuable chemical feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber reinforced plastic composite (FRP) has gained remarkable development because of its excellent properties, such as low density, high stiffness, high strength, corrosion resistance, long fatigue life, and so on. However, as more and more products made of FRP, the rubbish of FRP is also increasing which has become an important problem to the environment. Recycling and reusing is a noticeable method to reduce trash discharge and to save resource. Although it is a more challenging work for FRP, many researchers have report their scores in this area, such as the group from The University of Nottingham who have developed a new technology to recycle the carbon fiber. The objective of this research is to make short fiber mat from recycled carbon fiber by paperboard making method. In this method the fiber can be made into very thin layers and be laid into mat. After that the mats were used to fabricate FRP and the tensile property of the materials was investigated. The property was evaluated between recycled carbon fiber and jute fiber as well as hybrid one. It was found that the hybrid one has better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding solutions for energy saving has become one of the most demanding issues facing almost all the governments, decision makers and stakeholders all over the world. Energy saving solutions in building industry could be applied in all the construction phases – Pre-design, design, pre-construction, construction, and post-construction. Energy management in the post-construction (operation) phase - in particular - is the key point for energy saving. This paper is focusing on employing green rating systems to guide the process of the commissioning for buildings in order to save energy during the operation and maintenance of buildings. Moreover, the research highlights on the important process that should be taken into consideration during the other phases. LEED (Leadership for Environmental and Energy Design) is suggested and discussed here in order to be employed in this regard. The LEED fundamental commissioning system is discussed briefly while a detailed explanation for the processes, tasks and responsibilities of each stakeholder in building projects is presented. Commissioning helps to review Design Documentations and make recommendations to the design team and pertaining to functionality and workability of commissioned systems. In addition, it aids to review Owner Project Requirements (OPR) and Basis Of Design (BOD). This ensures the achievement of high levels of professionalism and technicalities in the different construction phases of buildings. The paper presents at the end a designed chart for the entire commissioning processes that can aid the process of assuring energy efficiency in buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work in this paper revolves fundamentally around the main axes of fuzzy control of the type Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) zero order for dynamic, complex nonlinear systems. In this paper, we present method for designing Fuzzy controller rule base using a new swarm intelligence algorithm, which is based on the Bat algorithm. The Bat algorithm is one of the most recent swarm intelligence based algorithms that simulates the intelligent hunting behavior of the bats found in nature. The main objective is to design the fuzzy rule base of fuzzy controller respecting the desired performance. To demonstrate the efficiency of the suggested approach, a control of a Magnetic Ball Suspension System is selected. Simulation results shows that the proposed approach could be employed as a simple and effective optimization method for achieving optimum determination of fuzzy rule base parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magneto-convection heat transfer mode inside a partially open-ended 2D enclosure, which is filled with conducting fluid, is considered as suitable research model in order to scope out our understanding into frequent decisive practicable applications in sustainable and renewable energy domains, especially solar energy collectors. Nevertheless surprising, continuously there is no existing literature dealing with it. Further, for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)'s approaches, it is a considerable defiance to predict and anticipate this coupled complex physical engineering problem in MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) configurations. In the current numerical prototype, we introduce the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) in the aim to overcome such engineering simulation difficulty. It is to be noted that this mesoscopic approach becomes nowadays an essential attractive and alternative for CFD approaches to simulate complex numerous fluid flow problems.) has become an alternative and attractive approach to simulate numerous fluid flow problems. This paper intends to provide a brief review of researches on application of MHD convection with LBM on the prediction of thermodynamic behavior identifying more opportunities for future research. Besides, some new results are highlighted within this paper. To begin, the present LB model is validated against existing benchmark tests in literature. With the handout of this in house Fortran 90 LB code, we investigate the effects of Hartmann number, Rayleigh number, Prandtl number and the position of the partially open-ended side in the magneto-convective partially open ended y filled with conducting fluid cavity primly. It is established that these elements all impact flow and temperature fields patterns significantly. The obtained results can serve crucial theoretical prototypes for the related future practical magneto-convective applications. Our finding will be a useful tool allowing identifying opportunities for future research related to the considered engineering area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid renewable electric energy generation system become essential to the most of electric networks and the stand-alone systems like the water pumping and telecommunication