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• RCF wastes brick achieves 24% lower thermal properties than the control brick. • RCF wastes brick requires 10% lower firing temperature than the control brick. • Utilizing as-received waste materials requires zero grinding energy, benefiting manufacturers and cutting emissions. • Lower firing temperature saved $158,460 by cutting 417 tonnes of CO 2. Building materials drive the global economy, yet face severe environmental hurdles: resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste generation. In order to mitigate the impact from these challenges, authorities seek sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives as an urgent need. This study focuses on the utilization of as-received rejected contaminated fines (RCF) obtained from the yellow bins' waste (paper) recycling process, in brick production. Diverse tests assessed the brick performance, including compressive strength, absorption rate, thermal conductivity, 3D CT scanning for morphological analysis, and durability analysis. Additionally, a leachate analysis was performed to evaluate the environmental implications. Economic benefits, particularly the reduction of CO 2 emissions, were also evaluated. The findings confirmed that as-received waste can be utilized for fired clay brick production without the need for pulverization. The novel brick product made with as-received RCF waste exhibited superior thermal characteristics (up to a 31.25 % reduction compared to control bricks) while meeting the essential compliance requirements outlined by national standards. Moreover, each firing cycle led to a potential value of up to USD 158,460 through a reduction of 417 tonnes of CO 2 , resulting from a 9.5 % reduction in firing temperature (1000 °C). The results from this study offer valuable insights into the potential of using RCF waste as a sustainable alternative in the brick manufacturing industry. This alternative could address the soaring demand in the current market, resolve the escalating solid waste crisis, and mitigate clay shortages, while providing a sustainable solution for the brick industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sustainable recyclable paper and composite materials can be ideal choices for the construction of temporary structures for both exhibition spaces or for rapid-recovery shelters in emergency operations. The unique engineering and sustainable features of these structures need to be considered as an integral part of the design process from the conceptual phase. Engineering studies to analyze these structures should be as important as the overall artistic and architectural vision. This paper examines the use of environmentally creep-formed paper tubes for the design, construction, and exhibition of, “Portals to an Architecture”, a large temporary outdoor sculpture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The usability of a paper mill sludge compost (PMSC) in the brick making is established. • Up to 10 wt% of PMSC was suitable for bricks production as per relevant standards. • It is proved that the products can be used in non load-bearing and infill walls. • TCLP procedure demonstrated the non-hazardous nature of the obtained bricks. This study's focus was to develop a potential pathway for recycling of the paper mill sludge compost (PMSC) in brick making. Composting reduces the paper mill sludge (PMS) moisture content considerably and shredding becomes easier. The addition of PMSC leads to an increase of porosities in bricks and makes them lighter, besides delivering energy to the firing process from burning organics. Lighter construction materials help minimize construction outlay by reducing labour and transportation costs and lesser expense on foundation construction. The variability in the experimental data and the brick properties were investigated for two types of soils, typical in the brick industry of India (alluvial and laterite soil), blended with PMSC in five mix ratios (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The samples of oven-dried bricks were fired at two different temperatures (850 and 900 °C) in an electrically operated muffle furnace representing typical conditions of a brick kiln. Various properties of bricks were analyzed which included linear shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption and compressive strength. Conclusions were drawn based on these properties. It was found that the addition of PMSC to the alluvial and laterite soil by up to 10% weight yield mechanical properties of fired bricks compliant with the relevant Indian and ASTM codes. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests showed that PMSC incorporated fired bricks are safe to use in regular applications as non-load-bearing and infill walls. This study is timely in light of the European Green Deal putting focus on circular economy. Besides, it fulfills the objective of UN sustainable development goals (SDG). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent bamboo (TB) stands as a promising biomass composite material, offering a range of merits including a straightforward preparation, high light transmittance, environmental sustainability, superior mechanical properties, and low thermal conductivity. These characteristics position TB for versatile application spanning energy-efficient building materials, decorative elements, and optoelectronic devices. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the optical synthesis mechanism of TBs, delving into their functionalization improvement and exploring the potential applications across various domains. This paper serves to furnish readers with a profound understanding of the evolving landscape of TBs and their potential transformative impact. • This paper reviews the synthesis mechanism, preparation process, functional improvement of Transparent bamboo (TB). • The structure, properties and functional characteristics of TB are discussed. • The potential applications of TB in building materials, interior decoration and optoelectronic devices are summarized. • The prospects and challenges for the development of TB are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an overview is presented on the use of diatomaceous earth (DE) as a partial substitute for binder and fine aggregate in mortars. For this purpose, this paper was divided into two sections. In the first one, concepts related to physical, chemical and microstructural properties of DE, as well as results of previous studies about its reactivity used in different construction materials (cement, concrete, mortar, bricks, phase change materials etc.) were summarized and discussed. In the next section, the effects of using DE on the fresh, hardening and durability properties of cement and lime-based mortars were discussed. In general, the results suggest that increasing DE content may reduce mortar performance due to the high porosity of its particles. However, this deficiency was observed for DE contents higher than 20%, which, however, can be compensated for by using superplasticizer additives or by volumetric dosage instead of by weight one. This critical value of up to 20% of DE was calculated using T2 statistical on the scores of principal components analysis obtained from the results collected from publish manuscripts. Nevertheless, the results of this review research may contribute to provide information on an under-explored alternative source of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and therefore help mitigate the negative effects generated by the cement industry and assist in the production of mortars with a lower carbon footprint that can play an important role in the thermal behavior of buildings. • State of the art systematic review of diatomaceous earth (DE) for mortar production. • Statistical analysis of the mechanical properties of mortar with DE. • Understanding the effects of DE on properties of mortars. • When up to 20% DE is used, the mechanical behavior of mortars can be improved. • Paths for the development of new studies on mortars incorporating DE are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling of UV-aged asphalt has been a hot research issue. In this paper, waste cooking oil, plasticizer, toughener, and petroleum resin were used as raw materials for asphalt rejuvenator. This paper explores the effect of regeneration conditions on the regeneration effect of UV-aged asphalt binders through high-temperature rheology and chemical compositions. The paper also attempts to reveal the regeneration mechanism of asphalt binder regeneration using waste cooking oil. Dynamic shear rheology (DSR) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy assess high-temperature rheological properties and chemical compositions. The Pearson correlation coefficient relates the rheological parameters to the chemical microstructure. And the functional relationship between carbonyl-corrected peak area and aging factor Ai of recycled asphalt and high temperature rheological parameters were established. Molecular simulation investigates WCO-recycled asphalt binder micro-morphology and adsorption mechanisms. The results showed that significant changes in the carbonyl and sulfoxide peak areas affected the high-temperature rheological properties. Regeneration conditions significantly affect asphalt regeneration effectiveness. WCO reduces C O and S O groups, crucial in asphalt viscoelastic behavior. Molecular interaction analysis reveals WCO's regenerative mechanism. This work emphasizes integrating molecular structure, chemical composition, and macroscopic properties in asphalt binder research, providing insights for sustainable pavement practices. • The content of C=O and S=O are the main factors determining the recycling effect of WCO recycled asphalt. • WCO rejuvenator changes the molecular structure of aged asphalt. • The -OH group of WCO increases the interaction between WCO molecules and aged asphalt molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully utilizing regional resources such as marine sand, coral, and desert sand, along with a diverse range of solid wastes from industries, agriculture, and urban areas, not only effectively reduces the costs and carbon footprint of construction activities but also contributes to achieving sustainable development in the building sector. Despite earlier studies focusing on the feasibility of solid waste as lightweight aggregates, the comprehensive evaluation of the performance of alternative aggregates in such innovative materials as geopolymers and ultra-high-performance concrete remains significantly limited amid their rapid development. Therefore, this paper concentrates on a thorough exploration of regional sand and gravel resources, as well as efficient and value-added approaches to incorporating solid wastes from industries, agriculture, and urban areas as alternative aggregates in construction. It provides a comprehensive review of the physical properties of alternative aggregates and their impacts on the workability, mechanical properties, and durability of concrete. Additionally, the paper offers a detailed assessment of the production processes and performance of sintered and cold-bonded artificial aggregates. This research provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the fields of construction, sustainable waste management, resource conservation, and recycling. • Regional resources, industrial and agricultural and urban solid wastes are used as clean aggregates. • Potential legal challenges to the use of clean aggregates are revealed. • Reviewed the modification methods of granular solid waste. • Reviewed artificial agglomeration techniques and potential challenges for powdered solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lignin as partial replacement of bitumen for producing bio-asphalt materials. • Raw material and production process of lignin significantly affect the performances of bio-materials. • Laboratory multi-scale approach and real-scale applications of bio-materials are discussed. • Life-cycle assessment and economic analysis are addressed. • Lignin-based