systems. The renewable sources usually required storage system due to change in the power outputs during the day. Due to increase in demand of using batteries, the charging process of battery system needed to be well managed through an adaptive controlled energy managing system. In this paper a standalone system using photovoltaic, wind generation, fuel cell and storage batteries are contributed in supplying the desired load and the charging balance of batteries is achieved by using AI techniques to enhance battery charging controller performance. The main goal of this paper is to design and implement an integrated smart artificial controller, this controller is responsible for controlling both the battery charge voltage using the boost converter and the other controller is to control the charging current of the battery through DC to DC converter using (ANFIS) and (GA) techniques. This study is implemented using MATLAB /Simulink and the results are presented to show the applicability and effieciency of the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, meta-heuristic optimization techniques have become surprisingly very popular due to their flexibility and local optima avoidance capability. This paper uses the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), a swarm-based technique to tune the Proportional-Integral (PI) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers of a grid-connected solar Photovoltaic (PV) system. The results of the PI-based Incremental Conductance (IC) MPPT technique are compared with both the conventional incremental conductance and the Perturb & Observe (P&O) MPPT techniques. Various modes of the PI controller are used. I, PI and Fractional order PI (FOPI) gain parameters are determined using WOA. Performance indices are applied to estimate the best parameters of the PI controller. This paper aims to show the effect of using PI-based MPPT controllers on enhancing the performance of a 400-kW grid-connected PV system. Simulation results show the capability of PI-based MPPT controllers on improving the performance of the PV system. It demonstrates the superiority of FOPI controllers over the other modes in enhancing system performance. The proposed work is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper addresses the need of bridging between fundamental energy research and industrial exploitation of technologies by presenting a state of the art experimental facility to investigate pilot heat exchangers and plants dealing with high temperature waste heat recovery and conversion. The facility comprises a 830 kW process air heater with an exhaust mass flow rate of 1.0 kg/s at 70 mbar g and maximum temperature of 780 °C. The heater has a 2.0 m long test section for the installation and characterization of waste heat recovery heat exchangers. The heat sink is a 500 kW water dry cooler with full control of flow rate and temperature of the cooling stream. The high-temperature heat to power conversion facility hosts a 50 kWe power conversion unit based on the simple recuperated Joule-Brayton cycle with supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2) as working fluid. The packaged, plug and play sCO 2 system utilizes a single-shaft Compressor-Generator-Turbine unit. The paper discusses the main design features of the test facility as well as operation and safety considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The human relationship with food is an under-acknowledged contributor towards climate change and environmental degradation. However, citizens' choices and actions regarding food consumption and production in urban settings are shaped by the economic, cultural and infrastructure systems in which they live. The purpose of this paper is to examine, from the perspective of prosumers, the socio-technical factors that affect urban food production and associated energy, water and waste services. A residential development on the urban fringe of Australia's subtropical Gold Coast was used as a case study. A mixed methods approach was utilised to gather quantitative and qualitative data through estate maps, development planning documents, visual observations, interviews and surveys. Data was analysed around the themes of food production, consumption and development infrastructure (physical and social). The estate's food production demonstrated high biodiversity and highlighted three common challenges: biological, knowledge and water/climate. Food consumption incorporated self-consumption, sharing/trading and a range of other typical and atypical sources found in cities. An integrated approach to land-use, energy, water and waste was instrumental in enabling food production, highlighting issues that affect the ability of urban prosumers to incorporate sustainability into their food practices. The paper raises the possibility of a 'sharing-economy' food production typology for urban areas and proposes an initial performance indicator framework (people, planet, prosperity, governance and propagation) to understand, develop and manage urban prosumers in the context of integrated energy, water, waste and food services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCMs) is a dynamically growing research area. The interest in this research field can be illustrated by the increasing number of research papers published in the last few years. In this comprehensive paper the latest reports in the field of phase change materials studies and their application in thermal energy storage are discussed. Main review articles on PCMs properties and applications are provided. Special attention is given to very recent publications providing information on PCMs nano, micro and macro encapsulation as well as on materials aspects critical for PCMs application in TES. This paper may be a useful guide for the researchers towards a short overview of current status of PCM science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Circular Economy is an economic and industrial system in which resources are used for as long as possible. This typically involves businesses implementing a range of alternative business models, such as