asphalt materials represents a promising technical and environmentally friendly solution. Nowadays, one of the most interests of modern society is to replace increasingly larger quantities of petroleum-derived products, which is a non-renewable source progressively depleting, so promoting both environmental and economic benefits. In this context, the practice to employ renewable sources to replace part of the bituminous materials is an effective approach in pavement engineering. Among different biomasses which are recognized as possible sources mixable with bitumen, lignin can represent a valid material. Lignin is a natural resource commonly deriving from the by-product of the production of pulp and paper industry. It is the second most common biopolymer on Earth and represents a potentially attractive alternative as partial substitute of bitumen. However, in order to understand the environmental and technical feasibility of the application of lignin in bituminous pavement applications, a multi-scale approach must be adopted. For this purpose, the paper aims at providing an overview of the use of lignin as renewable source in bituminous binders and mixtures, by investigating chemical, rheological and mechanical properties of lignin modified asphalt materials. Moreover, based on the available literature, field application experiences and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysis of the impact of recycled wastewater on the physical, chemical, and mechanical aspects of concrete. • Comprehensive assessment of recycled wastewater influence on concrete durability, microstructure, and strength properties. • Examination and elucidation of interrelationships among diverse properties of environmentally friendly concrete. • Future research insights and recommendations to drive innovation in sustainable concrete practices. The present paper endeavors to examine the viability of utilizing recycled wastewater as a foundational component in the creation of eco-friendly concrete. This paper entails an in-depth analysis of the chemical and physical attributes inherent in recycled wastewater, with a particular focus on its potential as a substitute for conventional freshwater in the concrete mixing process. To address limitations observed in prior research and to achieve a more profound comprehension of recycled wastewater's performance within green concrete, this study conducts an exhaustive review of existing literature. Through a systematic evaluation, the study meticulously assesses the influence of recycled wastewater on diverse properties inherent to green concrete, encompassing pivotal factors like flexural and compressive strength, alongside durability properties. The outcomes drawn from this investigation accentuate the viability and efficacy of recycled wastewater as a feasible alternative to freshwater in the production of green concrete. Notably, this approach holds promise for ameliorating detrimental environmental impacts while concurrently reducing the cost burden associated with sustainable concrete fabrication. Nevertheless, a central message emerges concerning the necessity for vigilant monitoring and meticulous regulation of recycled wastewater's quality and composition. This requisite vigilance is aimed at ensuring its compatibility and appropriateness for integration into concrete formulations. By virtue of delivering a comprehensive and thorough analysis of recycled wastewater's effects on the production of green concrete, this study plays a pivotal role in bridging gaps in knowledge and advancing the boundaries of this field. The practical implications of these findings extend to the development of sustainable and ecologically mindful concrete structures, while also serving as a guiding light for future research endeavors in this pivotal domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The bio-oil inhibits the formation of carbonyl compounds at 1700 cm−1 during aging. • The bio-oil reduces the aromaticity of the binders. • Bio-binders' performance at intermediate and high temperatures is satisfactory. • Bio-binders show similar or even higher aging resistance than conventional bitumens. • There is a direct link between chemical and rheological changes induced by aging. In recent years, due to growing environmental concerns, sustainability and circular economy have become two issues of crucial importance. In road engineering, in order to pursue such principles, one of the main current trends is to employ industrial residues and by-products deriving from renewable materials in partial substitution of petroleum-based bitumen. However, uncertainty on the durability and long-term performance of such materials still exists. In this regard, this paper focuses on the short- and long-term aging properties of bio-binders obtained by partially replacing a 50/70 bitumen with different percentages of a renewable bio-oil generated as a by-product by the wood and paper industries. The experimental investigation carried out includes conventional tests, chemical analyses as well as rheological testing and modelling with 2S2P1D model. Conventional bitumens were also tested for comparison purposes. The main chemical results indicate that, despite a small amount of additional oxidized compounds related to esters, the bio-oil addition significantly inhibits the formation of carbonyl compounds and reduces the aromaticity of the binders. In terms of performance-related properties, the permanent deformation resistance and the fatigue resistance of these bio-binders are generally comparable to those of traditional bitumens having similar penetration grade, without any specific drawback. Moreover, a linear material-dependent relationship was found between chemical and rheological changes induced by aging as well as the chemical and rheological parameters most strictly related to the binders' oxidation were identified and considered as aging indicators. Based on the evolution of these parameters, the bio-binders investigated in this study may have comparable or even better aging resistance with respect to conventional bitumens with similar penetration grade. Therefore, such bio-binders can be considered an effective sustainable alternative to traditional bituminous binders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for sustainable construction practices has led to a growing interest in reducing cement consumption, with supplementary cementitious materials emerging as a promising solution. While reactive admixtures have been extensively studied, there is a noticeable research gap regarding inert admixtures, a critical component of cementitious systems. This paper introduces a novel metakaolin-blended cement system, optimizing the metakaolin, wollastonite, and ground quartz ratios to enhance microstructure and performance. Within this complex quaternary system, we conduct a comprehensive investigation, including assessments of compressive strength, setting times, heat release during hydration, R3 test. Furthermore, we explore hydration products and microstructure through thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, backscattered electron imaging, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results indicate the influence of wollastonite on clinker reactions and hydration. Although wollastonite slightly increases meso-scale pores, its fibrous shape enhances the overall microstructure. Substituting 50% of metakaolin with wollastonite not only enhances the pozzolanic reactivity but also leads to improved long-term strength. Moreover, the synergistic effect of wollastonite and metakaolin allows for precise tailoring setting times and modulate hydration kinetics, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the cementitious system. • A novel cement blend is proposed which contains wollastonite and metakaolin. • Wollastonite substitution boosts pozzolanic reaction. • Synergistic effect of admixtures precisely modulates setting times and hydration kinetics. • Wollastonite's fibrous morphology enhances the overall strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymers have an increasing importance and a crucial task in engineering, especially structural engineering. Geopolymers are sustainable composites with low carbon emissions rather than cement composites. It leads to be an alternative to cement composites and the structure of geopolymer composites can allow to utilize various industrial and non-industrial wastes and by-products. In this point, there is an unclarity of waste material contributions to the geopolymeric composites and this issue is worth to study and an area of ongoing research. In this paper, it is aimed to produce red mud additive sustainable geopolymer composites with various eco-friendly fillers (brick powder, waste marble powder, glass powder, ceramic powder, and rice husk ash). 28 mixtures were designed, many specimens produced, and tested. In the first step of the experimental stage, the physical, the mechanical and the durability properties were determined and evaluated. At second, the best geopolymer composites were determined with a multi-criteria decision-making method (MCDM). 22 geopolymer parameters were employed in MCDM. As a results, 25% marble dust, 25% brick powder, 75% ceramic powder, 50% rice husk ash and 50% glass powder were the optimum ratios to obtain maximum compressive strength in terms of waste types and the highest compressive strength is obtained for 25% brick powder among the results. The best geopolymer composite was determined as GWGP50 with 50% glass powder + 50% recycled aggregate in a holistic manner with TOPSIS. Results showed that geopolymer GWGP50 had aspects that were open to development. • Red mud additive sustainable geopolymer composites with eco-friendly aggregates. • Net zero/low CO2 emission building material can be composed with red mud-based geopolymer with eco-friendly aggregates. • GWGP50 with 50% glass powder + 50% recycled aggregate in a holistic manner with TOPSIS was the best solution. • Various eco-friendly fillers had different impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the use of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete products using an innovative chemical treatment approach. The primary objective is to address emissions associated with waste-to-energy facilities and the heavy reliance on ordinary Portland cement as the primary binder in concrete. The proposed method involves the removal of metallic aluminium from the bottom ash and the subsequent use of the treated bottom ash as a partial cement replacement to produce concrete. Concrete specimens were produced with varying proportions of treated or untreated municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash, replacing 20%, 35%, and 55% of ordinary Portland cement according to EN 197 European standard for common cement. Moreover, class F fly ash was incorporated in equivalent percentages as a reference supplementary cementitious material, and a control mix was prepared using solely Portland cement. The evaluation encompassed multiple visual and analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and setting time analyses on pastes made with Portland cement, fly ash, and bottom ash. All specimens were evaluated in terms of mechanical performance, namely compressive strength. The chemical treatment process facilitated the release of a significant quantity of hydrogen, a by-product of aluminium oxidization. Consequently, this resulted in significantly reduced formation of gas bubbles in concrete in the fresh state and, therefore, diminished expansion during the setting process. As the proportion of cement replacement with bottom ash increased, a decline in strength was observed. However, this decline was less pronounced when using treated bottom ash, particularly with lower levels of incorporation. • Municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ashes as partial cement replacement. • Novel NaOH-based chemical treatment for incinerator bottom ashes. • Mixes with untreated ashes present extensive expansion due to aluminium oxidization. • Treatment led to overall performance enhancement due to lower gas generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming to utilize coal gangue sand in structural concrete, this paper investigated the mechanical and environmental properties of the coal gangue sand concrete-filled steel tube (GSCFST) and reinforced gangue sand concrete (RGSC) stub columns. Axial compressive tests were conducted to study the effect of gangue sand replacement rate (r GS) on the mechanical performance and environmental impact of the stub columns. The results show that the failure patterns of GSCFST and RGSC are similar regardless of r GS. The reduction in the rigidity and ultimate bearing capacity of GSCFST is less than that of RGSC. When the replacement rate is 100%, the rigidity and ultimate bearing capacity of RGSC are reduced by 29.2% and 11.4% respectively, whilst those of GSCFST are 8.2% and 5.1% respectively. The ductility coefficient of RGSC shows no significant change under different gangue sand replacement rate. In contrast, the ductility of GSCFST is in an increasing trend with the increase of r GS , resulting from the stronger restraining effect of the steel tube on the core concrete of which compressive strength decreases with the increase in the replacement rate. Based on the tested results, a constitutive relationship of gangue sand concrete is used for numerical modelling. A design method of the ultimate bearing capacity for RGSC and GSCFSF is proposed by considering r GS. The predicted values differ from the tested and simulated values in the range of ± 10% and ± 6% for RGSC and GSCFST, respectively. The whole life cycle assessment (LCA) showed that r GS is positively correlated with willingness-to-pay (WTP) and negatively correlated with the axial strength of the two types of stub columns. The material strength and section diameter show the most positive effects on the mechanical-environmental (M-E) performance efficiency factor (k M-E). The k M-E of GSCFST is greater than that of RGSC under the same r GS. [Display omitted] • Gangue fine aggregate concrete is used in concrete-filled steel tube and reinforced concrete stubs. • The increase in r G S increases the ductility of the coal GSCFST. • Constitutive model of the gangue sand concrete is proposed. • Environmental impact of the GSCFST is less than that of the RGSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a high-tech concrete composite that swiftly grown in popularity worldwide. • The 2% steel fibers used in UHPC design accounts about 30% and 40% of material cost and carbon emissions. • UHPC requires higher initial materials cost than NSC due to its high OPC content, steel fiber, and lack of design regulations. • This paper systematically reviews the cost of raw materials, carbon emission, and ductility performance of UHPC. • This review can help to improve current design efficiency and standards for the cost-effective, and viable UHPC recipe. • More attentions are required to standardize curing, improve structural ductility, and set cost design guidelines for UHPC. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a cutting-edge pozzolan composite material composed of a high proportion of discontinuous internal reinforcing fibers, a water-to-binder material ratio of no more than 0.25, and an optimal gradient of granular particles. Despite various potential concrete applications, UHPC is only utilized on occasion because of a lack of widely accepted design standards, rigid design requirements, high starting costs, and a lack of contractor experience. The creation and widespread adoption of UHPC design code requirements would motivate industry participants to implement large-scale applications. With the recent efforts of institutes (such as ACI) that identified the use of high-strength steel fibers in concrete as a significant research priority, it becomes highly relevant. According to sources, existing UHPC materials comprise 2% or more steel fibers, accounting for around 30% and 40% of material prices and 40% of carbon emissions, respectively. Moreover, it is discovered that UHPC mostly exhibits a lower structural ductility than conventional concrete applications and frequently collapses early after crack localization. Regarding the sustainability aspect, the technological use of cementitious materials in the design of UHPC supports the concept of sustainable development, enabling slender sections, thereby using less concrete (less cement) that leads to lower embodied energy and CO 2 emissions compared to conventional concrete. Therefore, the need to evaluate the major findings of previous researches and exhibit the potential approaches that could lead to lowering fiber volume (to reduce cost) and improve the structural ductility of structural applications of UHPC is urgently required. However, this paper systematically reviews the cost of raw materials, structural behavior, and ductility performance of UHPC. It is also concise and assessed the results of CO 2 capturing strategies and uptake in UHPC that are undertaken with the establishment of a framework for manual guidelines as a sustainable UHPC product. This cutting-edge summary should help engineers, consultants, contractors, and others in the construction industry better understand the unique qualities of UHPC, making this long-lasting and eco-friendly construction material seem less mysterious. Professionals will benefit from this analysis by receiving recommendations on how to enhance present design efficiency and develop possible guidelines and standards for a sustainable, low-cost UHPC formula. Because of this, UHPC can be widely used as a sustainable, long-term solution for civil engineering buildings and networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 3D Concrete Printing is an emerging technology compared to conventional construction. • This review is about a deep understanding of mix design and testing of printed concrete. • Understanding of various rheological and mechanical properties of printable concrete. • Effect of mix constituents on printed concrete with observations from the literature. • Call for establishing universally accepted standards for 3D Printable Concrete. This review paper aims to provide an inclusive characterization of the use of concrete in additive manufacturing by exploring the various parameters that affect the extrudability, pumpability, buildability, thixotropy, interlayer bonding, and anisotropy of concrete in 3D printing. The effects of using different materials, such as cement, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMS), fiber, superplasticizers, accelerators, aggregate, and nano clay, were examined in the concrete mix design. Results show that using cement, SCMS, and fibers in the concrete mix design can significantly affect the concrete's extrudability, pumpability, and buildability. Evaluating the properties of the concrete mixture, both in its fresh and hardened state, is crucial in determining the optimal mix design for 3D concrete printing. This assessment helps ensure that the resulting structure will have the desired performance. However, the long-term durability and sustainability of 3D-printed concrete structures are still uncertain. The paper concludes with a call for further research and development in the field of concrete in additive manufacturing, with a focus on developing a suitable concrete mix design and investigating the long-term durability and sustainability of 3D-printed concrete structures. Additionally, universally accepted standards for 3D-printed concrete structures should be established and implemented to ensure safety and longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Waste marble slurry used as an important resource in concrete and reducing the carbon footprint of cement. • Long-term strength and durability performance of concrete on partially replacing cement by weight by dried waste marble powder slurry assessed. • Both Mechanical and durability parameters of hardened concrete tested for a period of 1 year after exposing samples to adverse environmental conditions. • Marble slurry replacement percentages kept as 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and water binder ratios as 0.35, 0.40 and 0.45. • Surface mesh for variation in all the properties with different replacement levels, curing conditions and water binder ratios plotted. • Relationship between mechanical and durability properties with compressive strength derived for marble slurry incorporated concrete. Abstract Present study assesses and evaluates the long-term strength and durability performance of concrete on partially replacing cement by weight by dried waste marble powder slurry. Four different replacement percentages (0, 10, 15, and 20 and 25%) and three water-binder ratios (0.35, 0.40 and 0.45) have been tested in the paper. The main reason for the study is to check whether use of dried marble slurry affects the properties of concrete in long term as the amount of binder is reduced, when cement is partially replaced. Long-term impact is analyzed by testing the concrete samples for 28, 56, 90, 180 and 360 days after curing the specimens in water for 28 days and exposing the samples to adverse environmental conditions in the state of Rajasthan, India where the temperature ranges from 0 °C in winters to as high as 47 °C in summers. The concrete mixes were tested for strength parameters mainly compressive, tensile and flexural strength, also durability parameters water permeability, abrasion resistance and water sorptivity. Surface mesh for variation in all the properties with different replacement levels, curing conditions and water binder ratios are plotted in the paper. Based on the analysis of concrete with various replacement levels of marble slurry, it can be concluded that for up to 15% replacement, an enhanced physical strength and durability of concrete blocks was observed across testing periods of 28 days to 360 days. It was observed that marble dust generated an effective dense mix for higher replacement ratios, thus improving the properties in long-term duration. Finally, relationship between strength and durability properties with compressive strength are derived for marble slurry incorporated concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Two types of alternative bricks, namely material-oriented and process-oriented. • Geopolymerisation is a preferable way to produce bricks. • Clay-based geopolymer bricks can be one of the focuses of brick-related research. • The key challenge is to improve the reactivity of clay at a low cost. Abstract Bricks have been playing a significant role in building and construction for thousands of years. Despite the reliable workability and accessibility, it is widely known that the production of fired clay brick has always been a rather energy- and resource-intensive process. Many researchers have been conducting a wide range of studies regarding sustainable and innovative bricks, to mitigate the large carbon footprint of brick industry. To better understand the development and current context of sustainable and innovative bricks during the past several decades, this paper provides an up-to-date review on the recent studies of bricks, categorising these publications according to the materials used and methods employed for the production of innovative bricks. This review found that firing is still the most common method to produce bricks, while this process involves enormous energy consumption and carbon footprint. Considering that cement and lime-based calcium-silicate-hydrate bricks are also not sustainable, Geopolymerisation is a preferable way to produce bricks, but corresponding cost and benefit analyses need to be conducted for relevant research. In addition, this paper suggests that clay-based geopolymer bricks could be one of the focuses of future brick-related research, and the key challenge is to improve the reactivity of clay at a low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling waste for soil improvement is a cost-effective strategy to mitigate the energy consumption and carbon emission of traditional stabilization materials (cement, lime, etc.). This paper proposes