remanufacture. With the manufacture of Refrigerated Display Cabinets (RDCs) being a material and energy intensive process, there is scope for remanufacturing to support a more resource-efficient production of RDCs. Despite the potential, the remanufacture of RDCs in the UK is uncommon. Many Retailers and RDC Manufacturers typically have unfavourable attitudes towards the purchase and production of remanufactured RDCs. However, more favourable attitudes could increase their Behavioural Intentions towards the purchase and production of remanufactured RDCs, which could lead to the adoption of remanufacturing across the industry. This paper gives an overview of interventions that could be implemented to encourage Retailers and RDC Manufacturers to adopt the pro-circular behaviours. The three interventions discussed in this paper are: Financial Incentives, Quality Standards and Process-Supporting tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, the performances of a typical R744 booster configuration, a R744 parallel-compressor booster refrigeration system, and a R717/R744 cascade system configuration are presented based on the 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics, for food retail applications. The results for a supermarket application with a total 145 kW cooling capacity show that the typical booster system and parallel-compressor booster system have better performances than the cascade system. However, for convenience store applications with 30 kW total cooling capacity the cascade system shows better performance beyond 26 °C ambient temperature which limits the applications of the cascade system for low capacity systems and the parallel refrigeration system solution appears to be a better option. In addition, the most critical components of each system based on the 2nd law are identified in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The printed circuit heat exchanger is currently the preferred type of recuperative heat exchanger for the supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle due to its highly compact construction, high heat transfer coefficients and its ability to withstand high pressures and temperatures. This paper employs a three-dimensional numerical model to investigate the thermohydraulic performance of supercritical CO 2 flow in a printed circuit heat exchanger. This numerical model considers entrance effects, conjugate heat transfer, real gas thermophysical properties and buoyancy effects. The inlet temperature and pressure are 100 °C/150 bar on the cold side and 400 °C/75 bar on the hot side while the mass flux is varied from 254.6 to 1273.2 kg/(m2·s). The overall performance of the heat exchanger and comparisons of local heat transfer and friction pressure drop with predictions from the empirical correlations are presented and discussed. Overall, this paper provides useful information that can be employed in the design of recuperators for supercritical CO 2 Brayton cycle applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents an overview of boilers scenario, standard practice of inspection, registrations, and safety issues in Bangladesh. Boilers are one of the main driving powers in the industrial revolution in Bangladesh, for example, textile industries, pharmaceuticals industries, manufacturing industries, and food processing industries. The total number of registered in operation boilers in Bangladesh is 6071 (2017-18). The office of the chief inspector of boiler under the ministry of industries are the responsible government authority for the safe operation of boilers in the whole country. This brief will focus on the boiler uses, acts, rules, regulations, inspections, registration procedures, and the boiler inspectorate functions in Bangladesh. Additionally, the last five years data on boiler accidents and registrations in Bangladesh are briefly described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Global energy demand has risen sharply over the years with developing countries recording the greatest share in this trend. Biomass as an energy resource is mostly available locally and can easily be converted into secondary energy without huge capital investments. Nowadays, Bangladesh shares a percentage of renewable energy only 3% of total energy ratio, Bangladesh has already taken a master plan in the renewable energy sector. Whereas installed electricity generation installed capacity of Bangladesh rapidly increased to 13265 MW with captive generation capacity which is insufficient for fulfilling the demand of electricity of the nations. One-third of the power production of Bangladesh depends on expensive imported fossil fuel energy resources and 65% of power generation depends on a natural gas reserve of the country, though one day the reserve of current gas will be diminished. Moreover, inadequate electricity production leads the country in a un-industrialization. The present and future crucial energy crisis situation adapted by installing renewable power into electricity production. The current renewable energy agenda of Bangladeshi government force the specialization of renewable energy generation budget by decreasing global pollution with saving movement of biomass, solar, hydro, wind, and tidal power sector. This paper presents the currents national energy scenario of Bangladesh. According to this, the greater potentiality of renewable energy resources is also reviewed and presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To deal with climate change, clean energy is a necessity in the present world. Energy requirement is growing faster each decade. Over the long term some of the traditional sources (coal, gas and oil) have become inadequate to meet up the increasing demand. The current consumption rate of fossil fuel will make them extinct by the year 2050 to 2100. Based on these facts nuclear power plant is a strategic choice to develop a clean energy. This paper is an outcome of the review - Nuclear power as foundation of a clean energy future. Though nuclear energy can't be called as 'Carbon neutral' but it gives rise to much less emission of carbon dioxide than fossil fuels. Comparing with other energy structures, nuclear electricity chain emits a limited amount of greenhouse gas. Despite the uncertainty of building nuclear power plants in the future, this paper will further discuss climate changing issues have larger impact than the policies which are against the nuclear electricity production. The safety issue which is a public concern is also discussed here in short. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Methanol vehicles, as a type of alternative energy vehicle, become an approach to mitigate the dependence on petroleum and to reduce emissions. A number of policies for implementing methanol vehicles have been promulgated by the Chinese government to achieve sustainable development. This paper summarizes existing policies for pilot projects, methanol fuel and fuel stations, technological improvement and manufacturer engagement. Then, the paper systematically reviews the released policies based on their categorisation and timeline. Whilst the released policies for pilot projects were sufficient and effectiveness, there was a lack of incentive policies for other aspects. Based on the policy assessment, it is necessary to enhance the continuity and effectivity of the existing policy mechanism. As a contribution, this paper provides some suggestions including: developing follow-up policies after the accomplishment of pilot projects; providing more incentive policies to encourage technological improvement of methanol vehicles; creating a trans-provincial methanol fuel region and enhancing manufacturer engagement by narrowing the subsidy gaps between methanol vehicles and other AEVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper describes the experimental method to establish a salinity gradient in a MgCl 2 solar pond (SGSP) at Bundoora East campus of Royal Melbourne Information of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, Australia. The pond was instructed in 2001, with a 15 m 2 surface area. This experiment involves using saturated brine to establish the lower thermal storage (or convective) zone (LCZ) as well as the middle insulating layer in which the salinity decreases with height. This non-convective zone (NCZ) is proctored from mixings caused by the wind and the destabilizing effects of diurnal variation of the ambient temperature by an upper convicting layer (UCZ). In this top layer (UCZ) both the temperature and salinity are uniform. These properties increase with depth in the (NCZ). Density and temperature usually assume their maximum values at the interface between the NCZ and the lower convective zone (LCZ). Both these properties y are usually constant in the (LCZ).In order to set up the salinity gradient using an injection filling technic introduced by Zangrando technique (1980). In this method, the pond is first filled to half the depth of the planned gradient zone with highly concentrated salt water. Next, fresh water, or salt water of a low concentration, is injected horizontally into the brine through a diffuser. The novelty for this paper is investigation redistribution method experimentally using simple technic to find the required volume of injected fresh water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This research is investigating the possibility of using heat stored in solar ponds for salt drying. At present, Pyramid Salts, a salt producing company located in the north of Victoria, Australia, use electric heaters to heat ambient air from around 20 °C to around 70 °C in their salt crystallizers for salt drying. This research paper aims to develop a solar PV driven heat pump coupled with a solar pond to supply necessary hot air. According to the collected data solar pond performance in Pyramid Hill indicates that heat will be available at the bottom of the pond between 35 °C to 50 °C (winter to summer). Coupling the salinity gradient solar pond with the heat pump is the novelty of this research paper. The heat pump's evaporation boosts from ambient temperature to available solar pond heat (40 °C) and above 24/7 all year around. As a result, the amount of electrical energy saving in this project has been estimated to be about 1 GWh per year. In this work, the preliminary data on the developments of salinity, temperature, and turbidity profiles will be considered and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Heat pipe is being widely used nowadays in industry as a high efficiency heat transfer device. For the development of heat pipe, many attempts have been made to enhance its performance by mimicking biology, including the optimization of structure and flow patterns in heat pipe wicks. Constructing biporous, composite, and nanopillar wicks with aim of achieving hierarchical structure has been found through the learning of natural solutions. And bionic approach studying plant water migration provides another path to the fluid flow enhancement inside heat pipe as well. Forces involved in the water migration process in plants include the capillary effect, friction, gravity and transpiration effect, and all these happen in heat pipe as well. The investigation through plant water migration can provide a guidance to the heat transfer performance analysis and wick structure design. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology is used in this paper to scan live plants, providing the possibility of visualizing the internal structures in vivo and obtaining water transport velocity in xylem vessels. In addition, a novel mathematical model on the forces in plant water migration and heat pipe is proposed in this paper. The result from mathematical calculation is compared with the experimental measured result. This paper also successfully put transpiration effect and friction into consideration, as our innovation syntheses of a low level of hierarchical structure and integrates integral wicks includes evaporator, adiabatic, and condenser as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper aims to evaluate severe accident in VVER-1200. The consequences of severe accident depend greatly on containment safety features and its performance in retaining radioactive material. The specific type of LOCA includes hot leg or cold leg break in the primary coolant circuit. For both simulations a loss of offsite power is also initiated after 500 seconds. It shows that the Reactor Cooling System (RCS) pressure drops from 155 bars to below 5 bars in both the cases to reduce RCS leakage. Reactor Core Thermal Power, Nuclear Flux Power and Turbine Load fall significantly after 23.5 seconds because of the occurrence of Reactor Trip. Both HA-1 and HPI are activated to prevent Core damage. The flow of HPI drops to zero after the loss of offsite power. The temperature of the fuel falls below 200 ºC within 150-200 seconds of the malfunction in both the cases. The corresponding pressure, temperature, void fraction of reactor etc. are analysed in this paper. The results obtained satisfactorily meet all PSAR (Preliminary Safety Assessment Report) data regarding Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA). The results provide useful information about safety features of VVER-1200 in case of Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) concurrent with loss of offsite power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Over the past 40 years, energy consumption has increased dramatically to become a significant crisis faced today. The peak demand is growing at approximately 50% greater than the demand base growth in many Australian cities, which, in turn, requires greater finite resources and infrastructure to meet the required generation capacity needed. Currently, approximately 40% of electrical energy is consumed by HVAC systems in commercial building. This level of energy consumption emphasizes the necessity of developing an eco-friendly air-conditioning system, where possible, harnessing low-grade thermal energy such as solar energy rather than electricity. In this paper, a comparison of energy performances of three different HVAC is undertaken. Mathematical models are developed with TRNSYS17 to simulate the HVAC system within a typical small commercial building with various cooling options. The model is implemented to provide a comparative analysis across various cooling systems such as Vapour Compression System, Vapour Absorption System and Desiccant Evaporative Cooling System. This paper implements the developed model to investigate and compare the energy consumption and running costs over an eight-month cooling period of the widely used Vapour Compression System against alternative solar assisted cooling options for a sub-tropical location of Brisbane, Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper examines the how the South Asian countries are addressing their energy deficiency as the capacity to refine imported crude oil is limited except India. India has developed substantial refining capacity (247.6 million tons per annum) compared to Pakistan (18.8 mtpa) and Bangladesh (1.5 mtpa). India's refining capacity is being currently utilized nearly 100%. Having no local refining capacity, Nepal and Bhutan import refined petroleum products entirely mainly from India. The demand for refined petroleum products in Bangladesh outstripped the quantity produced by the country's single aged oil refinery over 3 times. Similar problem is faced by Pakistan. This paper provides an analytical framework based on the data collected from the region and argues that a regional energy trade will create a mutually beneficial platform for effective utilisation of natural resources which will increase reliability of power supply, build economies of scale, enable mutual support during contingencies, transform sectors on a large scale and contribute to economic growth. This trading platform will promote market integration in energy (oil, gas coal) and energy-related goods and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The global consumption of natural gas is expected to increase at an average of 1.6% over the next 5 years from 3.7 trillion cubic meter (tcm) used in 2017. Although the current use of gas in power generation is dominant followed by industry, residential and other sectors during 2011-2017, the global industry is expected to be the main driver for gas consumption followed by power generation, residential and commercial and other sectors by 2023. Many countries including Bangladesh use natural gas primarily for power generation. Among the main reason was energy security, availability of smooth supply of own relatively cheaper natural gas. As the demand for power has increased and the country could not extract indigenous discovered coal due to complex mine water management and agricultural land rehabilitation, its indigenous fuel supply restricted utilizing installed capacity of power generation, impeding industrial growth and development. This paper reviews the status of natural gas in Bangladesh and the engagements of local and international oil companies in natural gas exploration. The paper highlights the need for transboundary gas importation and associated infrastructure to support its development activities. It is recommended that the indigenous and transboundary gas to be managed efficiently and a long-term strategy for sustained supply of fuel from multiple sources to be formulated to maximise the energy security and achieving Bangladesh Vision 2041. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract China is confronting with large amount of renewable energy curtailment, while the distributed renewable generation is in an explosive growth. To enhance the renewable energy utilization, China has embarked on reforms on distributed generation PV (DG PV) trading in the distributed energy market. This paper introduces the new reform that put forward three DG PV trading patterns –direct trading between DG PV and consumers, commissioned power grid sales and full generation purchased by the grid. We analyze the impact of DG PV trading reform on interests of stakeholders in the DG energy market. We argue that increasing integration of uncertain DG and efficient operation of DG energy market require higher technologies in storage, forecasting, smart monitoring for the grid to guarantee system reliability and security. Future roles of DG energy market are sketched out to integrate the market participants in a user-friendly and comprehensive way. This paper will be insightful to provide a framework for future Chinese DG energy market development and help it transit to an open retail electricity market in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite a significant progress in electrification over the last decade, more than 1 billion people have no access to electricity, and about 3 billion use solid fuel or kerosene for cooking and heating purposes. More than 95 % of them live in sub-Saharan Africa or developing Asia, and around 80 % are situated in rural areas. Conventional approach to power supply such as transmission grid extension is not economical due to high investment and connection costs. Technological progress has shifted down capital costs of renewable off-grid solutions. However, in the most cases, it is not enough to reach feasibility of these solutions due to weak investment conditions and weak purchasing power of the local population in these areas. The choice of business model can have a vital role in bringing electrification and connectivity to rural areas, providing flexibility and adaptability of the technology to the market conditions. Analysis of existing literature on business models for off-grid solutions concludes that the model for rural areas in developing countries should be more service oriented, be scalable to various use case scenarios, should provide good risk balance between customer and provider, and should enable transparency and quality of service. This paper analyses recent developments in off-grid system solutions for sub-Saharan Africa and provides classification of business model innovations. Based on the analysis, the paper proposes an innovative business model for Fusion Grid project, scalable mini-grid integrated with connectivity solution. Feasibility of the project is tested for three different cases, depending on the type of the rural community. Results suggests that combining micro-grid based power supply and internet connection as one service can contribute to a viability of the project, and, furthermore, can contribute to achieving global electrification goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Uncertainties of cooling load may make cooling system oversized. Most of previous studies implement probabilistic-based uncertainty analysis, intending to achieve optimization and reliability simultaneously. However, how to reduce the load uncertainty has received little attention. This paper investigates the impact of water storage on the design of cooling system considering load uncertainty. Information entropy is used as a convergence index of load uncertainty and used to determine how many random simulations should to be performed. A cooling system configured with water storage (system B) and another system without water storage (system A as a comparation system) are investigated in this paper. In this paper, the configure of system A and system B are optimized respectively. The result shows that the capacity distribution of system A is consistent with the distribution of extreme loads. But, the capacity distribution of system B is more concentrated as the water storage can reshape the load curve. Water storage improves the flexibility of system B. Therefore, system B is more reliable and economical than system A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The local wind environment and daylight conditions of buildings directly affect the safety and comfort (e.g. thermal environment and lighting environment) of the residents and staff, and influence the energy consumption and energy efficiency of building's operation. However, in the view of a planning designer, it is likely to pay more attention to the building's functional arrangement, appearance and space utilization, but the problems of area ventilation and daylight condition may be neglected. This paper takes a layout design of a commercial building group in Haidong, Qinghai Province as an example to demonstrate, for an urban planner, how to use the CFD and building lighting simulation technology to carry out the preliminary evaluation on an initial design scheme. Simulation results indicated under local meteorological conditions, the initial design scheme fully considered the cold air infiltration in winter and natural ventilation in summer, as well as safety issues in the human walking area, which formed a good local wind environment. However, the problem of poor daylight condition in some areas requires adjustments and modifications based on actual circumstance. From the examples presented in this paper, the numerical simulation techniques play an important role at the initial stages of planning and design to detect the design defects timely and provides a basis for subsequent adjustments later. Meanwhile, this paper also provides a reference for interdisciplinary cooperation between urban planners and HVAC engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Battery is the bottleneck technology of electric vehicles. The complex chemical reactions inside the battery are difficult to monitor directly. The establishment of a precise mathematical model for the battery is of great significance in ensuring the secure and stable operation of the battery management system. First of all, a data cleaning method based on machine learning is put forward, which is applicable to the characteristics of big data from batteries in electric vehicles. Secondly, this paper establishes a lithium-ion battery model based on deep learning algorithm and the error of model based on different algorithms is compared. The data of electric buses are used for validating the effectiveness of the model. The result shows that the data cleaning method achieves good results, in the case of the terminal voltage missing, the mean absolute percentage error of filling is within 4%, and the battery modeling method in this paper is able to simulate the battery characteristics accurately, and the mean absolute percentage error of the terminal voltage estimation is within 2.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]