an eco-friendly geotechnical improvement using recycled polyester fiber (RPF) and red mud to synergistically reinforce volcanic ash. For red mud -reinforced volcanic ash (RV) with five different RPF contents, a series of mechanical tests, water stability tests, microstructure tests and environmental impact tests were performed. Results show that RPF can significantly improve the mechanical performance and water stability of RV. The reinforcement increases with increasing RPF content, and the optimum contents of RPF is 0.9%. For specimens with optimum RPF incorporation, Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), splitting tensile strength are increased by 122%, 180%, respectively. It also allows saturated soil to still maintain higher UCS and the soil does not completely disintegrate in submerged environment. The pH value and toxicity leaching indicators of specimens both satisfy the specification limits and therefore the material has no environmental hazard. TGA, FT-IR and SEM-EDS indicate that the reinforcement mechanism of RPF on RV derives mainly from fiber-matrix interactions, including interface bonding, bridging effect and limiting micro-cracks development. RPF reinforced RV presents favorable engineering performance as a sustainable construction material and can contribute to the win-win objective of environmental conservation and waste recycling. This low-carbon and sustainable soil improvement technology can serve and guide the design of geotechnical engineering in volcanic areas. • Recycled polyester fiber and red mud are used to co-improve volcanic ash. • Mechanical strength and erosion resistance of fiber-reinforced soil are evaluated. • Reinforcement mechanisms are investigated from microstructural perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Combination of several industrial by-products produced highly porous alkaline cements, suitable for thermal applications. • The mechanical properties of these sustainable pastes is also adequate for applications such as façade panels. • The incorporation of damping materials, also originated from industrial disposal, increased porosity. • The most performing paste was classified as 'T1′, regarding their thermal performance. • Significant margin for development, which can increase effectiveness. Alkali activated cements (AAC) are becoming an increasingly promising alternative to traditional Portland cement. There are still some significant barriers which have yet to be addressed, by all the agents involved in the construction industry. However, it appears that some AAC applications can be introduced in current applications at a faster rate than, for instance, structural concrete. One of these applications are materials with thermal performance, based on the capacity of some types of AAC to expand during initial reactions. The present paper aims to assess the viability of producing porous AAC for application in thermally effective façade panels. A wide range of industrial by-products were activated with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Two additional by-products were incorporated to increase the thermal damping of the pastes, with the intention of taking advantage of the large pore volume. Flexural and compressive strength and density was measured, and selected pastes were then submitted to microstructural characterisation (SEM/EDX), environmental behaviour (heavy metal leaching), porosity (SEM) and thermal performance (thermal coefficient). The results showed maximum compressive strengths of 2.5 MPa, while the majority of the pastes tested showed conductivity values below the threshold of 0.2 W/m.°C, which is the requirement for obtaining a classification of 'thermal'. Therefore, the production of panels for thermal insulation based on alkali activated industrial by-products is competitive with traditional materials based on current commercial solutions, and, given the non-structural nature of this application, can be very close to reach industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Demolished concrete waste can be potentially utilised as recycled aggregates (RA). • Multi-stage processing and mechano-chemical treatment enhances the quality of concrete RA. • RAC incorporating treated RA shows better mechanical and durability properties. • Additional C S H formation is observed for RAC incorporating 35% treated RA. On account of the shortage of naturally occurring coarse aggregate, recycled aggregate (RA) made from crushed concrete debris is now used in the construction industry. With this rise in the utilisation of recycled aggregate in the construction sector, there has been extensive research into ways to improve its quality. The significant fraction of mortar remains that are left on the RA surface is the primary factor that affects its quality. Concrete made from RA loses strength and mechanical performance due to the attached mortar's increased porosity and water absorption values and the frailer transition region between the new mortar and aggregates. In order to minimise the old cement fractions and increase the quality, this paper studies the effect of concrete incorporating multi-stage processed RA from demolished concrete waste, followed by treatment with mechanical abrasion and sodium silicate immersion. The recycled aggregates were produced through multi-stage jaw crushing, followed by utilising natural aggregate, recycled aggregate, and recycled aggregate obtained after mechanical abrasion, followed by sodium silicate treatment for concrete mix design at various substitution percentages as coarse aggregates. The experimental investigation further progresses with the evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete mixes, which is additionally followed by microstructural studies such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The outcomes demonstrate that two-stage treatment, such as mechanical abrasion followed by sodium silicate immersion, yields superior-quality RA. Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) made with these treated aggregates illustrated an increase in workability and density with respect to an untreated RAC mix. Furthermore, comparable strengths in compression, flexure, and tension are found in treated RAC mixes, particularly at 35% replacement levels, with respect to concrete mixes comprised of natural aggregates. A similar trend is detected in the chloride penetration tests and water sorptivity tests. In addition, the microstructural investigation confirmed the formation of additional calcium silicate hydrate for treated RAC mixes, particularly for the 35% substituted RA mix. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that multi-stage jaw crushing followed by treatment through mechanical abrasion and sodium silicate can potentially enhance the mechanical, microstructural, and durability performance of RAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Role of crumb rubber in engineered geopolymer composites (EGC) was estimated. • EGC mixes exhibit pronounced deflection-hardening and multiple cracking behaviour. • Increasing the crumb rubber content reduces the engineering properties of EGC. • Replacing 10% of silica sand with crumb rubber can get acceptable strengths of EGC. • EGC with crumb rubber has smaller crack width than EGC with silica sand only. Utilising crumb rubber from waste tyres to replace silica sand in engineered geopolymer composites (EGC) can reduce the environmental impact caused by landfilling and burning the tyres as well as that induced by exhausting the natural resources. This paper presents a systematic study on the effect of partially replacing silica sand with crumb rubber (10–40 %) on the engineering properties of EGC, with special focus on deflection-hardening behaviour. Results indicate that the workability, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, drying shrinkage resistance, and compressive and flexural strengths of EGC drop with the increasing crumb rubber content. Regardless of crumb rubber content, all studied EGC mixes exhibit pronounced deflection-hardening and multiple cracking characteristics. Replacing 10 % of silica sand with crumb rubber can lead to acceptable compressive and flexural strengths of EGC. The crack width of EGC containing crumb rubber after flexural loading ranges from around 39 µm to 68 µm, which is lower than that of EGC with silica sand only. The presence of crumb rubber can lead to more PVA fibres pulled out and the rubber at the cracking interface may contribute to restraining the crack growth, which is conducive to improving the flexural toughness of EGC and reducing crack width. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A critical and thorough evaluation of the cleaner one-part geopolymers was provided. • Mechanical properties, durability, microstructure, and sustainability were evaluated. • The effect of substituting the existing precursors with waste materials was assessed. • Alkali-hydrothermal waste materials as viable substitute activators for Na 2 SiO 3. The demand for sustainable and eco-friendly construction materials has led to the development of a new type of geopolymer known as "just add water" or one-part geopolymer. However, persisting challenges arise in the consumption of current precursors and solid activators, stemming from issues of availability, environmental repercussions, and also the imperative to address the adverse consequences of waste materials and byproducts accumulation that are appropriate for incorporation into one-part geopolymers (OPGs). As a result, researchers have extensively investigated eco-conscious alternatives for both precursors and solid activators within the context of OPGs), drawing from waste materials and byproducts. Despite progress, the absence of comprehensive reviews impede the precise evaluation and comparison of more environmentally friendly options. The present review paper summarizes the recent research on cleaner solid activators and precursors, with simultaneous emphasis on sustainability and their effects on the fresh state characteristics, mechanical properties, durability and microstructure of OPGs. Comparative studies, underlying relationships, and current trends have also been compiled to provide guidelines and recommendations for producing sustainable OPGs. The analysis revealed that the OPGs containing mine tailings, glass waste, and rice husk ash as the cleaner precursor sources and calcium carbide residue and NaOH-treated waste glass as the solid activators demonstrated the highest embodied carbon/28-day compressive strength (ECI), outperforming other materials. In addition, the mixture containing NaOH-treated waste glass showed the best results through the simultaneous examination of both price of raw materials and ECI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Survey of 1,719 SCC Mixtures: Wide variability in properties, often outside guidelines. • Most of the reported SCC mixture proportions have a cement content of 251–510 kg/m3 ( X ¯ = 384), an SCM content of 11–230 kg/m3 ( X ¯ = 118). • Most of slump flow values (81 %) were in the range of 596–760 mm ( X ¯ = 680 ± 71). • The V-funnel time was the 2nd most reported test, and the most of reported values are in range of 4.0–20 s ( X ¯ = 11 s). • XGBoost Predicts Workability: High accuracy in predicting slump flow and V-funnel time. The interest in implementing self-consolidating concrete (SCC) in major construction projects has increased significantly in recent years. This paper reports the results of an extensive survey of experimental data of more than 1700 SCC mixtures from over 100 studies published in the last decade. The survey included the SCC mixture proportioning, key fresh properties including flowability, passing ability, and segregation resistance, as well as some of the derived properties (e.g., paste volume). The statistical analysis of the reported parameters showed wide variations in values. The outcome of the survey indicates that SCC mixture design and workability properties do not systematically lie within the recommendations reported in various guidelines. A wide range of workability tests is used; however, only 22 % of the studies reported values for segregation resistance. The slump flow test was the most tested fresh property and the most reported values are in range of 591–760 mm ( X ¯ = 679 mm). The V-funnel time was the second most reported test, and the most of reported values are in range of 4.0–20 s ( X ¯ = 11 s). The study devised and evaluated the efficacy of using machine learning (ML) models, namely Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), to predict the two most reported workability characteristics of SCC, namely slump flow and V-funnel flow time. The model was formulated to predict slump flow and V-funnel time using a refined sub-database of 852 tests (the extreme data i.e., 5 % from each side, for the both properties and the empty data was deleted). The findings revealed that the XGBoost model can provide an accurate prediction for the slump flow and V-funnel values, thus indicating its potential as a powerful tool for SCC optimization. The findings provide valuable insights into the application of ML in SCC research and contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable construction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It is proposed the formulation of an admixture for the fabrication of unfired clay bricks. • It is possible to obtain an unfired clay-based material utilizing low environmental impact admixtures. • Results showed a 94% reduction in fossil fuels due to unburning material to be sintering. Large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO 2) are emitted to the atmosphere during the traditional burning brick process, taking part in the construction industry affectations. This paper presents an alternative way that faces environmental issues by using low-Impact materials in construction; for this purpose, it is proposed the formulation of an admixture for the fabrication of unfired clay bricks. Three different clay-base formulations were developed to analyze their behavior underwater, plasticity, and drying time to determinate the best one to get an unfired brick. The sample with the better performance underwater was tested to water absorption and compressive strength tests. Results show that it is possible to obtain an unfired clay-based material utilizing low environmental impact admixtures to elaborate construction bricks. Finally, a Life Cycle Analysis assessment was conducted to determine CO 2 emissions when utilizing the propossed formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• End-of-Life Tires (ELTs) as rubber-soil-mixture (RSM) used as geotechnical seismic isolation (GSI) for machine foundations. • Optimum rubber content, RSM thickness, and soil cap thickness yield substantial reduction in resonant vibration responses. • ELTs offer cost-effective and eco-friendly vibration control. • GSI-RSM system mitigates vibration effects on equipment and inhabitants. • GSI-RSM system with recycled ELTs improves soil bed vibration, suitable for diverse projects. Huge stockpiles of End-of-Life Tires (ELTs) are of major global concern. This paper investigates and helps to demonstrate the beneficial utilization of ELTs to provide geotechnical seismic isolation (GSI) of machine foundations located on a rubber-soil mixture (RSM). A series of laboratory tests is conducted to extend the understanding of RSM behavior beyond that previously elaborated, particularly by demonstrating the efficiency of the GSI-RSM system and by defining its optimal parametric values. The results indicate that increasing the thickness of the RSM layer and soil cap, along with the addition of rubber content, up to the optimum values lead to enhanced performance. Beyond these optimum values, the benefits start to decrease. For the determined optimum rubber content (8%), RSM layer thickness (0.1 B), and soil cap thickness (0.15 B) at a vibration moment level of 0.17 N.m , the GSI-RSM system achieves maximum reductions of 36%, 43%, and 77% in resonant frequency, resonant displacement, and resonant acceleration, respectively, compared to untreated beds. Moreover, the GSI-RSM system effectively reduces the developed peak particle velocity (PPV) and kinetic energy, independent of the excitation frequency. The increased damping and significant energy dissipation demonstrates the system's effectiveness in mitigating vibrations. This environmentally-friendly technique presents a low-cost alternative for improving the vibration behavior of soil beds. It provides the basis for the wider adoption of ELTs for GSI, for machine foundations and for other infrastructure projects with similar soil vibration concerns, including building foundations, transportation infrastructure and industrial facilities. In this way the research contributes to the growing body of sustainable practices in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Several protection strategies of MICP in civil engineering compared in detail. • To further investigate the key factors that influence the effectiveness of MICP. • Potential of application prospects of MICP in civil engineering discussed. Microbially induced calcium carbonate deposition is a ubiquitous phenomenon observed in nature. Adhering to the principle of "learning from nature and incorporating it into practice", the innovative technology of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has been employed in the field of civil engineering to address limitations associated with traditional cementitious materials. By manipulating the microbial metabolic processes, MICP technology offers solutions for mitigating these inherent drawbacks. Extensive research has demonstrated that this technology possesses numerous advantages, including cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, low energy requirements, and controllable processes. As a result, it has emerged as a prominent and captivating area of study within the civil engineering field in recent years, representing a significant advancement in the development of modern cementitious materials. Building upon the current research progress in this field, this paper provides a systematic summary of the fundamental principles of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation. It also discusses and summarizes the engineering properties of microbial mineralization and the current status of its application in the field of civil engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Comprehensive review of recent advances in incorporating wastes into foamed concrete. • Utilization of various wastes as binder, aggregate, and modifier replacements. • Effect of physicochemical properties of wastes on foamed concrete were analyzed. • The challenge and development direction of waste-based foam concrete were discussed. Globally, various solid wastes are produced and stockpiled in large quantities, causing serious environmental, social, and economic problems. Foamed concrete has attracted worldwide attention because of its excellent functional properties. Incorporating recycled waste and byproducts into foamed concrete is considered a win–win strategy for sustainable waste management and green transformation of foamed concrete. However, the reviews of alternative forms of different wastes/byproducts and their effects on foamed concrete are limited, which has hindered the promotion of this concept. Therefore, this paper compiles and reviews the reuse potential of various types of waste and byproducts as cementitious materials, aggregates, and modifier replacements. Together with the chemical and physical properties of the waste byproducts, the effects of different waste/by-product substitution pathways on the properties, pore structure, hydration products, and carbon emission reduction of foamed concrete were comprehensively evaluated. Our findings are important for guiding the rational introduction of wastes/byproducts and optimizing the combination of the inherent characteristics of waste byproducts and the requirements of foamed concrete. Furthermore, this review also discusses the challenges and development directions of waste-based foam concrete. This study provides an important basis and guidance for sustainable waste management, and low-carbon foamed concrete manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Geo-polymer concrete (GPC) can be obtained by chemical reactions in industrial products and naturally available alumino silicate sources. • For GPC, numerous factors such as alkaline liquid to cementitious material ratio, alkaline activator ratio, binder type, curing type, etc., directly and indirectly, influence the fresh, hardened, and microstructural properties of the concrete. • This paper presents an overview of the chemistry behind the geopolymer concrete, alumino-silicate source, and the microstructural analysis of binders under different curing conditions. Geo-polymer concrete (GPC) can be obtained by chemical reactions in industrial products and naturally available alumino silicate sources. The main drawback of GPC is that there are no standard or specific guidelines for mix production. Even though the lack of a proper mix design method limits the geo-polymer acceptance in the industry. In the case of cement concrete, the only variable parameter is the water-cement ratio, which strongly influences the concrete's mechanical properties and durability. For GPC, numerous factors such as alkaline liquid to cementitious material ratio, alkaline activator ratio, binder type, curing type, etc., directly and indirectly, influence the fresh, hardened, and microstructural properties of the concrete. This paper presents an overview of the chemistry behind the geopolymer concrete, alumino-silicate source, and the microstructural analysis of binders under different curing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adobes performance was improved when using GFRP waste. • Decrease of cracks and smaller linear shrinkage when stabilized with GFRP waste. • Significantly smaller mass loss and regularity of edges when submerged in water. • Thermal conductivity decreases up to 21% using GFRP residue. • Compressive strength increased up to 45% with GFRP waste. The polymer industry develops materials with excellent physical and mechanical properties but also with a large volume of waste with very low degradability. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to use glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) waste in adobe production. Compositions varying from 0 to 10% mass residues were produced and evaluated in physical, mechanical and thermal tests. The addition of 10% GFRP waste showed the best results when compared to adobe without additives, demonstrated as follows: shrinkage reduction of 239%; bulk density reduction of 6%; thermal conductivity reduction of 21%; mass loss reduction when submerged in water; and compressive strength increase of 45%. Therefore, the use of GFRP residue is indicated in the manufacture of adobe to improve its physical, mechanical and thermal conductivity properties. In addition to providing a destination for a considerable quantity of the waste, the commercial value of the final product is higher due to using a residue with low degradability and high energy power due to burning during recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We develop pavement rehabilitation strategies. • We characterize the performance of in-service porous asphalt pavements. • We analyze the life-cycle cost of porous asphalt surfaces. Porous asphalt courses (PAC) provide environmental and safety benefits by reducing traffic noise and improving drainability. As pressure increases on the cost and availability of natural resources, a greater understanding is needed of field performance to allow maintenance and preservation of resilient, sustainable and economic networks. The main purpose of this paper is to utilize life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) as a decision-support tool for three pavement rehabilitation strategies. These alternatives included open-graded friction course using natural aggregate (OGFC), porous asphalt course using natural aggregate (PAC), and porous asphalt course using steel slag (SS-PAC). The LCCA followed the Federal Highway Administration's RealCost procedure and incorporated information collected from highway agencies. Based on the results of the performance analysis, pavement life-cycle models were developed for each alternative. Using the life-cycle models and historical unit costs, deterministic and probabilistic LCCAs were conducted. The results demonstrated the cost saving of SS-PAC in both low and medium price ranges. In order to have economic benefits, the service life of SS-PAC needed to be more than eight years for a high price range. SS-PAC had a 78 and 92 percent chance of being more cost-effective than OGFC and PAC according statistical analysis, respectively. Conclusions from the LCCA supported use of the SS-PAC alternative since SS-PAC was shown to be relatively cost-effective over the 40-year analysis period. Utilization of the SS-PAC alternative would combine cost efficiency and sustainability for highway projects, especially rehabilitation and reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Waste Glass can be utilized as a cementitious material in the manufacturing of GPC. • Durable GPC which can be incorporated with diverse wastes providing a systematic solution to WG-disposal management. • Charmingly affordable as manufactured devoid of pricey OPC and following a strategy of "Best out of the wastes". The present review manuscript examines the most essential phases in the developments of the inorganic class of environmentally benevolent Geopolymer concrete focusing on the valorisation of Waste of Glasses in context of incorporation in the manufacturing of Geopolymer concrete, especially concerning to its properties and applications. Their long-standing applications as structural materials developed through activation of alkali, i.e., Geopolymerization, in the field of sustainable constructions and infrastructures industries, diverse GPC are on the map. Even though, more advanced studies in the context of the said concept will be proved valuable to concerned industries people and of course, to the researchers themselves. Although the available literature in this innovation zone is few and far between, it breaks the surface, for the most of the centre of attention on its, incorporation with other waste materials pointing a finger to its approach to embrace "waste for the best" strategy. Previously, their character is neither well-figured out nor aptly welcomed as in the ordinary Portland Cement based edifice materials enjoying. That is the core reason and objective of this article that review of its handy restricted literature to throw lights on the valorisation of blending of Waste of Glasses for the manufacturing of Geopolymer concrete centring its attributes and uses establishing it as a soon-to-be useful lucrative and sustainable global building material. The suggestions pointed out here in this manuscript will confidently be accommodating for potential research works on the topic. However, a modest challenge viz., curing complications, sometimes practical confronts of application, constrained supply chain, and a prerequisite for an observant directive of mix design for its fabricating, are standing up in its tracks to substitute Ordinary Portland Cement counterparts. Even so, when produced by utilizing vast and within reach precursors, activators and waste glass materials under up to the standard quality control of diverse characteristics, predominantly strength and green footprints of alkali activators, valorisation of Geopolymer concrete incorporated with waste glasses are momentous forthcoming part of the prospect toolbox of sustainable and economically reasonable construction materials. Eventually, the paper categorizes promotion of applications and most importantly the properties aspect for this promising novel type of building material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Full-scale and actual application property of new-generation pavement was reviewed. • New-generation pavement was developed with smart and multifunctional concretes. • Smart and multifunctional concretes make pavement eco-efficient, serviceable, and durable. • Future challenges for application of smart and multifunctional pavement are discussed. Smart and multifunctional concretes have the capabilities of self-sensing, self-adjusting, self-healing, self-luminous, self-purifying, sound-absorbing, and energy-harvesting, etc., through incorporating functional fillers, thus recently attracting major research interests to produce new-generation pavement infrastructures. Using smart and multifunctional concretes to build pavement can make it more eco-efficient, serviceable, reliable, and durable, thus improving traffic operating safety and efficiency. The related researches on smart and multifunctional pavement concretes have been widely carried out in the laboratory, but the corresponding results have limited guidance on engineering applications of smart and multifunctional pavement concretes due to the size effect and the huge environment differences between laboratory research and actual service environments on-site. Therefore, this paper presents an overview on the latest research advances and findings of smart and multifunctional pavement concretes, especially focusing on its full-scale test and actual application performance. Meanwhile, the future challenges in the development and application of smart and multifunctional pavement concretes are also discussed to provide useful ideas and practical guidance for developing new-generation pavements with sustainability and longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The different compaction methods of cold recycled asphalt mixtures had been summarized. • The effects of different compaction methods on the performances of cold recycled asphalt mixtures were compared and analyzed. • Based on the summary and analysis of different compaction methods for cold recycled asphalt mixtures, future research directions and suggestions were provided. The application of recycled asphalt materials in pavement rehabilitation has been created and developed in the past several decades. The consideration of sustainable practices become more widespread in the road construction. As one of the recycling technology, cold recycling has been mentioned more frequently. Several countries proposed their own quality requirements and mix design procedure for cold recycling mixture. The focus of this paper is the effect of compaction methods on cold recycling mixtures (CRM). Variety of topics including laboratory compaction methods, mechanical performance, microsturcture, relation to field compaction and environmental, economic benefit of CRM are reviewed to better follow up the development of the cold recycling technology. The result indicates that the number of air voids in gyratory and vibratory specimens is more than other compaction, the average air void size is smaller. In terms of environmental and economic benefit, the VVTM was found to exist higher evaluation among these compaction methods. However, the internal structure and mechanical properties of laboratory CRM cannot fully replicate those of field cores. In further study, optimizing compaction process including compaction and double second compaction needs to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ratio in terms of water content to cement content is the critical factor for stabilization. • A simple equation was proposed for ESR with high liquid index. • Mathematical models were developed to compare the factors to estimate UCS for the general condition. • The models were effectively for ESR with high silt and sand content. This paper investigates the initial state of excavated soil and rock (ESR). These initial states include dry density, organic content, water content (W c), cement content (C c), liquid index (LI), dry or wet mixing method. Three ESRs collected from tunnelling projects and kaolin were used in this study to compare. The specimens (i.e., 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height) were prepared in the laboratory and cured at 7 and 14 days, and then assessed by the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test. The analysis shows that the ratio of W c /C c is the primary factor to obtain different UCS for high LI ESR and a simple equation is proposed for quick prediction. For ESR with a more general LI, predictive equations are also proposed in terms of artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic programming (GP) for 7-days curing time. The results indicate that the both ANN models with Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm outperform ANN with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) and GP model are accurate to predict UCS of mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Metakaolin (MK) significantly influenced the durability of Self-compacting concrete (SCC). • Glass had minimal effect in improving durability of SCC mixtures without MK. • In case of SCC containing 12% MK, durability properties improved significantly as glass content was raised. • MK results in better packing at glass-cement paste interfacial micro-crack and restricts ingress of water and chloride ions. Sustainable production in construction industry can only be possible through a proper management and conservation of limited natural resources such as fine aggregates. This challenge can be tackled by efficient utilization of discarded waste material such as glass in production of sustainable concrete. This paper investigates the use of crushed recycled glass (CRG) and metakaolin (MK) in development of durable self-compacting concrete (SCC). Four groups of SCC mixtures were prepared using different proportions of CRG (0–50%), while keeping MK concentration equal to 0%, 4%, 8% and 12%. Durability performance of SCC was accessed using water absorption, sorptivity, chloride ion permeability, drying shrinkage, water penetrability under pressure and alkali-silica reaction (ASR) tests. As the CRG content increased, group 4 (having 12 % MK) was most efficient in improving drying shrinkage and pressurized water penetration results; whereas Group 1 (0% MK mixtures) exhibited a minimal change. Raising CRG content in the mix resulted in decrease of water absorption and chloride ion penetration for all groups with group 4 exhibiting maximum reduction. ASR testing revealed that incorporating glass at a higher concentration (40% and 50%) resulted in excessive expansion (more than prescribed limit of 0.1%), which can be suppressed by partially substituting cement with MK. FE-SEM and TGA analysis were carried out to understand the mechanism behind these changes, which revealed that the secondary hydration products formed by addition of MK in concrete can densify the pore structure and refine CRG particle-cement paste interfacial micro-crack width (was evident from FE-SEM micrographs), thus improving the durability of concrete. Indeed, simultaneous incorporation of CRG and MK proved to be advantageous for development of green SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This review examines six waste materials in MWM concrete, providing a comprehensive overview of current research. • MWM concrete shows promising mechanical performance, with suggested replacement amounts for optimal properties. • Further research is needed on the structural behavior of MWM concrete in RC elements. This review presents an in-depth examination of the usage of six major waste materials in mixed waste materials (MWM) concrete: recycled coarse aggregates (RCA), fly ash (FA), waste glass (WG), waste rubber (WR), steel waste (SW), and waste plastic (WP). The review assesses the impact of these waste materials on the mechanical performance of concrete, and the article highlights the rising interest in this area among scholars and practitioners. The review paper provides recommendations on the appropriate replacement levels for various combinations of waste materials in concrete mixes to ensure optimal mechanical properties. It advises against exceeding replacement levels of 25% for both recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) as a substitute for natural coarse aggregates (C agg) and fly ash (FA) as a replacement for cement (C). When utilizing a combination of RCA and waste glass (WG) as replacements, the suggested replacement levels are 50% RCA and 20% WG. Similarly, when using RCA and waste rubber (WR) as replacements, it is advised to limit the replacement levels to 25% RCA and 10% WR. The study also recommends replacement amounts of 50% FA and 5% WG, and identifies 80% steel slag (SS) as a suitable replacement for fine aggregate (Fagg) and 20% WG as a replacement for cement. Additionally, it highlights the potential to enhance concrete compressive strength by combining waste glass (WG) with granite powder (GrP) as replacements, with a recommended replacement level of 30% WG and 15% GrP. While MWM concrete has shown promising results, there is still a study gap in the structural behavior of MWM concrete reinforced concrete (RC) elements, particularly under various loading scenarios. As a result, more research in the future is required to examine the structural behavior of MWM concrete in RC members and to establish the possibility of employing MWM concrete in full-scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Waste materials from different sources have been utilized in chemical stabilization of expansive pavement subgrade soils. • Engineering properties of expansive pavement subgrade soils can be improved with waste material stabilization. • The issue needs further investigation, since durability properties of expansive soils are affected by many parameters. • Microstructural characteristics of materials are a key factor that need more attention in expansive soils stabilization. • Waste materials-based stabilization can be sustainable, economic and eco-friendly alternative to traditional ones. Expansive soils, also known as swell-shrink soils, are one of the most problematic soils in highway construction and exhibit significant volume changes by swelling and shrinking while wet and dry, respectively. These changes in soil cause cracks, heaves, differential settlements, and damages to the overlying pavements leading to high maintenance costs. The annual average maintenance cost of structures built on expansive soils ranges from $9 to $15 billion, with 50% of the expenses associated with highways and streets. Chemical stabilization techniques such as cement and lime stabilization are one of the most efficient ways to treat expansive soils. However, there is a need to develop environmentally friendly approaches to stabilize expansive soils due to worldwide growing interest in sustainable developments and concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. In this context, using waste materials in soil stabilization has been considered an important issue for sustainability concerns. The aim of the current study is to review the relevant studies performed to improve the geotechnical and engineering properties of expansive subgrade soils of pavements by using waste materials arising from industrial, agricultural, and other activities in the last decade. In the organization of this study, characteristics of expansive soils including plasticity, compaction, strength & stiffness, microstructural characteristics, shrink-swell properties, and durability were focused to point out the effect of the waste materials. The overall results obtained throughout the scope of the current study indicated that the use of waste materials in soil stabilization improves the engineering properties of expansive soils, significantly. This paper also provides key information and creates awareness for researchers and sector representatives about sustainable soil stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Different percentages of red mud were added in UHPC. • 20% replacement of red mud was preferable with respect to pumpability and buildability. • Upcycling the red mud in UHPC is an energy-saving and low-cost strategy to address disposal of solid waste. This paper introduces a new application of industrial solid waste red mud to use as a cementitious material in the development of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) performances. In addition, utilization of red mud can reduce the environmental impact of red mud landfill. For gaining this aims, UHPC specimens were prepared with different contents of red mud and analyzed the effects of different RM contents on the fluidity, setting time, mechanical properties, durability, drying shrinkage and microstructure of the red mud-based UHPC. The results indicated that fluidity was reduced to 310 mm at 20% red mud level, but it still belongs to enormous fluidity, which is convenient for construction. In addition, it is worth noting that using red mud instead of cement can significantly shorten the setting time, providing a new method for applying the UHPC rapid-repairing process. Red mud-based UHPC mortar prepared with appropriate red mud instead of cement exhibits higher mechanical properties, better durability and reduced drying shrinkage of UHPC during curing. After curing for 28d, the highest compressive strength of UHPC samples containing 20% red mud was 129.5 MPa, the compressive strength of the UHPC samples' sulfate resistance was 136.6 MPa, and the drying shrinkage value was around 414 µm. Moreover, observed information from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) noted that red mud can fill the micro-cracks between particles of cementitious materials, make the structure more compact and form new hydrates. Finally, the two characteristics of low cost and energy consumption further promote the sustainable application of red mud-based UHPC. Therefore, replacing OPC with 20% RM is meaningful to produce a sustainable UHPC mixture and field applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The objective was to assess the performance of normal strength concrete dosed with Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage (Ofim) by mass-replacement of the mixing water. • Experimental and environmental life cycle assessment studies were conducted. • The experimental program included plastic and hardened-state properties, and few durability tests. • Results showed that even if the improvement in the mechanical performance is not substantial, Ofim -modified concrete is a more durable and environmentally responsible material than conventional concrete. The global demand for a sustainable and environmentally responsible economy, has called for incorporation of aspects of sustainability into infrastructure materials. Being the most globally consumed primary construction material, concrete's strength and durability enhancement using green approaches is pivotal to sustainability of the built environment. Production of chemical admixtures is high energy consuming and environmentally taxing, thus the need for bio-available sustainable substitutes and/or supplements. This paper presents findings of an experimental and environmental impact evaluation, conducted on Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) mixtures dosed with Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage (Ofim) by mass-replacement of the mixing water. ASTM compliant tests for consistency, strength, and durability performance were conducted at standard time intervals up to 56 days, while the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy were employed for concrete micro-characterization. The study explored the interaction between the natural bio-additive and synthetic commercial admixture. A comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (E-LCA) was also conducted to assess resource use efficiency and quantify the environmental impacts of Ofim -modified concrete relative to conventional concrete. Test results showed that the use of Ofim led to slight increase in the compressive strength and elastic modulus, in addition to a pronounced impact on durability of concrete, resulting in reduced fluid ingress by up to 39%, a lowered decrease in K-values by 14%, and an increase in the freeze–thaw resistance with high retention of Relative Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (RDME) in the Ofim -modified mix relative to the control mix. A 15% mixing-water mass-replacement resulted in an average reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 9.6%. Hence, even if the improvement in the mechanical performance is not substantial, a reduction in GHG emissions scales up as the concrete industry is huge and tremendously contributes to climate change through embodied carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Utilizing lime mud as a filler can lead to the production of high-strength materials. • Lime mud can enhance material hydration by creating more nucleation sites. • The use of lime mud can refine pores and decrease pore structure. • Lime mud can be used in large replacement ratios, which can improve the sustainability of the mixture. Lime mud (LM) is a solid industrial byproduct with high alkalinity and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) content produced by the paper industry. LM has been used and investigated as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). However, using LM with a high replacement ratio causes agglomeration, which reduces the material's strength and has a detrimental effect on other properties. In addition to agglomeration, LM is unreactive; thus, in this work, a high replacement ratio (70%) of sand with raw LM was investigated in a mortar mixture containing silica fume (SF), considering the fast SF hydration properties of cement in a high alkaline environment, and river sand is used to reduce the agglomeration of LM. The effects of the replacement were then evaluated using compressive strength, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydration kinetics were investigated using isothermal calorimetry. The experimental results showed that combining SF with a high replacement ratio (70%) of LM improves compressive strength and flexural strength by 16% and 59.7%, respectively. This is due to the filler nature of LM, which refines the pore structure. Furthermore, the highly alkaline environment provided by LM increased the secondary hydration of SF with cement, which also improved the strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Requirements for the composition and performance of LHC in different specifications of countries are summarized. • Recent status of LHC clinker production at laboratory-scale and industry-scale is reviewed. • Fresh, microstructural, and hardened properties of OPC and LHC-based materials are compared. • Factors influencing the shrink development of LHC-based materials are analyzed. • Sustainability of LHC-based materials is discussed. Low-heat portland cement (LHC), characterized by high C 2 S and low C 3 A content, is an environmentally friendly cement with energy saving and low carbon emission. Much attention has been focused on the use of LHC for mass concrete structure construction due to its low heat of hydration and minimized temperature rise. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of existing literature on application standards, clinker production, performance development, and environmental assessment of LHC and/or LHC-based materials. Results found that the 7-d heat of hydration of LHC, as the most common and important indicator, is required to be less than a value normally between 220 and 270 kJ/kg in specified standards, depending on the country. Compared with ordinary portland cement (OPC), LHC-based materials exhibit slow compressive strength development at early ages (18.2% − 28.3% lower at 3 d), but can gain comparable mechanical properties at later ages (3.4% − 8.4% higher at 180 d), better cracking resistance with 11.9% − 32.4% longer initial cracking time, and higher corrosion resistance. Moreover, a lower amount of limestone required for LHC reduces energy consumption and CO 2 emissions by 7.2% − 15.31% and 14.90% − 15.7%, respectively. Finally, conclusions and an outlook on the future development of LHC were presented to enhance its industrial production and applications of LHC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pozzo-Lime is a low-carbon alternative material for cement for sustainable concrete. • Conducts less heat. • Lime is combined with pozzolanic materials. • Suitable for mortar and plastering. • With less cement used for structural concrete. Lime and lime-pozzolan-based binders are used in construction and restoration purposes for many centuries. Later its usage was reduced due to the major consumption of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The usage of enormous cement in making concrete and mortar for constructing buildings and heavy structures leads to the indirect emission of greenhouse gas such as CO 2 and environmental impact to earth. At this situation, use of low-carbon alternative materials for cement is suggested for sustainable practice in concrete technology. Hence, Lime is the only natural binder which plays a major role in achieving sustainability in construction. Different mineral and organic admixtures can be added with lime to increase its cementitious properties. By using these lime-pozzolan binders in construction eco-friendly, affordable and durable structures can be constructed and cement usage is minimized to a great extent. The use of lime-based binders in concrete and mortar for building and restoration applications is discussed in this paper in general terms. The fresh, mechanical, microstructural, and durability properties are the ones that are reported in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel–timber hybrid construction systems, in particular structures with steel frames, composite steel–timber floors and shear walls with Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) sheets, combine the industrialized construction technology typical of steel systems with the advantages offered by CLT panels, namely lightness and in-plane stability. The paper proposes some original engineered solutions for joining CLT panels with steel elements. Specifically, it examines connections which allow both prefabrication of the components in the factory and their quick assembly on site. Experimental tests performed on a number of different connections will be presented and discussed. The first Part of the paper addresses some fundamental aspects and potentialities of steel–timber hybrid prefabricated systems. Two innovative steel–timber hybrid components to build floors and shear walls will be described in detail in the companion paper (Part II). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at the development of multi-storey prefabricated modular buildings. Particularly, this document deals with a novel versatile construction system in which the main structural members, made by combining timber with steel, are highly engineered and can be produced in the factory. The research demonstrates the potential of steel–timber hybrid structures in terms of sustainability, providing lightweight modern seismic-resistant constructions. This document presents the results of a comprehensive experimental campaign, including tests on several innovative connections, and of the numerical FEM analyses of the structural components. The paper also provides prototypes of new highly-industrialized steel–timber hybrid shear wall and floor components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• At w/cm of 0.35, sorptivity and abrasion resistance of concrete are independent of air content. • Regardless of w/cm, increasing the air content results in lower strength and higher shrinkage. • Optimum concrete performance can be achieved by paste-to-void volume V p V v ratio of ∼160% This paper aims to investigate the relationship between paste ingredients for achieving an optimum paste-to-void volume ratio to meet given performance requirements. To this end, the effect of mixture proportion characteristics, including slag-cement replacement, air-content, water-to-cementitious material ratio (w/cm), and paste volume on concrete performance were evaluated. The performance of the mixtures was evaluated through compressive strength, abrasion resistance, sorptivity, shrinkage, and freeze-thaw resistance measurements. According to the test results, incorporation of slag cement resulted in a significant improvement in concrete performance. In addition, correlation between paste content and concrete properties was found dependent on w/cm, and the maximum desirable paste volume appeared to be about 1.6 times the void content of the combined aggregate system used in this study to achieve optimum performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • RAP recycling in bituminous mixtures presents economic, social and environmental benefits. • RAP mixtures performance depends on origin, additives and incorporating techniques. • RAP mixtures can exhibit higher stiffness and rutting resistance, but lower fatigue resistance. • High RAP incorporation rates are possible ensuring adequate long-term performance. • Further research is needed in terms of RAP multi-recycling capacity. Abstract Every year road agencies allocated large budgets to road construction and there is a need to implement more economically and environmentally sustainable practices. The maintenance operations produce a considerable amount of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and its incorporation in new mixtures has economic and environmental benefits. The main objectives of this paper are to present an extensive review of the existing knowledge and experience on RAP incorporation in new bituminous mixtures – RAP mixtures – and also to evaluate its multi-recycling potential. The mechanical performance of RAP mixtures is affected by intrinsic and external variables. Intrinsic variables as gradation, bitumen content and volumetric properties can lead to different behaviours. Additionally, the RAP incorporation methods, as well as the addition of a rejuvenator and/or a softer bitumen to obtain the intended viscosity in the binder blend can also affect the final behaviour of the recycled mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Adoption of pavement sustainability practices is vital. • Pavement sustainability deals with materials, design and preservation strategies. • Pavement materials play a major role in environmental, economic and societal balance. • Sustainability concepts complicates even more the pavement design procedure. • Preservation is an asset to pavement sustainability. Abstract As sustainability is a system characteristic that encompasses economic, environmental, and social dimensions, pavement sustainability is necessarily one of the highest-level considerations for a transportation infrastructure system and not just an added feature. This paper reviews the sustainability prospects of pavements, in regard to materials, design, and preservation strategies looking closely at the international experience and practice. Specifically, a wide range of options and alternatives with an emphasis on mechanical properties, concerning sustainable pavement materials, is presented. As for pavement design, a detailed description of structural requirements and key features, in terms of sustainability, is given, while innovative design options and cross sections of fundamental types of pavements, capable of integrating significant amounts of sustainable materials are presented. Additionally, the importance of preservation, in respect of pavement sustainability, is highlighted and the impact of the use-phase as well as the aims of sustainable preservation strategies are described, including also a full overview of preservation and rehabilitation treatments. In conclusion, considering the relative sources and cited literature, there is broadly a great potential for sustainable options and solutions, which can be effectively materialized. Nevertheless, further investigation field and adoption of sustainability standards are potentially promising considerations, from the perspective of future improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: • Experimental campaign about RC beam-column joints with PCC. • Epoxy resin and ground tire rubber used as partial cement replacement. • Good energy dissipation capacity of ERC joints. Abstract The introduction of polymers in ordinary cement concrete in order to reduce the Portland cement consumption is gaining more attraction in the field of civil engineering. However, in order to promote the use of Polymer-Modified Concrete (PMC) in real works, in addition to the mechanical characterization of the material, the study of its structural behavior is necessary. Two Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) with 5% and 15% of cement replacement (expressed in terms of polymer/cement mass ratio (p/c)) by Ground Tire Rubber and epoxy, respectively, have been considered. The above replacements of cement were considered as optimum in a previous research carried out by the authors. This paper reports the experimental behavior of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beam-column joints made with conventional and PCC subjected to quasi-static reversed cyclic loading. The specimens included a control, one reference specimen made of a traditional concrete, and another two ones in which the joint zone was casted with epoxy resin and ground rubber respectively as partial cement replacement. The influence of the two polymer-cement concretes on the overall structural behavior of the RC joints was studied in terms of load-carrying capacity, strength degradation, ductility, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity, equivalent viscous damping ratio, joint damage level and pinching width ratio. The results revealed that the epoxy resin concrete exhibited a good structural behaviour. On the contrary, the results corresponding to ground tire rubber concrete discourage its use in structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Use of granite waste as filler in paints contributes to sustainable development. • The paints studied comply with social technology requirements. • Addition of granite waste in soil pigment-based paint has increased hiding power. • The granite waste improved the abrasion resistance of paints. • Design of mixtures allows determination of paint formulations that perform better. Abstract The large amount of solid wastes generated in the processing of ornamental stones is a matter of concern for the society. A possible solution is the incorporation of those wastes in civil construction paints, in order to promote improvements in their properties, and contributing to the sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of the granite waste, actuating as mineral filler, on the performance of poly vinyl acetate latex paints produced with soil pigments. It is emphasized that both the materials used and the manufacturing process adopted comply with the requirements of a social technology. To manufacture the paint samples, two types of soils were selected, and an experimental planning of mixtures was defined with varied proportions of soil, granite waste and poly vinyl acetate (PVA) resin. In such planning, the water ratio varied in each mixture in order to keep the viscosity within a constant range, considered ideal to apply the product. Next, experiments were performed to set the hiding power and the abrasion resistance of each mixture. It was verified that, in both types of soils used, the paints presented a better hiding power as the granite waste was added. Such result can be explained by the characteristics of the granite waste that promoted a gradual increase in the solid content of the mixtures. However, the waste and PVA interaction caused a decrease in the abrasion resistance of the paints, which is possibly due to the increase in the roughness of the paint film plus the increase in the pH of the mixture. It was also observed that none of the produced samples simultaneously complied with the hiding power and abrasion resistance of Brazilian standard specifications. The paint film that presented the best performance is constituted by 71% of granite waste and 29% of PVA resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]